Department of Engineering Materials

Research in Progress

Research in Progress 2010 2010

The University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 114 222 5941 Fax: +44 (0) 114 222 5943 http://www.shef.ac.uk/materials The University of Sheffield

Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information given in this publication. However, the university reserves the right to make changes. Department of Engineering Materials Research in Progress 2010

The University of Sheffield

Department of Engineering Materials

Research in Progress 2010

INCORPORATING

RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS AND GRANTS AWARDED IN 2009

April 2010 Research in Progress 2010

Cover Photography: Background Image (left) Peter and Andrew of the Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training try their hand at sand casting.

Background Image (middle) E-Futures: Doctoral Training Centre in Interdisciplinary Energy Research students visit the Advanced Manufacturing Park.

Background Image (right) Typical appearance of plasma discharge during EPP treatment.

Production Team: Wendy Dutton and Mike Cooper

Editor: Professor Allan Matthews

Department of Engineering Materials The University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD United Kingdom Tel: (+44) (0) 114 222 5941 Fax: (+44) (0) 114 222 5943 www: http://www.shef.ac.uk/materials Research in Progress 2010 Contents Page No 1. Preface 5 2. Staff in the Department of Engineering Materials 7 3. Industrial Liaison Committee 10 4. Academic Staff Profiles 11 5. Materials-Based University Research Centres 19 5.1 Sheffield Centre for Advanced Magnetic Materials and Devices 19 5.2 Research Centre in Surface Engineering 20 5.3 Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 21 5.4 The Sorby Centre for Electron Microscopy and Electron Microscopy Research 25 5.5 IMMPETUS 27 5.6 The Ceramics and Composites Laboratory (CCL) 28 5.7 NanoLAB Research Centre for Nanomanipulation and Nanorobotics 29 5.8 The Immobilisation Science Laboratory (ISL) 30 5.9 The Polymer Centre 31 5.10 E-Futures: Doctoral Training Centre in Interdisciplinary Energy Research 32 5.11 Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training 33 5.12 Nuclear FiRST Doctoral Training Centre 34 6. Research Highlights 35 6.1 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 35 6.2 Ceramics 36 6.3 Glasses, Cements and Waste Immobilisation 38 6.4 Magnetics 39 6.5 Metallurgy 43 6.6 Nanomaterials and Nanoengineering 45 6.7 Polymers and Composites 46 6.8 Surface Engineering and Tribology 47 7. Publications, 2008/2009 51 7.1 Publications 2008 51 7.2 Publications 2009 53 8. PhD Awards, 2008/2009 60 9. Current Research Sponsors 61 10. Grants and Contracts Awarded 2009 63 11. Department Highlights, 2009 67 11.1 Personal Highlights, 2009 67 11.2 Events, 2009 77 12. Maps 83 Appendix: Annual Report 2009 (separate report)

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 3 Research in Progress 2010

4 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 1. Preface The Department of Engineering Materials continues to play a key role as a driving force for innovation in research and postgraduate training. Over the past two years our involvement in four pioneering Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs) has raised the bar for the delivery of PhD programmes both within the University and nationally. Also, our involvement in transformative research (especially with industrial interactions) has received many plaudits. The recent government report “The Current and Future Role of Technology and Innovation Centres (TICs) in the UK” by Dr Hermann Hauser1 cites the University’s Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) as an example of good practice in co-location with “the leading research expertise into materials and metals in Sheffield University” – thereby confirming the beneficial inputs of the Department’s research leaders in the AMRC’s development. Our nationally-leading position in Knowledge Transfer Partnerships (KTPs) was endorsed with the award of a prize in 2009 for “The best KTP building on EPSRC-funded research”. The project was based on the fabrication of dielectrically-loaded antenna cores from glass-ceramics and the industrial partner was Sarantel Ltd. The academic lead was Professor Ian Reaney. During 2009 our research awards again exceeded £8 million (not including CDT grants) and came from various sources, as shown in the pie chart. We are particularly proud of the increase in the level of research funding obtained directly from industry, which illustrates the highly relevant nature of our work to the nation’s real economy. Also during the year, we are delighted to report that three of our staff members were promoted to Readerships: Russell Hand, Eric Palmiere and Neil Hyatt; and two were promoted to Senior Lectureships: Karl Travis and Adrian Leyland. Also we congratu- late Gino Hrkac for obtaining a Royal Society Research Fellowship and this further strengthens our thriving Modelling group. The huge success of our CDT programmes mentioned above builds on several key factors. First they all address key technology areas of vital importance to the UK economy: Nuclear Fission, Energy, Advanced Metallic Systems and Tissue Engineering with Regenerative Medicine. Secondly, at the Departmental research funding by sponsor type. University we have world-leading expertise and facilities in these fields. Thirdly, we have in place a well-designed PhD programme structure which aims to provide CDT students with excellent taught course provision and exposure to industry coupled with scientifically challenging and industrially - relevant research projects. The award of a CDT is regarded by many (including the Research Councils themselves) as a key benchmark by which university research excellence is best assessed. For this Department to lead two and be partners in two more is a remarkable accolade. Centres for Doctoral Training provide a new approach to postgraduate training. They aim to enrich the student experience, giving them the range of skills needed to become research leaders of the future. Our CDT programmes build on the Department’s established reputation for research training excellence through a range of activities designed to broaden the student’s research exposure and enhance their transferable skills. The cohort-based approach which we adopt means students are able to learn from and support each other as they progress, whilst working in partnership with other departments, both within the University and with other institutions. This provides new opportunities for exciting multidisciplinary research and enables students and staff to benefit from the complementary expertise of our academic and industrial partners. The CDT programmes have a number of features in common. Students enter each 4-year course with a range of first degrees and the first year provides them with the core knowledge and understanding they need to underpin their research, delivered through taught masters-level courses and mini research projects. The breadth of topics covered means students explore a range of research areas before committing to a pre-defined PhD project or proposing their own topic of research. Years two to four focus on PhD research with additional skills training including outreach projects and industrial or international placements. 1Dr Hermann Hauser “The Current and Future Role of Technology and Innovation Centres in the UK”, Crown Copyright March 2010 BIS/Pub/Xk/03/10.NP.URN 10/843.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 5 Research in Progress 2010

The Nuclear First CDT is a partnership with The University of Manchester focussing on nuclear fission science and technology to supply highly trained specialists for the expanding UK nuclear industry. The DTC builds on long-standing successful collaboration between two BNFL University Research Alliances: the Immobilisation Science Laboratory and Centre for Radiochemistry Research. Understanding the social and ethical context of nuclear research is an important part of the programme and students undertake a range of innovative public engagement activities. As an example of this, EPSRC and its partner organisations organised an “IMPACT” exhibition in London to showcase the impact of scientific developments, DTC Directors Neil Hyatt (Sheffield) and and our CDT students collaborated with an artist based at the Francis Livens (Manchester) monitor naturally Royal College of Art (Zoe Papadopoulou) to produce a display radioactive yellow cake. illustrating how nuclear science can provide benefits such as boosting economic growth and reducing carbon emissions. To communicate aspects of nuclear power and radioactivity the students and the artist baked yellow cakes using ingredients high in potassium – 40, a radioactive isotope (such as bananas, Lo-salt (TM) and Brazil nuts). They later met with members of the public and Professor Robert Winston to explore public perceptions of nuclear energy over tea and cake! The Advanced Metallic Systems CDT, also a partnership with The University of Manchester, addresses the growing shortage of high quality metallic materials specialists facing UK industry. The 2009 cohort of 12 students includes chemists, physicists, mechanical and civil engineers as well as some students returning to university after working in industry. They have gelled as a team and impressed us with their hard work and enthusiasm. In the first year, Advanced Metallics attracted 23 industrially-sponsored PhD project proposals highlighting the continued importance of this research area for UK industry across a range of sectors. 2009 Metallics CDT cohort at a visit to TWI. The E-Futures Doctoral Training Centre in Interdisciplinary Energy Research draws together 16 academic departments across the Faculties of Engineering, Science and Social Science within the University of Sheffield. It brings together diverse areas of expertise to train engineers and scientists with the skills, knowledge and confidence to tackle today’s evolving issues regarding energy generation, management and supply. In its first year, E-Futures has been very successful in attracting 21 skilled and highly motivated graduates with science, engineering and social science backgrounds. As part of efforts to interact with industry, an open day in October 2009 attracted over 50 industry delegates resulting in over 40 mini project proposals. Fourteen students are undertaking industrial projects and it is expected that many of these will lead to sponsored PhDs. The Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM) CDT is a White Rose University partnership with Leeds and York providing a multidisciplinary research and training environment at the life sciences interface. A highlight of the year is the residential induction week bringing together all the mem- TERM students on their induction week. bers of the CDT. This year it included team building and problem solving activities as well as visits to all the CDT research centres and to industrial companies. We are naturally proud of the many research successes outlined in this report, and we hope that you enjoy reading about them. Above, the CDTs have been given special mention as they underline not only the firm scientific foundations on which the Department and Faculty are built, but also our commitment to providing highly-skilled personnel for industry and enhancing the career prospects of bright engineers and scientists. Allan Matthews April 2010

6 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 2. Staff in the Department of Engineering Materials

Head of Department: Prof A Matthews a.matthews@ 0114 2225466 Surface Engineering Professors: Prof M R J Gibbs m.r.gibbs@ 0114 2224261 Materials Physics Prof J H Harding j.harding@ 0114 2225957 Functional Materials Prof S MacNeil s.macneil@ 0114 2225995 Cell and Tissue Engineering Prof W M Rainforth m.rainforth@ 0114 2225469 Materials Science and Engineering Prof I M Reaney i.m.reaney@ 0114 2225471 Ceramics Prof T Schrefl t.schrefl@ 0114 2225965 Functional Materials Prof D C Sinclair d.c.sinclair@ 0114 2225974 Materials Chemistry Prof P Tsakiropoulos p.tsakiropoulos@ 0114 2225960 Metallurgy Prof G Ungar g.ungar@ 0114 2225457 Polymers and Organic Materials Prof A R West a.r.west@ 0114 2225501 Electroceramics and Solid State Chemistry Readers: Dr R J Hand r.hand@ 0114 2225465 Glasses and Ceramics Dr J W Haycock j.w.haycock@ 0114 2225972 Cell and Tissue Engineering Dr N C Hyatt n.c.hyatt@ 0114 2225470 Nuclear Materials Chemistry Dr B J Inkson Beverley.inkson@ 0114 2225925 Nanomaterials Dr G Möbus g.moebus@ 0114 2225512 Microscopy and Materials Science Dr M I Ojovan m.i.ojovan@ 0114 2226033 Waste Immobilisation and Materials Science Dr E J Palmiere e.j.palmiere@ 0114 2225978 Ferrous Metallurgy Dr I Todd i.todd@ 0114 2226011 Metallurgy Dr S Zhang s.zhang@ 0114 2225958 Structural Ceramics and Refractories Senior Lecturers: Dr D A Allwood d.allwood@ 0114 2225938 Materials Physics Dr C K Chong c.k.chong@ 0114 2225984 Biomedical Engineering Dr A Leyland a.leyland@ 0114 2225486 Surface Technology Dr S J Matcher s.j.matcher@ 0114 2225994 Biomedical Engineering Dr K P Travis k.travis@ 0114 2225483 Modelling Dr B P Wynne b.wynne@ 0114 2226026 Metallurgy Lecturers: Dr F Claeyssens f.claeyssens@ 0114 2225513 Biomaterials Dr R Goodall r.goodall@ 0114 2225977 Metallurgy Dr S A Hayes s.a.hayes@ 0114 2225516 Aerospace Materials and Engineering Dr H Kinoshita h.kinoshita@ 0114 2225930 Materials Chemistry and Geochemistry Dr N A Morley n.a.morley@ 0114 2225935 Material Physics Dr G Reilly g.reilly@ 0114 2225986 Tissue Engineering Dr R P Thackray r.thackray@ 0114 2225963 Steelmaking Dr X Zeng x.zeng@ 0114 2225948 Polymers Lecturers – Elect: Dr G Hrkac g.hrkac@ 0114 2226028 Dr M Jackson martin.jackson@ 0114 2225474 Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellows: Dr C Rodenburg c.rodenburg@ 0114 2225929 Emeritus Professors: Prof B B Argent Prof F R Jones Prof M Cable Prof H Jones Prof H A Davies Prof J M Parker Prof F G F Gibb Prof C M Sellars Prof G W Greenwood Prof J H Sharp Associate Professors: Prof P V Hatton Prof R van Noort Associate Senior Lecturers: Dr D H Kirkwood Associate Lecturers: Dr J Devlin

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 7 Research in Progress 2010

Visiting Staff: Prof N A Chapman ITC, Switzerland Prof P Curtis DSTL Prof S Franklin Philips, The Netherlands Prof A A Howe Corus Prof P T McGrail Composites and Polymers Consultant Dr S Owens Nexia Solutions Limited Dr D Porter Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Dr W Smith CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory Prof J L Thomason University of Strathclyde Prof S Van der Zwaag Delft University of Technology Senior Experimental Officer: Dr P Korgul 0114 2226005 Sorby Centre Manager: Dr M I Highett 0114 2225981 Marketing Officer for Sorby Nano: Miss E J Needham 0114 2225982 SUMAC Consultants: Dr J M Devine 0114 2225497 Dr D A W Taylor 0114 2225497 Short Courses Director: Dr P A Kapranos 0114 2225509 Departmental Superintendent: Mr J W Smedley 0114 2225500 Financial Administrator: Mr D M Binns 0114 2225979 E-Futures DTC Programme Manager: Dr N J Lowrie 0114 2225506 Engineering Manager (IMPC): Dr M Ruffo CCL Manager: Mr G Brown 0114 2225971 Project Engineer: Mr F Derguti Learning Technologist (DTC): Mrs K Thomson 0114 2225475 Project Manager (DTC): Dr C Hinchliffe 0114 2225478 Research Fellows and Research Assistants: Mr A Ahmed Dr P Eves Mr F Liu Dr A Sidambe Dr A J Beck Dr M Faraji Mr Y Liu Miss K H Smith Dr P A Bingham Dr M C Ferrarelli Dr Z Liu Dr L E Smith Mr M L Blackmore Mr I Figueroa Mr A Lockwood Dr M C Stennett Dr M Bryan Dr J P Foreman Dr M Lopez-Pedrosa Miss I Sterianou Dr A J Bullock Mr C L Freeman Mr Z Lu Mr T Swait Mr K Butler Dr A Goncharov Mr A Mangera Mr H Uppal Dr A Connelly Dr W Guan Dr N Maso Carcases Dr C Utton Dr D Cumming Mr Y Han Dr S Miao Dr A L Yerokhin Dr J Dean Dr T Hayward Mr Y Peng Dr P Zeng Dr D Deivasagayam Dr J W Hinton Dr J Pokorny Mrs W Zhang Mr F Derguti Mr M A E Jepson Dr N Reeves-McLaren Dr Z Zhou Ms P Deshpande Dr M Krzyanowski Ms Z Saghi Dr R Dost Dr O Latinwo Miss L E Saharan Dr J W Eichler Dr M Li Dr M A Shcherbina Visiting Scientists: Mr M Kawakami Ms M Ricca Mr P Svora Dr X Yuan Dr E Krajewska Mr N Schreven Ms A Vancostenoble Ms C Zhang Dr M Lahirigoyen Dr C Stone Dr P M Vilarinho Dr N Zhu Ms Y Lei Prof J-B Sun Dr D Xie KTP Associates: Mr T Burnett Mr W S Flores Roman Dr Y N Kok Miss B Zalinska Miss J Corfield Miss E Gill Dr Z Mirza Dr M Darby Mr Y Kadaveru Dr X Xu

8 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

Secretarial/Clerical Staff: Mrs V M Dalton PA to Head of Department, WMR/PT, Secretary to Advanced Metallic Systems DTC Mrs K A Burton PGR/PGT Admissions, Monitoring and Progress, ISL Ms W Dutton Exam Preparation and Monitoring/Prizes, FRJ/GU, Out of Hours, Research in Progress, Short Courses, Dept List Miss R Fearon Purchasing and Accounts, General Enquiries Miss K L Heard Secretary to SMN, Kroto Institute Miss F E Kirk Research Secretary to E-Futures DTC Director Mrs L C Mason Undergraduate Secretary/Support/DTQC Secretary/Enquiries/Exam Results Mrs A Newbould PG Monitoring and Progress, Secretary to HAD/JHH/DCS/MRJG Miss E Noble Support Secretary, Kroto Institute Mrs T V Sampson Teaching Databases, Taught Courses, UG Admissions (with UG Tutors) Mrs A E Sargent Purchasing and Accounts, JWS Technical Staff: Miss M Baran Tissue Engineering Mr S Bater Materials Processing Miss D Bussey Nanoindentor, STM, Undergraduate Laboratory Mr M Carter Teaching Laboratories Mr M G Cooper Graphics, DTP, Web Pages, Audio Visual Mr F G Fletcher Electronics, Computing Mr P J J Hawksworth Surface Engineering, Magnetic Materials Mr D Haylock Mechanical Testing, Materials Processing Miss C Johnson Tissue Engineering Mr R I Kangley Electrical, PAT and IT Ms B C Lane Materials Characterisation Mr A G Mould Electroceramics and Waste Immobilisation Mr V C Rhodes Stores Dr C Shields EPMA Mr P Staton Mechanical Testing, Metallography Mr M J Wagner Cleanroom Manager, Tissue Engineering Mr I P Watts Materials Processing Dr P Zeng Electron Microscopy Turner Museum Staff: Mrs C Evans Coffee Bar Mrs A Marquis Coffee Bar

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 9 Research in Progress 2010 3. Industrial Liaison Committee

Dr R Dolby Dr S Pike 25 High Street Manager, Continuous Improvement and Business Excellence Burwell Corus Long Products Cambridgeshire PO Box 1 CB5 0HD Brigg Road Scunthorpe North Lincolnshire DN16 1BP

Dr G Fairhall Dr B Rickinson Chief Technology Officer Chief Executive National Nuclear Laboratory Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Sellafield 1 Carlton House Terrace Seascale London Cumbria SW1Y 5DB CA20 1PG

Dr R Hardeman Dr R Ricks Seagate Technology (Ireland) Technology Strategy Consultants 1 Disc Drive Innovation Centre Springtown Industrial Estate Warwick Technology Park Londonderry Gallows Hill BT48 0BF Warwick CV34 6UW

Miss E M Holt Dr E G Shahidi Research Scientist Advanced Composites Group Ltd Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Composites House PO Box 1 Sinclair Close Belasis Avenue Heanor Gate Industrial Estate Billingham Heanor TS23 1LB Derbyshire DE75 7SP

Dr A J Hosty Dr M W Stow CEO - Technical Ceramics Division Director, Advanced Wound Care The Morgan Crucible Company plc Research and Development Worldwide Quadrant Johnson and Johnson Wound Management 55-57 High Street Gargrave Windsor N Yorkshire SL4 1LP BD23 3RX

Dr D Kells Dr A Tingey BAE Systems Biofusion Plc Advanced Technology Centre Sheffield Bioincubator Sowerby Building 40 Leavygreave Road PO Box 5, FPC 267 Sheffield Filton S3 7RD Bristol BS34 7QW

(Chairman) Dr M J May Gilleycroft 31 Vicarage Lane Dore Sheffield S17 3GX

10 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 4. Academic Staff Profiles Dr Dan A Allwood Dr Chuh K Chong BSc PhD MInstP CPhys BSc PhD Senior Lecturer in Materials Physics Senior Lecturer in Biomedical Current research focuses on inves- Engineering tigating the behaviour of magnetic Main research interest centres on domain walls in lithographically- cardiovascular fluid mechanics, defined magnetic nanowires. These focusing on understanding the role nanowires are increasingly assum- of haemodynamics in the patho- ing worldwide importance as part genesis of arterial diseases, the of novel sensor, memory and logic technologies. Here, pharmacokinetics of drug-eluting stents, and the design a magneto-optical instrument is being developed that and performance of vascular implants. Another interest is sensitive to magnetisation changes in a single nanos- is in tissue engineering, focusing on the biomechanics of tructure on a nanosecond timescale. This is being used soft tissues, developing functional cell-seeding device, to investigate the dynamics of domain wall propagation bioreactors, scaffolds and matrices with desired archi- in individual nanowires and of domain wall interactions tecture and material properties, understanding the at wire junctions. Although predominantly experimental effects of materials, mass transport, biochemical cues in emphasis, this research also seeks to understand and mechanical stresses on cell activities in purpose- these processes on a theoretical level. designed bioreactors. Prof Michael Cable Dr Frederik Claeyssens BScTech PhD DScTech TkDhc Licentiate PhD Member RSC MRS HonFSGT Lecturer in Biomaterials Emeritus Professor Current research is focussed on Current projects concern the his- biomaterials manufacture with laser tory of glass technology as revealed based techniques. This research by authorities of earlier times. Five broadly falls into three sub-projects: books, three translated from French Coatings for biology: Biocompatible or German, covering the period surface coatings of semiconductors from 1662 to 1868 have been published. The translation to be integrated into cell-silicon interfaces for biosensors. of the sixth, a long book by Eberhard Zschimmer, one Bioprinting: Laser based techniques for printing biomol- of Schott’s early scientific collaborators, (which Schott ecules/cells for producing biomolecule arrays and bio- suppressed on its publication in 1912) is nearing com- sensors. Biomaterials manufacture via microstereolithog- pletion. The seventh, a reprint of Rosenhain’s “Glass raphy: Production of microstructured biomaterials for Manufacture” of 1918, is also completed. usage as tissue engineering scaffolds, via a laser based photocuring technique. Via scanning the laser through a photocurable resin, user-defined microstructures can be produced from a biocompatible polymer. This technique can be combined with self-assembly approaches to achieve hybrid biomaterials as 3D scaffolds for implants, tissue engineering and pharmaceutical testing. Prof Neil A Chapman BSc PhD FGS CGeol Prof Hywel A Davies Visiting Professor of Radioactive BSc PhD ARSM DIC CEng CPhys Waste Management MInstP FIMMM FREng Principal interests are in all aspects Emeritus Professor of Physical of deep geological disposal of solid Metallurgy and Magnetic Materials radioactive wastes, including geo- Research has concentrated mainly logical characteristics of repository on the science and technology of sites (geochemistry and hydro- solidification at ultra high cooling geology), system evolution over tens of thousands of rates. The areas covered include: years, performance and safety assessment, long-term (i) the mechanisms of formation of metastable micro- waste-form and engineered barrier behaviour, natural structures, with particular emphasis on amorphous and archaeological analogues of repository materials, and nanostructured alloys; (ii) the structures, proper- repository design and construction. Chairman of the ties and development of several classes of materials, ITC International School of Underground Waste Storage including metallic glasses, novel nanophase hard and and Disposal, Switzerland. Member of the International soft magnetic alloys and microcrystalline ferrous and Technical Advisory Committee (ITAC) of the Japanese non-ferrous alloys; (iii) the principles and applications National Radioactive Waste Management Organisation, of rapid solidification processing of advanced alloys, NUMO. Member, IAEA review mission to NECSA, South including the direct casting of thin strip and wire and Africa (borehole disposal of disused radiation sources). powder atomisation followed by consolidation.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 11 Research in Progress 2010 Prof Fergus G F Gibb Prof Geoffrey W Greenwood BSc PhD FGS BSc PhD DMet CPhys CEng Emeritus Professor of Petrology and FIMMM FInstP FREng FRS Geochemistry Emeritus Professor Areas of expertise are in geological Interests are centred on atomic materials (minerals and rocks) and movements, especially in relation to the geological disposal of radioac- microstructure and to the flux paths tive waste, especially the concept under mechanical, chemical and of very deep borehole disposal on thermal driving forces. The applica- which he is an international research leader. Specific tions relate to microstructural evolution, properties of interests and activities in the context of this research interfaces and transitions between different modes of currently focus on high pressure and temperature deformation and fracture. experimental mineralogy (especially nucleation, crystal growth and reaction kinetics) and modelling of heat flow in and around deep borehole disposals of heat- generating nuclear wastes. Career-long interest in (i) the electron probe microanalysis of minerals, glasses and other materials and (ii) the mineralogy and petrology of igneous rocks, particularly geochemical processes relating to the origins of basic/ultrabasic intrusions led to recognition as an international authority on the petrogenesis of basic sills. Dr Russell J Hand MA PhD MEd CPhys CEng FSGT Prof Michael R J Gibbs Reader in Glasses and Ceramics; BSc PhD CPhys FInstP MIEEE Sub-Dean for Undergraduate Professor of Materials Physics and Affairs, Faculty of Engineering Director of the Centre for Advanced Research interests focus on the Magnetic Materials and Devices mechanical properties of ceram- Current research includes: the ics and glasses. He has on-going study of magnetoelastic materi- research on the vitrification of als, bulk and thin film; the study of radioactive and toxic wastes using borosilicate and permanent magnet thin films; the other glasses. He is also interested in the use of glassy study of magnetic microelectromechanical systems wastes in secondary applications. Other work includes (MagMEMS); the application of magnetic materials in the development of chalcogenide glasses for sensor sensors and actuators; the study of materials for appli- applications, glass ceramics for dental applications and cations in spintronics; the study of the principles and mechanical property-composites relations in silicate application of magnetic force microscopy glasses.

Dr Russell Goodall Prof John Harding MEng PhD MA PhD CPhys FRSC FInstP Lecturer in Metallurgy Professor of Functional Materials Principal research interests are in Visiting Professor of Physics, the processing, mechanical / ther- University College London mal properties and applications of Current research includes the open-celled porous metals, with development of methods to simu- particular reference to aluminium late atomistic processes with long foams or sponges. These materials timescales and their application to are being examined for applications in a range of heat problems in bulk ceramics and at interfaces; simulation transfer situations and are processed using the NaCl- of the structures of interfaces of ceramics; simulation based replication method (where liquid aluminium is of organic/inorganic interfaces, nucleation and self- infiltrated into the spaces between grains or agglomer- assembly (particularly in the context of biomineralisa- ates of salt, which are dissolved in water after solidi- tion and biomimetics); simulation of nanomaterials; fication of the metal). He is also looking at innovative mesoscale simulation of plasma-sprayed coatings. He is processing techniques for porous materials fabricated the organiser of an annual Summer School in Molecular from higher melting point metals, such as titanium. Simulation.

12 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 Dr John W Haycock Dr Gino Hrkac BSc PhD Dr techn Dipl INg Reader in Cell and Tissue Engineering Royal Society University Research Research interests are in the bio- Fellow chemistry, cellular and molecular Main research area is computa- biology of living cells following inter- tional and theoretical magnetism, actions with synthetic and native and especially the development of a peptide structures and matrix pro- numerical model to investigate and teins. Current research includes: predict the behaviour of magnetic investigations into the anti-inflammatory action of spin valve systems and the effect of eddy currents in peptide molecules; the biological performance of cell/ nano-scale materials. He is working on the theoretical biomaterial interactions; the free radical mechanisms of and numerical description of spin electronic devices gene control. on a length scale ranging from the computation of the local spin current density and magnetization dynamics with a sub-nm resolution in micron size devices (magnetic nano pillars and Magnetic Tunnel Junctions). A prominent example for his work is the theoretical explanation of the angular dependency of phase locking phenomena in point contacted spin valves and his work on the simulation of spin current induced magnetization dynamics that explained the low frequency oscillations Dr Simon A Hayes found in point contact devices that were explained by BEng PhD vortex oscillations. His latest research includes ab initio simulations of atomic structures, solid state molecular Lecturer in Aerospace Engineering dynamics for the simulation of the transition of amor- Research interests encompass phous to crystalline grain boundaries in NdFeB magnets smart materials, nanocomposites within the framework of an industrial funded project on and nanomechanical property permanent magnets (European-Japanese consortium). determination. He is involved in the development of sensors for Dr Neil Hyatt damage detection, cure monitoring and through life environmental condition monitoring in BSc PhD MInstP polymer-matrix composites. He has also developed a Reader in Nulcear Materials patented technology for the healing of damage within Chemistry composite structures. He has projects examining the Research is focussed on the under- mechanical properties of clay and nanotube-based standing of structure – property nanocomposites. He is also involved in the development relationships in the solid state and of nanoindentation for the analysis of soft viscoelastic the application of diffraction tech- materials. niques under extreme (high pressure/temperature) conditions. Current areas of research interest include the synthesis and characterisation of dielectric and ferroelectric materials; the immobilisation of high level nuclear waste in glass and ceramic matrices; structural Prof Andy Howe studies of the vitreous state; pressure induced spin MA PhD FIMMM CEng state transitions in perovskite related oxides; and the synthesis of new materials under extreme conditions. Visiting Professor, Corus Group plc Research interests cover micro- Dr Beverley J Inkson structural evolution in steels including solidification and microsegrega- MA PhD tion, solid state phase transforma- Reader in Nanomaterials tion and recrystallisation. Current Research interests focus on the research includes the streamlined mechanical and electrical proper- modelling of solidification at the micro-scale for cou- ties of metals and ceramics at the pling with macro-models, and the development of ultra- nanoscale, with an emphasis on how high strength steels. nanostructures and surface films behave differently from conventional bulk materials. Current projects include tribology and surface wear of structural nanocomposites, mechanical stability of nanowires, reliability of MEMS devices, nanoprocessing of surface structures using focused ion beams (FIB), nanocharacterisation (3D TEM/SEM/FIB, tomography, in-situ TEM), and nanoindentation.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 13 Research in Progress 2010 Dr Martin Jackson Dr Hajime Kinoshita MEng PhD DIC BEng MEng DEng Royal Academy of Engineering/ Lecturer in Materials Chemistry and EPSRC Research Fellow and Geochemistry Lecturer Elect Main interest of research is in ther- Research interests centre on solid modynamic aspects of environmen- state processing, microstructural/ tal materials for waste treatment. textural evolution and phase trans- Research interests include: electro- formations in light alloys. Major chemical aging of durable materials research focus is development of low cost non-melt for prediction of long-term stability in geological envi- consolidation routes for particulate titanium-based ronments; CO2 immobilisation in recycled cementitious feedstock from emerging reduction processes. Current materials; decontamination of alloys with molten salts; research in titanium also includes; (i) microstructural influence of thermodynamic parameters on O2- ion con- evolution during isothermal forging of high strength ductivity in stabilised zirconia; molten state processing alloys used in airframe forgings; (ii) alpha case forma- of ceramic materials for waste immobilisation; thermo- tion/crack initiation in alloys used in aeroengine gas tur- dynamic modelling and phase diagram calculation. bine compressors. Other research interests include the superplastic behaviour of aluminium and magnesium alloys during processing for automotive applications.

