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Corn Production Handbook

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Corn Production Handbook 5 - Major Insect Pests of Field Corn in Arkansas and Their Management Paul McLeod and Glen Studebaker Field corn production in Arkansas has been From a producer’s perspective, the major insect relatively minor until recent years. Because of this, pests of Arkansas field corn can be divided into two the majority of information available for managing groups; i.e., those attacking seed and seedlings early insects on field corn in Arkansas has been based on in the season, and those attacking later. Early season data developed in the 1950s in Arkansas and on pests include a diverse group of insects. Among the more recent data from other states. However, with most damaging are chinch bugs, cutworms and the formation of the Arkansas Corn and Grain wireworms. Rootworms, a major pest of field corn Sorghum Promotion Board in 1998, funding became in the Midwest, have not caused significant damage available for research on field corn insects, and in recent years in Arkansas. The most destructive substantial progress has been made. Surveys have insect pest of later season field corn in Arkansas is now been completed on insects and their impact on the corn borer complex, including the southwestern field corn throughout the state. Major insect pests and European corn borers. Also, included in this have been identified, and their distribution within group are the corn earworm, fall armyworm and the state has been established. Much has been aphids. Discussions of the major pests follow. learned on the biology of major insect pests, and this information has enabled the improvement of Early season Mid and late season insect management on field corn. insect pests insect pests Although only four years of research have been Chinch bug Aphids completed and numerous additional studies are Corn flea beetle Corn earworm needed, substantial knowledge has been gained. The Corn thrips European corn borer next step in the process is to provide the corn Cutworms Southwestern corn borer producers of Arkansas with this information in a Seed corn maggot Fall armyworm usable production manual. The objective of this Sugarcane beetle manual section is to provide the producer with the White grubs most current information on identification, biology Wireworms and management of insect pests of field corn in Arkansas. Emphasis has been placed on the major insect Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus pests and their management. Additional insects, now leucopterus, Heteroptera: Lygaeidae considered to be minor pests, may pose greater threats in future years. Also, new species may Description migrate into the state. Thus, continual research is needed to identify these changes and develop Chinch bug adults are true bugs; i.e., the front management strategies. As these findings become half of the fore wing is hardened while the rear available, updates to the production manual will be portion is membraneous. Color is generally black, made. Additional information can be found on but the light-colored wings give the appearance of a websites maintained by the University of Arkansas white band across the midsection (Photo 5-1). Department of Entomology (http://comp.uark.edu/ Adults are only about 3/16 inch long. Immatures %7Epjmcleod/) and the Cooperative Extension vary greatly in appearance. Newly hatched nymphs Service (http://www.aragriculture.org/pestmanage appear as minute reddish/orange specs on corn ment/insects/corn). stalks and foliage. As nymphs develop, color 29 changes from orange to dark grey or black chinch bugs on field corn. Irrigation also may aid (Photo 5-2). All nymphs are wingless. the uptake of insecticides applied to the seed or soil. In areas with a history of chinch bug problems, it Distribution, Damage and Impact may be beneficial to use seed treated with insecti­ cide or apply a soil insecticide at planting. However, In Arkansas, chinch bug population has varied chinch bug populations may experience great fluctu­ greatly during the past four years. Few were detected ations between years, and preventative soil or seed during 1999 and 2000 except for Lafayette County insecticides may not always be justified. In areas in extreme southwest Arkansas. Surveys during the with a history of chinch bug problems and where last two years, however, have detected chinch bugs treated seed or soil insecticides are used, it is throughout the state. Also, very high numbers suggested that a small portion of the field be left (20 adults per three-leaf plant) have been found in untreated and periodically checked for chinch bug. the White River Delta near Des Arc, the Arkansas The final approach to chinch bug management is River Valley near Clarksville and Alma and near with the use of insecticide sprays applied to the Dumas in southeast Arkansas. Outside of Arkansas, foliage of seedling corn. The