Prof Frank R Jones Dr Adrian Leyland PhD FIMMM CEng FRSC CChem BSc PhD MInstP CSci Senior Lecturer in Surface Emeritus Professor of Polymers and Technology Fibre Composites Research interests are focused on Research centres around correla- Surface Engineering and Tribology, tions between molecular aspects specialising in plasma-assisted and macroproperties of polymer Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) matrix composites using micro- of nanostructured ceramic coat- mechanical and surface analytical techniques. He has ings (for wear resistance and/or adaptive behaviour extensive research programmes on interfacial molecu- in extreme environments), metallic nanocomposite/ lar engineering using plasma polymerisation; develop- glassy-metal coatings (for combined wear and corro- ment of phase-stepping photoelastic techniques for sion protection), duplex plasma-diffusion/ PVD-coating quantifying adhesion; environmental effects specifically treatments (to improve the load-bearing capacity of mechanisms of moisture absorption and thermal and light alloys and stainless steels in sliding wear applica- hygrothermal degradation of advanced high tempera- tions) and the development of tribological testing/prop- ture matrix systems. Group Interaction modelling of erty evaluation techniques for coatings. resin properties for understanding the durability of a composite from a full knowledge of the matrix performance.

Prof Howard Jones Prof Sheila MacNeil BSc PhD CEng FIMMM BSc PhD Emeritus Professor of Metallurgy Professor of Cell and Tissue and Materials Engineering Research interests include mecha- Research is focussed on cell biology, nisms and modelling of solidification specifically the actions of extracel- in general and especially, the mech- lular matrix (ECM) proteins which anism of dendritic and eutectic influences wound healing, neo- growth in alloys. He has a longstand- plastic invasion of melanoma and ing interest in the high temperature behaviour of mate- also pigmentation. Particular areas of on-going work rials, in particular the stability of microstructure and include investigations into the regulation of melano- mechanical properties. Other areas of interest include: cytes of skin, hair and eye and the development of tis- consolidation of particulate rapidly solidified materi- sue engineered human skin for clinical use. In the latter als, together with the development of intermetallics as case a University spin-out company (CellTran) has been engineering materials, the fundamentals of ceramic/ formed and is progressing this work in “proof of con- metal bonding, metallic matrix composites and wettabil- cept” clinical studies. ity studies.

14 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 Dr Stephen J Matcher Dr Nicola Morley BSc, PhD, Member SPIE, OSA, MPhys PhD MemInstP BMS, ESM Lecturer in Material Physics Senior Lecturer in Biomedical Current research includes: the Engineering anisotropy and magnetostriction Current research interests: devel- of epitaxial Fe and Co on GaAs sub- opment of optical imaging and strates; the anisotropy and magne- spectroscopy to characterize bioen- tostriction of thin Fe-based mag- gineered tissues in vitro and in situ. netic films; novel spintronic devices, Main techniques are optical coherence tomography and which include organic polymer spacer layers; organic microscopy, elastic scattering spectroscopy, second- intrinsic magnetoresistance of conjugated polymers and harmonic and two-photon microscopy. I am particularly small-molecules. interested in the collagen structure of connective tissue and how this is altered in disease, in techniques to assess tissue perfusion and cellular bioenergetics in vivo and in Doppler techniques to study the microcircu- lation.

Prof Allan Matthews Dr Michael I Ojovan BSc PhD FIMMM FIMechE FIEE MSc PhD DSc FRANS FMRS FIMF MSGT Head of Department; Reader in Materials Science and Professor of Surface Engineering Waste Immobilisation Main research interests involve Research interests focus on physics plasma-based surface coating and of metastable states, structure and treatment processes, and tech- properties of disordered systems niques for surface characterisation and Rydberg matter, radiation- and evaluation. Current projects include the deposi- induced effects in solids. Recent work has included tion of nanocomposite tribological coatings by sputter- analysis of durability and long term performance of deposition, the surface modification of lightweight met- nuclear waste immobilising glasses and glass-composite als by plasma electrolytic oxidation, low-temperature materials, development of nuclear waste processing deposition of phase-stabilised oxide ceramic coatings, techniques including thermochemical decontamination and plasma diagnostics and control studies. He is also and self-sustaining immobilisation. involved in the development of computer-based coating selection systems.

Dr Günter Möbus Dr Eric J Palmiere DiplPhys Dr rer nat (PhD) BSc MSc PhD CEng Reader in Microscopy and Materials Reader in Metallurgy Science Research involves the microstruc- Research is focused on the char- tural evolution, and the subsequent acterisation of materials on the development of mechanical proper- atomic and nano-scale, including ties, during the thermomechanical development of quantitative elec- processing of both ferrous and non- tron microscopy techniques for ferrous alloys with a primary focus 3D-mapping of microstructure, composition, strain, and on ferrous alloys such as stainless, microalloyed steels retrieval of crystal defect structures. Within the context and associated model alloy steels. He is particularly of immobilisation science, modern characterisation interested in developing a basic understanding between techniques, such as tomography, 3D reconstruction, and those softening (i.e. recovery, recrystallisation) and fine structure spectroscopy are used to detect the local strengthening (i.e. solid solution formation, precipita- composition and microstructure in glasses and ceram- tion) mechanisms which occur either in austenite or in ics, and to determine local coordination and oxidation ferrite. states of cations.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 15 Research in Progress 2010 Prof John M Parker Dr Gwendolen Reilly MA PhD FIMMM CEng FSGT BSc DPhil Emeritus Professor of Glass Science Lecturer in Tissue Engineering and Engineering Background: bone biomechan- Research has included a number ics; transduction of mechanically of themes based around structure, induced signals in bone cells; bio- crystallisation and optical proper- active glasses as a scaffold for ties. Current major topics are glass bone tissue engineering; skeletal colour and how specific ions can act cell differentiation. Research aims: as probes for local structure associated with segrega- investigating the use of mechanical stimuli to enhance tion such as complex formation or fictive temperature strength of tissue engineered bone and cartilage; exam- behaviour. A particular interest is the modelling of ining the effect of biomaterial scaffolds on skeletal cell absorption spectra as an aid to composition design for mechanical responses; mechanical manipulation of glass makers particularly when using high fractions of tissue engineered matrix structures. Our laboratory recycled glass. An ongoing interest is how the forma- is particularly interested in using tissue engineering to tion of nanocrystals within a matrix can influence the create 3D bone models for use as an alternative to ani- environment of dopant ions and produce specific optimal experiments in the testing of orthopaedic pharma- cal effects. ceuticals and devices.

Prof W Mark Rainforth Prof Thomas Schrefl BMet PhD MIMMM CEng FInstP DI Dr Techn CPhys Professor of Functional Materials Professor of Materials Science and His expertise is in materials and Engineering device modelling using finite ele- Research focuses on developing ment and fast boundary element a mechanistic understanding of methods. The primary goal of his microstructural evolution as a basic modelling is to obtain a better pre-requisite to the development of understanding of the influence of physically based modelling of both metals and ceram- the microstructure on the properties of the materials ics. Huge gains have been made in the quantification and the application of this knowledge to simulate the of microstructure across the length scales, including functional behaviour of devices over multiple length field emission gun TEM techniques for determining scales. Current research includes: the simulation of chemical and physical structure at the atomic scale, hard disk recording, finite element micromagnetics, focus ion beam (FIB) microscopy for the determination nanostructured magnetic materials, spin electronic of surface structure (e.g. oxides) and high resolution devices, magnetic memories (MRAM), and magneto- back-scatter electron diffraction (EBSD) for texture and elastic sensors. phase distribution analysis. Such techniques are applied to the structure of nanoscale coatings, the evolution of deformation and precipitation substructures during hot working, and surface structures developed through friction and high temperature exposure. Prof C Michael Sellars BMet PhD DMet HonCMechD Prof Ian M Reaney FREng FNAE (India) FIMMM BSc MSc PhD MInstP CPhys CEng Emeritus Professor of Metallurgy FRMS Current research interests centre Professor of Ceramics on thermomechanical processing Main research theme is the use of of metals and alloys, with emphasis transmission electron microscopy on the microstructural changes to study the structure and micro- produced and their effects on structure of electroceramics as properties. The work is based on basic laboratory stud- well as the development of new or ies using plane strain compression testing, laboratory improved materials for commercial applications. His scale rolling, extrusion and forging, which have been research activities are mainly concerned with dielectric used to provide data required to develop computer resonators for microwave communications as well as models of microstructural evolution and to validate the materials for sensor and actuator applications. He has predictions of the models. Experimental studies have an interest in crystallisable glasses for biomedical and been carried out on a wide range of alloys including photonic applications, studying their phase evolution as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels, stainless steels, a function of temperature and composition. aluminium alloys, nickel-based superalloys, IF steels and iron aluminides.

16 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 Prof John H Sharp Dr Iain Todd BSc PhD CEng FIMMM BEng PhD Emeritus Professor of Ceramic Reader in Metallurgy and Research Science Director of the Innovative Metals Major on-going interest is in the Processing Centre chemistry of cements. Current top- The development of novel process- ics include the hydration reactions ing technologies and metallic mate- and durability of Portland cement rials forms the core of my present and composite cements (involving research activity. Current work the partial replacement of Portland cement by waste includes: the development of novel processes for the materials or mineral products) used for nuclear waste production of titanium components by powder metal- management, and durability studies into the formation lurgical routes; modelling microstructure evolution of delayed ettringite and thaumasite in Portland cement during additive manufacturing processes; the manufac- systems. In particular, the effects of pH, temperature ture of Ti components for biomedical applications and and carbon dioxide on the thaumasite form of sulfate the kinetics of Bulk Metallic Glass formation and their attack. physical properties. Work is conducted through the Innovative Metals Processing Centre and in collaboration with Industry and the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre with Boeing at the University of Sheffield.

Prof Derek C Sinclair Dr Karl P Travis BSc PhD CChem MRSC BSc PhD CChem MRSC Professor of Materials Chemistry Senior Lecturer in Modelling Research interests are primarily Materials involved with the synthesis and Research interests cover characterisation of oxide-based Theoretical and Mathematical electroceramics. Current work Physics, particularly of condensed includes investigating composition- phases; structure-property relation- structure-property relationships ships of materials; and the thermo- in important electroceramics, explorative phase dia- dynamic behaviour of nana-confined fluids. Research gram studies and speculative synthetic work on ‘new’ is currently focussed on applying atomistic, mesoscale materials with superior electrical properties. The latter and continuum modelling techniques to problems approach is being used to discover new mixed ionic/ connected with the storage of nuclear waste. Some electronic conductors, proton conductors, microwave current topics under investigation include: modelling dielectrics, ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics and low tem- radiation damage in ceramic wasteforms, modelling the perature cofired ceramics. conductive flow of heat in very deep geological disposal scenarios and developing Dissipative Particle Dynamics for predicting phase behaviour and rheology in complex mixtures.

Dr Richard Thackray Prof Panos Tsakiropoulos BEng PhD DIC D Eng Mining Eng - Metallurgy Corus Lecturer in Steelmaking MMet PhD Research interests are in continu- Professor of Metallurgy and POSCO ous casting of steel, in particular Chair of Iron and Steel Technology the role of mould powders in the Research interests are in the processing route, where models design and development of have been developed which relate ferrous and non-ferrous alloys the viscosity, break temperature, and composites for the energy, and crystallinity of the powder to the successful per- transport and aerospace industries via process- formance of the casting operation. New research into microstructure-property studies. Materials processing evaluating the suitability of F-free fluxes to replace exist- under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions ing fluxes will also be carried out in the near future. In is also researched as part of the alloy development. addition, work to understand the complex flow of metal The emphasis of the research is on establishing (i) during the casting process, and the associated heat the effects of processing on the microstructure and transfer effects and product quality implications, using properties of structural engineering materials and process modelling techniques is also ongoing. (ii) how processing can be tailored to particular engineering requirements for desirable microstructures and properties. Currently, alloys of Fe, Mo, Nb, Ti and Zr are under investigation.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 17 Research in Progress 2010 Prof Goran Ungar Dr Bradley P Wynne BSc PhD CPhys BEng PhD Professor of Polymers and Organic Senior Lecturer in Metallurgy Materials Research interests focus on the Research interests include the thermomechanical processing of study of structure and phase metals and alloys, particularly the behaviour of liquid crystalline (l.c.) interrelationship between the con- and supramolecular polymeric, oli- straints imposed by the deforma- gomeric and low molecular mass tion conditions and the constraints systems. A second area of research is the structure and on flow behaviour generated by crystal structure and morphology of semicrystalline polymers. In particular, crystallographic texture, which in turn determines monodisperse model polymers in the form of very long deformation microstructure evolution. Currently his chain n-alkanes are studied; new crystallization mecha- major focus is on the effects of non-linear strain paths nisms have been proposed (“self-poisoning” effect) and on microstructure evolution. The overall aim of this new layer superlattices discovered. research is to develop true internal state models for microstructure evolution to replace our current empiri- cally based models which are often inadequate when deformation conditions are complex.

Prof Anthony R West Dr Xiangbing Zeng BSc PhD DSc CChem CPhys FRSC BSc MSc PhD FInstP FIMMM FRSE Lecturer in Polymers Professor of Electroceramics and Current research concerns 1-d, Solid State Chemistry 2-d, 3-d ordered nano-structures Current research includes: the (1-100 nm) in macromolecular development of new spinel cath- and supramolecular systems, with ode materials such as LiCoMnO4 potential applications for molecu- for lithium batteries; synthesis and lar electronics, photonics etc. The characterisation of new ferroelectrics and relaxor fer- main methods used are small angle x-ray and neutron roelectrics with tetragonal tungsten bronze structure; scattering (SAXS and SANS). These experiments are new Li+ ion and O2- ion conducting solid electrolytes; often carried out in real-time in order to catch transient structures of Mn-based complex perovskites and Bi structures and rapid transformations such as occur in pyrochlores; probing the structure-property correla- real-life, industrial processing of polymers. tions that control the performance of zinc oxide varis- tors, barium titanate PTCR devices and CaCu titanate barrier layer capacitors. He is also well-known for his books on Solid State Chemistry.

Prof Peter V Wright Dr Shaowei Zhang BSc MSc PhD BSc MEng PhD Emeritus Professor of Polymers Reader in Structural Ceramics and Best known as the inventor in the Refractories mid-1970s of polymer electrolytes. His main research interests are His main research activities are in the processing, microstruc- now involved with electroactive tures and properties of structural polymeric materials, particularly ceramics and refractories. Current low dimensional crystalline and research topics include develop- liquid-crystalline systems with enhanced conductivities. ment of next generation carbon-containing refractory Another major area of research is the development of composites, improvement of hydration resistance of novel ‘large-area’ polymer films with switchable imped- lime-based refractories, molten salt synthesis of ceram- ances, in particular for the control of microwave trans- ic powders, and preparation of oxide nanoparticles. mission (“microwave smart windows”). Other areas Other work includes fabrication of carbon nanotube- of interest include: the interaction of ions with water based composites, development of ultrahigh-tempera- soluble polymers in aqueous solutions and ring-chain ture ceramics and in-situ generation of carbide/oxide equilibria, particularly in polysiloxane systems. nanotubes/nanorods.

18 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5. Materials-Based University Research Centres 5.1 Sheffield Centre for Advanced Magnetic Materials and Devices

This Research Centre provides a focus for research Modelling on a number innovation for the study and exploitation of magnetic of length scales is an materials and devices. Activities range from basic increasingly impor- research to applications, bringing together materials tant tool in magnetics processing and fabrication, state-of-the-art characteri- research. The award of the fellowship to Dr Hrkac will zation techniques, and multiscale simulation of materi- very strongly underpin this effort over the coming years. als and devices. The long term objectives are to provide the collaborative framework for the investigation and The programme on magnetic nanowires continues to exploitation of novel magnetic phenomena and the develop, led by Dr Allwood with strong support from development of new and improved materials, structures Prof Gibbs and Prof Schrefl. Whilst there is much fun- and devices, and where appropriate to apply these to damental science to be explored in terms of dynamic the needs of industry and commerce. response of such structures, there are also many potential application areas. Novel applications in atom trap- The academic staff associated with the Centre com- ping for potential use in quantum information process- prises Profs M R J Gibbs, T Schrefl and Drs D A Allwood ing are being actively pursued. and N A Morley, with Prof H A Davies now an Emeritus Professor. Dr G Hrkac is a Royal Society Advanced Industrial linkage for our projects is an important part Research Fellow in the Centre. of our activities, and there are active collaborations with Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, Seagate Highlights for 2010 include a very strong presence at the Technology, Toyota and Ultra Electronics. Consultancy joint MMM/INTERMAG conference in Washington. More is also provided, together with research quantities of than ten papers were presented involving staff from material where appropriate. the Centre. Several EPSRC grants have been secured, together with Yorkshire Forward proof-of-concept funding for device development. Applications in bioscience, healthcare and security are attracting commercial interest.

Spintronics, the recognition and exploitation of the spin as well as the charge on the electron, is a very hot topic in world-wide magnetics research. Dr Morley and Prof Gibbs are leading the Centre activity in this area, looking at combining organic materials that show magnetoresistance with more conventional ferromagnetic materials. Progress has been rapid with new results coming from collaborations with the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland and Queen Mary College in London.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 19 Research in Progress 2010 5.2 Research Centre in Surface Engineering

The Research Centre in Surface Engineering (RCSE) wear-resistant metallic coatings to sub- laboratory houses equipment for plasma-assisted depo- stitiute toxic coatings & processes such sition by both magnetron and remote-plasma sputtering as cadmium, hard-chrome and chromate and by electron beam evaporation – as well as facilities conversion treatments (used widely in for plasma immersion ion implantation surface treat- aerospace and power-generation) with environmentally ment and other novel ion-assisted coating methods, benign plasma-based alternative technologies. including High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS). A purpose-built laboratory area has also been The group has recently hosted two visiting research- created for the study of plasma electrolysis treatment ers sponsored via the EPSRC-funded 'Bridging the Gaps' techniques, such as Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO). scheme. Dr Evgeny Parfenov from Ufa State Aviation Technical University (Russia) participated in a project The group’s main coatings research involves vacuum- dedicated to the development of new process diagnostic plasma based methods, with particular emphasis at & control tools for plasma assisted electrochemical proc- present on new sputter-deposited nanocomposite and esses, while Professor Lyubov Snizhko from the Ukrainian multi-functional coatings, with controlled mechanical University for Chemical Engineering, Dnepropetrovsk, properties. There is increasing activity in electrolytic- worked on modelling growth processes of PEO films plasma processes for surface hardening - and other on Al and Mg alloys under high anodic potentials. We functional treatments - of (primarily) lightweight alloys of were recently awarded funding by the Cyprus Research aluminium, magnesium and titanium, funded by both the Promotion Foundation (RPF), to continue our interactions EPSRC and industrial sponsors. The RCSE has also been with Prof. Rebholz’s group at the University of Nicosia, investigating low-temperature growth of metal-oxide Cyprus. The project involves reciprocal visits between films by PVD techniques - with additional underpinning Nicosia and Sheffield, to test and evaluate new diamond- support for the group provided by an EPSRC Platform like carbon (DLC) coatings for biomedical applications. Grant. In late 2009 we obtained a major EPSRC capital equipment grant (together with Leeds and Sheffield During 2009 the RCSE benefited - together with the Hallam Universities) and with this funding we will acquire Tribology Group in the Department of Mechanical in 2010 a new high temperature multi-source, multifunc- Engineering – � ��from a generous benefaction of supportsupport-- tional PVD coating and plasma treatment facility from ing funds to establish "The Leonardo Centre for Tribology Tecvac Ltd. The multifunctional capability incorporates and Surface Technology". We hope this initiative will both electron beam and sputter deposition with low- act to improve co-operation across the University in the pressure plasma diffusion treatment, under enhanced fields of surface engineering and tribology. � ��T�hee benefac-benefac- plasma conditions – and at higher temperatures than tion provides direct support for two full time Academic were previously possible for such processes. posts (one in Engineering Materials and the other in Mechanical Engineering) - and for a part time Visiting The RCSE team recently completed a 3-year DTI/TSB Professor from Philips in Holland, Professor Steven Technology Programme project ("LIBTEC"), under the Franklin. This link has proved enormously beneficial, not “Materials for Extreme Environments” funding round. only for collaborative research within the Faculty but also The project objective was to develop new, advanced in facilitating undergraduate student placements in the plasma surface engineering treatments & coatings for “High Tech Campus” at Philips in Eindhoven. titanium alloys – allowing them to be used in high-load bearing applications as a weight-saving, low maintenance Our Yorkshire Forward “Capacity Building” Programme alternative to traditional materials. The project partners, in surface engineering ("Surface Engineering Group", Tecvac Ltd, NMB-Minebea and Airbus UK, jointly devel- SEG), run jointly since 2006 with the National Metals oped new surface engineering techniques to permit a Technology Centre (NAMTEC), Corus, The Welding 2-to-3 fold increase in load-bearing capability for Ti6Al4V Institute (TWI) and Sheffield Hallam University has con- alloy – with the RCSE team providing key plasma process- tinued to be successful in assisting local industry to ben- ing and mechanical property evaluation expertise to efit from optimal use of advanced surface engineering the industrial consortium. This has opened up numer- technology - with around 70 Yorkshire companies already ous opportunities for Airbus to implement significant helped to safeguard and increase regional jobs. We weight-saving measures on passenger aircraft, such as in currently have three Knowledge Transfer Partnerships landing-gear bearings on the forthcoming A350 range of (KTPs) running. One is to develop novel hard-facing aircraft. A second TSB Technology Programme project treatments for oil drilling equipment with Cutting and ("SMARTHIP") awarded under the 2007 "Smart, Bioactive Wear UK Ltd, Rotherham; another, with E Wood Ltd (3M), and Nanostructured Materials for Health" funding round Northallerton, is to improve the performance of poly- is currently in progress, with Tecvac Ltd and Corin (a meric coatings for pipelines and a third, with Silberline, prosthetic device manufacturer), and with two other UK Leven, Scotland is to improve the anti-corrosion per- Universities (QMUL and Imperial College), to develop formance of metallic paint pigments. A fourth project multifunctional 'smart' coatings for hip & knee joint awarded in 2009 is with Technicut Ltd, a Sheffield-based prosthetic devices – and a third Technology Programme manufacturer of high-performance cutting tools. Starting project ("SUSCOAT") was recently awarded under the early 2010, this project aims to develop improved materi- "Sustainable Materials" funding round, commencing als and coatings for optimised machining of advanced Autumn 2009. The latter aims to develop corrosion- and composites in future aircraft structural components.

20 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.3 Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Bioengineering Peripheral Nerve alignment. Thereafter, once the scaffold conditions have been established Injuries to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are for the optimal support of Schwann extremely common and although nerve regeneration is cell growth, they can be constructed possible, this typically occurs over very short distances to form experimental nerve guidance of 1-2mm. However, individuals who receive this type of conduits for the 3D culture of Schwann injury will have life-long disability. When damage to the cells using a closed loop perfusion bio- nerve is too significant for regeneration to take place, reactor. Figure 5.3.1 shows the design of the perfused surgical intervention is required, such as end-to-end bioreactor for culturing Schwann cells under controlled suturing or autografting. However, reconstructive sur- flow conditions and figure 5.3.2 shows confocal micro- gery does not result in complete or effective functional graphs of alive (green) and dead (red) Schwann cells recovery and a major disadvantage of autografting growing on aligned PLLA microfibers. Figure 5.3.2 also includes a secondary surgical procedure and donor site illustrates the importance of an acrylic acid deposition, morbidity. Previous studies have demonstrated that a where a) top panel is PLLA fibres alone and b) bottom high number of nerve cells do not survive, with 35% to panel is PLLA fibres coated with acrylic acid. 40% dying following injury. Strategies to bioengineer peripheral nerves are therefore being developed in John Haycock’s group. The use of entubulation devices such as nerve guidance conduits (NGC) provides a favour- able microenvironment and a degree of basic physical guidance for improving the rate of nerve growth. Many types of NGC materials have been studied in the past, including natural materials such as autologous veins and arteries. However disadvantages exist with natural materials such as a limited supply and unnecessary surgical procedures. Therefore the use of synthetic NGC materials is increasingly being studied. The advantages Figure 5.3.2: Shows confocal micrographs of alive (green) and of synthetic materials include control over properties dead (red) Schwann cells growing on aligned PLLA microfibers. such as physical flexibility, porosity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, while also having control over material purity and quality. Bone Tissue Engineering

The delivery of Schwann cells to an injured PNS can The Reilly group is interested in how mechanical forces improve nerve growth and alignment. However gap can be used to improve tissue engineered matrix pro- injuries have no spatial information between the proxi- duction just as in the body our tissues respond to the mal and distal nerves, and so we are designing scaffolds stresses and strains they receive throughout life. A for the growth of Schwann cells in the form of aligned particular interest is in mechanical influences on bone biodegradable fibres for improved nerve fibre align- tissue production. In collaboration with the University ment. In the present work we have fabricated aligned of Kansas (Missouri, USA), a newly developed bone cell microfibre scaffolds made from the hydrolysable poly- line has been used which rapidly synthesizes matrix to mer, poly-L-lactide, by high-speed electrospinning. develop a system for studying the mechanical modu- Fibres have then been surface coated using acrylic acid lation of bone matrix formation in 3D using a cyclic plasma polymerisation which has been found to improve compressive loading stimulus. Polyurethane (PU) open the ability to support Schwann cell adhesion and cell foam scaffolds were seeded with bone cells under growth. Schwann cells can be grown on fibre sheets static conditions and loaded in compression at 1Hz, 5% to rapidly evaluate an ability to support cell growth and strain in a sterile fluid-filled chamber, designed by Bose ElectroForce systems group. Loading was applied for only 2 hours per day at day 5, 10 and 15 of culture and cell-seeded scaffolds were assayed on days 10, 15 and 20 of culture. Collagen content was significantly (2 fold) higher at days 15 and 20 in loaded samples compared with static controls. Calcium content was significantly (4 fold) higher by day 20. The number of viable cells was higher in loaded samples at day 10 but there was no difference by days 15 and 20. Loaded samples also had higher stiffness in compression by the end of the experiment. The gene expression of the bone matrix proteins type I collagen, osteopontin and osteocalcin was higher, after a single bout of loading, in loaded than in non-loaded samples as assayed by RT-PCR. In conclu- Figure 5.3.1: Shows the design of the perfused bioreactor for sion, mineralisation by fully differentiated bone cells culturing Schwann cells under controlled flow conditions. was shown to be highly sensitive to mechanical loading,

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 21 Research in Progress 2010

with short bouts of mechanical loading having a strong of recognising either gram positive or gram negative effect on mineralised matrix production. The 3D system bacteria. On binding of the bacteria the hydrogels col- developed will be useful for systematic investigation lapse around the bacteria. These responsive hydrogels of the modulators of in vitro matrix mineralisation by are being developed to reduce bacterial infection in osteoblasts in mechanobiology and tissue engineering wounds and they also have the potential to deliver a sig- studies. nal on binding the bacteria. A patent has been filed on this technology and the first paper on the chemistry accepted in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (Shepherd et al, in press). We look forward to developing this in 2010 for detecting bacteria in a variety of applications. Figure 5.3.4 shows the ability of the modified hydrogel to bind gram positive bacteria. In this case the hydrogel was modified with vanocmycin which specifically interacts with gram positive bacteria. The lower panel shows the ability of a polymer modified with polymixin B to bind gram negative bacteria.

Also in 2009 we developed a surface modified contact lens for the transfer of limbal epithelial cells to the cornea for ocular surface diseases (Deshpande et al, 2009) and in another project with Chemistry we developed a biodegradable electrospun scaffold for tissue engineering which is also capable of Figure 5.3.3 releasing ibuprofen as it degrades. This is also covered by a patent application as it represents a useful mate- Skin Tissue Engineering rial in treating inflamed skin wounds. Essentially it is being designed to provide an anti-inflammatory to both 2009 has led to major developments in our research in reduce inflammation and pain for the patient and, as the area of detection and treatment for infected skin the dressing is biodegradable, it doesn’t need to be wounds. To support this work the MacNeil group devel- removed - yet fibres are in place for providing skin cell oped a 3-dimensional bacterially infected human skin guidance and migration. wound (Shepherd et al, 2009). This has proved invalu- able for testing the antimicrobial activity of novel bio- 2D and 3D Patterning of Cells and Biomolecules compatible wound dressings based on triblock copolymer hydrogels through a collaboration with Professor In 2009, the Claeyssens group investigated diamond- Steve Armes in the Department of Chemistry (Bertal et like-carbon (DLC) coatings for bioelectronics coatings. al, 2009). These latter hydrogels are capable of enter- DLC is an amorphous form of carbon and can be depos- ing both mammalian and bacterial cells and certain ited at room temperature via pulsed laser deposition. combinations of the triblocks have intrinsic antimicro- This research has been carried out with colleagues at bial activity. The hydrogels are also capable of releasing the School of Medicine at Bristol University and has drugs and we have been exploring their potential both been published in Biomaterials (Biomaterials 31 (2010) as topical drug delivery vehicles and as inherent antimi- 207-215). crobial dressings. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is an attractive biomaterial for coating human implantable devices. Our particular research interest is in developing DLC as a coating material for implants and electrical devices for the nervous system. We previously reported that DLC is not toxic to N2a neuroblastoma cells or primary cortical neurons and showed that phosphorus-doped DLC (P:DLC) could be used to produce patterned neuron networks. In the present study we complement and extend these findings by exploring patterning of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants, human neural progenitor cells (hNPC) and U-87 astroglioma cells on P:DLC. Further P:DLC data Figure 5.3.4 is provided to highlight that P:DLC can be used as an effective coating material for in vitro multi-electrode One of the most exciting projects delivering fruit in arrays (MEAs) with potential for patterning groups of 2009 is a collaboration between the Departments neurons on selected electrodes. We also introduce of Chemistry, Engineering Materials and Oral Health ultraviolet (UV) irradiation as a simple treatment to (Dental School) led by Dr Steve Rimmer, in which we render DLC neurocompatible. We show that UV:DLC can have developed antibiotic modified hydrogels capable be used to support patterned and unpatterned cortical

22 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

neuron growth. These findings strongly support the use comparing the variation of wall shear stress at different of DLC as a tailorable and tuneable substrate to study locations on the hood of graft and floor of artery), to neural cell biology in vitro and in vivo. We conclude quantify haemodynamic parameters in distal coronary that DLC is a well-suited candidate material for coating anastomoses and it was confirmed that geometric factors implantable devices in the human nervous system. like diameter ratio and angle between the graft and host artery (Figure�igure 5.3.6 �right�� upper panel, variation of spaspa-- In 2009 we have also been developing a 3D microstruc- tial WSS gradient on the floor), and smooth graft-artery turing technique based on UV microstereolithography. transition play similar roles in distal coronary anastomo- Additionally we have been developing a laser based ses as in the peripheral region. The impact of geometric printing technique for producing biomolecule arrays alteration on haemodynamics was further demonstrated and biosensors. This technique is able to print viscous in infragenicular supplementary vein cuffs which con- fluids containing DNA, proteins and even living cells. figuration, specifically the length-to-height ratio, is critical in controlling local haemodynamics. However, it is still not entirely clear which and to what extent, these flow parameters actually trigger the undesired cellular response and the true mechanisms involved. We are currently developing�eveloping a flow system capable of exposexpos-- ing viable cells cultured/co-cultured in well-defined geometries to precisely-controlled flow parameters to systematically understand and establish the quantitative correlations (employing both experimental and computational approaches) and, hopefully obtain more insights on the true mechanisms (e.g. biochemical cascade) involved. The information is expected to be useful in developing anastomotically-engineered vascular tissue graft, acknowledging that anastomosis is inevitable.

Figure 5.3.5: Preferential patterning of cortical neurons (A & B, green ¼ MAP2 stain, blue ¼ DAPI), Dorsal root ganglion cells (C & D, red ¼ b-III tubulin, blue ¼ DAPI) and human neural progenitors (E & F) along P:DLC tracks. Scale bars are 90 µm. Figure 5.3.6

Anastomotic Engineering Biophotonic Imaging of Tissues

Biomechanical forces have been suggested to play The optical imaging group, led by Steve Matcher, is important roles in arteriosclerosis, intimal thickening developing non-destructive imaging modalities to study (IT), and restenosis related to stented arteries or surgi- the development of tissue-engineered constructs in cal anastomosis. Research in CK Chong’s group show bioreactors. 2009 saw a series of experiments in which that certain haemodynamic features e.g. low mean wall a new technique, swept-source optical coherence tom- shear stress (WSS), oscillating WSS, abnormal temporal ography, was used to image the development of tissue- and spatial shear stress gradients, and high particle resi- engineered skin constructs fabricated in the MacNeil dence times, are found in the locations where IT prefer- lab. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical entially develops. This suggests a possible link between analogue of ultrasound imaging but offering axial resolu- these features and cellular responses and failure of the tion of 1-10 microns over depths up to 2 mm in biological endovascular device or surgical bypasses. It is evident tissues. Our swept-source system is based on a 1300 nm from our works (Figure 5.3.6 lower panels, variation of frequency-swept laser, fibre-optic interferometer and WSS on the arterial floor over space and time due to telecentric beam scanning optics (see Figure 5.3.7). increasing graft-to-artery diameter ratio) and others, that geometrical features play an influential role in controlling the flow features and therefore there is clinical relevance and benefits for anastomotic engineering, a process of modifying the geometry of the graft or anastomosis to improve their haemodynamic performance. Thus far, we have developed a computational model, validated by particle imaging velocimetry (Figure 5.3.6 left upper panel, Figure 5.3.7

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 23 Research in Progress 2010

Skin constructs were fabricated by seeding de-epithe- Figure 5.3.9 (Ugryumova et al, 2009) shows retardance lialized acellular dermis (DED) with keratinocytes and images of the same site on equine articular cartilage fibroblasts. The constructs were then grown in cell taken with two different illumination directions. The culture medium at an air-liquid interface for up to 21 strong banding pattern visible on the left is not a struc- days. OCT imaging was performed at a series of time- tural feature but instead reveals the presence of strong points from day 1 to day 21. At day 21 OCT (Figure 5.3.8, linear birefringence. The absence of the banding on the top) demonstrated the formation of neo-epidermis that right image, despite the measurement site being the correlated with invasive histological assessment (Figure same, provides information on how the collagen fibres 5.3.8, bottom). This data was reported at BioS 2010 are oriented in 3-D (the fibres must be nearly parallel (Smith et al, 2010). to the beam direction to produce low birefringence). We are working to develop this idea into a tool that can characterise the ECM geometry of articular cartilage samples and thus guide the design of scaffolds to produce tissue engineered cartilage replacements.

Figure 5.3.8

2009 also saw the group complete the construction of a swept-source polarization-sensitive OCT system. This is Figure 5.3.9 an enhanced version of an earlier design that produces “phase-retardance” images in addition to the structural images illustrated above-left. Such images provide information on the presence of directionally organised collagen, via its linear birefringence.

24 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.4 The Sorby Centre for Electron Microscopy and Electron Microscopy Research

Director: Prof W M Rainforth to the already substantial equipment base. Senior Experimental Officer: Dr P Korgul iii The joint venture with the Department of Electrical Experimental officers: Dr Peng Zeng, Dr Cathy Shields and Electronic Engineering has reached its summit with the installation of the world beating aberration The Sorby Centre is one of the largest electron optical corrected TEM. The 300kV JEOL instrument has a characterisation and analysis facilities in the UK, housing cold field emission gun and delivers sub Å resolu- 11 electron microscopes for scanning and transmission tion in both coherent and incoherent imaging and electron microscopy, a broad range of specimen prepa- high energy resolution spectroscopy. ration equipment together with experience and expertise in a variety of materials applications. Sorby Centre Webpage: www.shef.ac.uk/materials/ research/centres/sorby. In particular, the facilities comprise: Information for Academic Users: The Centre currently supports research projects from 7 University • TEM: JEOL 3010 300kV high resolution electron Departments. See our webpage for contact information microscopy. and registration of new users. • TEM: FEI Tecnai 200kV imaging and analytical TEM (EDX). Information for Industry: We operate a full serv- • TEM: Philips 430 300kV imaging and InSitu heating ice for industry through the Sorby Nano Investigation experiments. Centre (SNIC). See www.sorbynano.org. • TEM: Philips 420 120kV imaging, EDX, and user training applications. Historical Background: The name of the Centre • SEM: FEI Sirion FEGSEM. High resolution imaging, reflects the early and pioneering work of Sheffield EDX, EBSD, STEM. scientist Henry Clifton Sorby on light microscopy of • SEM: FEI Inspect F, FEGSEM. High resolution imag- geological and metallurgical cross sections back in the ing, EDX, EBSD. mid-nineteenth century. • SEM: JEOL 6400, for SEM imaging, EDX, EBSD. • SEM: Further basic instruments for routine SEM His research is internationally recognised as the birth imaging and user training. of scientific metallography, and is remembered today • FIB: FEI Quanta 3D, Surface sectioning and TEM e.g. by the annual Sorby Award of the International sample preparation, ESEM. Metallographic Society. The Centre maintains the ambi- • A CAMECA SX51 Electron Microprobe with WDX tion to provide state-of-the art characterisation facilities spectroscopy in the process of being setup. for the benefits of the traditionally-strong Sheffield- based Materials Research Centres. Further facilities through joint access to the Engineering Faculty FEGTEM & FIB facility (operated by Dept of The Sorby Centre in Pictures: Electronic and Electrical Engineering) are:

• JEOL 005 FEGTEM with aberration corrected probe and imaging, EFTEM, EELS. • JEOL 2010F FEGTEM with EDX, STEM, EFTEM, EELS, and cooling stage. • JEOL Fabrika dual beam FIB-FEGSEM. Focused Ion Beam nanofabrication and imaging with ion and electron beams.

News during 2009:

i. The Sorby Centre successfully moved to the Kroto Research Institute in 2009, with the new laboratory costing £1.3m to develop. This has provided us with a substantial increase in space (size and quality) and a substantial reduction in environmental pollution. The current working environment is excellent and sets a UK leading standard. Figure 5.4.1: FEGSEM image of porous self-ordered anodic aluminium oxide nanochannel array with general close-packing ii. Our European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) order (courtesy Yong Peng, NanoLAB group). grant for the initiation and running of the ‘Sorby Nano Investigation Centre (SNIC)’ has fulfilled its ERDF objectives and substantially enhanced input into South Yorkshire industry , as well as providing a new environmental dual beam focused ion beam microscope (ESEM-FIB), a FEG-SEM, a Raman Laser Tweezers and a Laser Confocal, all of which will add

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 25 Research in Progress 2010

Figure 5.4.2: Bright field image of a focused ion beam prepared cross-section of a g-TiAl alloy following high temperature oxidation, along with X-ray maps of the chemical distribution from the same area (Courtesy J Walker, I Ross).

Figure 5.4.3: Award winning micrograph showing the growth of oxide on steel, taken by Nelson Garza.

26 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.5 IMMPETUS

IMMPETUS, the Institute for Microstructural and gun TEM (a facility based in the Department of Electrical Mechanical Process Engineering: The University of and Electronic Engineering) can undertake atomic reso- Sheffield (http://immpetus.shef.ac.uk/imm/) is a multi- lution imaging, and also identify the chemical distribu- disciplinary research centre established in 1996 to study tion and state of bonding at the nm level. The dual beam the thermomechanical processing of metals, to model FIB allows site-specific surface sections to be removed the events taking place, and to develop improved plan- for either SEM or TEM investigation, to examine, for ning and control of industrial processes. IMMPETUS example, the structure of surface oxides. is based within three host Departments: Engineering Materials, Mechanical Engineering and Automatic Control IMMPETUS provides a platform for defining and solv- and Systems Engineering. Across the three Departments ing the next generation of problems for advancing fur- it involves over fifty people: academic and research ther the state of the art in metals processing, serve as staff, research students, an administrator, a compu- a resource for those seeking assistance with current ter programmer and three technicians. Since 1996 problems, and train researchers to offer solutions to IMMPETUS has been funded by three substantial EPSRC industrial problems. We are proud for the wide and grants, the last one of £5.5m started in 2007. IMMPETUS fast dissemination of the Institute’s discoveries and seeks to integrate a range of modelling methodologies innovations to academia and industry, the exposure of and experimental skills to provide true multidiscipli- our researchers to industrial research and technolo- nary research to develop physically-based models that gies and opportunities for developing new industrially predict the microstructure of metals as a function of relevant research. IMMPETUS research is disseminated process route. The work of IMMPETUS covers all major through member publications in peer reviewed journals metals, including steels (carbon, high strength, tool and conference proceedings, our annual Colloquium, and stainless), wrought aluminium alloys, nickel based national and international conferences, and through superalloys, near-a titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, University publications such as PhD and MPhil theses copper alloys and many more. Our work focuses on the and other publications from each of the three academic hot deformation of metals (by rolling, forging etc) but departments, including the Institute’s and Departments’ also on other aspects of metals processing, including regularly updated websites and IMMPETUS newslet- solidification and powder processing technologies. ters. Members of IMMPETUS serve in national commit- tees of their professional institutes such as IoM3, IFAC, Research in IMMPETUS is supported by a world lead- IMechE, and contribute to the organisation and running ing deformation simulation laboratory and world of national meetings and symposia on key engineering class materials characterisation facilities. The topics. The Faculty of Engineering supports an entre- Thermomechanical Compression Machine (TMC) preneurial research culture and assists with university- provides high strain rate deformation, coupled with industry research partnerships. complex heating and cooling cycles that simulate hot rolling or forging. The new arbitrary strain path test machine (ASP) has been used to investigate the effect of a complex series of changes in strain direction/ strain rate commonly known as strain path effects. This machine is unique in the world. IMMPETUS has access to state-of-the-art microstructural characterisation that allows quantification of microstructure across the length-scales. Our field emission gun EBSD facility system allows quantification of microstructure, texture and deformation substructure with high spatial resolution (50-100nm), but with the ability to acquire data from large specimen areas (cm2 possible). The field emission

Figure 5.5.2: IMMPETUS Annual Report 1 August 2008 – 31 July 2009. For a copy please contact: Prof P Tsakiropoulos Figure 5.5.1: IMMPETUS Colloquium 2009 Group Photo. ([email protected]).

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 27 Research in Progress 2010 5.6 The Ceramics and Composites Laboratory (CCL)

The Ceramics and Composites Laboratory (CCL) was • Experimental materials development software launched in September 2003 with a 5 year Portfolio programmes with advanced modelling strategies to Partnership award of £6M from the EPSRC. The group simulate the electrical properties of heterogeneous brought together researchers from the areas of ceram- electroceramics and underpin investigations into ics, composites and polymers. The group comprised structure-property relations. of Profs F R Jones, W E Lee (now at Imperial College, • Establishing a long term strategic alliance between London), W M Rainforth, I M Reaney, A R West and P V the electroceramic groups at Sheffield and Leeds Wright and Drs R J Hand and D C Sinclair. and to facilitate the development of electroceramics, in collaboration with industry, that have poten- The CCL has continued since 2008 with funding from tial device applications. an EPSRC Large Grant award and is now based on • Continuing existing and developing new interna- researchers focussing on new and improved elec- tional academic collaborations. troceramics. It comprises Profs I M Reaney, A R West, D C Sinclair, A J Bell (Institute for Materials Research, The success of the CCL in producing high quality University of Leeds) and Profs J H Harding and W M research is demonstrated by the fact that it has pub- Rainforth. The award in 2008 of £4.5M gives the aca- lished over 450 papers since it was launched in 2003. In demic investigators guaranteed underpinning research addition over 30 postgraduate students have completed funding for 4 years. In addition to the EPSRC Large their research degrees and graduated with either a PhD Grant the group has also continued with significant or MPhil. The CCL holds an annual meeting for the dis- funding from other EPSRC Grants, European Grants and cussion and development of research that involves over a significant link with Knowledge Transfer Programmes 60 academics, researchers and PhD students. (KTP).

Figure 5.6.1: Annual Meeting of Academics, Researchers and PhDs. The CCL has also achieved significant success in devel- The range of research interests covered by the CCL is oping collaborations with industry. The development very broad. It includes, for instance: of KTPs was an early development in 2004 with the appointment of Dr Fred Dobson by the CCL to estab- • Fundamental materials development and charac- lish Knowledge Transfer Partnerships for the group. terisation on several fronts in the field of electroce- The CCL views such industrial partnerships as a vital ramics. outreach activity and this has been also been very suc- • Functionality in novel perovskite, layered rock salt, cessful in extending the University of Sheffield’s wider tetragonal tungsten bronze and sillenite-based involvement in KTPs. materials via structure-composition-property relationships. For further information about the group please contact the • Fabricating a range of known and new electroce- manager Gordon Brown ([email protected]) ramic materials in thin- and thick-film format as visit the group’s website (http://www.shef.ac.uk/ccl). feasibility studies for potential device development. • Using advanced materials characterisation techniques, such as aberration corrected electron microscopy and local probe impedance spectroscopy, helping to create a step change in the understanding of structure and microstructure of electroceramics.

28 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.7 NanoLAB Research Centre for Nanomanipulation and Nanorobotics

The NanoLAB Research Centre was set up in 2004, NanoLAB initiated and contributes to a taught Masters funded in large part through a RCUK Basic Technology course, successfully running since 2006/07, on Award. We conduct research into advanced nanomateri- Nanomaterials for Nanoengineering. als and nanotechnology, including the fields of nanomaterials processing, 3D characterisation, nano-electro- NanoLAB activities are underpinned by a number of mechanical testing, and development of nanomanipula- significant Research Funding awards. New Programmes tion devices. for 2009 include a £0.8m Basic Technology Translation award for expansion of the successful NanoLAB technol- The scientists associated with NanoLAB include aca- ogy to new academic and industrial applications, and an demic staff Drs Beverley Inkson, Günter Möbus and EPSRC award to study nanoparticle architectures in col- Cornelia Rodenburg in Engineering Materials, interdis- laboration with Cranfield and Bath Universities. ciplinary collaborators in Dentistry and Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and 14 PDRAs/ PhD/PG students. NanoLAB has been active organising a number of conferences during 2009, including the organisation of an Advanced School on Nanomanipulation and Nanofabrication, and the bi-annual international Institute of Physics EMAG2009 conference on electron microscopy in Sheffield during September. We also organised the Mechanical Characterisation using in-situ Methods Symposium at EUROMAT 2009 in Glasgow, and NanoFIB 2009: Advances in Focused Ion Beam microscopy, in Cambridge, March 2009.

Figure 5.7.1: Carbon onion generated by the rub- Figure 5.7.1: Atomic resolution tomography, simulated for a bing of amorphous carbon thin films. CeO2 nano-octahedron.

NanoLAB activities have significantly expanded in 2009. Real-time manipulation and testing of nanostructures inside electron microscopes is now rapidly moving from instrumental development to a variety of high-profile applications in nanotriboloy and surface modifications. New methods have been developed for the construction of nanowire circuitry, nanowelding and accurate nanoscale electrical testing. Developments in tomography and 3D reconstruction are continuing with applications in nanocomposites and nanoparticles, and now also include a new area of “tomographic nanofabrication” in which 3D-fabrication and 3D-characterisation are combined. SEM nanomanipulation, energy filtered SEM, and the new technique of He-ion beam microscopy are also further major research topics.

The NanoLAB Centre webpage, with up-to-date information on activities and publications can be found at www. nanolab.org.uk, while the Basic Technology Programme has its homepage at www.nanomanipulation.org.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 29 Research in Progress 2010 5.8 The Immobilisation Science Laboratory (ISL)

The Immobilisation Science Laboratory, ISL, estab- £269k to support three CASE awards lished in August 2001, is one of four University Research led by Neil Hyatt and Karl Travis. Alliances (URA’s) set-up by BNFL to address the decline in the UK nuclear science knowledge base. ISL Research Other selected highlights from 2009-10 include: is focussed on radioactive waste processing, immobilisation and disposal, and materials for the nuclear • A new collaboration with CEA (France), ITU renaissance. ISL academic staff include Director Neil (Germany), KTH (Sweden), CNRS (France), to Hyatt (nuclear materials chemistry), John Harding develop a thermodynamic database for advanced (materials simulation), Russell Hand (vitrification and nuclear fuels, led by Hajime Kinoshita. glass research), Michael Ojovan (waste immobilisa- • A new collaboration with Bruce Ravel at the tion), Karl Travis (materials modelling), Günter Möbus National Synchrotron Light Source, to develop XAS (electron microscopy), and Hajime Kinoshita (materi- methods applied to radiation damaged materials, als chemistry). ISL activity is supported by several visit- led by Neil Hyatt. ing and associate academics, including Neil Chapman • Award of an RWMD travel grant to PhD student from Nagra in Switzerland (Chair of the ITC School of Daniel Reid, to speak on “Synthesis, Structure Underground Waste Storage and Disposal); Fergus and HREM of Model Ceramics for Plutonium Gibb (deep geological disposal); and Ewan Maddrell Disposition” at MS&T 09 in Pittsburgh, PA. from the National Nuclear Laboratory. • Award of The University of Sheffield’s Foster Research Prize in Glass Technology to Andrew Connelly for his The ISL research training platform enjoyed strong thesis project on nuclear waste glasses. growth in 2009-10, most notably as a key player in win- • Election of Neil Hyatt to Chair of the International ning two flagship Centres for Doctoral Training. Dr Scientific Advisory Committee for the MRS Neil Hyatt led the ISL in securing £7.1M from EPSRC to Symposium on the Scientific Basis for Nuclear establish the Nuclear FiRST Doctoral Training Centre, Waste Management. as a national platform for nuclear skills training, in collaboration with Prof. Francis Livens at the University of Hinkley Point ‘A’ Power Station (HPA) in Somerset was Manchester. Furthermore, a partnership of six research a twin reactor Magnox nuclear power station com- groups, including the ISL, secured successful renewal missioned in 1965. The power plant was permanently of the Nuclear Engineering Industrial Doctorate Centre, shut down in 2000 and the nuclear fuel was removed led by The University of Manchester, supported by the by the end of 2004. The site is now in the process of award of £5.1 from EPSRC. being decommissioned. Wet Intermediate Level Waste (Wet ILW) was generated during operation of HPA and In recognition of the national importance of ISL capabil- essentially occurs in three forms: ion exchange resins, ity and expertise, a new Research Chair in Radioactive sludges and sand. Following a review of process options, Waste Management was established in 2010 with invest- immobilsation of this wet ILW by vitrification has been ment of >£1M from the Nuclear Decommissioning identified as a potential process. Drs Paul Bingham, Authority, Royal Academy of Engineering, and The Neil Hyatt and Russell Hand of the ISL are working with University of Sheffield. This prestigious appointment is Magnox South Ltd, the site license company tasked with the first of its kind to be supported by the NDA and con- the cleanup of HPA Site, to develop a range of glass for- solidates ISL’s position as a world leader in radioactive mulations that are suitable for vitrification of the Wet waste management. ILW envelope arising from decommissioning of the HPA Site. This high-profile project is amongst the first seri- Significant EPSRC research awards in 2009-10, included: ous efforts in the UK £333k to John Harding and Karl Travis, as part of a to vitrify ILW. It has £750k programme of research aimed at understand- therefore generated ing the chemistry of ceramic materials under irradia- considerable interest tion; £567k to Neil Hyatt as part of the £4.3M DIAMOND from the wider nuclear University research consortium, to investigate glass industry. Project and ceramic wasteform performance; £80k to Michael Engineering Lead, Dr Ojovan, Günter Möbus and Karl Travis for detection of Steve Kenney from radiation-induced nanoscale stress wave emission in Magnox South com- crystalline wasteforms using acoustic emission; and mented “Innovation by the Magnox South – ISL partnership is leading Figure 5.8.2: Hinkley Point ‘A’ Power the way for safe immo- Station in Somerset, courtesy of bilisation of legacy Magnox Electric. wastes at Hinkley Point.

Further information regarding the ISL is available from Figure 5.8.1: Laser melting technique applied at Institute for Mrs. Karen Burton [email protected] or by vis- Transuranium elements (ITU), Karlsruhe to investigate the iting the ISL website http://www.immobilisation.net. U-C phase diagram.

30 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.9 The Polymer Centre

The Polymer Centre of the University of Sheffield The former Polymer centre man- brings together over 40 academic staff, 50 postdoctoral ager, Dr Malcolm Butler has recently research fellows and approximately 100 postgraduate taken the roll of Director of Faculty research students across the Faculties of Engineering, Operations in Engineering and was Science and Medicine, Dentistry and Health. Established succeeded by Dr Liam Sutton. Liam now combines this in 2001, it provides an interdisciplinary opportunity for role with the Management of the nascent “Sheffield collaboration in the field of polymeric materials. The Science Gateway”, a Knowledge Transfer initiative based Centre has its origins in the long and distinguished on the “Sheffield Engineering Gateway” model. research and teaching in the Department of Engineering Materials (dating from 1963), the appointments of Prof Collaboration with colleagues in Leeds, Bradford and Tony Ryan (Chemistry), Prof Richard Jones (Physics) Durham has continued in the form of the Polymer IRC and the transfer of the Polymer Group led by Prof John and continues to be a focus for polymer research across Ebdon from the University of Lancaster. the 4 universities. The IRC in Polymers/Polymer Centre held its most recent showcase meeting at the English The Centre’s business development team tailor technol- institute of Sport in Sheffield in September 2009. The ogy and training opportunities for industry: short-term sports theme resulted in presentations ranging from consultancy; short- to medium-term contract R&D Composites in Formula One Motorsports to Tissue (through spin-out FaraPack Polymers); longer term Engineering for Cartilage Repair. research projects carried out as PhD or postdoctoral projects; and IOM3-accredited CPD courses. The team The Polymer IRC series of annual short courses in poly- have maintained their “Customer First” accreditation mers continued this year. Prof F R Jones with Prof C since 2006, a quality assurance standard for Business Soutis made their usual excellent contributions to the Support. 1-day course on Composites and Multiphase Materials and a new module in Organic Electronics was intro- The current Director of the Sheffield Polymer Centre is duced, presented by Polymer Centre colleagues from Prof Steve Armes (Chemistry). The Steering Group con- Physics and Chemistry. sists of Profs Richard Jones (Physics and Astronomy), Peter Styring (Chemical and Process Engineering) and For further details, please visit the website www. Paul Hatton (School of Dentistry) and Drs Alma Hodzic polymercentre.org.uk where a number of animations (Mechanical Engineering), Xiangbing Zeng (Engineering illustrating the interdisciplinary work of the centre are Materials) Simon Jones (Chemistry) and Mark given. Geoghegan.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 31 Research in Progress 2010 5.10 E-Futures: Doctoral Training Centre in Interdisciplinary Energy Research

Background Progress to Date

In December 2008, the University of Sheffield, led by In its first year, E-Futures has been highly successful in Prof. Tony West, was successful in a bid to attract £7.3M attracting skilled and highly motivated graduates. The funding from ESPRC for E-Futures, a Doctoral Training first cohort of 21 students contains scientists, engineers Centre (DTC) in Interdisciplinary Energy Research. The and social scientists, all of whom have either a First collaborative grant draws together world-class research Class or Upper Second Class honours degree. within 16 academic departments, across the three faculties of Engineering, Pure Science and Social Science. As part of efforts to interact with industry, an open day in October 2009 attracted over 50 industry delegates Aims and a call for two-month mini-projects shortly after- wards resulted in over 40 industrial projects. Fourteen E-Future brings together diverse areas of expertise to students will undertake mini-projects for ten organisa- train engineers and scientists with the skills, knowl- tions. It is expected that some of these mini-projects edge and confidence to tackle today's evolving issues will lead to sponsored PhDs. regarding energy generation, management and supply. E-Futures also represents a new working culture, fos- tering relationships between teams in universities and forging lasting links with industry and other external organisations.

Over the 8 years of funding, 100 students will receive a formal programme of taught coursework to develop and enhance their technical interdisciplinary knowledge, and broaden their set of skills. Alongside this they will undertake a challenging and original research project at PhD level.

Departmental Contribution

The Department of Engineering Materials has contributed a refurbished laboratory (M7) where students are co-located in their first year. A number of materials- related lectures have been delivered by staff and a new module on ‘Materials for Energy Applications’ has been developed for E-Futures and for the wider student body.

Figure 5.10.1: Student visit to Advanced Manufacturing Park.

32 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 5.11 Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training

The Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral In the first year students develop Training was established in 2009 with a £6.3M grant a core understanding of materials from the EPSRC as one of 45 new centres providing topics through MSc-level courses, research training across science and engineering. The case studies, projects and indus- CDT is jointly hosted by the Department of Engineering trial visits. After nine months students are able to make Materials at Sheffield and the School of Materials at an informed choice of PhD topic and develop a PhD Manchester building on our complementary expertise in project proposal with CDT staff members. This then metallic materials and state of the art facilities. forms the basis of their doctoral thesis project over the next 3 years. The majority of projects are carried out The Metallics CDT aims: in collaboration with industry to ensure relevance and enhanced training. • To provide a stimulating multidisciplinary training experience. In parallel to the technical programme, students under- • To teach topical courses that balance cutting edge take a range of other activities including transferable technologies with fundamental principles and core skills training, public engagement projects, international concepts. summer schools and conferences and the CDT seminar • To develop professional transferable skills in lead- series. This leads to a Diploma in Professional Skills over ership, business and research management. the course of the four year programme. • To foster innovative, internationally leading research. • To work in partnership with industry to provide industrial experience and maintain relevance.

A PhD with a Difference

Our students come from a range of science and engineering backgrounds. The 2009 cohort includes chemists, physicists and mechanical and civil engineers, as well as some students returning to university after time spent in industry.

Figure 5.11.2: Peter and Andrew try their hand at sand casting.

Figure 5.11.1: 2009 Metallics CDT cohort at a visit to TWI.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 33 Research in Progress 2010 5.12 Nuclear FiRST Doctoral Training Centre

The DTC for Nuclear Fission Research, Science and Our first event was a team building Technology (Nuclear FiRST) was established in January activity, during orientation week in 2009, with a £7.1M investment from the Engineering and September 2009, in which both staff Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The DTC and students successfully navigated the is led by Dr Neil Hyatt in the Department of Engineering tree top adventure course at Go Ape in Materials at The University of Sheffield and Prof. Francis Buxton (below). Following 12 weeks of Livens at the School of Chemistry at The University of intensive problem based learning activi- Manchester. The DTC is supported by over 20 industrial ties, students were examined by viva and international research organisations. voce examination in December. Our first DTC Winter School, held in the Barcelo Nuclear FiRST aims to underpin UK Energy and Defence Palace Hotel in Buxton, was a great success, with special strategy by addressing a growing doctoral skills gap in guest lectures given by Prof. Nik Kaltsoyannis (UCL, UK), nuclear science and engineering. We offer an exciting Prof. Melissa Denecke (INE Karlsruhe) and Prof. Gerry and interdisciplinary approach to postgraduate research Lander (ILL, France). The DTC cohort and staff also training combining a three year Doctoral level thesis worked with designer Zoe Papadopoulou, to create an project with a foundation year to develop research skills interactive exhibit for the EPSRC sponsored IMPACT! and a broad knowledge of nuclear science and engi- exhibition at the Royal College of Art between 16 and neering. This is supplemented by training in professional 21 March 2010. Using knowledge drawn from the DTC skills and project placements in industry, research insti- programme, the exhibit aims to stimulate thinking of tutes and public bodies in the UK and overseas. how nuclear technology could boost economic growth, reduce CO2 emissions, and enhance the environment of Our 2009 cohort is drawn from a range of physical sci- host communities. The table display features a Vaseline ence and engineering backgrounds, including: earth glass cake stand, upon which is served a selection of and environmental science, physics, chemistry, and yellow cakes, which are naturally radioactive as a conse- mechanical, chemical and civil engineering. Competition quence of the high content of K-40. for entry to the DTC was extremely strong with over 50 applications for the 10 places available.

Figure 5.12.2: the DTC Nuclear Dialogues exhibit shown at the Royal Academy of Art, March 2009. Figure 5.12.1: Cohort 2009 at the first DTC team building event.

34 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 6. Research Highlights 6.1 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

“Dip and Dry” Anti-inflammatory Biomaterial tide attached to different linking tethers (poly(ethylene Coatings, Mirren Charnley, Kathryn Fairfull-Smith, glycol), PEG 350, octanoic acid or cholesterol) for Saubhik Haldar, Richard Elliott, Sally L. McArthur, the ability to inhibit inflammatory signalling. Findings Nicholas H. Williams & John W. Haycock. showed that a glycine-lysine-proline-D-valine sequence inhibited inflammatory signalling most effectively when There is an increase in the use of implantable medi- attached to a PEG 350 tether. The second stage com- cal devices for the repair of soft and hard tissue in the prised of synthesising the MSH peptide attached to developed world. However many of these devices can resorcinarene groups via a PEG tether and immobilising initiate an acute inflammatory response, triggered by it onto glass coverslips. X-ray photoelectron spectrosco- both the initial injury and by the presence of biomate- py (XPS) indicated the presence of a surface attached rial itself. Acute inflammation has been associated with peptide. The ability of the immobilised peptide to inhibit implant degradation and “stress cracking”, which can inflammatory signalling was then determined by cultur- lead to failure of the device, such as restenosis after ing RN22 Schwann neuronal cells and human dermal stent implantation or failure of electronic devices such fibroblast cells on functional surfaces and measuring as pacemakers[3] and defibrillators. The aim of the an NF-kB/p65 inflammatory transcription factor activa- present work conducted between John Haycock’s group tion. Significant inhibition of inflammatory signalling and Nick Williams in Chemistry was to immobilise short was observed in cells cultured on functional surfaces. In melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) anti-inflam- conclusion, this work supports the development of new matory peptide sequences onto a model surface using approaches enabling the rapid immobilisation of short resorcinarenes, which are known to attach to a wide biologically active peptides, with the potential for gen- variety of hydrophilic materials. The first stage com- erating a 'dip and dry' approach for altering the surface prised the biological evaluation of a synthetic MSH pep- properties of biomaterial and medical devices [72].