chinch bug threshold is chinch bug occurs in all states east of the Rocky variable and depends on the rate of plant growth and Mountains and into southern Canada. Its impact on size. Slow growing smaller plants are most suscep­ field corn in more northern states is minimal. On tible to severe damage. A general threshold for seedling corn, adult chinch bugs can be found either chinch bug has been established on seedlings less on the ground or on stems near the ground, often than 6 inches in height. Foliar treatments should be under leaf sheaths. Here they insert their stylet justified when 20 percent or more of the sampled mouth parts into the plant and remove plant fluids. plants harbor a minimum of 5 chinch bugs per plant. Infested plants often become yellow and distortion Fields should be sampled in several areas due to the of seedlings is common (Photo 5-3). Impact in variability in chinch bug distribution. Because the Arkansas from chinch bug has been substantial. chinch bug is often found between the leaf sheath Where chinch bugs have been controlled, yields and stem, spray coverage is critical. Foliar insecti­ have been increased up to 25 bushels per acre over cides must be applied in a minimum of 20 gpa and areas not managed. directed at the top of the seedling. Also, surfactants will likely increase effectiveness. Life History Insecticide Recommendations for Generally, adult chinch bugs migrate from Chinch Bug on Field Corn overwintering grasses into seedling corn. Once in corn they mate and begin egg laying. When See Tables 5-1 (page 41) and 5-2 (page 42) for orange nymphs emerge, large numbers of nymphs insecticide recommendations current at time of can often be detected by peeling back the lower publishing. Current updated recommendations can leaves on corn seedlings. Nymphs develop for a be found in the Cooperative Extension Service few weeks before becoming the winged adult form. publication MP-144 and on the world wide web at This process continues throughout the growing www.cdms.net/manuf/default.asp. Always follow season. Mature corn may harbor many chinch instructions on pesticide labels. bugs in all developmental stages. In Arkansas, about three generations of chinch bug can develop each season. Corn Flea Beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Management Description Successful chinch bug management can be accomplished with four approaches. First, early The corn flea beetle is a very small (1/16 inch planting may avoid high chinch bug populations. long) black beetle found on the foliage of grasses Also, chinch bug damage is generally greater under and field corn (Photo 5-4). As the adult beetle is dry conditions. Plants with sufficient moisture are approached, its common defensive behavior is to more able to out grow the damage. Thus, irrigation use its enlarged hind femurs to jump; hence the during periods of drought may reduce the impact of name flea beetle. 30 Distribution, Damage and Impact 1/16 inch long (Photo 5-5). Two pairs of wings are present and long hairs occur on the edges of the Little is known about the corn flea beetle in wings. Immature thrips are smaller and lighter Arkansas. Surveys have detected low numbers on in color. field corn at Marianna and Des Arc; however, it likely occurs throughout the state. Adults damage Distribution, Damage and Impact field corn by feeding on the epidermis of the leaf. Damaged foliage has light-colored streaks that may Thrips occur throughout Arkansas and may be give the corn a silver appearance. In addition to abundant on seedling corn adjacent to maturing foliar damage, the corn flea beetle is capable of wheat. Adults and immature stages “rasp” the leaf transmitting Stewart’s wilt disease. surface with their mouthparts and feed on the exuding plant sap. The impact of thrips on field corn Life History is not well documented, but large populations of thrips can cause yellowing of foliage and stunting of In Arkansas, the corn flea beetle adult overwinters seedling field corn. on grasses including weeds and grass crops like wheat. With warm temperatures in late winter, adults begin to feed, mate and lay eggs in the soil Life History near grasses and corn seedlings. Larvae develop on roots and stems within the soil, pupate and adults Overwintering adult thrips migrate from emerge to begin the process again. Multiple genera­ maturing weeds and wheat into field corn in spring tions occur each year. Flea beetle problems are and early summer. Mating occurs and females insert greatest following mild winters. eggs into the corn tissue. Larvae emerge and feed by scraping the plant surface and ingesting plant sap. Management Maturity is reached in less than one week and pupation occurs in soil. Adults emerge in about four The threshold for corn flea beetle is not clearly days and the cycle is repeated. Several generations defined, but more than two adults per seedling occur annually in Arkansas.
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