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 35 Research in Progress 2010 6.2 Ceramics

The influence of octahedral tilting on the micro- room temperature is ~ 4 o for BLN and ~ 9 o for SLN. wave dielectric properties of A3LaNb3O12 hexago- The presence of an octahedral tilt transition (Ttilt) at nal perovskites (A=Ba, Sr)' Ritesh Rawal, Andrew J. 465 K in BLN from R3 to R3m has been discovered from McQueen, Lisa J. Gillie, Neil C. Hyatt, Emma E. McCabe, a combination of high temperature ND data and fixed Antonio Feteira, Ian M. Reaney and Derek C. Sinclair. frequency permittivity measurements, Figure 6.2.2. Ttilt is estimated to be much higher at ~ 720 K for SLN. The The constant demand for miniaturisation of electronic large difference in the RT temperature coefficient of circuitry in applications such as mobile telecommunica- the resonant frequency (tf), -100 ppm/K for BLN com- tions has led to the development of ‘high relative per- pared to -5 ppm/K for SLN, is attributed to the closer mittivity’ (er) ceramics (er > 30) for microwave dielectric resonators and filters. These materials are required to have high permittivity, low dielectric losses and exhibit negligible temperature variation of the resonant frequency (tf ~ 0 ppm/K). tf is related to the temperature dependence of the permittivity (te) and the linear thermal expansion coefficient of the material (aL), by the equation tf = -1/2[te + aL)]. To date, most microwave dielectric ceramics are predominantly based on 3C-type ABO3 perovskites, such as Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3 (er ~ 30), with crystal structures based exclusively on cubic close pack- Figure 6.2.2: Relative permittivity at 1 MHz vs temperature for (a) Ba LaNb O and (b) Sr LaNb O . ing (ccp) of AO3 layers. Recently, we have been inves- 3 3 12 3 3 12 tigating the potential of hexagonal perovskites such as A4B3O12 as alternative dielectric materials. proximity of Ttilt to RT for BLN. tf in these 12R-type hexagonal perovskites can therefore be tuned by controlling the tolerance factor (e.g the size of A-site cation) and therefore Ttilt in a manner similar to that used for many Ba- and Sr-based 3C-type ABO3 perovskites. This is the first report in the literature [182] of the influence of an octahedral tilt transition on the dielectric properties of hexagonal perovskites.

The origin(s) of the giant permittivity effect in CaCu3Ti4O12, Matthew Ferrarelli, Ming Li, Derek C Sinclair and Anthony R West.

The cubic perovskite-related material CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) is one member of a family of AA’3Ti4O12 phases with the cubic Im3 structure. In CCTO, the three dimensional TiO6 corner sharing octahedral framework is substantially tilted (a+a+a+, Glazer notation) to accom- modate the size difference of the Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions which are ordered on the A- and A’-sites in a ratio of 1:3, respectively, see inset in Figure 6.2.3. The Ca2+ Figure 6.2.1: (a) Schematic representation of the 12R-type ions occupy a body centred arrangement in a doubled 2+ A4B3O12 structure viewed along the close packing direction, perovskite-type cubic cell, whereas the Cu ions are projection along the c-axis showing the tilting of the NbO6 located on the face and edge centres of the cell. Due octahedra from one octahedral sheet to the next for (b) to its unusual perovskite-related structure, the electri- Ba3LaNb3O12 and (c) Sr3LaNb3O12. cal properties of CCTO single crystals, thin films and ceramics have attracted considerable attention in The crystal structure of 12R-type A4B3O12 perovskites recent years. In each case, the effective permittivity, eeff, can be described as consisting of ccp perovskite blocks, (where eeff = C/eo where C is the measured capacitance three corner-sharing octahedra thick, separated by lay- at radio frequencies corrected for sample geometry ers of vacant octahedra; successive blocks are shifted and eo is the permittivity of free space) near room tem- by a ⅓ <01-10>H vector, Figure 6.2.1 (a). The space group perature (RT) has been reported to exceed 10,000 and adopted is either R3m if the octahedra are untilted to exhibit little temperature dependence in the range ~ (Glazer notation, a0a0a0) or R3 if octahedral tilting is 150 – 400 K, Figure 6.2.3. This has made CCTO a poten- present. In this case, the tilt system of the ccp blocks tial candidate for capacitor-based applications. It is now can be described as a-a-a-. Rietveld refinement of room generally accepted that the intrinsic (or relative) per- temperature (RT) Neutron Diffraction (ND) data reveals mittivity (er) of CCTO is ~ 100 and therefore the giant 12R-type hexagonal perovskites Ba3LaNb3O12 (BLN) and eeff is an extrinsic effect; however, much debate remains Sr3LaNb3O12 (SLN) to adopt space group R3 with tilted about the mechanism(s) responsible for this phenom- NbO6 octahedra, Figures 1 (b) and (c). The tilt angle at enon. In particular, it is unclear whether the high eeff

36 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

arises from the same polarisation mechanism(s) in each of a particular component (or region) as it is geometry- case or whether different mechanisms dominate the independent; this makes it particularly useful when various forms of CCTO. comparing data collected on samples of different physical forms, eg single crystals, thin and thick films and ceramics with various ceramic microstructures. From our IS results the magnitude and temperature dependence of t associated with the giant permittivity effect (t2) are different for the single crystal compared to the ceramic, Figure 6.2.4. This demonstrates the origin of

Figure 6.2.3: Typical permittivity versus temperature profile for CCTO single crystals with Au metal electrodes. Inset shows the crystal structure of CCTO. Green octahedra are TiO6 units, red, blue and black spheres represent Oxygen, Calcium and Copper atoms, respectively.

We have undertaken an Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) study of CCTO single crystals to complement our previous studies on CCTO ceramics in an attempt to resolve Figure 6.2.4: Arrhenius-type plot of t2 for single crystal (filled this issue [95]. IS is a useful technique to characterise symbols) and ceramic (open symbols) CCTO. electrically heterogeneous materials and can, in many circumstances, be used to identify and separate intrin- the giant eff for CCTO single crystals and ceramics to be sic (eg. bulk) and extrinsic (eg, grain boundary, non- different. In the case of single crystals it is associated ohmic electrode contact) effects. A particular useful but with a non-ohmic electrode contact to the semicon- often under-utilized parameter in the analysis of IS data ducting CCTO crystals, whereas in ceramics it is associ- is the time constant or relaxation time, t. This param- ated with a resistive grain boundary effect (to produce eter depends only on the permittivity and conductivity a so-called Internal Barrier Layer Capacitor, IBLC).

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 37 Research in Progress 2010 6.3 Glasses, Cements and Waste Immobilisation

A compendium of viscosity models was given includ- Table 6.3.1: Viscosity and bond geometries of amorphous ing recent data on viscous flow model based on net- materials. work defects in which thermodynamic parameters of configurons - elementary excitations resulting from Temperature T < Tg T > Tg broken bonds - were found from viscosity-temperature State Solid (glassy) Liquid (melt) relationships (Figure 6.3.1) [M.I. Ojovan. Viscosity and Hausdorff D=3 D=2.55±0.05 Glass Transition in Amorphous Oxides, Advances in dimension Condensed Matter Physics, 2008, Article ID 817829, 23 of bonds pages (2008)]. Viscosity Continuous decreasing function of temperature Activation energy Activation energy high low

It was concluded that transitions in disordered media from glassy to liquid states are universal and reflect changes in the bonding system. Because of that the configuron model of glass transition can be used to provide insights on embrittlement of materials composed of microcrystalls at low temperatures as well as on such natural phenomena as quick sand formation. In all such cases formation of additional bonds between elementary particles which constitute the material e.g. microc- rystals or sand grains leads to their solid-like behaviour Figure 6.3.1: Temperature behaviour of viscosity of amorphous at lower temperatures or denser packing. materials.

The viscosity is a continuous function of temperature whereas the glass-liquid transition is accompanied by explicit discontinuities in the derivative parameters such as the specific heat or thermal expansion coefficient. Glass-liquid transition phenomena were described including the configuron model of glass transition which shows a reduction of Hausdorff dimension of bonds at glass-liquid transition (Table 6.3.1) [M.I. Ojovan. Configurons: thermodynamic parameters and symmetry changes at glass transition. Entropy, 10, 334-364 (2008)].

38 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 6.4 Magnetics

Organic Spintronics, N A Morley and M R J Gibbs. Thin Magnetostrictive Films, N A Morley and M R J Gibbs.

Organic spintronics is an exciting new research area, Thin magnetostrictive films are of great interest for which studies the spin transport within organic semi- use in Magnetic Microelectrical Mechanical systems conductors. There are two different types of organic (MagMEMS) such as sensors and actuators. The on- semiconductor, small molecules (e.g. tris 8-hydroxyqui- going research has studied two different highly magne- noline aluminium (Alq3)) and polymers (e.g poly(3-hexyl tostrictive thin films: FeCo [6.4.5] and FeGa [6.4.7-9]. thiophene) (P3HT)), both of which have been studied The magnetostriction constant along the <100> direction

in spintronic devices. The basic spintronic device is the in single crystals of Fe1-xGax increases with Ga concen- spin-valve, which consists of two different magnetic tration, with the peak magnetostriction constant of electrodes, with a non-magnetic transporting layer 230ppm occurring at x=19. For further increases in Ga, between them. A current is applied to the bottom mag- the magnetostriction constant decreases due to the netic electrode, which injects spin carriers into the appearance of the D03 phase. non-magnetic layer, which are then extracted by the top magnetic electrode. The magnitude of the resistance For the FeGa films, a specially commissioned deposition across the device depends on the direction of the elec- system from Kurt J Leskers, was purchased [6.4.7]. The trode’s magnetisation. This difference in resistance as a deposition system consists of a dc magnetron to sputter function of magnetic field is known as the magnetore- the Fe and a high temperature evaporator to evaporate sistance (MR) (Figure 6.4.1). the Ga. This gives good control of the composition of the FeGa films. It was found that all the films fabricated had (110) texture out of plane, with the thicker films having columnar growth. In collaboration with Dr Tad Szumiata (Radom University, Poland), conversion Mossbauer spectroscopy (CMOS) measurements were made to determine that none of the films contained any D03 structure. It was found that the magnetostriction constant depended on the fabrication parameters, i.e. magnetron power, chamber pressure and Ga rate and seemed to be independent of the calculated magnetostriction constants from the bulk single crystal values.

Figure 6.4.1: MR of the 80 nm RR-P3HT device prepared with xylene as solvent. Arrows represent the direction of each electrode magnetization. Inset: I-V characteristics of the device.

In collaboration with Dr Martin Grell (Dept. Of Physics, University of Sheffield), spin-valves containing the polymers RR-P3HT and RRa-P3HT were studied [6.4.1]. It was found that the interface played a big role in the injection and extraction of the spin carriers to and from the polymer [6.4.2]. It was also found that the solvent used to spin coat the polymer onto the bottom electrode affected the magnitude of the MR of the spin- Figure 6.4.2: Effective saturation magnetostriction constant valve. The largest MRs measured at 300K, were for the (λeff) as a function of Ga composition for Fe100-xGax thin films P3HT layers which were spin-coated with solvents with varying RGa (△), varying PFe, (●), varying pAr. (▲). The plotted boiling points higher than 150K, as it allowed the P3HT lines are calculated saturation magnetostriction for isotropic to form a crystalline layer [6.4.3]. In collaboration with (solid) or textured (dashed) films. Dr Alan Drew and Dr Bill Gillin (Queen Mary, University of London), the spin transport in Alq3 spin-valves has References: been studied, using low energy muons [6.4.4,5]. This [6.4.1] N A Morley, A Rao, D Dhandapani et al., Journal of involved using the muons to measure the spin diffusion Applied Physics 103, 07F306 (2008). length within the Alq3. It was also found that the MR of [6.4.2] D Dhandapani, A Rao, N A Morley et al., IEEE Trans. the devices depended on the additional layers added at Mag. 44 (11), 2670 (2008). the interfaces between the magnetic electrode and the [6.4.3] D Dhandapani, A Rao, N A Morley et al., Journal of Alq3 layer. Applied Physics 105, 07C702 (2009). [6.4.4] A J Drew, F L Pratt, J Hoppler et al., Physical Review Letters 100, 116601 (2008).

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 39 Research in Progress 2010

[6.4.5] A J Drew, J Hoppler, L Schultz et al., Nature devices. The vortex frequency can be controlled by an Materials 8, 109 (2008). applied current, an applied field and the geometry of [6.4.6] N A Morley, S Rigby, and M R J Gibbs, Journal the structure, see Figure 6.4.3. These experimental and of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials 1 (2), 109 theoretical findings were published in Physical Review (2009). Letters 100, 257201, 2008. Such magnetic oscillators can [6.4.7] N A Morley, S-L Yeh, S Rigby et al., Journal of be used to replace conventional RF oscillators used in Vacuum Science and Technology A 20 (4), 581 (2008). today’s telecommunication. [6.4.8] A Javed, N A Morley, and M R J Gibbs, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 321 (18), 2877 Global geometry optimization for magnetic record- (2008). ing heads, Thomas Schrefl. [6.4.9] N A Morley, A Javed, and M R J Gibbs, Journal of Applied Physics 105, 07A912 (2009). Geometrical optimization is an important tool for the optimization of magnetic devices. Its main purpose Magnetic Spin torque driven devices, G Hrkac. is to concentrate the magnetic field in a well defined area, whereby a sharp field gradient shall separate the Gino Hrkac investigates Spin Transfer Effects in region of high field from the rest. One way to achieve Magnetic Nanometre Scale Devices in an active field geometric optimization is to combine finite element with applications in direct current driven nanometre micromagnetic simulation with general purpose optimi- microwave oscillators and high density, low power zation software. In this work Thomas Schrefl combined magnetic random access memory. The spin angular the micromagnetics method with a global optimization momentum of electrons interacts with a spin polarized method based on a response surface model for the current, exerting a torque on a ferromagnet within the optimization of the pole tip shape of single pole write device. Gino Hrkac designs and models spin torque in heads. Within the framework of this method at each nano scale microwave generated oscillators as part of iteration step a response surface model of the objec- his Royal Society Research grants and his collaboration tive function, the product of write field with the field with Thomas Schrefl (advanced numerical methods). gradient, is constructed in the current search region. He combines basic electromagnetic theory with finite The surface model is used to find the next best trial element and boundary element methods to simulate step. For the current optimal point the true objective realistic nano pillars and point contact devices with function is evaluated and the result of the computation experimental samples that are provided by SIngulus, is used to refine the response surface. This optimiza- fabricated at IMEC (Liesbet Lagae) and measured at tion techniques works for non-differential as well as for CNRS Paris Claude Chapperts group. The nano pillar stochastic objective functions. By creating a hierarchical point contact device and the magnetic tunnel junction decomposition of the parameter space, the global mini- consist of three layers: a magnetic free layer, a metallic mum can be found. The pole tip shape and write gap layer and a magnetic fixed layer. By applying a current strongly influence the characteristics of the write field. through a point contact which is on top of the free layer Optimization is necessary, in order to design writers for a polarized current exerts a torque on the magnetiza- magnetic recording at densities beyond 6 Tbit/in2. Using tion in the free layer and leads to steady state high a head that is perfectly adjusted to the switching prop- frequency precession. Changing the current through erties of the media may help to push recording towards the point contact or lead in case of the magnetic tun- higher densities without the need of energy assist tech- nel junction can vary the frequency. Furthermore it is nology. In this work he focused at writer designs for possible to form and excite a vortex in such nano pillar exchange spring or composite media. Here the optimal write field angle is in about 20 degrees. In order to opti- mize the pole tip region of the writer. The free parameters for the optimization are trailing angle, the distance between the pole tip and the trailing shield, the side angle, and the shield thickness. This work was presented as an invited talk at the latest The Magnetic Recording Conference TMRC in Tuscaloosa, Alabama 2009. He also has filed a patent (US-Patent Application: 07/27/2009 "Magnetic Storage Device", Serial Number 12/509,540).

Figure 6.4.3: (left) (a) SEM and (b) AFM image of point contact. (c) Low frequency power spectra measured at H = 0.21 T for several applied currents. The field and film geometry is shown in the inset of (c). (right) (a) Color map of experimental power spectral density (PSD) as a function of current for H = 350 mT. Solid squares represent results of micromagnetics simulations. (b) Top view of vortex magnetisation probe obtained from simulation. (c) In-plane component of magnetisation represented in a graylevel (black for my = +1, white Figure 6.4.4: Finite element mesh of the pole tip region and for my = -1) for the entire simulation area. Also shown are the objective function as function of the number of field evalua- contact and the vortex orbit. tions during global optimization of the geometry.

40 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

Anti-ferromagnetic domains in metallic thin films, Tensor Grids for Fast Field Computation for Thomas Schrefl and Julian Dean. Magnetic Writer Design, Thomas Schrefl and Alexander Goncharov. Julian Dean a Postdoctoral researcher with Prof Thomas Schrefl developed in this project a quantitative method- Alexander Goncharov is a Postdoctoral researcher with ology for indirect mapping of anti-ferromagnetic (AF) Prof Thomas Schrefl has developed a new framework domains at the nanometer scale in metallic thin films for large-scale micromagnetic simulations, where tra- used for spin electronic devices. The methodology is ditionally used methods for fast field evaluations (FFT, based on the development of micromagnetic simula- FMM, H-matrices) become infeasible is developed. In tions for AF thin films exchanged biased to an amor- the new method the Kronecker product approximation phous ferromagnetic layer using a new surface integral of the pointfunction demagnetizing tensor is used. The technique. The development of the algorithm was possi- clear advantage of this technique can be seen as fol- ble due to links with experimental input and comparison lows. If in large-scale three-dimensional simulations one with micromagnetic and structural data from Lorentz space dimension is discretized by N cells, then a total and analytical TEM, respectively provided by Amit Kohn number of cells is N3. Standard algorithms will scale at Oxford University. Fingerprint micromagnetic stud- with a total number of cells squared giving N6 for the ies have been created, including their temporal tem- full N3 x N3 matrix. The Kronecker approximation allows perature evolution with applied magnetic field. This has us to store only O(N2) entries, which is less than the allowed the correlation between microstructure and order of the original matrix. The advantage of this type micromagnetic properties to observed experimentally of approximation compared to other techniques is its phenomena, most notably the importance of grain thick- superlinear compression property. ness, interlayer exchange and intergranular importance on exchange bias, training effects and 360° domain Kronecker product approximation can be applied to wall formation. This work will be published in Applied complex geometries such as magnetic recording head Physics Letters and Physical Review B and was pre- by using a hierarchical tensor structure or by wrapping sented at the latest Joint Intermag/MMM conference in the whole geometry into the cartesian grid. Hierarchical Washington DC. tensor can be seen as a hierarchical matrix on a tensor product grid where each matrix block represented in a tensor form, but admissible blocks are stored in the Kronecker format. This new technique allows to reduce the memory usage for numerical calculations from GBits down to MBits or even Kbits. Meaning that simulations that are normally done on computer clusters can be done on stand-alone machines. This new method was presented by Alexander Goncharov as an invited talk at the latest Joint Intermag/MMM conference in Washington DC.

Calcite crystallization on self-assembled monolayers, Colin Freeman, John Harding (Sheffield) David Quigley, Mark Rodger (Warwick), Dorothy Duffy (UCL).

We show that recent developments in the ability of simulation methods to study long timescale processes (metadynamics) permit the direct simulation of crystallization. This makes it possible to predict the orientation of crystals grown on self-assembled monolayers. In contrast to previous studies, the method allows for dynamic treatment of the organic component and the inclusion of explicit surface water without the need for computa- tionally intensive interfacial energy calculations or previous knowledge of the interfacial structure. The method is applied to calcite crystallization on carboxylate termi- Figure 6.4.5: Shows the simulated Fresnel image of a 360° nated alkanethiols arrayed on Au (111). We demonstrate domain wall formation as a function of field and waiting time. that a dynamic treatment of the monolayer is suffi- This highlights many features observed experimentally such cient to reproduce the experimental results of Joanna as the magnetisation ripple, the width of the domain walls and the shape and structure. Aizenberg’s group (Harvard) without the need to impose epitaxial constraints on the system – compare the bottom left and top right configurations in the diagram. We also observe an odd-even effect in the variation of selec- tivity with organic chain length (top and bottom right), reproducing experimentally observed orientations in both cases. The analysis of the ordering process in our simulations suggests a cycle of mutual control in which

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 41 Research in Progress 2010 both the organic and mineral components induce complementary local order across the interface, leading to the formation of a critical crystalline region. We can also show the importance of solution chemistry, in particular the effect of pH, in controlling the ionization of the monolayer and thus the crystallisation behaviour.

Figure 6.4.6: Top left: starting configuration with amorphous CaCO3. Bottom left: Rigid template: crystals with (00.1) orientation. Top right: Flexible template: crystals with (01.2) orientation. Bottom right: Length of molecules in template changed by one CH2 unit but still flexible: poor crystallisation with (11.6) orientation.

42 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 6.5 Metallurgy

High-speed machining of titanium alloys, M Jackson, analysis that slip has occurred along the basal plane; in M Thomas and S Turner (AMRC). both cases, the grains have a Schmid factor approach- ing 0.5 for {0 0 0 2}[1 1 _2 0] basal slip. Additionally, slip A traditional metallurgical approach has been applied traces aligned with the {1 0 _1 1} crystallographic plane to the high-speed machining of aero-structural titanium can be observed in grain C, corresponding to the acti- alloys. If component manufacturers are to meet the vation of a secondary slip system, {1 0 _1 1}[1 1 _2 0] supply demands of the aerospace industry, machin- pyramidal slip, which has a Schmid factor of 0.46. For ing at high speeds is a critical requirement. Traditional more details with regard to deformation modes please surface integrity practice applied by mechanical engi- refer to Meurig Thomas, Sam Turner, Martin Jackson. neers characterizes macroscopic features such as sur- Microstructural damage during high-speed milling of face tearing, chip smearing and general deformation titanium alloys, Scripta Materialia 62 (2010) 250-253. of grains in the direction of cutting. Until now, there has been very little emphasis placed on the subsurface As the near-surface micro-texture has a direct effect microstructural response during high-speed machin- on slip band characteristics in the alpha phase following processes. Collaborative research between the ing high-speed milling, a better understanding of the Department of Engineering Materials and the Advanced upstream thermomechanical processing of the near- Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC) determined surface micro-texture could potentially aid downstream the microstructural damage arising during the high machining operations. A combinatorial improvement speed milling operation. High speed milling trials in forging practices and milling tool parameters, via the were performed at the AMRC on near-α alloy Ti-834. development of through-process models by mechanical Microstructural characterisation was performed at the and metallurgical engineers at Sheffield will eventually Department of Engineering Materials. permit much high production rates (>200 m min-1) of aero-structural titanium components. Figure 6.5.1 shows the effect of the high degree of subsurface plastic strain imparted on Ti-834, during milling at a speed of 200 m per.min. The plastic strain is prin- cipally accommodated by dislocation slip of the alpha phase to sub-surface depths of 30 μm. The slip bands (regions of intense dislocation density) can be observed using scanning electron microscopy due to electron channelling contrast. Such microstructural features are concerning, as they have been reported to be crack initiation sites during fatigue loading.

Figure 6.5.2: Electron backscatter diffraction results of high Figure 6.5.1: Backscattered electron micrographs showing speed milled Ti-834 (200 m.min-1). The area analysed is imme- deformation in the form of intense slip bands below the high- diately below the machined surface and the machining coor- speed milled surface in Ti-834. dinates with reference to figure 6.5.2 are labelled. The data is presented in the form of a crystal disorientation map refer- From the disorientation map and corresponding stere- enced against the grain average orientation in a) and a pat- ographic projections in Figure 6.5.2, two observations tern quality (band contrast) map of the region demarcated in can be made. The first is that multiple slip systems a) is given in b). are activated during milling; the second is that there is variation in slip intensity, including slip band spacing, between neighbouring grains. Grains C and D are of similar crystallographic orientation and show the highest intensity of slip, with the slip band traces closely aligned with the machining direction. It is evident from the trace

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 43 Research in Progress 2010

Application of combined discrete/finite element ond inside the roll bite. It is known that the tribological multiscale method for modelling of magnesium conditions at the roll/stock interface during process- redistribution during hot rolling of aluminium, ing, such as state of lubrication, position of the neutral Michal Krzyzanowski and W Mark Rainforth. point, roughness of the rolls and the roll speed, are key variables in the surface layer formation. Therefore, the The hot rolling of aluminium results in the formation of most appropriate route in understanding is to model a nanocrystalline surface layer, which comprises three the interaction of the surface of the metal with the work main features, namely, nanoscale fragmented oxide roll. Numerical modelling of the stock surface layer for- particles mechanically mixed from the original surface mation has been carried out on the rolling of the Al-Mg- into the metal; a fine subgrain structure, and a signifi- Mn aluminium alloy AA3104 using a two-high laboratory cant difference in chemical composition to the bulk. mill. The results of a parallel experimental programme Understanding the mechanisms of formation of such have demonstrated that the structure, morphology and layers is difficult as it takes place in fractions of a sec- the filiform corrosion susceptibility of the subsurface

Figure 6.5.6: Displacement of the discrete element blocks (a) and Mg redistribution in the surface layer (b-f) predicted during hot rolling of aluminium.

layer appears to be strongly dependent on both the Figure 6.5.3: Bright field TEM micrograph of the depth of the Mg enrichment formed during reheating nanocrystalline surface layer on a hot rolled and redistribution of this near-surface metallic element AA3104 alloy. during hot rolling. The numerical problem is effectively a matter of discrete rather then continuum numerical analysis. The applied combined finite-discrete element method merges finite element tools and techniques with discrete element-based transient dynamics, contact detection and contact interaction solutions. Linking of the modelling scales is based on transferring of the corresponding boundary conditions from the macro model to the representative cell, considered as the meso-level model. This meso-model consists of a large number of deformable bodies that interact with each other. Each individual discrete element is of a general shape and size, and can be discretised into finite ele- Figure 6.5.4: Schematic representation of the meso- model. ments to analyse deformability and diffusion. The transfer processes in the thin surface layer are described by the system of diffusion and the motion equations for particles integrated in time. The numerical analysis indicated that, under the rolling conditions, the redistribution of Mg content can arise mainly due to one or a few of the following reasons, namely: by removal of some of the thin oxide layer by abrasion and adhesion to the work roll surface; by intermixing of the small oxides (Mg) into the subsurface layer of a few microns depth; and by diffusion. Further analysis should be carried out to validate the modelling approach and to establish the predominant mechanisms of the surface layer formation and influence of the key hot rolling parameters.

Figure 6.5.5: Displacement of the discrete element particles/ blocks in Y (a, b) and in X (c) direction predicted in the subsurface layer during hot rolling of aluminium.

44 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 6.6 Nanomaterials and Nanoengineeering

Real-time observation of surface wear using a TEM Welding of individual nanoobjects using nanoscale triboprobe, B J Inkson, A J Lockwood and J J Wang. solder, B J Inkson and Y Peng.

As part of the NanoLAB Basic Technology Nanorobotics One of the central challenges for the bottom-up con- programme we have developed a mechanical triboprobe struction, integration and repair of nanoscale systems miniaturized to fit inside a TEM. The TEM tribological is to develop reliable methods of joining individual probe can be used for nanofriction and nanofatigue nanoobjects together and to substrates. In this work we testing of individual nanostructures, with 3D control of have developed a new nanoscale electrical welding tech- the loading direction and simultaneous TEM imaging of nique, using nanovolumes of metal solder, which radi- the nanoobjects. Using the TEM triboprobe a technique cally improves the spatial resolution, flexibility and con- to quantify in real-time the microstructural changes trollability of welds between individual nanowires and occurring during mechanical nanoscale fatigue of nanoobjects. At the weld sites, nanoscale volumes of a ultrathin surface coatings has been developed. It is dem- chosen metal are deposited using a sacrificial nanowire, onstrated that fracture of 10-20nm thick amorphous which ensures that the nanoobjects to be bonded retain carbon films by a single nanoscale shear impact results their structural integrity. in the formation of <10nm diameter amorphous carbon filaments. Failure of the same carbon films after cyclic We demonstrate by welding both similar and dissimi- nanofatigue, however, results in the formation of carbon lar materials, that the use of nanoscale solder is clean, nanostructures with a significant degree of graphitic controllable and reliable, and ensures both mechanically ordering, including a carbon onion [214]. strong and electrically conductive contacts. The use of solder to bond the nanoobjects together also offers the opportunity to tailor the weld’s mechanical and functional properties by controlling the chemistry, structure and volume of solder material used, and nanoscale weld resistances of just 20Ω have been achieved by using Sn [175].

Figure 6.6.1: Real-time imaging of the nanoscale tribology of Figure 6.6.2: (a) Method for welding nanostructures together carbon thin films. using nanovolumes of solder (b) Nanowriting using welded nanowires.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 45 Research in Progress 2010 6.7 Polymers and Composites

Polymer composites research has continued to focus on repeat healing capability by minimising resin shrinkage the fields of self-sensing and self-healing of composite during repeated heating cycles. Work is also continuing damage and in the study of group-interaction modelling to investigate the healing of new resin systems whose to predict polymer and composite properties from their chemistry differs significantly from the anhydride or chemical constituents. Work on plasma polymerisation amine cured epoxies that we have healed to date. for surface functionality control is also on-going. In association with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Group Interaction Modelling and through the Composite Systems Innovation Centre (CSIC), work is also on-going in the field of nanocom- The Polymers and Composites group is pioneering work posites and on biodegradable and recycled polymers for in the field of Group Interaction Modelling which pre- both structural and packaging applications. Highlights dicts polymer properties from molecular structure in a in two areas, those self-sensing and self-healing and of fraction of the time required for tradition methods. Dr group interaction modelling are given below. Joel Foreman and Dr David Porter have developed the method to predict strain rate and temperature depend- Self-sensing and self-healing ent properties from dynamic mechanical measurements of the secondary phase transitions that occur in viscoe- The self-sensing work has concentrated on two prin- lastic polymers. The predicted properties of a typical ciple techniques, these being optical self-sensing and aerospace epoxy resin matrix are used as input for a electrical self-sensing of damage in composites. The finite element prediction of the impact a fibre failure has well established electrical sensing work has progressed on surrounding fibres. This information is then used to in the use of flexible printed circuit board to deliver the predict the statistical propagation of fibre failure events contacts necessary to enable the localised resistance through a typical composite system. The method is cur- of the composite to be determined. This has facilitated rently being developed into the dedicated software pro- more-rapid manufacture of self-sensing composite and grams GIMprops and FFC (www.gimprops.com). has the potential, given further work to enable deploy- ment of the sensor system in a production environment. The Group Interaction Modelling method is also being extended within the department to predict the properties of many different kinds of polymers. Previously, amorphous, isotropic thermosets such as epoxy resins have been studied but the technique is being developed to predict the properties of semicrystalline, orthotropic polymers such as Ultra-High Molecular Figure 6.7.1: Self-sensing composite produced using a modified commercial epoxy resin system and commercial woven Weight Polyethylene. Additionally, we are investigating e-glass fabric, a) before impact showing full transmission how to incorporate extremely high strain rate impact across the panel width and b) showing reduced transmission events, the influence of moisture on properties and the in the centre of the panel following an impact event. prediction of properties as a function of cure schedule.

Optical self-sensing, using e-glass reinforcing fibres, is a new departure for the research group and has shown significant promise. The use of reinforcing fibres as light-guides is not new, however, in the past it has been necessary to employ a specially selected low refractive index resin to enable the fibres to guide light. Unfortunately these resins are generally unsuitable for use in structural composites, as they are designed primarily as optical adhesives. In our work, we have used conventional resin blending techniques, and readily available additives to modify a commercial aerospace approved resin system, such that its refractive index is sufficiently low that the fibres can guide light. Using commercially available woven glass cloth, we have suc- Figure 6.7.2: The compressive modulus and yield cessfully manufactured composite panels using this stress of a 50:50 blend of two amine cured epoxy resin and shown them to be capable of sensing damage resins (TGDDM and TGAP cured with DDS) as a to the composites structure (Figure 6.7.1). function of strain rate. The experimental values compare extremely well with those predicted by Work on the solid-state self-healing resin system is con- Group Interaction Modelling. tinuing with studies to improve the processibility of the resin, by reducing its viscosity, and also to improve the

46 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 6.8 Surface Engineering and Tribology

Pulse Current Plasma Assisted Electrolytic Cleaning of AISI 4340 Steel, A Yerokhin, A Pilkington and A Matthews.

Surface cleaning is an important step of most manufacturing processes. It is essential in the manufacture of steel components that are prone to formation of mill-scales, pigmented films and rust spots during prior processing and in-process storage. Well known cleaning treatments include mechanical (abrasive blasting and tumbling), chemical (molten salt, acid etching or pickling), electrochemical (electrolytic acid pickling or alkaline cleaning), solvent and emulsion cleaning processes. To enhance cleaning efficiency, individual treatments are combined into hybrid and multistage procedures. New cleaning technology based on electrolytic plasma processing (EPP) was studied in ref [6.8.1]. The method relies upon intensification of conventional Figure 6.8.2: Effect of pulse current EPP cleaning on surface electrolytic alkaline cleaning by a plasma discharge that roughness (Ra). is initiated at the surface of a cathodically polarised workpiece (Figure 6.8.1). Plasma processes enhance cathodic reduction with thermally and mechanically activated removal of contaminants. A risk of decrease in mechanical properties can be mitigated by the application of the pulse current mode. A specially designed and instrumented EPP facility was used, which allowed for an adjustable inter-electrode gap, controlled sample movement, electrolyte temperature and flow as well as independent control of the pulse frequency f and duty cycle d from DC to 32 kHz.

Figure 6.8.1: Typical appearance of plasma discharge during EPP treatment. Figure 6.8.3: Surface SEM micrographs showing It was observed (Figure 6.8.2) that the pulse current typical surface morphology of EPP cleaned steel EPP cleaning leads to a decrease in the surface rough- compared to that of the untreated steel. ness of treated samples, compared with both the The cleaning quality was estimated by glow discharge untreated and the DC treated specimens. Moreover, the optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Typical surface roughness decreases with an increase in frequency and profiles of oxygen for the untreated and EPP treated a decrease in duty cycle. surfaces are presented in Figure 6.8.4. The untreated sample shows a near surface broad peak oxygen profile SEM observations of the original surface morphology, attributed to residual oxide scale resulting from the revealed partly contaminated grinding ridges, whereas sample manufacturing and storage. The breadth of the EPP-cleaned surface featured by a crater-like morphol- O peak and extended tail profile indicated an effect due ogy due to discharge events accompanying the cleaning to surface roughness, where the surface material in val- process (Figure 6.8.3). With an increase in frequency leys was sputtered at a lower rate than the asperities. and a decrease in duty cycle of the pulsed current, the The EPP cleaned surfaces had a significantly lower sub- feature size reduced, making the surface profile particu- surface O profile indicating that the EPP process had larly suitable for subsequent coating treatments. successfully removed or reduced surface oxides, which together with reduced surface roughness, resulted in a

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 47 Research in Progress 2010

lower near-surface O content. It is also evident that the consequent limitations in the process control and auto- pulse current EPP cleaning treatment is as effective in mation. This problem can be resolved if the frequency removing surface oxide as the DC process. These com- response (FR) of the system is known and applied for positional changes are likely to be responsible for slight process diagnostics. A research discussed in ref [172] enoblement of the surface corrosion potential, which is was dedicated to FR measurements during PEO of Al in attributable to an increased rate of cathodic processes, the small signal mode corresponding to small perturba- as revealed by potentiodynamic corrosion tests. tions of voltage signal around large DC values (Figure 6.8.5).

Figure 6.8.4: GDOES profiles of iron and oxygen in untreated and EPP treated steels.

Mechanical tests have demonstrated negligible reduction in hardness and no reduction in toughness due to hydrogen embrittlement induced by EPP treatments. At the same time, rotating bending beam fatigue tests indicated a noticeable reduction in fatigue life, which could however be offset by a shot peening pre-treatment. Overall, optimal process parameters for pulse current EPP cleaning were identified at δ = 0.8 and f = 100 to 10000 Hz.

Reference: [6.8.1] A. Yerokhin, A. Pilkington, A. Matthews, Pulse Current Plasma Assisted Electrolytic Cleaning of AISI 4340 Steel, J. Mat. Proc. Technol., 210 (2010) 54-63. Figure 6.8.6: Temporal dependencies of FR components at U = 500 V (a) – admit- Small Signal Frequency Response Studies for tance modulus and (b) – phase angle. Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation, E V Parfenov* A Yerokhin and A Matthews (*Ufa State Aviation Technical The study was carried out during PEO of Al at DC volt- University, 12 Karl Marx Street, Ufa 450000, Russia). ages which were varied from 450 to 600V. The FR obtained is a frequency dependent admittance of the Plasma assisted electrochemical treatments provide PEO electrolyser; this complex number is represented new possibilities in surface modification of various by a modulus and a phase angle (Figure 6.8.6). It was materials including light weight alloys. However, their shown that, under potentiostatic conditions, the modu- large-scale application is still restricted, mainly due to lus evolution strongly correlates with the average cur- poor understanding of the process mechanism and rent value; therefore, it bears insufficient amounts of independent information. The FR phase angle measured within this study was never obtained before. Depending on the frequency, it varies between 0 and 70 deg in the capaci- tive domain. One of the most notable features of this characteristic is low values at 500 to 5000 Hz when microdischarges appear during PEO. The other feature is a correlation with the coating growth. As a result, a new diagnostic tool was developed and shown to be effective for evaluation of microdischarges and surface properties during the treatment, thus decreasing the uncertainty in the system.

Figure 6.8.5: Voltage and current waveforms for PEO treatment of Al.

48 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

The effect of superfinishing and PVD/CVD coatings function as a barrier to adhesive interactions between on torque and temperature of SAE52100 rolling ele- the raceway and rolling element, thereby increasing ment ball bearings under starved lubrication condi- bearing life. tions, J. Eichler, A. Matthews, G.L. Doll, A. Leyland.

Investigation into the rolling contact behaviour of coated and uncoated counterfaces under lubrication starvation conditions has been carried out. Cr2N and WC/a-C:H coatings deposited by PVD and hybrid PVD-CVD processes respectively were tested. In addition, the effect of vibratory superfinishing on rolling contact, both in isolation and as a surface pre-treatment prior to PVD coating was investigated. The results illustrate the benefits provided by surface modifications under these extreme operating conditions and their ability to delay the onset of catastrophic bearing failure in the event of lubrication starvation. The findings of this investigation were presented at the Society of Vacuum Coaters (SVC 2009) conference held in Santa Clara, California, USA, Figure 6.8.8: An example of a torque/temperature curve May 2009 [92].The main findings from this paper are from a modified bearing running under lubricant starva- summarised below. tion conditions.

The raceways from thrust ball bearings (shown below Evidence of carbonaceous material on the rolling ele- in Figure 6.8.7) were modified with either chromium ments was found. This transferred material is likely to nitride (Cr2N), tungsten carbide/amorphous hydrogen- act as a solid lubricant, delaying bearing failure under ated carbon (WC/a-C:H), or vibratory superfinishing. boundary lubricated conditions. The performance of Superfinishing was also used as a surface treatment the superfinished specimens was unexpectedly low. before the deposition of a PVD coating to produce a Superfinishing alone did not provide an appreciable ‘duplex’ surface treatment. improvement in performance and it also reduced the performance of the WC/a-C:H coating when used as a surface pre-treatment. The superfinished substrate topography is unlikely to have caused poor coating adhesion. However, the modified raceway surface will result in a larger contact area which could increase the spin of the rolling elements, increasing frictional torque and shear stress in the coating. Experimentation with the ceramic media size, type and process duration is Figure 6.8.7: (a) A photograph of a WC/a-C:H coated likely to yield better results and will be the subject of raceway, (b) an SEM micrograph of the WC/a-C:H coat- future investigations. ing before testing.

The treated raceways were re-assembled into thrust bearings and initially lubricated with a solution of ISO VG10 mineral oil and hexane. After evaporation of the volatile solvent, a film of lubricant with repeatable thickness remains on the components of the bearing. The bearings were loaded to 6.2 kN (maximum Hertzian contact stress of approximately 1 GPa) and rotated at 4000 RPM until the frictional torque exceeded 1 Nm or the raceway temperature exceeded 110°C. The bearing lives were analysed using a Weibull statistical method.

As illustrated in Figure 6.8.8, the bearings exhibited a rapid increase in torque as the speed and load were Figure 6.8.9: The effect of surface modification on L50 increased. After approximately one minute the torque life under lubrication starvation conditions. decreases to a plateau level where it remains until failure commences. This ‘running-in’ process results in a reduction of the temperature gradient. The onset of failure is indicated by a sharp increase in torque, followed by a delayed increase in heat generation.

In this investigation, the WC/a-C:H coating offered the best performance under lubrication starvation conditions (as shown in Figure 6.8.9). This coating is likely to

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 49 Research in Progress 2010

Degradation of a C/CrC PVD coating after annealing microscopy coupled with electron energy filtered map- in Ar+H2 at 700°C studied by Raman spectroscopy ping. Raman spectroscopy suggested the presence of and transmission electron microscopy, Z Zhou, IM graphitic carbon in the coating after annealing, together a Ross, WM Rainforth, A Cavaleiro , with a trace of Cr2O3 associated with coating growth A Ehiassarianb, P Hovsepianb (aMechanical Engineering defects, Figure 6.8.11. TEM investigation of the cross sec- Department, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal, bMaterials Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB UK).

Recently, there has been increasing interest in the development of nano- Figure 6.8.11: Bright field image and energy filtered TEM maps of composite carbon based coatings due to their excellent C, Cr and O at the top of the coating after exposure at 700°C. tribological properties. These coatings typically consist of an amorphous carbon phase (a-C:H, but could be tions of annealed coating revealed regions of C enrich- diamond like carbon) and a hard crystalline metal or ment at the very top (~40nm) and bottom (~10nm) of metal carbide phase (usually Ti, Ta, W and Cr carbides). the coating, which was confirmed by Raman spectrosco- The prevailing synthesis methods to produce the coat- py. However, the central region of the coating retained ings have been to sputter metal targets in a mixture of its composite C/CrC multilayer structure, Figure 6.8.12. hydrocarbon (e.g. C2H2, CH4) and inert gas (usually Ar). Tentative mechanisms of the coating degradation, in Despite the reduction of internal stresses by alloying particular the C enrichment are proposed in reference with transition metals, the large amount of hydrogen, [6.8.2]. up to 20-50at%, incorporated in the resultant coatings undermines the coatings’ thermal stability. Nanoscale hydrogen free C/Cr coatings have been produced by unbalanced magnetron sputtering of graphite and Cr metal targets with structure and properties strongly dependent on the substrate bias voltage. The coatings evolve from an amorphous (-65V to -95V) through an ‘onion-like’ carbon structure (-120V) to nanoscale multilayer structure (-350V and -450V) and finally a uniform fine grain structure (-550V). The current work looked at the thermal stability of a hydrogen free C/ CrC coating. The coating was deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering of graphite and Cr metal targets in a non-reactive argon atmosphere with high ion irradiation conditions. The coating possessed a nanocom- Figure 6.8.12: High resolution TEM image of a carbon nanopar- posite structure with amorphous carbon embedded ticle in the chromium carbide matrix.

Reference: [6.8.2] Z Zhou, I M Ross, W M Rainforth, A Cavaleiro, A Ehiassarian, P Hovsepian, “Degradation of a C/CrC PVD coating after annealing in Ar+H2 at 700°C studied by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy”, Materials at High Temperature, 26 (2009) 169-176.

Figure 6.8.10: Energy filtered TEM micrographs of the as- deposited coating. (a) zero loss bright field image. (b) carbon map. (c) chromium map.

in a metastable NaCl (B1) structure CrC matrix, Figure 6.8.10. Chromium carbides are well known to have three stable phases of Cr3C2, Cr7C5 and Cr23C6. It is believed that a stable CrC with NaCl (B1) structure cannot be produced on the basis of Hagg’s empirical rules, rc/rme <0.59, where rc is the single bond radius of carbon and rme is the considered transition metal (rc/rcr = 0.61). The nanometre amorphous carbon clusters formed layers within the CrC matrix, producing a self-assembled multilayer structure. Degradation was evaluated by annealing at 600 and 700°C in Ar+5%H2 atmosphere for 30 minutes. Microstructures of the as-deposited and annealed coating were characterised using Raman spectroscopy and cross sectional transmission electron

50 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 7. Publications, 2008/2009 7.1 Publications 2008

1. E Amsterdam, R Goodall, A Mortensen, P R Onck 14. J Fu, M Kobayashi and J M Parker “Terbium-activated and J Th M De Hosson “Fracture behaviour of low-density heavy scintillating glasses”, J Luminescence, 128 (2008) replicated aluminium alloy foams”, Mat Sci Eng A, 496 (2008) 99-104. 376-382. 15. J Fu, M Kobayashi, S Sugimoto and J M Parker “Eu3+- 2. M Audronis, A Matthews and A Leyland “Pulsed-bias activated heavy scintillating glasses”, Mat Res Bulletin, 43 sputter deposition of chromia and alumina films at low sub- (2008) 1502-1508. strate temperature”, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 51st Annual Tech Conf Proc (2008) ISSN 0737-5921, 14-19. 16. B Glettner, F Liu, X Zeng, M Prehm, U Baumeister, M Walker, M A Bates, P Boeseck, G Ungar and C 3. P B S Bailey, S A Hayes, R J Hand and B Zhang Tschierske “Liquid-crystalline kagome”, Liquid Crystals, “Chemical monitoring of composite matrices by evanescent Angew Chem Int Ed, 47 (2008) 9063-9066. wave spectroscopy”, Adv Sci and Technol, 56 (2008) 298-302. 17. T Gnanavel, Z Saghi, Y Peng and G Möbus 4. A S Barinov, G A Varlakova, S V Stefanovsky and M I “Nanofabrication by 3D E-beam cutting”, Micro Micro, 14 Ojovan “Changes of structure and properties of vitrified radio- (2008) DOI: 10.1017/S1431927608085413, 2pp. active wastes during long-term storage in an experimental repository”, Atomic Energy, 105(2) (2008) 110-117. 18. V Hearnden, G Battaglia, C Murdoch, M Thornhill and S MacNeil “Imaging of polymersome penetration into 3D 5. A S Barinov, G A Varlakova, I V Startceva, S V tissue engineered models of oral mucosa and head and neck Stefanovsky, M I Ojovan and B P McGrail “Corrosion dura- cancer”, Euro Cells and Mat, 16 (2008) 58. bility of NPP vitrified radioactive waste”, Radiation Safety Issues, 3 (2008) 22-33. 19. W H Howie, F Claeyssens, H Miura and L M Peter “Characterization of solid-state dy-sensitized solar cells utiliz- 6. M A Bashir, T Schrefl, J Dean, A Goncharov, G Hukac, ing high absorption coefficient metal-free organic dyes”, J Am S Bance, D Allwood and D Suess “Microwave-assisted mag- Chem Soc, 130 (2008) 1367-1375. netization reversal in exchange spring media”, IEE Trans Magn, 44(11) (2008) 3519-3522. 20. G Hrkac, T Schrefl, S Bance, D Allwood, A Goncharov, J Dean and D Suess “Mutual phase locking in 7. O G Batyukhnova, A E Arustamov, S A Dmitriev, high-frequency microwave nano-oscillators as a function of V V Agrinenko, M I Ojovan and Z Drace “Training activities field angle”, J Magn Magn Mat, 320 (2008) L111-L115. on radioactive waste management at Moscow SIA “Radon”: Experience, practice, theory”, Proc WM’08 Conference, 24th- 21. J M Juoi, M I Ojovan and W E Lee “Microstructure and 28th February 2008, Phoenix Arizona, WM-8164, 8pp. leaching durability of glass composite wasteforms for spent clinoptilolite immobilisation”, J Nucl Mater, 372 (2008) 358- 8. I Betancourt, G Hrkac and T Schrefl “Micromagnetic 366. simulation of domain wall dynamics in permalloy nanotubes at high frequencies”, J Appl Phys, 104 (2008) 023915-1 – 22. P Kapranos “Thixoforming: From automotive to aero- 023915-6. space”, APT Aluminium, Process and Product Technology, 5(1) (2008) 39-44. 9. K J Briston, Y Peng, N Grobert, A G Cullis and B J Inkson “Field emission from iron-filled carbon nanotubes 23. O K Karlina, V L Klimov, G Yu Pavlova and M I Ojovan observed in-situ in the scanning electron microscope”, Proc “Thermodynamic simulation and experimental study of irra- EMC 2008 14th Euro Microcopy Congress, 1st-5th September diated reactor graphite waste processing with REE oxides”, 2008, Aachen, Germany, Vol 2: Materials Science, 169-170. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc, 1107 (2008) 109-116.

10. S J Brookes, D J Searles and K P Travis “The effect of 24. S Kelly, E M Regan, J B Uney, A D Dick, J P McGeehan, confinement and wall structure on the kinetics of isomerisa- The Bristol Biochip Group, E J Mayer and F Claeyssens tion of n-butane”, Molecular Simulation, (2008) 1-14, ISBN “Patterned growth of neuronal cells on modified diamond-like 0892-7022 print/ISSN 1029-0435 online. carbon substrates”, Biomaterials, 29 (2008) 2573-2580.

11. B Burakov, V Gribova, A Kitsay, M Ojovan, N Hyatt 25. A J Lockwood, J J Wang, R Gay and B J Inkson and M Stennett “Synthesis of crystalline ceramics for acti- “Characterising performance of TEM compatible nanomanipu- nide immobililsation”, Proc 11th Int Conf Envir Remed Rad lation slip-stick inertial sliders against gravity”, J Phys: Conf Waste Manage, ICEM’07, 2nd-6th September 2007, Oud Sint-Jan Series, 126 (2008) 012096-1 – 012096-4. Hospital Conference Center, Bruge, Belgium. ICEM07-7047, 5pp ASME (2008). 26. A Matthews and A Leyland “Materials related aspects of nanostructured tribological coatings”, Society of Vacuum 12. J Dean, M A Bashir, A Goncharov, G Hrkac, S Bance, T Coaters, 51st Annual Tech Conf Proc Proc (2008) ISSN 0737- Schrefl, A Cazacu, M Gubbins, R W Lamberton and D Suess 5921, 56-62. “Thermally induced adjacent track erasure in exchange spring media”, Appl Phys Lett, 92 (2008) 142505-1 – 142505-3. 27. Q Mistral, M van Kampen, G Hrkac, J-V Kim, T Devolder, P Crozat, C Chappert, L Lagac and T Schrefl 13. J P Foreman, S Behzadi, D Porter, P T Curtis and F R “Current-driven vortex oscillation in metallic nanocontacts”, Jones “Hierarchical modelling of a polymer matrix composite”, Phys Rev Lett, 100 (2008) 257201-1 – 257201-4. J Mater Sci, 43 (2008) 6642-6650.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 51 Research in Progress 2010

28. G Möbus, G Yang, Z Saghi, X Xu, R J Hand, A Pankov 42. D C Sayle, S Seal, Z Wang, B C Mangili, D W Price, and M I Ojovan “Electron irradiation and electron tomogra- A S Karakoti, S V T N Kuchibhatla, Q Hao, G Möbus, X Xu phy studies of glasses and glass nanocomposites”, Mater Res and T X T Sayle “Mapping nanostructure: A systematic enu- Soc Symp Proc, 1107 (2008) 239-244. meration of nanomaterials by assembling nanobuilding blocks at crystallographic positions”, Am Chem Soc, 2(6) (2008) 29. M I Ojovan “Configurons: thermodynamic param- 1237-1251. eters and symmetry changes at glass transition entropy”, 10 (2008) 334-364; http://www.mdpi-org/entropy/list08. 43. A Sittichokechaiwut and G C Reilly “Development htm#e10030334; http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/papers/ of a Culture System to Modulate Tissue Engineered Bone e10030334.pdf. Formation by Varying Loading Conditions”, Proc 7th Intl Confon Manufacturing Research 2009. 8pp. 30. M I Ojovan “Viscosity and glass transition in amorphous oxides”, Advances in Condensed Matter Physics (2008) 44. L M Spasova, F G F Gibb and M I Ojovan Article ID 817829, 23pp; http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle. “Characterisation of partial melting and solidification of aspx?doi=10.1155/2008/817829. granite E93/7 by acoustic emission technique”, Mater Res Soc Symp Prov, 1107 (2008) 75-82. 31. M I Ojovan and F G F Gibb “Exploring the earth’s crust and mantle using self-descending, radiation-heated, probes 45. L M Spasova and M I Ojovan “Characterisation of Al and acoustic emission monitoring”, Chapter 7 in: Nuclear corrosion and its impact on the mechanical performance of Waste Research: Siting, Technology and Treatment. Editor: composite cement wasteforms by the acoustic emission tech- Arnold P Lattefer, ISBN 978-1-60456-184-5, Nova Science nique”, J Nucl Mater, 375 (2008) 347-358. Publishers Inc (2008) 207-220. 46. L M Spasova, M Ojovan, M Hayes and H Godfrey 32. M I Ojovan, J M Juoi, A R Boccaccini and W E Lee “Acoustic emission monitoring of cementitious wasteforms”, “Glass composite materials for nuclear and hazardous waste Proc 11th Int Conf Envir Remed Rad Waste Manag ICEM’07, 2nd- immobilisation”, Mater Rest Soc Symp Proc, 1107 (2008) 245- 6th September 2007, Out Sint-Jan Hospital Conference Center, 252. Bruges, Belgium, ECEM07-7049, ASME (2008) 8pp.

33. M I Ojovan, J M Juoi and W E Lee “Application of glass 47. L Wang, X Nie, J Housden, E Spain, J C Jiang, E I composite materials for nuclear waste immobilisation”, J Pak Meletis, A Leyland and A Matthews “Material transfer phe- Mater Soc, 2 (2008) 72-76. nomena and failure mechanisms of a nanostructured Cr-Al-N coating in laboratory wear tests and an industrial punch tool 34. J M Parker article on glass flow in “Do polar bears get application”, Surf Coat Technol, 203 (2008) 816-821. lonely?” New Scientist, (2008) 41-45. 48. X J Xu, A Lockwood, W Guan, R Gay, Z Saghi, J J 35. Y Peng, T Cullis and B Inkson “Accurate electrical test- Wang, Y Peng, B J Inkson and G Móbus “MRT Letter: Full- ing of individual gold nanowires by in situ scanning electron tilt electron tomography with a piezo-actuated rotary drive”, microscope nanomanipulators”, Appl Phys Lett, 93 (2008) Microsc Res Tech 71 (2008) 773-777. 183112-1 – 183112-3. 49. X Xu, Z Saghi, G Yang, R Gay and G Möbus “Electron 36. L Perlin, S MacNeil and S Rimmer “Production and tomography of CeO2 nanostructures”, J Phys: Conf series, 126 performance of biomaterials containing RGD peptides”, Soft (2008) 012016-1 – 012016-4. Matter, 4 (2008) 2331-2349. 50. G Yang, R Hand and G Möbus “EELS studies of nano- 37. M Prades, H Beltrán, N Masó, N Masó, E Cardoncillo precipitates in borosilicate glasses”, J Phys: Conf Series, 126 and A R West “Phase transition hysteresis and anomalous (2008) 012021-1 – 012021-4. Curie-Weiss behaviour of ferroelectric tetragonal tungsten bronzes Ba2RETi2Nb3O15:RE=Nd, Sm”, J Appl Phys, 104 (2008) 104118-1 – 104118-7.

38. M Prehm, F Liu, X Zeng, G Ungar and C Tschierske “2D and 3D ordered columnar liquid crystal phases by bundles of bolaamphiphiles and swallow-tail side chains”, J Am Chem Soc, 130 (2008) 14922-14923.

39. M Rosso, D Ugues, E Torres, M Perucca and P Kapranos “Performance enhancements of die casting tools trough PVD nanocoatings”, Int J Mater Form, DOI 10.1007/ s12289-008-0 - 131 z, Springer/ESAFORM 2008.

40. Z Saghi, X Xu and G Möbus “Three-dimensional metrol- ogy and fractal analysis of dendritic nanostructures”, Phys Rev B, 78 (2008) 205428-1 – 205428-5.

41. Z Saghi, T Gnanavel, Y Peng, B J Inkson, A G Cullis, M R Gibbs and G Möbus “Tomographic nanofabrication of ultrasharp three-dimensional nanostructures”, Appl Phys Lett, 93 (2008) 153102-1 – 153102-3.

52 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 7.2 Publications 2009

51. D A Allwood, J Dean, M T Bryan and A Baker “Bringing 64. I. Betancourt and H A Davies “Exchange coupled nano- science research into secondary schools”, Phys Ed, 44(6) composite hard magnetic alloys”, Intl Journal of Materials (2009) 627-632. Engineering and Technology, 1(1) (2009) 53-92.

52. P S Anderson, S Guerin, B E Hayden, Y Han, M Pasha, 65. R Bhagat, M Jackson, D Inman and R Dashwood K R Whittle and I M Reaney “Optimization of synthesis of “Production of Ti-W alloys from mixed oxide precursors via the the solid solution, Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 on a single substrate using a FFC Cambridge Process”, J Electrochem Soc, 156(1) (2009) high-throughput modified molecular-beam epitaxy technique”, E1-E7. J Mater Res, 24(1) (2009) 164-172. 66. P A Bingham, A J Connelly, R J Hand, N C Hyatt and 53. M Audronis, O Jimenez, A Leyland and A Matthews P A Northrup “Incorporation and speciation of sulphur in “The morphology and structure of PVD ZrN-Cu thin films”, glasses for waste immobilisation”, Glass Technol, Eur J Glass J Phys D: Appl Phys, 42 (2009) 085308-1 – 085308-10. Sci Technol A, 50(3) (2009) 135-138.

54. D A A Aziz, I Sterianou and I M Reaney “(1–x)CaTiO3- 67. P A Bingham, R J Hand, O M Hannant, S D Forder x(Li0.5Nd0.5)TiO3 for ultra-small dielectrically loaded antennas”, and S H Kilcoyne “Effects of modifier additions on the J Mater Sci, 44(23) (2009) 6247-62500. thermal properties, chemical durability, oxidation state and structure of iron phosphate glasses”, J Non-Cryst Solids, 355 55. A Baker, M Billiard, K Brown, A Boadsby, S Green, (2009) 1526-1538. C Howard, S Kodippili, A Newton, X Ning, M Stead, L Vallance, L Zang, D A Allwood, M T Bryan and J Dean 68. P A Bingham, N C Hyatt, R J Hand and C R Wilding “A study of hard:soft layer ratios and angular switching in “Glass development for vitrification of Wet Intermediate Level exchange coupled media”, J Appl Phys, 106 (2009) 053902-1 – Waste (WILW) from decommissioning of the Hinkley Point 053902-4. “A” site”, Mater Rest Soc Symp Proc, 1124 (2009) Materials Research Society 1124-Q03-07 6pp. 56. R Baker, G Möbus and P D Brown eds J Phys Conf Ser, 126 (2008) IoP Publishing. 69. P Bredell, Z Drace, S Hudson, D Janenas, L Jova-Sed, F King, G Linsley, M Lust, I Mele, I D Metcalfe, S D Misra, 57. A S Barinov, G A Varlakova, L V Startceva, S V L Nachmilner, M Ojovan, J Rowat and G Siraky “Policies Stafanovsky and M I Ojovan “Infrared spectroscopy structur- and strategies for radioactive waste management”, IAEA al analysis of corroded nuclear waste glass K-26”, in: Scientific Nuclear Energy Series, NW-G-1.1, STI/PUB/1396, IAEA, Vienna Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXXII, edited by R B (2009) 68pp; http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/ Rebak, N C Hyatt, D A Pickett (Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 1124, PDF/Pub1396_web.pdf. Warrendale, PA, 2009) Q03-08, 7pp. 70. E Buixaderas, I Gregora, S Kamba, P Kuzel and 58. M A Bashir, T Schrefl, D Suess, J Dean, A Goncharov, I Reaney “Phonon anomalies in Pb1-xLax(Zr0.9Ti0.1)O3 ceramics”, G Hrkac, S Bance, D A Allwood and J Fidler “Exchange Appl Phys Lett, 94(5) (2009) 052903-1 – 052903-3. coupled bit patterned media under the influence of RF-field pulses”, IEEE Trans on Magn, 45(10) (2009) 3851-3854. 71. I Cantón, R McKean, M Charnley, K A Blackwood, C Fiorica, A J Ryan and S MacNeil “Development of an ibu- 59. S Basu, P W Fry, M R J Gibbs, T Schrefl and D A profen-releasing biodegradable PLA/PGA electrospun scaffold Allwood “Control of the switching behavior of ferromagnetic for tissue regeneration”, Biotechnology and Bioengineering nanowires using magnetestatic interactions”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 13pp. (2009) 083901-1 – 083901-6. 72. M Charnley, K Fairfull-Smith, S Haldar, R Elliott, S L 60. O G Batyukhnova, A E Arustamov, S A Dmitriev, McArthur, N H Williams and J W Haycock “Generation of M I Ojovan and Z Drace “Key Issues of Personnel Education bioactive materials with rapid self-assembling resorcinarene- and Training in the Context of Changing Radioactive Waste peptides”, Adv Mater, 21 (2009) 2909-2915. Management Conception”, Proc. WM’09 Conference, 1st-5th March 2009, Phoenix, Arizona, WM – 9053, (2009) 7pp. 73. W-T Chen, A J Williams, L Ortega-San-Martin, M Li, D C Sinclair, W Zhou and J P Attfield “Robust antiferromag- 61. O G Batykhnova and M I Ojovan “Tribochemical treat- netism and structural disorder in BixCa1-xFeO3 perovskites”, ment for immobilisation of radioactive wastes”, in: Scientific Chem Mater, 21 (2009) 2085-2093. Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXXII, edited by R B Rebak, N C Hyatt, D A Pickett (Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 1124, 74. C-J Chung, P-Y Hsieh, C-H Hsiao, H-I Lin, A Leyland, Warrendale, PA, (2009) Q007-20, 6pp. A Matthews and J-L He “Multifunctional arc ion plated TiO2 photocatalytic coatings with improved wear and corrosion 62. A J Beck, Y A Gonzalvo, A Pilkington, A Yerokhin protection”, Surf Coat Technol, 203 (2009) 1689-1693. and A Matthews “Positive ion mass spectrometry during an atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polymersa”, Plasma 75. C-J Chung, H-I Lin, P-Y Hsieh, K-C Chen, J-L He, Process Polym, 6 (2009) 9pp. A Leyland and A Matthews “Growth behaviour and microstructure of arc ion plated titanium dioxide”, Surf Coat 63. K Bertal, J Shepherd, C W I Douglas, J Madsen, Technol, 204 (2009) 915-922. A Morse, S Edmonson, S P Armes, A Lewis and S MacNeil “Antimicrobial activity of novel biocompatible wound dress- 76. F Claeyssens, J N Hard, N L Allan and J M Oliva “Solid ings based on triblock copolymer hydrogels”, J Mater Sci, 44 phases of phosphorus carbide: An ab initio study”, Phys Rev B, (2009) 6233-6246. 79 (2009) 134115-1 – 134115-14.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 53 Research in Progress 2010

77. F Claeyssens, E A Hasan, A Gaidukeviciute, 91. Z Drace and M I Ojovan “The behaviours of cementi- D S Achilleos, A Ranella, C Reinhardt, A Ovsianikov, tious materials in long term storage and disposal: An over- X Shizhou, C Fotakis,, M Vamvakaki, B N Chichkov and view of results to the IAEA co-ordinted research project”, Mater M Farsari “Three-dimensional biodegradable structures fab- Res Soc Symp Proc 1193, (2009) 663-672. ricated by two-photon polymerization”, Langmiur, 25 (2009) 3219-3223. 92. J W Eichler and A Matthews “The effect of superfinishing and PVD/CVD coatings on torque and temperature of SAE 78. M Dapor, M A E Jepson, B J Inkson and C Rodenburg 52100 rolling element ball bearings under starved lubrication “The effect of oxide overlayers on secondary electron dopant conditions”, Society of Vacuum Coaters, 52nd Annual Tech Conf mapping”, Microsc Microanal, 15 (2009)237-243. Proc, Santa Clara, CA, (2009) ISSN 0737-5921, 614-620.

79. M d’Aquino, C Serpico, G Bertotti, T Schrefl and I D 93. F Elfallagh and B J Inkson “3D analysis of crack mor- Mayergoyz “Spectral micromagnetic analysis of switching phologies in silicate glass using FIB tomography”, J Euro processes”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 07D540-1 – 07D540-3. Ceram Soc, 29 (2009) 47-52.

80. H Davies “Challenges in the further development of pow- 94. M C Ferrarelli, D C Sinclair and A R West “Possible der processed rare earth-iron-boron magnets”, Proc Elsevier incipient ferroelectricity in Mn-doped Na1/2Bi1/2Cu3Ti4O12”, Appl Conf: PM Asia 2009, Shanghai, China, 32pp; http://www.pma��- Phys Lett, 94 (2009) 212901-1 – 212901-3. sia2009.com/presentations/. 95. M C Ferrarelli, D C Sinclair, A R West, H A 81. P Day, L V Interrante and A R West “Toward defining Dabkowska, A Dabkowski and G M Luke “Comment on the materials chemistry” (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl origin(s) of the giant permittivity effect in CaCu3Ti4O12 single Chem, 81(9) (2009) 1707-1717. crystals and ceramics”, J Mater Chem, 19 (2009) 5916-5919.

82. J S Dean, M T Bryan, D A Allwood, S Bance, M A 96. A Feteira and D C Sinclair “The influence of nanometric Bashir, G Hrkac, A Goncharov and T Schrefl “Tailoring phase separation on the dielectric and magnetic properties of domain-wall dynamics with uniaxial anisotropy in nanowires”, (1 – x)BaTiO3-xLaYbO3 (O ≤ x ≤ 0.60) ceramics”, J Mater Chem, IEEE Trans Magn, 45(10) (2009) 4067-4069. 19 (2009) 356-359.

83. P Deshpande, M Notara, N Bullett, J T Daniels, D B 97. I A Figueroa, H A Davies and I Todd “High glass form- Haddow and S MacNeil “Development of a surface-modified ability for Cu-Hf-Ti alloys with small additions of Y and Si”, contact lens for the transfer of cultured limbal epithelial cells Philosphical Magazine, 89(27) (2009) 2355-2368. to the cornea for ocular surface diseases”, Tissue Engineering: Part A, 15 (2009) 14pp. 98. E Filová, N A Bullett, L Bačaková, L Grausová, J W Haycock, J Hlučilova, J Klima and A Shard “Regionally- 84. D Devaprakasam, P V Hatton, G Möbus and B J selective cell colonization of micropatterned surfaces prepared Inkson “Nanoscale tribology, energy dissipation and failure by plasma polymerization of acrylic acid and 1,7-octadiene”, of nano- and micro-silica particle-filled polymer composites”, Physiol Res, 58 (2009) 669-684. Tribol Lett, 34(11-19) (2009) 11-19. 99. P Fiorenza, R L Nigro, P Delugas, V Raineri, A G 85. T Devolder, J-V Kim, P Crozat, C Chappert, Mould and D C Sinclair “Direct imaging of the core-shell M Manfrini, M van Kampen, W Van Roy, L Lagae, G Hrkac effect in positive temperature coefficient of resistance-BaTiO3 and T Schrefl “Time-resolved zero field vortex oscillations in ceramics”, Appl Phys Lett, 95 (2009) 142904-1 – 142904-3 point contacts”, Appl Phys Lett, 95 (2009) 012507-1 – 012507-3. 100. C L Freeman, I Asteriadis, M Yang and J H Harding 86. D Dhandapani, A Rao, N A Morley, A Das, M Grell “Interactions of organic molecules with calcite and magnesite and M R J Gibbs “Effect of polymer processing on spin mag- surfaces”, J Phys Chem C, 113 (2009) 3666-3673. netoresistance in organic structures”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 07C702-1 – 07C702-3. 101. J Fu, M Kobayashi, S Sugimoto and J M Parker “Scintillation from Eu2+ in nanocrystallized glass”, J Am Ceram 87. F Diologent, R Goodall and A Mortensen “Creep of Soc, 92(9) (2009) 2119-2121. aluminium-magnesium open cell foam”, Acta Materialia, 57 (2009) 830-837. 102. N F Garza-Montes-de-Oca and W M Rainforth “Wear mechanisms experienced by a work roll grade high speed steel 88. F Diologent, E Combaz, V Laporte, R Goodall, under different environmental conditions”, Wear, 267 (2009) L Weber, F Duc and A Mortensen “Processing of Ag-Cu alloy 441-448. foam by the replication process”, Scripta Materialia, 61 (2009) 351-354. 103. L Gilmore, S MacNeil and S Rimmer “Phosphate functional core-shell polymer nanoparticles for the release of vas- 89. F Diologent, Y Conde, R Goodall and A Mortensen cular endothelial growth factor”, Chem Bio Chem, 10 (2009) “Microstructure strength and creep of aluminium-nickel open 2165-2170. cell foam”, Philosophical Magazine, 89:13 (2009) 1121-1139. 104. S González, I A Figueroa, H Zhao, H A Davies, 90. F Diologent, R Goodall and A Mortensen “Surface I Todd and P Adeva “Effect of mischmetal substitution on oxide in replicated microcellular aluminium and its influence the glass-forming ability of Mg-Ni-La bulk metallic glasses”, on the plasticity size effect”, Acta Materialia, 57 (2009) 286- Intermetallics, 17 (2009) 968-971. 294. 105. Y Han, I M Reaney, D S Tinberg and S Trolier- McKinstry “(111)p microtwinning in SrTuO3 thin films on (001)p LaAlO3”, Acta Cryst B, 65 (2009) 694-698.

54 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

106. A J Hand, T Sun, D C Barber, D R Hose and S MacNeil 121. A Javad, N A Morley and M R J Gibbs “Structure, mag- “Automated tracking of migrating cells in phase-contrast netic and magnetostrictive properties of -as-deposited Fe-Ga video microscopy sequences using image registration”, thin films”, J Magn Magn Mat, 321 (2009) 2877-2882. J Microscopy, 234(1) (2009) 62-79. 122. M A E Jepson, B J Inkson, C Rodenburg and D C 107. O M Hannant, S D Forder, P A Bingham and R J Hand Bell “Dopant contrast in the helium ion microscope”, EPL, 85 “Structural studies of iron in vitrified toxic wastes”, Hyperfine (2009) 46001-1 – 46001-4. Ineract, 192 (2009) 37-42. 123. M A E Jepson, B J Inkson, X Liu, L Scipioni and 108. J N Hart, F Claeyssens, N L Allan and P W May C Rodenburg “Quantitative dopant contrast in the helium ion “Carbon nitride: Ab initio investigation of carbon-rich phases”, microscope”, EPL (2009) 26005-1 – 26005-5. Phys Rev B, 80 (2009) 174111-1 – 17411113. 124. A C Johnson, S A Hayes and F R Jones “Data reduction 109. S Hashimoto, T Asano, K Inoue, S Honda, Y Iwamoto methodologies for single fibre fragmentation test: Role of the and S Zhang “Sintering and mechanical properties of complex interface and interphase”, Composites: Part A, 40 (2009) 449- carbides in the Al-Si-C System”, J Tech Assoc Refract, Japan, 454. 29(1) (2009) 21-25. 125. F R Jones and N T Huff “Structure and properties of 110. S Hashimoto, T Ishihara, K Inoue, S Honda, glass fibres” in: Handbook of tensile properties of textile Y Iwamoto and S Zhang “Synthesis and mechanical proper- and technical fibres, ed A R Bunsell, Woodhead Publishing in ties of Al8B4C7”, J Ceram Soc Japan, 117(1) (2009) 18-21. Textiles, No. 91, ISBN 978-1-84569-387-9 (2009) 539-573.

111. J W Haycock, S Botchway, J Weinstein and 126. F R Jones and N T Huff “Structure and properties of G Williams “Long-life fluorescent imaging of cells in real glass fibres” in: Handbook of textile fibre structure, Volume 2: time”, SPIE (DOI: 10.1117/2.1200906.1684). Natural, regenerated, inorganic and specialist fibres, ed S J Eichhorn, J W S Hearle, M Jaffe and T Kikutani, 112. V Hearnden, H Lomas, S MacNeil, M Thornhill, Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-730-3 (2009) 307-352. C Murdock, A Lewis, J Madsen, A Blanazs, S Armes ad G Battaglia “Diffusion studies of nanometer polymersomes 127. N G Jones, R J Dashwood, D Dye and M Jackson “The across tissue engineered human oral mucosa”, Pharmaceutical flow behaviour and microstrcutrual evolution of Ti-5Al-5Mo- Research, 26(7) (2009) 1718-1728. 5V-3Cr during substransus isothermal forging”, Met Mat Trans A, 40A (2009) 1944-1954. 113. R G Hill, R V Law, M D O’Donnell, J Hawes, N L Bubb, D J Wood, C A Miller, M Mirsaneh and I Reaney 128. N G Jones, R J Dashwood, M Jackson and D Dye “Characterisation of fluorine containing glasses and glass- “β phase decomposition in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr”, Acta ceramics by 19F magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic reso- Materialia, 57 (2009) 3830-3839. nance spectroscopy”, J Euro Ceram Soc, 29(11) (2009) 2185- 2191. 129. N G Jones, R J Dashwood, M Jackson and D Dye “Development of chevron-shaped α precipitates in Ti-5Al-5Mo- 114. S Hopkins, S R Carter, J W Haycock, N J Fullwood, 5V-3Cr”, Scripta Materialia, 60 (2009) 571-573. S MacNeil and S Rimmer “Sub-micron poly/N-isopropy- lacrylamide) particles as temperature responsive vehicles for 130. P Kapranos and D H Kirkwood “Thixoforming M2 tool the detachment and delivery of human cells”, Soft Matter, 5 steel – A study of different feedstock routes”, Proc Int Conf Hot (2009) 4928-4937. forming of steels and product properties, Grado, Italy, 13th-16th September 2009, pp7. 115. G Hrkac, T Schrefl, J Dean, A Goncharov, S Bance, D Allwood, D Suess and J Fidler “Micromagnetics of single 131. S Karimi, I M Reaney, Y Han, J Pokorny and and double point contact spin torque oscillators”, J Appl Phys, I Sterianou “Crystal chemistry and domain structure of rare- 105 (2009) 083923-1 – 083923-8 earth doped BiFeO3 ceramics”, J Mater Sci, 44 (2009) 5102- 5112. 116. G Hrkac, T Schrefl, J Dean, A Goncharov, S Bance, D Suess and J Fidler “Internal effective field sources for spin 132. S Karimi, I M Reaney, I Levin and I Sterianou torque nanopillar oscillators”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 053901- “Nd-doped BiFeO3 ceramics with antipolar order”, Phys Lett, 0 – 053901-6. 94(11) (2009) 112903-1 – 112903-3.

117. G Hrkac, T Schrefl, A Goncharov, S Bance, 133. R Kieffer, M Prehm, K Pelz, U Baumeister, F Liu, D Allwood, D Sues and J Fidler “Micromagnetics of single H Hahn, H Lang, G Ungar and C Tschierske “Siloxanes and and double point contact spin torque oscillators”, J Appl Phys, carbosilanes as new building blocks for T-shaped bolaam- 105 (2009) 08923-1 – 08923-8. phiphilic LC molecules”, Soft Matter, 5 (2009) 1214-1227.

118. B K Jackson, M Jackson, D Inman, D Dye and R J 134. A Kovács, A Kohn, J Dean, T Schrefl, A Zeltser and Dashwood “Optimization of the FFC Cambridge Process for M J Carey “Reversal mechanism of exchange-biased CoFeB/ NiTi Production”, ECS Transactions, 16(49) (2009) 211-219. IrMn Bilayers observed by Lorentz Electron Microscopy”, IEEE Trans Magn, 45(11) (2009) 3873-3876. 119. M Jackson “Light metals in the steel city”, Materials Technology, 24(3) (2009) 1-3. 135. P Krone, D Makarov, T Schrefl and M Albrecht “Effect of the anisotropy distribution on the coercive field and switch- 120. M Jackson, N G Jones, D Dye and R J Dashwood ing field distribution of bit patterned media“, J Appl Phys, 106 “Effect of initial microstructure on plastic flow behaviour dur- (2009) 103913-1 – 103913-5. ing isothermal forging of Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al”, Mat Sci Eng A, 501 (2009) 248-254.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 55 Research in Progress 2010

136. N Krstajic, S J Matcher, D Childs, W Steenbergen, 150. Z W Liu, D C Zeng, R V Ramanujan, X C Zhong and R Hogg and R Smallwood “Evaluation of a cheap ultrasonic H A Davies “Exchange interaction in rapidly solidified nanoc- stage for light source coherence function measurement, opti- rystalline RE-(Fe/Co)-B hard magnetic alloys”, J Appl Phys, 105 cal coherence tomography and dynamic focusing”, Meas Sci (2009) 07A736-1 – 07A736-3. Technol, 20 (2009) 107002-1 – 107002-5. 151. Z W Liu, Y Liu, P K Deheri, R V Ramanujan and H A 137. M Krzysanowski and W M Rainforth “Application of Davies “Improving permanent magnetic properties of rapidly combined discrete/finite element multiscale method for mod- solidified nanophase RE-TM-B alloys by compositional modifi- elling of Mg redistribution during hot rolling of aluminium”, cation”, J Magn Magn Mat, 321 (2009) 2290-2295. Computer Methods in Materials Science, Informatyka w Technologli Materialów, 9(2) (2009) 271-276. 152. A J Lockwood and B J Inkson “In situ TEM nanoindentation and deformation of Si-nanoparticle clusters”, J Phys D: 138. J Lee, D Suess, T Schrefl, J Dean and J Fidler Appl Phys, 42 (2009) 035410-1 – 035410-5. “Increases in effective head field gradients in exchange spring media”, Appl Phys Lett, 95 (2009) 172509-1 – 172509-3. 153. L Ma, W M Rainforth, D Sun, J A Wharton and R J K Wood “A ‘3-body’ abrasion wear study of bioceramics for total 139. J Lee, D Suess, T Schrefl, K H Oh and J Fidler “Grain hip joint replacements”, Wear, 267 (2009) 2122-2131. geometry induced reversal behaviour alteration”, J Phs D: Appl Phys, 42 (2009) 045005-1 – 045005-6. 154. X Ma and A Matthews “Evaluation of abradable seal coating mechanical properties”, Wear, 267 (2009) 1501-1510. 140. J Lee, D Suess, T Schrefl, E S Yu, Y S Lee, K H Oh and J Fidler “Contribution of convex surfaces to magnetostatic 155. Y Ma, B Qi, Y Ren, G Ungar, J K Hobbs and W Hu interaction in granular medium”, IEEE Trans Magn, 45(6) “Understanding self-poisoning phenomenon in crystal growth (2009) 2655-2658. of short-chain polymers”, J Phys Chem B, 113 (2009) 13485- 13490. 141. I Levin, V Krayzman, J C Woicik, J Karapetrova, T Proffen, M G Tucker and I M Reaney “Structural changes 156. J Madsen, S P Armes, K Bertal, S MacNeil and underlying the diffuse dielectric response in AgNbO3”, Phys Rev A L Lewis “Preparation and aqueous solution properties of B, 79(10) (2009) 104113-1 – 104113-14, thermoresponsive biocompatible AB diblock copolymers”, Biomacromolecules, 10 (2009) 1875-1887. 142. M Li, A Feteira and D C Sinclair “Relaxor ferroelectric- like high effective permittivity in leaky dielectrics/oxide semi- 157. M Mantini, T Devolder, J-V Kim, P Crozat, conductors induced by electrode effects: A case study of CuO N Zerounian, C Chappert, W Van Roy, L Lagae, G Hikac ceramics”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 114109-1 – 114109-8. and T Schrefl “Agility of vortex-based nanocontact spin torque oscillators”, J Phys Lett, 95 (2009) 192507-1 – 192507-3. 143. M Li, Z Shen, M Nygren, A Feteria, D C Sinclair and A R West “Origin(s) of the apparent high permittivity in 158. S P H Marashi, A Abedi, S Kaviani, S H Aboutalebi, CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics: clarification on the contributions from M Rainforth and H A Davies “Effect of melt-spinning roll internal barrier layer capacitor and sample-electrode contact speed on the nanostructure and magnetic properties of stoi- effects”, J Appl Phys, 106 (2009) 104106-1 – 104106-8. chiometric and near stoichiometric Nd-Fe-B alloy ribbons”, J Phys D: Appl Phys, 42 (2009) 115410-1 – 115410-8. 144. S Li, B Livshitz, H N Bertram, M Schabes, T Schrefl, E E Fullerton and V Lomakin “Microwave assisted magneti- 159. S J Matcher “A review of some recent developments zation reversal in composite media“, Appl Phys Lett, 94 (2009) in polarization-sensitive optical imaging techniques for the 902509-1 – 902509-3. study of articular cartilage”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 102041-1 – 102041-11. 145. X M Liu, J L Thomason and F R Jones “The concentra- tion of hydroxyl groups on glass surfaces and their effect on 160. S Miao, J Pokorny, U M Pasha, O P Thakur, D C the structure of silane deposits”, Silanes and Other Coupling Sinclair and I M Reaney “Polar order and diffuse scatter Agents, Vol 5 (2009) 25-38. in Ba(Ti1-xZrx)O3 ceramics”, J Appl Phys, 106 (2009) 114111-1 – 114111-6. 146. X M Liu, J L Thomason and F R Jones “XPS and AFM study of the structure of hydrolysed aminosilane on E-glass 161. L Miranda, A Feteira, D C Sinclair, K Boulahya, surfaces”, Silanes and Other Coupling Agents, Vol 5 (2009) M Hernando, J Ramirez, A Varela, J M González-Calbert 39-50. and M Parras “Composition-structure-property relationships

of 5H- and 12R-type hexagonal Ba(Mn, Ti)O3-δ perovskites”, 147. Y Liu and A R West “Ho-doped BaTiO3: Polymorphism, Chem Mater, 21 (2009) 1731-1742. phase equilibria and dielectric properties of BaTi1-xHoxO3-x/2: 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.17”, J Euro Ceram Soc, 29 (2009) 3249-3257. 162. L Miranda, D C Sinclair, M Hernando, A Varela, A Wattiaux, K Boulahya, J M González-Calbert and M

148. Y Liu, E E McCabe, D C Sinclair and A R West Parras “Mn-rich BaMn1-xFexO3-δ perovskites revisited: struc- “Synthesis, structure and properties of the hexagonal per- tural, magnetic, and electrical properties of two new 5H poly- ovskite, h-BaTi1-xHoxO3-x/2”, J Mater Chem, 19 (2009) 5201-5206. types”, Chem Mater, 21 (2009) 5272-5283.

149. Z W Liu and H A Davies “Intergranular exchange inter- 163. C E Mohn, N L Allan and J H Harding “Ultrathin oxide action in nanocrystalline hard magnetic rare earth-iron-boron- films and heterojunctions: CaO layers on BaO and SrO”, Phys based melt-spun alloy ribbons”, J Phys D: Appl Phys, 42 (2009) Chem Chem Phys, 11 (2009) 3217-3225. 1450061 – 145006-14. 164. N A Morley, A Javed and M R J Gibbs “Effect of a forming field on the magnetic and structural properties of thin Fe-Ga films”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 07A712-1 – 07A712-3.

56 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

165. N A Morley, S Rigby and M R J Gibbs “Anisotropy and 178. J D Plummer, I A Figueroa, R J Hand, H A Davies and magnetostriction constants of nanostructured Fe50Co50 films”, I Todd “Elastic properties of some bulk metallic glasses”, J Optoelectronics and Adv Matls – Symposia, 1(2) (2009) 109- J Non-Cryst Solids, 355 (2009) 335-339. 113. 179. K Polychronopoulou, M A Baker, C Rebholz, J 166. M I Ojovan “Radiation-induced decrease of viscosity of Neidhardt, M O’Sullican, A E Reiter, K Kanakis, A Leyland, silicate glasses on electron irradiation”, in: Modern problems A Matthews and C Mitterer “The nanostructure, wear and of chemical and radiation physics, Ed I G Assovskiy, A A Berlin, corrosion performance of arc-evaporated CrBxNy nanocom- G B Manelis and A G Merzhanov, Moscow, Chernogolovka OIHF posite coatings”, Surf Coat Technol, 204 (2009) 246-255. RAN (2009) 336-338. 180. R C Pullar, S J Penn, X Wang, I M Reaney and 167. M I Ojovan “Radioactive waste immobilisation: N McN Alford “Dielectric loss caused by oxygen vacancies in Russian (SIA RADON) Experience”, in Decomissioning and titania ceramics”, J Euro Ceram Soc, 29 (2009) 419-424. Radioactive Waste Management, IBC’s 25th Annual Residential Summer School, 29th June – 3rd July 2009, Christ’s College, 181. D Quigley, P M Rodger, C L Freeman, J H Harding and Cambridge; http://www.ibcglobalacademy.com/ibca/prod- D M Duffy “Metadynamics simulations of calcite crystalliza- uct/1238379109217/brochure.htm. tion on self-assembled monolayers”, J Chem Phys, 131 (2009) 094703-1 – 094703-11. 168. M I Ojovan “Radiation-Induced Fluidity and Glass-Liquid Transition in Irradiated Amorphous Materials”, Proc. WM’09 182. R Rawal, A J McQueen, L J Gillie, N C Hyatt, E E Conference, 1st-5th March 2009, Phoenix, Arizona, WM – 9082, McCabe, K Samara, N McN Alford, A Feteira, I M Reaney (2009) 10pp. and D C Sinclair “Influence of octahedral tilting on the microwave dielectric properties of A3LaNb3O12 hexagonal perovskites 169. M I Ojovan and G Möbus “On radiation induced fluidiza- (A = Ba, Sr)”, Appl Phys Lett, 94 (2009) 192904-1 – 192904-3. tion (quasi-melting) of silicate glasses”, Mater Res Soc Symp Proc, 1193 (2009) 663-672. 183. M Redpath, C Marques, C Dibden, A Waddon, R Lalla and S MacNeil “Ibuprofen and hydrogel released ibuprofen in 170. M Z Omar, H V Atkinson, A A Howe, E J Palmiere, the reduction of inflammation induced migration in melanoma P Kapranos and M J Ghazali “Solid-liquid structural break- cells”, British Journal of Dermatology, 161(1) (2009) 25-33. up in M2 tool steel for semi-solid metal processing”, J Mater Sci, 44 (2009) 869-874. 184. A Rico, J Rodriguez, E Otero, P Zeng and W M Rainforth “Wear Behaviour of nanostructured alumina-titania 171. E V Parfenov, R R Neviantseva, A A Bybin, A L coatings deposited by atmospheric plasma spray”, Erst. 267 Yerokhin and A Matthews, "Method of evaluation of the (2009) 1191-1197. termination point for the plasma electrolytic oxidation process", Patent: Russian Federation, RU 2366765 C1, Published 185. J Rodrigues, A Rico, E Otero and W M Rainforth 10/09/2009 (Bulletin No.25). “Indentation properties of plasma sprayed Al2O3-13% TiO2 nanocoatings”, Acta Materialia, 57 (2009) 3148-3156. 172. E V Parfenov, A Yerokhin and A Matthews “Small signal frequency response studies for plasma electrolytic oxida- 186. B M Rosen, D A Wilson, C J Wilson, M Peterca, B C tion”, Surf Coat Technol, 203 (2009) 2896-2904. Won, C Huang, L R Lipski, X Zeng, G Ungar, P A Heiney and V Percec “Predicting the structure of supramolecular den- 173. J M Patterson, A J Bullock, S MacNeil and C R drimers via the analysis of libraries of AB3 and constitutional Chapple “Methods to reduce the contraction of tissue engi- isomeric AB2 biphenylpropyl ether self-assembling dendrons”, neered buccal mucosa for use in substitution urethroplasty”, J Am Chem Soc, 131 (2009) 17500-17521. European Urology Supplements, 8(4) (2009) 186. 187. Z Saghi, X Xu and G Möbus “Model based atomic 174. P Pawlik, K Pawlik, H A Davies, J J Wyslocki and resolution tomography”, J Appl Phys, 106 (2009) 024304-1 – W Kaszuwara “Nanocrystalline (Pr,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-Zr-Ti-B mag- 024304-8. nets produced directly by rapid solidification”, J Phys: Conf Series, 144 (2009) 012060-1 – 012060-4. 188. Z Saghi, X Xu and G Möbus “Transition from quantitative to geometric tomography”, J Phys: Conf Series, 126 (2006) 175. Y Peng, T Cullis and B Inkson “Bottom-up nanocon- 012063-1 – 012063-4. struction by the welding of individual metallic nanoobjects using nanoscale solder”, Nano Letters, 9(1) (2009) 91-96. 189. J M Schofield, P A Bingham and R J Hand “The immobilisation of a chloride containing actinide waste surrogate in 176. Y Peng, T Cullis, G Möbus, X Xu and B Inkson calcium aluminosilicate glasses”, Ceramic Trans, 207 (2009) “Conductive nichrome probe tips: fabrication, characterization 69-80. and application as nanotools”, nanotechnology, 20 (2009) 395708-1 – 395708-7. 190. T Schrefl, G Hrkac, A Goncharov, J Dean, S Bance, M A Bashir, D Suess, “Finite element/boundary element sim- 177. A Phongphiphat, A Leyland, V N Sharifi and ulation of future hard disk recording” Conference Information: J Swithenbank “High temperature corrosion of the super- Applied Computing Conference 2008, COMPUTATIONAL heater systems in an energy-from-waste plant: Effects of flue METHODS AND APPLIED COMPUTING (2008) 430-435. gas characteristics, alloy temperature and particle deposition”, World Renewable Energy Congress 2009 – Asia. The 3rd 191. M Selim, A J Bullock, S MacNeil and C R Chapple Int Conf on Sustainable Energy and Environment (SEE 2009), “Evaluation of sterilization methods on biological and mechan- 18th-23rd May 2009, Bangkok, Thailand, 6pp. ical properties of a synthetic biodegradable electrospun scaffold for the creation of tissue engineered buccal mucosa for clinical use”, European Urology Supplements, 8(4) (2009) 185.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 57 Research in Progress 2010

192. M A Shcherbina, X Zeng, T Tadjiev, G Ungar, S H 206. C E Thorn, S J Matcher, I V Meglinski and A C Eichhorn, K E S Philips and T J Katz “Hollow six-stranded Shore “Is mean blood saturation a useful marker of tissue helical columns of a helicene”, Angew Chem Int Ed, 48 (2009) oxygenation?” Am J Phisiol Heart Circ Physiol, 296 (2009) 7837-7840. H1289-H1295.

193. J Shepherd, I Douglas, S Rimmer, L Swanson and 207. D Tricker, M Jackson and R Dashwood “Direct extru- S MacNeil “Development of three-dimensional tissue-engi- sion of titanium alloy powder”, Mat Tech, 24(3) (2009) 174-179. neered models of bacterial infected human skin wounds”, Tissue Engineering: Part C, 15(3) (2009) 475-484. 208. N Ugryumova, J Jacobs, M Bonesi and S J Matcher “Novel optical imaging technique to determine the 3D ori- 194. A Sittichochechaiwut and G C Reilly “Development entation of collagen fibers in cartilage: variable-incidence of a culture system to modulate tissue engineered bone angle polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography”, formation by varying loading conditions”, Proc 7th Intl Conf Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 17 (2009) 33-42. Manufacturing Research (ICMR09), University of Warwick, UK, 8th-10th September 2009, pp6. 209. G Ungar, V Tomasic, F Xie and X Zeng “Structure of liquid crystalline aerosol-OT and its alkylammonium salts”, 195. A Sittichochechaiwut, A M Scutt, A J Ryan, L F Am Chem Soc, Langmuir, 25(18) (2009) 11067-11072. Bonewald and G C Reilly “Use of rapidly mineralising osteoblasts and short periods of mechanical loading to accelerate 210. G A Varlackova, Z I Golubeva, A S Barinov, S V matrix maturation in 3D scaffolds”, Bone, 44 (2009) 822-829. Roschagina, S A Dmitriev, I A Sobolev and M I Ojovan “Evaluation of the cemented radioactive waste with prolonged 196. A Skaropoulou, S Tsivilis, G Kakali, J H Sharp and tests in mount dype repository”, Atomic Energy, 107(1) (2009) R N Swamy “Long term behavior of Portland limestone 32-38. cement mortars exposed to magnesium sulphate attack”, Cem Conc Comp, 31 (2009) 628-636. 211. G A Varlakova, Z I Golubeva, A S Barinov, I A Sobolev and M I Ojovan “Properties and composition of cemented 197. A Skaropoulou, S Tsivilis, G Kakali, J H Sharp and radioactive wastes extracted from the mound-type reposi- R N Swamy “Thaumasite form of sulphate attack in limestone tory”, in: Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXXII, cement mortars: A Study on long term efficiency of mineral edited by R B Rebak, N C Hyatt, D A Pickett (Mater Res Soc admixtures”, Const and Build Matls, 23 (2009) 2338-2345. Symp Proc 1124, Warrendale, PA, 2009) Q05-07, 7pp.

198. L M Spasova and M I Ojovan “Acoustic emission char- 212. M E Viney, A J Bullock, M J Day and S MacNeil acterisation of cementitious wasteforms under three-point “Co-culture of intestinal epithelial and stromal cells in 3D col- bending and compression”, in: Scientific Basis for Nuclear lagen-based environments”, Regen Med, 4(3) (2009) 397-406. Waste Management XXXII, edited by R B Rebak, N C Hyatt, D A Pickett (Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 1124, Warrendale, PA, 213. F Wang, Y Zhang, G Chen and H A Davies “Tensile and 2009) Q07-21, 8pp. compressive mechanical behavior of a CeCrCuFeNiAl0.5 high entropy alloy”, Intl J Modern Phys B, 23 (2009) 1254-1260. 199. I Sterianou, D C Sinclair, I M Reaney, TP Comyn and A J Bell “Investigation of high Curie temperature (1-x)BiSc1- 214. J J Wang, A J Lockwood, Y Peng, X Xu, B S Bobji and yFeyO3-xPbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics”, J Appl Phys, 106 (2009) B J Inkson “The formation of carbon nanostructures by in situ 084107-1 – 084107-6. TEM mechanical nanoscale fatigue and fracture of carbon thin films”, Nanotechnology, 20 (2009) 305703-1 – 305703-8. 200. A M Stoneham and J H Harding “Mesoscopic modelling: materials at the appropriate scale”, Mat Sci Technol, 215. J C Walker, I M Ross, C Reinhard, W M Rainforth and 24(4) (2009) 460-465. P Eh Hovsepian “High temperature tribological performance of CrAlYN/CrN nanoscale multilayer coatings deposited on 201. T Sun, S Adra, R Smallwood, M Holcombe and γ-TiAl”, Wear, 267 (2009) 965-975. S MacNeil “Exploring hypotheses of the actions of TGF-β1 in epidermal wound healing using a 3D computational multi- 216. Y Wu, D Pasero, E E McCabe, Y Matsushima and A R scale model of the human epidermis”, PLoS One, 4(12) (2009) West “Formation of disordered and partially ordered LixCo1-xO”, Available Online, pp13. J Mater Chem, 19 (2009) 1443-1448.

202. T Sun, R Smallwood and S MacNeil “Development of 217. Y Wu, D Pasero, E E McCabe, Y Matsushima and A R a mini 3D cell culture system using well defined nickel grids West “Partial cation-order and early-stage, phase separation for the investigation of cell scaffold interactions”, J Mater Sci: in phase W, LixCO1-xO: 03075 ≤ x ≤ 0.24-0.31”, Proc R Soc A, 465 Mater Med, (2009) 20(7):1483-1493. (2009) 1829-1841.

203. R J Talling, R J Dashwood, M Jackson and D Dye 218. F L Xiong and C K Chong “Numerical study of the influ- “On the mechanism of superelasticity in gum metal”, Acta ence of anastomotic configuration on hemodynamics in Miller Materialia, 57 (2009) 1188-1198. Cuff models”, Annals of Biomed Eng, 17(2) (2009) 301-314.

204. R J Talling, R J Dashwood, M Jackson and D Dye 219. K Yamada, N Shinagawa, M Sogame, I A Figueroa “Compositional variability in gum metal”, Scripta Materialia, and H A Davies “Structural Relaxation Process in CuHfTi 60 (2009) 1000-1003. Amorphous Alloys”, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 283-286 (2009) 533-538. 205. M Thomas, T Lindley and M Jackson “The microstructural response of a peened near-α titanium alloy to thermal 220. F Yan, I Sterianou, S Miao, I M Reaney, M O Lai and exposure”, Scripta Materialia, 60 (2009) 108-111. L Lu “Magnetic, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties of Bi(Sc0.5Fe0.5)O3-PbTiO3 thin films”, J Appl Phys, 105 (2009) 074101-1 – 074101-6.

58 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

221. G Yang, G Möbus, P A Bingham and R J Hand “Electron beam induced structure changes in borosilicate and borophosphate glasses: a comparison by energy loss spectroscopy”, Phys Chem of Glasses: Eur J Glass Sci and Technol Part B, 50(6) (2009) 378-383.

222. M Yang, P M Rodger, J H Harding and S L S Stipp “Molecular dynamics simulations of peptides on calcite surface”, Molec Simul, 35 (2009) 547-553.

223. B Zalinska, M Mirsaneh and I M Reaney “BiNbO4- based glass-ceramic composites for microwave applications”, J Am Ceram Soc, 92(9) (2009) 19851-1985.

224. X Zeng, F Liu, A G Fowler, G Ungar, L Cseh, G H Mehl and J E Macdonald “3D ordered gold strings by coating nanoparticles with mesogens”, Adv Mater, 21 (2009) 1746-1750.

225. S Zhang “Low temperature molten salt synthesis of complex oxide and carbide powders and coatings for refractory applications”, Refractories World Forum, 1 (2009) 140-144.

226. S Zhang, L Yuan and J Yu “Low temperature molten salt-mediated preparation of porous ceramics”, Interceram, 06 (2009) 374-377.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 59 Research in Progress 2010 8. PhD Awards, 2008/2009

PhD Awards, 2008 13. Feng Liu, “Complex supramolecular self-assembly of T- and X-shaped amphiphiles”. Supervisors: Dr X 1. Vincent Aerts, “Influence of interfacial morphol- Zeng and Prof G Ungar. ogy on the strength of bonded joints”. Supervisor: Prof F R Jones. 14. Aiden Lockwood, “In situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope”. Supervisor: Dr B J 2. Wenting Zhang, “Self healing epoxy resins and Inkson. composites”. Supervisors: Dr S A Hayes and Prof F R Jones. 15. Nima Nasseri, “Microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution in TIMETAL 6-2-4-6 billet”. PhD Awards, 2009 Supervisors: Dr B P Wynne and Prof W M Rainforth.

1. Mohamed Mohamed Zaky Ahmed, “The devel- 16. Stephen Roberts, “Anti-inflammatory effects of opment of thick section welds and ultra-fine grain intracellular responses triggered by melanocortin recep- aluminium using friction stir welding and processing”. tor-agonist binding”. Supervisor: Dr J W Haycock. Supervisor: Dr B P Wynne. 17. David Robinson, “Investigating glycosaminoglyc- 2. Simon G Bance, “Data storage and processing en-protein interactions: the “sugar chip””. Supervisor: using magnetic nanowires”. Supervisor: Prof T Schrefl. Dr G Battaglia.

3. Michael Blackmore, “Strain path effects on 18. Zineb Saghi, “Tomography methods for 3D char- Timetal 834 under hot working conditions”. Supervisor: acterization of nanostructures”. Supervisor: Dr G Dr B P Wynne. Möbus.

4. Peter S Davies, “An investigation of microstructure 19. Nanette Scutt, “Investigations into the cell biology and texture evolution in the near-alpha titanium alloy of tendon and ligament derived cells”. Supervisor: Prof Timetal 834”. Supervisor: Prof W M Rainforth and Dr B A R West. P Wynne. 20. Anuphan Sittichokechaiwut, “Dynamic 5. Pallavi Deshpande, “Development of a cell delivery mechanical stimulation for bone tissue engineering”. system for limbal epithelial cells for the treatment of Supervisor: Dr G Reilly. ocular surface diseases”. Supervisor: Prof S MacNeil. 21. Jody Turner, “The effect of strain path on strain 6. Arghya Dey, “Effect of steel composition on induced precipitation in a model microalloyed steel”. the behaviour of inclusions during steelmaking”. Supervisor: Prof W M Rainforth and Dr B P Wynne. Supervisor: Dr R P Thackray. 22. Yun Wu, “Li-doped CoO: Structure and properties”. 7. Andrew G Donovan, “Synthesis and characterisa- Supervisor: Prof A R West. tion of Bi-based electroceramics”. Supervisor: Prof D C Sinclair. 23. Muhamad Azizi Mat Yajid, “Chemical mapping techniques for nanoscale multilayer coatings”. 8. Fathi El Fallagh, “3D analysis of indentation dam- Supervisor: Dr G Möbus. age by FIB tomography and TEM”. Supervisor: Dr B J Inkson. 24. Baodong Zhang, “Development of novel chalcogenide glasses for sensing applications”. Supervisor: 9. Matthew Ferrarelli, “Structure-composition- Dr R J Hand. property relations in the ACu3Ti4O12 structure-type”. Supervisor: Prof D C Sinclair. 25. Na Zhu, “Studies of synthesis, stability and properties of a new ferroelectric ceramic, BaTi2O5”. 10. Henry Foxhall, “Computer modelling of radiation Supervisor: Prof A R West. damage in plutonium containing ceramics for nuclear waste immobilisation”. Supervisor: Dr K P Travis. 26. Jorge Zuno-Silva, “Microstructural evolution of a multiphase steel microalloyed with vanadium”. 11. Ian Hickman, “Chromium segregation and the Supervisor: Prof W M Rainforth. effect on crystallisation processing green soda-lime- silica glass”. Supervisor: Prof J M Parker.

12. Raja H U Khan, “Characteristics and stress state of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings”. Supervisors: Prof A Matthews and Dr A Yerokhin.

60 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 9. Current Research Sponsors

The Department of Engineering Materials is very Corus Steel Strip Products grateful to the organisations listed below for their Cutting and Wear Resistant Developments Ltd material support of our research. Our level of Cytec Engineering Materials research activity would have been impossible without their generous contributions. Danieli Davy Distington Ltd Dan Spray ACTINET Delphi Diesel Systems Ltd Advanced Composites Group Ltd DERA, Malvern Advantica Tech Ltd DeWalt/Black and Decker UK Limited Aggregate Industries Ltd DGP Group Airbus UK Ltd Doncasters plc Alcan Chemicals Ltd Dormer Tools Ltd Alcan International plc Dow Corning Ltd Allvac Ltd Dowding and Mills Ltd Alstom Drives and Controls Ltd DSTL American Chemical Society DSM, Gelen, The Netherlands Andrew Carnegie Scholarship DTI Anglo-Platinum SA Dynamic Ceramic Arburg Arcam EADS (UK and Germany) Armourers and Brasiers’ Company Egide UK Asian Development Bank Ekspan Ltd, Sheffield AT Poeton Ltd Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Atomising Systems Ltd, Sheffield (EPSRC) Avesta Polarit Environment Agency AVX, Coleraine EU-ALFA Programme EU-Brite Euram BAe Systems Plc European Regional Development Fund Objective 1 Biocompatibles EU-Framework VI Initiative Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council EU-INTAS Programme Boeing EU-NVOTO Programme BP Exploration European Synchrotron Radiation Facility British Aerospace Defence Ltd European Owens Corning British Coal Utilisation Research Association British Council FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands British Energy Generation Ltd Filtronic Comtek British Glass First Subsea Ltd Brook Hansen Ltd Firth Rixon plc, Rotherham Brookhaven National Laboratory Flow Science Inc. Building Research Establishment GEC-Marconi Research Centre CAPES Programme, Brazilian Government General Electric (ex Rare Earth Products (GE) Ltd, Widnes) Caterpiller Inc George Greensmith and Co Ltd, Sheffield CBMM Glass Technology Services (GTS) Ceramaspeed Ltd, Kidderminster Glass Training Ltd CENIM, Madrid Government of Iran Chinese Government Government of Libya Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taiwan Government of Malaysia Colipa Government of Mexico CONACYT, Mexico Government of Pakistan Cookson Matthey Ceramics plc Government of Spain Corus plc Government of Thailand Corus Aluminium Rolled Products Government of Turkey Corus, Construction and Industrial Corus Engineering Steels Ltd, Rotherham Health and Safety Laboratory Corus, Research, Development and Technology, Hereans Electro-Nite UK Ltd (Corus Teesside Technology Centre) Hitatchi Global Storage Technologies Corus Research Development and Technology, Holset Turbochargers Ijmuiden (Netherlands) Hydro Aluminium Corus Rail Corus, Research, Development and Technology (Corus Swinden Technology Centre)

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 61 Research in Progress 2010

Innoval Technology Ltd Reference Metals Company Inc., USA Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining regeNer8 Intercytex Limited Renold Chain Ltd International Atomic Energy Agency The Research Council UK (RCUK) International Centre for Diffraction Data, USA Research Institute for Solid State Physics, Budapest, Ion Coat Ltd Hungary Ironmongers Company Rolls-Royce plc Reiter Automotive Management AG Johnson Matthey plc Royal Society of Chemistry Rutherford Appleton Laboratory K B Alloys Inc Keronite Ltd Sabic, The Netherlands King Mongkuts University, Thailand SAIT, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology Kirkstall Ltd Sandvik Osprey Sarante Ltd Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Sellafield Limited Leverhulme Trust Sheffield Forgemasters Group, Sheffield London and Scandinavian Metallurgical Co Ltd, Rotherham SIDERAR, Argentina Lynwood Products Silberline, Leven, UK Siemens Industrial Turbines Ltd Magnesium Electron Ltd Siemens VAI plc Magnox Electric plc SIRIM, Malaysia Maharashra Institute of Technology, India Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ibaraki, Japan Mandeville of London Ltd Symmetry Medical Materialise BV Synchrotron Radiation Source Merck Ltd Metalysis Limited Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd, India Minelco Minerals Technical Fibre Products, Kendal, UK Ministry of Defence Technology Strategy Board (TSB) Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan Technology Strategy Consultants Morgan Advanced Ceramics Tecvac Ltd Morgan Electroceramics Ltd Thai Government Thermometrics National Environmental Research Council The Royal Society National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Timet National Nuclear Laboratory Timken Inc National Physical Laboratory Tinsley Wire, Sheffield National Synchrotron Light Source Top Box NGF Europe Ltd Toyobo Limited, Japan Nippon Sheet Glass TWI Novelis Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) UNAM, Mexico City Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa United States Air Force Nuclear Technology Education Consortium United States Department of Energy University of Malaysia Orla Protein Technologies University of Sheffield, Proof of Concept Fund Osaka Institute of Technology, Japan USA Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses Outokumpu Stainless Owens Corning Fibreglass RV, Belgium Vesuvius Premier

Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) Wallwork Heat Treatment Ltd Pilkington plc WBB plc Plasso Technology Ltd White Rose Consortium POSCO, Pohang Steel Company, Korea Worshipful Company of Ironmongers Precision Products Ltd WRAP (Waste and Resources Action Plan, UK Government) PSI, Hailsham, East Sussex Wuhan Iron and Steel Company (WISCO)

Q Coat Ltd Yorkshire Forward Qinetiq Plc, Farnborough York Pharma Qinetiq, Malvern Qinetiq MAST Innovative

62 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 10. Grants and Contracts Awarded 2009

Awarding Body Grant Holder Project Title Value of Award

Sensata Technologies Ltd Dr D A Allwood and To develop an automotive turn sensor 355,142.00 Prof M R J Gibbs

EPSRC Dr D A Allwood, Magnetoresistive sensors for magnetic domain wall 493,144.00 Prof T Schrefl, technologies, in collaboration with University of Leeds and Seagate Technology (Ireland)

EPSRC Dr D A Allwood, To develop magnetic nanowire atom traps 714,282.00 Prof T Schrefl and Prof M R J Gibbs

Sheffield Exchange M Asif Bashir with To visit Technical University of Vienna, Austria 1,000.00 Excellence Scheme Prof T Schrefl and Dr D Allwood

EPSRC Dr G Battaglia Targeting the CNS 2,173,198.00

The Royal Academy of Dr P Bingham Travel Grant to give invited presentation at the 700.00 Engineering 12th Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Materials

Magnox Electric Ltd Dr P A Bingham, Provision of Glass Wasteforms 4,317.00 Dr N C Hyatt and Dr R J Hand

Magnox Electric Ltd Dr P Bingham, Prepartino of simulated glass wasterforms for the 17,870.00 Dr N C Hyatt and Hinkley Point "A" Wet Intermediate Level Waste Dr R J Hand Thermal Vitrification Project

KTP Fund Dr F Claeyssens Engineering cell-silicon interfaces for neural 9,990.00 implants

The Royal Society Dr F Claeyssens Research Grant 14,990.00

National Nuclear Dr Nick Collier and To study techniques to accelerate the aging of 15,323.00 Laboratory (NNL) Dr Neil Milestone cemented nuclear wasteforms

EPSRC Prof J Fisher, Prof DTC in Regenerative Medicine 5,897,317.00 E Ingham, Prof Hin, Prof J Southgate and Prof S MacNeil

Yorkshire Forward Proof Prof M R J Gibbs Magnetic MEMS sensor platform 60,000.00 of Concept Fund

The Royal Society Dr R Goodall with Assessment of metallic foams as novel stirling 15,000.00 Dr R Woolley engine regenerator material (Mech Eng)

Savannah River National Dr R J Hand Liquidus testing for Savannah River Nuclear 28,079.00 Laboratory (SRNL) Solutions

National Nuclear Dr R J Hand Study in viscosity measurements 42,108.00 Laboratory (NNL)

EPSRC Prof J H Harding Understanding the chemistry of ceramic materials 333,211.00 and Dr K P Travis under radiation

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 63 Research in Progress 2010

BBSRC Dr J W Haycock Time-resolved emission imaging microscopy with 147,280.00 with Dr J Weinstein long-lived pt(II) complexes: a new approach to (Chem Dept, autofluorescence-free imaging of tissues Sheffield) and Dr G Williams (Chem Dept, Univ Durham) COLIPA Dr J W Haycock and Construction of an immuno-competent 231,142.00 Prof S MacNeil 3-dimensional human skin cell model to investigate the allergenic potential of novel chemicals

EPSRC R A Hogg (EEE) and Next generation swept laser sources for optical 113,230.00 S J Matcher coherence tomography

Royal Society Dr G Hrkac Fundamentals of spin-torque induced magnetization 421,275.00 dynamics

DTC Dr N C Hyatt Nuclear Fission Research, Science and Technology 6,300,000.00 (Nuclear FIRST): Underpinning UK Energy and Defence Strategies

DTC Dr N C Hyatt IDC – Engineering Doctoral Centre in Nuclear 7,100,000.00 with Manchester Engineering University (Lead Grant Holder)

EPSRC Dr B J Inkson and Cerium metamaterial 271,604.00 Dr G Möbus

EPSRC Dr B J Inkson, Dr Basic technology translation 742,026.00 G Möbus, Prof B H Beton (Notts Univ), A G Cullis (EEE) and Prof P V Hatton (Dentistry) KTP Fund Dr M Jackson To carry out continuous extrusion (Conform) of 10,000.00 titanium powder with the aim of demonstrating a low cost solid state processing route

Technical Strategy Board Dr M Jackson and Solid state downstream processing of titanium alloy 80,000.00 Dr I Todd powder from the FFC Cambridge process

Metalysis Ltd Dr M Jackson Next generation high value titanium production in 84,623.00 the UK

The Royal Academy of Dr Mark Jepson Travel Grant 600.00 Engineering

Airbus UK Prof F R Jones and Initial Scooping and Trials for AIRSTREAM (123936) 20,217.00 Dr S A Hayes Project

Defence Science and Prof F R Jones with Sample project Eng Mat study 260,891.00 Technology Laboratory Dr J L Foreman (DSTL)

Cyprus RPF (Research Dr A Leyland and Collaborative nationally-funded project, Univ Cyprus 15,250.00 Promotion Foundation) Prof A Matthews (DLC coating testing and characterisation)

KTP Fund Dr A Leyland, Project with Technicut Ltd 150,137.00 Dr A Yerokhin and Prof A Matthews

TSB Technology Dr A Leyland and Part of £1.9M project with Tecvac, Airbus UK, 368,273.00 Programme(Sustainable Prof A Matthews Alstom, NMB-Minebea and NPL Materials Call)

64 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

The Worshipful Company L Ma Travel Award 700.00 of Armourers and Brasiers

Kirkstall Limited Prof S MacNeil Multicomponent bireactor technology for chemical 38,742.00 toxicity

Sheffield Hospitals Prof S MacNeil Development of protocols for the translation of a 49,769.00 Charitable Trust synthetic urethroplasty scaffold to the clinic

Sheffield Training Prof S MacNeil Burns Service Grant "Developing tissue engineered 56,750.00 Hospitals NHS Trust skin for burns patients"

Framework 7 Prof S MacNeil CASCADE 64,376.00

TSB Intercyclex, Investigation of transport conditions for cell based 183,822.00 University of products Sheffield and University of Loughborough (Award to S MacNeil Wellcome Affordable Prof S MacNeil et al Development of a synthetic biodegradable cell 685,000.00 Healthcare in India carrier membrane for the transplantation of cultured cells or freshly excised autologous tissue (limbal segments or oral mucosa) for diseases of the cornea

BBSRC Prof S MacNeil et al Doctoral Training Grant 763,459.00

DTC Prof S MacNeil with Tissue Engineering 6,000,000.00 Leeds and York Universities

Yorkshire Forward Prof A Matthews Capacity Building project. Surface Engineering 79,640.00 and Dr A Leyland Group (SEF), Year 4 follow-on funding

National Nuclear Dr N B Milestone Cement accelerated aging techniques 17,000.00 Laboratory (NNL)

EPSRC Dr M I Ojovan, Dr G Feasibility study on monitoring of radiation-induced 80,029.00 Möbus and Dr K P nanoscale stress wave acoustic emission from Travis crystalline wasteforms

KTP Fund Dr E J Palmiere with Noel Village (Steel Founder) Ltd 144,468.00

EPSRC Prof I M Reaney and Bi0.8Nd0.2FeO3: A new PbO-free antiferroelectric 299,065.00 Prof D C Sinclair ceramic

The N8 Molecular Dr G Reilly with A nanobiotechnology approach to the development 49,850.00 Engineering Translational Orla Protein and trial of novel in vitro cell culture products Research Centre Technologies Ltd (METRIC)

Seagate Technology Prof T Schrefl Collaboration with Seagate Technology 12,143.00

EPSRC Prof T Schrefl Exchange spring magnetic thin films: The future 80,487.00 recording media

SMEA Mr L Sun Travel Award for Thermec’09 Conference, Berlin 350.00 (IMMPETUS)

Siemens VAI Dr R P Thackray PhD Studentship 36,000.00

Johnson Matthey Dr I Todd Ti-Pd injection moulding 100,000.00

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 65 Research in Progress 2010

KTP Fund Dr I Todd Project with PMS Diecasting Ltd and Beckett 143,252.00 Plastics Ltd

KTP Fund Dr I Todd/Dr R P Project with LPW 133,000.00 Thackray

EPSRC Dr I Todd with SAMULET Project 5: Processing advanced materials 305,507.00 Prof K Ridgway (Mech Eng)

Micro Metalsmiths Prof P Tsakiropoulos 189,618.00

EPSRC Prof P Tsakiropoulos Structural metallic systems for advanced gas 504,153.00 turbine applications

EPSRC Prof P Tsakiropoulos Advanced Metallic Systems: Challenges in Global 6,300,000.00 and Dr B P Wynne Competitiveness with Manchester University

DTC Prof A R West Sheffield Training in Interdisciplinary Energy 7,600,000.00 Research (E-Futures)

BBSRC Prof P Wright and Network in Synthetic Biology. MATEs - Microbial 128,458.08 Prof R Poole applications to tissue engineering: An exemplar of synthetic biology

Timet UK Ltd Dr B P Wynne Project Grant 77,000.00

EPSRC - funded Structural Dr S Zhang Preparation and Characterisation of Novel Carbons 67,383.00 Ceramics Centre at for Refractory Applications Imperial College London

EPSRC Dr S Zhang In-situ shock performance of lightweight ceramic 135,281.00 nanocomposites

GRAND TOTAL 50,817,521.08

66 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 11. Department Highlights, 2009 11.1 Personal Highlights, 2009

Dr Dan Allwood Dr Alison Beck • Visited the Advanced Light Source synchrotron in • Presented “Positive ion mass spectrometry detec- Berkeley, California 7th-14th December 2008, with tion from the atmospheric pressure plasma treat- Dr Matthew Bryan, Dr Tom Hayward and Placide ment of polymers”, co-authored with Y Aranda Fundi. They had five days of beamtime to perform Gonzalvo (Hiden Analytical Ltd), A Pilkington, A magnetic transmission X-ray microscopy measure- Yerokhin and A Matthews, at the International ments of magnetic nanostructures. These included Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC19), July imaging of interacting magnetic domain walls in 2009, Bochum, Germany. patterned Ni80Fe20 nanowires of the type being • Co-authored “Influence of Implementation of developed for data storage and sensor applications. Composite Materials in Civil Aircraft Industry While there, Dan Allwood gave a seminar presenta- on Reduction of Environmental Pollution tion, “Patterned nanoscale magnetic field sources”. and Greenhouse Effect”, with Alma Hodzic, • Attended the 53rd Magnetism and Magnetic Constantinos Soutis, Chris W Wilson, which was Materials conference in Austin, Texas 10th - 14th presented at Trends in Aerospace Manufacturing November 2008. He gave an invited talk, “Magnetic (TRAM09), Sheffield positioning of nerve cells”. • Gave an invited talk, “Magneto-optical Kerr effect Dr Paul Bingham measurements of magnetic thin films and nanos- • Gave an Invited Presentation, "Modified iron phos- tructures”, at the Institute of Physics Magnetism phate glasses for waste immobilisation: advan- Group Postgraduate Workshop on 9th July 2008, at tages and limitations" at the 12th Conference on The University of Manchester. the Physics of Non-Crystalline Materials in Iguassu • Attended the European Congress and Exhibition Falls, Brazil, 6th-11th September. He also presented on Advanced Materials and Processes (EUROMAT), a poster, "Speciation of sulphur in silicate glasses Glasgow, UK (7th - 10th September 2009). by X-ray absorption and X-Ray emission spectro- • Has been running a project with post-16 students at scopies". The Crystallisation conference series took King Edward VII School every Wednesday afternoon place after the PNCS conference and Dr Bingham, from October 2008 on next-generation magnetic as a representative of the University of Sheffield, hard drive materials. The project is designed to contributed a short presentation on Prof Peter allow students to use computer modelling to per- James, in memory of whom a special session of the form research and learn from the model outcomes. conference had been organised. One project aim is to produce a peer-reviewed • Attended Materials Science and Technology 2009 research paper that includes the students as (MS&T'09), 25th-29th October, Pittsburgh, USA with authors. postgraduate student, Mohamed Salem and Daniel Reid. Dr Bingham’s presentation, "An overview of Asif Bashir recent UK glass development for ILW and HLW • Is author of the invited paper, “Concepts of 3D immobilisation", was particularly well received and and multilayer recording media”, presented at generated considerable discussion and debate. The Magnetic Recording Conference (TMRC) in Mohamed Salem gave a presentation, “The effect of Singapore, 29th-31st July 2008. processing conditions and cooling rate on API-70 • Research visit to Seagate Technologies Ireland, 26th and X-100 grade steels” and Daniel Reid presented February 2009. a paper at the “Materials Solutions for the Nuclear • Visited the Technical University of Vienna and St. Renaissance” symposium at the conference, nd Polten University of Applied Sciences, Austria, 2 - “Synthesis and structures of Gd2(Zr2-xCex)O7: A 11th March 2009, to conduct research with groups model ceramic system for plutonium disposition”. in Austria. This visit was funded by the “Exchange Excellence Scheme”, awarded by the University of Dr Matthew Bryan Sheffield. • Visited the Advanced Light Source synchrotron in • Visited Seagate Technologies, Londonderry on 6th Berkeley, California 7th-14th December 2008, with July 2009 with Professor Thomas Schrefl and David Dr Dan Allwood, Dr Tom Hayward and Placide Hahn to discuss project ideas for magnetic record- Fundi. They had five days of beamtime to perform ing up to 2.5 Tbit/in2. magnetic transmission X-ray microscopy measure- • Attended IEEE Magnetics Society meeting at the ments of magnetic nanostructures. These included University of Cardiff, 9th July 2009, and presented imaging of interacting magnetic domain walls in a talk, “Microwave-assisted multilayer magnetic patterned Ni80Fe20 nanowires of the type being recording for 3Tbit/in2”. developed for data storage and sensor applications. • Visited Corus Steel, Scunthorpe, 29th July 2009, to • Presented a talk, "Schwann cell alignment for nerve attend a poster prize ceremony. repair using magnetic microbeads", at the IEEE • Research visit to St. Polten University of Applied Magnetics Society meeting, Sheffield, UK, 23rd July Sciences, Austria, 11th-17th October 2009. 2008.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 67 Research in Progress 2010

• Attended the Joint European Magnetics Dr Joel Foreman Symposium, Dublin, Rep. Ireland (14th-19th • Attended a conference (Composites 2009, 1st-3rd September 2008) and presented talks on April) and gave a presentation, “Modelling the Yield "Magnetic positioning of nerve cells" and "Geometry Properties of a Trifunctional Epoxy Resin Based dependence of domain wall velocity in magnetic Composite”. nanowires". • Attended Thermosets 2009, Berlin, October, with • Attended the White Rose Work in Progress Prof Frank Jones. Meeting, Sheffield (18th Dec 2008) and presented a talk, "Magnetic positioning of nerve cells". Emeritus Prof Fergus Gibb • Attended the European Congress and Exhibition • Continued as a member of the Committee on on Advanced Materials and Processes (EUROMAT), Radioactive Waste Management, whose remit is to Glasgow, UK (7th-10th September 2009) and pre- provide advice to the Government and the Nuclear sented talks, "Effect of Permalloy Wire Dimensions Decommissioning Authority on matters relating to on Domain Wall Dynamics" and "Positioning of nuclear wastes. Schwann cells with Magnetic Microbeads". • Attended the Micro Analysis, Processes and • Attended the Condensed Matter and Materials Time (MAPT) Conference, Edinburgh 31st August- Physics (CMMP) conference, University of 2nd September where he Chaired the session Warwick, UK (15th-17th December 2009) and pre- on “Mineralogy of Nuclear Waste”. This was an sented a talk, "Controlling transverse domain wall international conference jointly organised by The chirality using nucleation pad structure" and a Mineralogical Society of Great Britain, the Deutsche poster, "Reduced domain wall mobility due to inter- Minealogische Gesellschaft, the Societe Français action with a superparamagnetic bead". de Mineralogie et de Crystallographie and the • Global Education Outreach (on-line, http://www. International Association of Geoanalysts. geokri.org/presentations.php) "Improving your • As a member of the Government’s advisory memory - Magnetic data storage" (talk) Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM), participated in a joint meeting of Emeritus Prof Hywel Davies CoRWM and the US Nuclear Waste Technical • Presented an invited keynote lecture, “Challenges Review Board to discuss “matters of mutual inter- in the Further Development of Powder Processed est relating to nuclear waste management and dis- Rare Earth-Iron-Boron Magnets” at the Elsevier PM posal”. Asia 2009 Conference, Shanghai, China, 6th-8th April 2009. Prof Mike Gibbs • Visited the South China University of Technology • Attended the Programme Committee Meeting in Guangzhou (Canton), 10th-15th April 2009, where, for INTERMAG 09, Sacramento, January. He was in a formal ceremony conducted by Prof Min Zhu, involved in refereeing digests in the areas of mag- Vice President for Research, he was appointed netic sensors and soft magnetic materials. Consulting Prof in the School of Materials Science • Was elected to the grade of Senior Member of and Engineering. Prof Davies presented two the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic research lectures in the Department of Metallic Engineers), the citation reading that this is "in rec- Materials Science and Engineering, entitled: ognition of professional standing". “Influence of refractory metal additions on the • Session chair at INTERMAG 09, Sacramento, USA. magnetic properties of nanocomposite hard mag- • European Advisory Committee for INTERMAG 2014. nets” and “High glass forming ability for Cu-Hf-Ti • Invited to join the Editorial board of IEEE Magnetics alloys with small additions of Y and Si”. Letters. • Presented an invited lecture, “The Future • Hosted 3-month visit from Prof Ji-Bing Sun, Heibei of Nanocomposite Magnets for Practical University of Technology, China. Exploitation”, at a Symposium on Materials for a Sustainable Future, Birmingham University, Dr Russell Goodall 11th September. • Recorded an invited online lecture on the • Prof Davies attended a dinner at Birmingham Mechanical Properties of Metals, for the European University to celebrate jointly Prof Rex Harris’ 70th Space Agency as part of the European FP6 birthday and Prof Ray Smallman’s 80th birthday. IMPRESS Project. This lecture can be accessed on: • Chaired the first session of a Symposium on Bulk http://streamiss.spaceflight.esa.int/?pg=production Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials as part &dm=1&PID=impresslect. of programme for the 2009 E-MRS Fall Meeting • Attended meetings of the management committee held at Warsaw University of Technology in Poland for the FP7 European Integrated project IMPRESS, on 14th-18th September. He also presented an looking at TiAl intermetallics for turbine blades, in invited lecture, “The Influence of Heterogeneous Les Diablerets, Switzerland and Budapest, Hungary. Nucleation on the Prediction of Glass Formability • Attended EUROMAT 09 is Glasgow, where he had in Metallic Materials”, co-authored with Dr Ignacio contributed to a keynote lecture and poster pres- Figueroa, Mr John Plummer and Dr Iain Todd. entation.

68 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

Dr Russell Hand Dr John Haycock • Was appointed chair of Technical Committee • Was appointed as the new Director of the 6 (Mechanical Properties of Glasses) of the University Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue International Commission on Glass. Engineering in 2009, taking over from Prof Sheila • Gave an invited lecture entitled “Silicate glasses: MacNeil, who was its director from 2003. John’s hydration, chemistry and defects” (co-authored by first few tasks in 2010 will be to re-vamp the centre Damir Tadjiev) EFONGA workshop "Glass surfaces with a new website, re-focus the future direction and stress corrosion mechanisms at the nanos- the centre and start a new programme of themed cale", held in Montpellier, France, 23rd-25th February seminars. 2009. • Was appointed as the Associate Director of the • Gave an invited lecture, "Stresses and stress meas- Kroto Research Institute at the end of 2009. The urement", at the International Commission on Glass primary role of the AD is to assist the Director advanced course on Strength of Glass, Erlangen, (Prof. Steve Banwart) in research policy and imple- Germany, 25th-26th May 2009. mentation and to represent the interests of staff in • Gave an invited talk “Interaction of glasses with a the Kroto Research Institute at board meetings. GDF environment” at the RWIN XI meeting held in • Was appointed as an external examiner for another Sheffield, UK, 23rd April 2009. year at the University of Manchester for the M.Res • Attended the Society of Glass Technology Annual (Hons) postgraduate degree in TERM (Tissue Meeting in Lancaster, 16th-18th September 2009 Engineering and Regenerative Medicine). This is a where he gave an oral presentation entitled “The 1-year research and taught degree programme run (near surface) mechanical properties of durable by the Medical School at Manchester. and non-durable silicate glasses” (co-authored by • Ran an Expertissues short course at the University Damir Tadjiev). of Oxford with Prof. Paul Hatton (Dental School, Sheffield) on the subject of “Biological and Prof John Harding Biomimetic Scaffold Materials” in June 2009. This • Was the senior organiser of a symposium was a residential course for 50 delegates, which “Molecular biomimetics and materials design” at had a number of external invited speakers includ- the 2009 Fall Meeting of the Materials Research ing Prof. Anthony Hollander (Bristol University) and Society at Boston, 30th November - 4th December Dr David Knight (Oxford University and Director 2009 where Colin Freeman presented a paper, of Oxford Biomaterials Ltd). Practical workshops "Simulating orientational specificity in the growth and design problems were also integrated in to the of calcite on self-assembled monolayers". Prof programme. Harding and Colin Freeman presented three post- • Was elected to the UK TCES (Tissue and Cell ers; two in the area of biomineralisation and one in Engineering Society) Executive Committee at the area of ferroelectrics on the role of defects in the TCES Annual Meeting (which was held at the BaTiO3 (together with Hung-Ru Chen, Ben Lui Bin University of Glasgow in June 2009). and Prof Derek Sinclair). • Gave invited talks: • Organised a symposium on the theme of −−“Confocal and 2-Photon Microscopy for 3D Skin Biominerals and Biomineralization at the MRS Fall and Nerve Models”, at the Expertissues course Meetings (Boston) in December 2009 and present- on “Preclinical Models and Imaging” in Radstadt, ed a couple of posters at the meeting. Salzburg, Austria (Organised by the Ludwig • Gave five invited talks at conferences: Boltzman Institute, Vienna, Austria), March 2009. −−Nucleation and growth: a multiscale problem −−“Scaffolds and Surface Modification for (keynote: ICNAM May 2009), Bahrain. Bioengineering Peripheral Nerve”, at the −−Simulating the role of amorphous and crys- Expertissues short course on ‘Biological and talline phases in biomineralisation (Max Biomimetic Scaffold Materials’ at the University of Planck Workshop – BioAmorPhys; Schloss Oxford, June 2009. Neuhardenberg, June 2009. −−“Creating Biological Structures and Function with −−What can simulation contribute to the under- Scaffolds and Surface Chemistry”, at the UKSAF standing of biomineralisation? (13th IACIS (UK Surface Analysis Forum) Annual Meeting at International Conference on Surface and Colloid the University of Nottingham, June 2009. Science; New York, June 2009). −−“Bioengineering Nerves and the Fabrication of −−Simple models for metal-ceramic interfaces Bioactive Surfaces” at the SHIC (Sheffield Health (CECAM Workshop, Zurich, July 2009). Innovation Centre) at the University of Sheffield, −−Controlling crystal growth using organic mol- October 2009. ecules, biomolecules and arrays (238th ACS −−“Confocal and 2-photon Imaging for Cell and National Meeting and Exposition; Washington, Tissue Engineering – Applications in Nerve and August 2009). Skin”, at the combined Krebs Institute and Kroto −−Gave invited lecture at TU Eindhoven “The chal- Research Institute Symposium on “Microscopy lenge of biomaterials to simulation”. and Imaging”, October 2009. • Overall organiser of the CCP5 International −−“Bioreactors for Peripheral Nerve Tissue Summer School in Molecular Simulation Engineering”, at the University of Keele short (Sheffield, July 2009) and gave some lectures course on “Bioreactors”, November 2009. thereat.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 69 Research in Progress 2010

−−“Research in to Tissue and Bioengineering”, at • Attended the IMMPETUS Colloquium, Sheffield, 7th- the University of Durham (Biophysical Sciences 8th April 2009. Research Institute), November 2009. • Was Expert Member of the European Commission/ • John’s group attended the TCES Annual Meeting at RFCS annual TGS6 meeting, “Physical metallurgy the University of Glasgow in June 2009, with talk and design of new generic steel grades”, Portugal, and poster presentations given on scaffolds for 5th-7th May 2009. nerve tissue engineering and the use of stem cells • Attended the IPTME Research Day, Loughborough for nerve repair. University, Leicester, 9th June 2009. • Was invited to lead a discussion group (together • Attended the SMEA Conference, Sheffield, “Alloys with Dr Gwen Reilly) on the subject of ‘Tissue for critical applications”, 7th-8th July 2009. Engineered Models as Alternatives to Animal • Was participant at the HEFCE/Impact of Research Testing’ at the Medical Innovation Forum held at (REF) discussion day, London, 13th July 2009. Harrogate International Centre in December 2009. • Presented an invited talk at the Thermec 2009 • Was invited to become an editor for a Methods in Conference, Berlin, 25th-29th August 2009. Molecular Biology book entitled 3D Cell Culture, by • Was European Commission RFCS/TGS6 proposal the original creator of the MiMB series Prof. John evaluator, “Physical metallurgy and design of new Walker. MiMB books are recognised worldwide generic steel grades”, Brussels, 23rd-27th November as essential academic method texts and over 200 2009. different book topics have been published to date. • Attended the M2i Conference, “Materials to inno- Much of 2009 was devoted to the creation of 3D vate industry and society”, Noordwijkerhout, Cell Culture which, after the goodwill of 56 authors Netherlands, 7th-8th December 2009. contributing 20 chapters, is now with the publishers at Humana Press (New York). Dr Gino Hrkac • Was invited to give four invited talks on magnetic Dr Simon Hayes spintronics one at the American Physical Society • Presented a paper, “Novel interlayers for self-heal- Meeting in the USA, one at NIMS in Japan and two ing sandwich structures”, at the 2nd International at UNAM in Mexico. Conference on Self-Healing Materials in Chicago in −−“Current driven vortex oscillations in metallic July. nano contacts”, co-authored with T Schrefl, Q Mistral, M van Kampen, Joo-Von Kim, Dr Tom Hayward T Devolder, P Crozat, C Chappert, L Lagae, at the • Visited the Advanced Light Source synchrotron in American Physical Society APS meeting March 2009. Berkeley, California 7th-14th December 2008, with −−“Micromagnetics of spin torque nano-oscilla- Dr Dan Allwood, Dr Matthew Bryan and Placide tors”, at the International Center for Materials Fundi. They had five days of beamtime to perform Nanoarchitronics and Magnetic Materials, NIMS, magnetic transmission X-ray microscopy measure- Sengen, Japan, October 2008. ments of magnetic nanostructures. These included −−“Spin Torque, Micromagnetic Approach and imaging of interacting magnetic domain walls in Applications” and “Micromagnetism of Magnetic patterned Ni80Fe20 nanowires of the type being Nanostructures”, at the Universidad Nacional developed for data storage and sensor applications. Autónoma de México, UNAM, August 2008. • Gave an invited seminar at the Cavendish • Given 5 contributed talks at international confer- Laboratory, University of Cambridge, “Domain ences (Intermag, MMM, Jems) and published 17 Walls: Nanoscopic Magnetic Field Sources". papers (3 first author and 14 joint publications). • Attended the European Congress and Exhibition • Was awarded the Royal Society University Research on Advanced Materials and Processes (EUROMAT), Fellowship, Fundamentals of spin-torque induced Glasgow, UK (7th-10th September 2009) and pre- magnetisation dynamics, Award 2009-2014 (PI GBP sented a talk, "Switchable Nanomagnetic Atom 421,275). Mirrors" and a poster, "Coupled Domain Wall • Was awarded the EPSRC Bridging the Gaps, Pump- Structure in Planar Magnetic Nanowires". Priming Award, Ferrofluid-based microscale dosage • Attended Condensed Matter and Materials Physics device Award 2008 (PI, GBP 4,800). (CMMP) conference, University of Warwick, UK (15th- 17th December 2009) and presented a talk, Dr Beverley Inkson "Design and characterisation of a switchable • Gave an invited talk to the Dept of Physics, The nanomagnetic atom mirror" and a poster, "Direct University of Exeter, February 2009, entitled imaging of domain wall interactions in NiFe planar “Nanomaterials in Motion”. nanowires". • Gave an invited talk to MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, and the Tribology Department, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Prof Andy Howe Lyon, France, March 2009, “Dynamical testing of • Was a participant at a Materials Prioritisation Panel, Nanomaterials in TEM”. Swindon, 12th February 2009. • Gave an invited talk to the Department of • Was “Opponent” to V Savran’s PhD defense Mechanical Engineering, The Indian Institute of “Austenite formation in C-Mn steel” at TUDelft, 23rd Science (IISc), Bangalore, India, August 2009, February 2009. “Dynamical analysis of Nanomaterials”.

70 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

• Gave an invited lecture to the Advanced School • In February, he attended the International on Nanofabrication and Nanomanipulation, IOP Conference on Hi-Tech Materials (ICHTM-09) held EMAG Conference, Sheffield, September 2009, at The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, “Introduction to Focused Ion Beam Microscopy”. India. This IIT is the first and the most senior of the • Dr Inkson, Aiden Lockwood and Dr Daved Indian Institutes. He was invited to present a paper, Deivasagayam have had an active collaboration “Smart self-healing composites”, to a conference with Dr M S Bobji and group at the Department of including more that 34 international delegates. Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science The paper was co-authored with Dr Simon Hayes, (IISc), Bangalore India. Exchance visits in March and Wenting Zhang, Dr Leon Hou and Mohammed Jamil. August 2009 have been funded by a joint NanoLAB- Prof Jones also chaired a session at the conference IISc UKIERI NanoBALLS project. on various aspects of conducting polymers. • Dr Inkson and Aiden Lockwood hosted a collabora- • Also in February, Prof Jones hosted a workshop, tive visit from Dr Lucille Joly-Pottuz and Dr Laurent “Polymers that help themselves”, co-organised with Gremillard, MATEIS, INSA de Lyon, France 6th-7th the IRC in Polymers (Leeds University) Polymer July 2009 to work on the nanoscale mechanical Centre for the Polymer Innovation Network, on properties of zirconia. Self-healing Polymers and Composites. He pre- • Dr Inkson organised the “Mechanical sented an introduction on “Self-sensing Damage Characterisation using in-situ Methods for Heal”. Other speakers came from Holland and Symposium”, at the international EUROMAT 2009 Bristol. conference, Glasgow, UK, 7th-10th September. • Attended the 17th International Conference on Robert Milne gave an oral presentation, “Cyclic Composite Materials in Edinburgh in August. He mechanical testing of aluminium nanostructures”. gave the opening plenary lecture at the meeting, • Dr Inkson organised a one-day joint IOM3 and “From Atoms to Aeroplanes – Towards a Design UK NanoFIB Network meeting “NanoFIB 2009: Methodology for Composite Materials”. The open- Advances in Focused Ion Beam microscopy”. ing lecture was The Scala Award Lecture which The meeting was held on 16th March at Wadham he had received in 2007 from the International College, Oxford and attracted over 50 researchers Committee on Composite Materials. He was and exhibitors. Dr Mark Jepson chaired a session, presented with a certificate for the Scala Award and a poster presentation was given by F Elfallagh and his entitlement to the title “World Fellow of and B J Inkson, “3D analysis of crack morphologies ICCM”. This was the largest international confer- in silicate glass using FIB tomography”. ence on composite materials ever held. Prof Jones co-Chaired the mini symposium on Interfaces and Dr Martin Jackson Interphases in Composite Materials. There were • Presented two papers, "Surface Conditioning three sessions and an interactive poster session of Aerospace Titanium Alloys" and arranged to present work on interfacial aspects "Thermomechanical Processing of high Strength in composite materials. Prof Jones chaired the Landing Gear Forgings" at Aeromat 2009 (Dayton, first session of the interfaces and interphases mini Ohio). symposium, together with Prof N Ikuta from the Shonan Institute in Japan. Within the interfaces Dr Mark Jepson mini symposium a collaborative paper with Prof • Made a research visit to Harvard University to make Jones was presented. Arran Wood presented the use of their Helium Ion Microscope in August 2009. paper co-authored with Profs J F Watts, P A Smith, Dr Jepson also gave seminar at Harvard University’s University of Surrey, Dr Edith Maeder and S L Nanoscale Science and Engineering, “Secondary Gaoof the Liebnitz Institute of Polymer Research, electron dopant imaging in the scanning electron Dresden. Dr Zheng Liu was also a co-author of microscope and helium ion microscope”. the paper, “Interfacial Properties of Glass Fibres in • Visited the Carl Zeiss facility in Peabody, Nanoparticulate Reinforced Polyester Resin”. Massachusetts in August 2009. • Other papers presented were: • Visited University College London on two occa- −−Mohammed Jamil, “Development of Self-Healing sions to make use of their triple-beam FIB. These Resin Matrices for Composites”, within the smart visits were funded by the Engineering and Physical composites application mini symposium, co- Sciences Research Council. authored with Prof Jones. • Gave a poster presentation, “Progress towards site- −−Dr Joel Foreman, in the Damage Mechanics and specific dopant profiling in the scanning electron Multi-scaled Modelling session, “Rate Dependent microscope”, co-authored with B J Inkson, Multi-scale Modelling of a Fibre Reinforced R Beanland, C J Humphreys and C Rodenburg. Composite”. The paper was co-authored with Prof David Porter (Visiting Prof in the Emeritus Prof Frank Jones Department) and Dr Shabnam Behzadi, Prof Paul • Appeared on the Naked Scientist Radio Show to Curtis (Visiting Prof) and Prof Jones. discuss his work on self-healing materials and can −−Cheng Cheng Wang, “The Role of the Thermal be heard on http://www.thenakedscientists.com/ Induced Residual Stresses in a Single Fibre HTML/content/interviews/interview/1045/. Thermoplastic Model Composite”, co-authored with Prof Jim Thomason from the University of Strathclyde and Prof Jones.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 71 Research in Progress 2010

−−Peter Bailey, “Novel Interlayers for Self-Healing Prof Sheila MacNeil Sandwich Structures”, co-authored with • Gave invited presentations as follows: Dr Simon Hayes. −−“Polymers and bugs and skin - an interdisciplinary • Prof Jones also chaired a session of the approach to developing antibacterial polymers Deformation and Fracture mini symposium organ- for wound healing”, KREBS Institute, Sheffield, ised by Prof C Soutis and Dr A Hodzic. 27th January 2009. • Dr N Ikuta of the Shonan Institute, Japan also vis- −−Invited contributor to EPSRC Stem Cell ited the Department, together with Dr Fang Ming Consultation Day, London, 16th March 2009. Zhao, a former postdoctoral fellow now based at −−“Clinical experiences in the use of tissue engi- International Paints in Newcastle. Dr Zheng Liu neered skin and oral mucosa”, Bridge European hosted the visit in Prof Jones’ absence. Network Meeting, Cells and Tissues as • Dr T Kamai from Toray Ltd, Japan, the major car- Therapeutic Tools, Granada. Invited speaker, 24th bon fibre manufacturer, visited the Department to April 2009. discuss interfacial micromechanics and chemistry −−“Bug-detecting polymers”, Harry Kroto with Prof Jones. Symposium, 17th June 2009. −−“Designing synthetic scaffolds to take the place Dr Plato Kapranos of human dermis for soft tissue reconstruction”, • Spent 5 days on a visit to the Faculty of Metals Tissue and Cell Engineering Society, Glasgow, 8th- Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH 10th June 2009. University of Science and Technology, Krakow. −−“Development of Biopolymers for Tissue During his stay he carried out experiments using Engineering and Wound Healing Purposes”, as feedstock M2 tool steel produced by GFM and Controlled Release Society Copenhagen, 18th-22nd by Sprayforming, with his Polish colleagues, Prof July 2009. Dutkiewicz and Dr Solek. He also made a presen- −−“Development of biomaterials for tissue engineer- tation to the faculty of Engineering, “Processing ing and wound healing”, Swinburne Institute of materials in the semi-solid state”. Technology, 13th October 2009. • Attended the International Conference, “Hot −−“Tissue engineering of skin and other epithelial Forming of Steels and Product Properties”, Grado/ tissues – in vitro and clinical experiences”, CSIRO Italy, 13th-16th September 2009, and gave a keynote Melbourne, 4th November 2009. presentation, “Thixoforming M2 tool steel - a study −−“Tissue engineering of skin and other epithelial of different feedstock routes”, co-authored with tissues including cornea”, CSIRO Sydney, 10th Dr D H Kirkwood. The work presented was unpub- November 2009. lished material from research at the Department, −−“Clinical experiences with tissue engineered supported by ACME (Application of Computers skin”, The O’Brian Institute, St Vincent’s Hospital to Manufacturing Engineering) The Directorate of Campus, Melbourne, 26th November 2009. Science and Engineering Research Council 1989- −−“Tissue engineering of skin from in vitro to in vivo 1995. to commercialisation”, Deakin University, Geelong, • Visited ASCAMM Technological Research Centre Victoria, Australia 28th November 2009. at Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, October 2009 −−“Tissue engineering of skin and biomaterials for and made a presentation to their research staff, wound healing”, Auckland University, Faculty of “Thixoforming - Past, Present and Future?” and Life Sciences, 11th December 2009. discussed future collaboration on Semi-Solid Processing of Metal Alloys. During the same Dr Steve Matcher trip, he also attended a COST-THIXOSTEEL 451, • Presented with M Bonesi "Measurement of Management Committee meeting, organised by Microvascular Apparent Pulse Wave Velocity Prof Dr Antonio Forn, Director of the Light Alloys Using Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography" at and Surface Treatments Design Center (CDAL), the European Conference on Biomedical Optics, Technical University of Catalonia in Vilanova i Munich, 15th-18th June 2009. Dr Matcher also pre- la Geltrú and discussed further collaboration sented "Optical Coherence Tomography", at the between the institutions within the COST Short Optical Technologies and Measurement Network Term Scientific Missions (STSM) of which he is the Meeting, NPL, 24th-25th June 2009. managing co-ordinator. Prof Allan Matthews Aiden Lockwood • Attended the 17th International Conference on Wear • Was awarded an EPSRC/University of Sheffield of Materials (WoM 2009), 19th-23rd April, Las Vegas Doctoral Prize Fellowship. This will be to develop and presented a Keynote paper, “Aspects of tribo- his work on Dynamical Testing of MEMS structures logical coating design and selection”, co-authored in the NanoLAB from October 2009-October 2010. with K Holmberg, S Franklin and A Leyland. Prof • Was awarded an Outstanding Student Poster Prize Matthews chaired the session “Wear of thin films at the IOP EMAG 2009 conference for his poster of and coatings, surface engineering for wear control”. the paper A J Lockwood, M S Bobji, R J T Bunyan and B J Inkson, MEMS nanostructure deformation and nano-contact adhesion by in-situ TEM nanoindentation.

72 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

• Attended the 52nd Society of Vacuum Coaters Prof John Parker Annual Technical Conference (SVC 2009), 9th-14th • Visited Ghana, at the invitation of British Council, May, Santa Clara, USA with Dr John Eichler and 14th-18th November. The purpose of this visit was to presented a poster paper, “The effect of superfin- provide support for two AKTPs involving industrial ishing and PVD/CVD coatings on torque and tem- partners making glazed ceramic cooking ware and perature of SAE52100 rolling element ball bearings roof tiles working in conjunction with the Institute under starved lubrication conditions”, co-authored of Industrial Research (CSIR) in Accra. AKTPs with G L Doll and A Leyland. Prof Matthews (African Knowledge Transfer Partnerships) follow also chaired a Technology Forum Breakfast on a similar pattern to KTPs in the UK and have only “Tribological Coatings”. recently been introduced into Ghana. The final day • Hosted a visit by Professor Lyubov Snizhko from of the visit centred around a one day conference Dnepropertovsk (Ukraine) visited the RCSE from organised by British Council and aimed at promot- 24th August to 4th October, within the EPSRC ing the programme to a wider audience; approxi- “Bridging the Gaps” Visiting Scholar scheme, to mately 100 people attended including the Deputy work on the project on Mathematical modelling of Minister for Trade and Industry. I was left with a growth processes for anodic oxide films on Al and Mg. strong impression of an enthusiastic and friendly group of people working innovatively but within Dr Günter Möbus tight constraints such as limited access to equip- • Gave an invited lecture at the Materials Department ment. A number of opportunities for joint research, of Oxford University about “Modern Electron exchange programmes and student recruitment Tomography”, 13th March 2009. presented themselves and will be followed up. • Attended the workshop “Understanding Materials • Received a Service Excellence Award at the 3rd through Electron Microscopes: Realising the Services excellence Awards Ceremony to recognise Potential”, 22nd-24th April 2009 at Imperial College and celebrate the high levels of service provided in London, and gave an invited talk about “Unsolved from staff from across the organisation. problems in imaging”. • Attended the MRS spring meeting, San Francisco, Dr Yong Peng 13-17th April 2009 gave an oral presentation, • Attended the Ion Beam Centre Training Course, and “Hybrid Electron Tomography”, co-authored with Ion Beam Centre Workshop, 30th March to 3rd April Z Saghi, T Gnanavel, W Guan, and X Xu. 2009, Surrey University, followed by joint experi- • Attended the EELS-workshop “Edge 2009”, a mental sessions on their equipment. four-yearly meeting of the electron energy loss • Attended ChinaNANO 2009, Beijing, China, 1st-3rd spectroscopy community, Banff, Canada, , 17th-22nd September 2009. He gave an oral paper, “Electrical May 2009, and gave an oral presentation, “Electron nanowelding bottom-up nano-construction togeth- Tomography and EELS”, co-authored with W Guan, er using nanoscale solder”, co-authored with A G Z Saghi and T Gnanavel. Cullis and B J Inkson.

Dr Nicola Morley Tony Pilkington • Became a member of the UK Magnetics Society • Attended the 2nd HSS-Forum “Smart Solutions for Committee. the Future of Metal Cutting”, Quellenhof, Aachen, Germany, 20th-21st January. The conference cov- Dr Eric Palmiere ers a diverse range of topics concerned with the • At the request of the Materials Society (MatSoc), technology of HSS manufacture, HSS metallurgy, Dr Palmiere recently organised a trip to the local metalworking, cutting tool manufacture and sur- company Sheffield Forgemasters International face coatings. Limited, for Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates. The trip was hosted by Dr John D Plummer Jesus Talamantes-Silva (who is a former member • Presented a paper at The Minerals, Metals and IMMPETUS and a University of Sheffield gradu- Materials Society (TMS) 2009 annual conference, ate), and was designed to give students an insight San Francisco 15th-19th February, "Elastic moduli- into the manufacture and processing of steels mechanical property relationships in bulk metallic and also a chance to relate theoretical knowledge glasses", co-authored with I A Figueroa, R J Hand, from lectures (particularly the Industrial Materials H A Davies and I Todd. John also visited the Processing module) with real applications in indus- Diamond Light Source synchrotron facility in try. Those in attendance, mainly second years, Oxfordshire, 27th February-3rd March, to investigate found the trip thoroughly interesting and an invalu- stress induced martensite formation in bulk metal- able experience. lic glasses, via microfocus XRD and EXAFS.

Prof Mark Rainforth • On completion of 3 year role as President of the Royal Microscopical Society, was elected Vice President and International Secretary.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 73 Research in Progress 2010

• Attended the 17th International Conference on Wear −−at the Ceramics and Glass Symposum, PACRIM of Materials (WoM 2009); 19th-23rd April, Las. 2009, Vancouver, May. Three papers were presented and subsequently −−at the National Institute of Standard Technology, published, “Wear mechanisms experienced by a July 2009. work roll grade high speed steel under different −−at the Pennsylvania State University, July 2009. environmental conditions”, co-authored with −−at the MRS meeting, Cancun, Mexico, August 2009. N Garza-Montes-deOca, “Wear study of retrieved • Attended a study visit to the University of Aveiro, alumina hip replacements”, co-authored with A Portugal, April-September 2009 Rana, P Zend and B J Inkson, and “Application • Reviewed “SMARTPIE”, an academic/industrial pie- of combined discrete/finite element multiscale zoelectric large grant from the Dutch Government, method for modelling of Mg redistribution dur- as an International Expert. ing hot rolling of aluminium”, co-authored with M Krzyzanowski. In addition, as a member of the WoM Dr Gwendolen Reilly steering committee, attended review meetings of • Chaired a special “European Society for the 17th meeting and planning meetings for the 18th Biomechanics” session at the World Congress Conference in 2011. on Regenerative Medicine, Leipzig, Germany on • Gave a Plenary Lecture at the Homi Bhabha Biomechanics in Regenerative Medicine, 29th-31st Centenary Conference in Mumbai, India (2nd-5th October. She also presented a poster, “Human December), “Recent Step Changes in Microscopy - Mesenchymal Stem Cell Responses to Steady and a Revolution in Our Ability to Understand Material Oscillatory Fluid Flow in a Porous Scaffold” for Microstructure”. The conference, “Science and which the first author was Biomedical Engineering Technology at the Frontiers” attracted just short MEng student Amos Matsiko. of a 1000 people. Homi Bhabha is an iconic figure • Gave an invited seminar at the University of Keele, in India and internationally known for both his “Mechanical signal transduction in bone tis- research and leadership, elected an FRS by the sue engineering” and at the University of Aveiro, age of 31. The conference, which celebrated his Portugal, “Bone tissue engineering at the University life, opened by CN Yang (Physics Nobel Laureate), of Sheffield”. with other talks included the UNESCO Director • Attended the Bone Research Society conference in of Agriculture, the Astronomer Royal, Sergio London, UK and co-authored two papers, ”ATPase Bertolucci (Director of CERN, also Physics Nobel activity and ATP release in osteoblast cultures” in Laureate), the Director of the Office of the French collaboration with researchers from the Mellanby High Commissioner for Atomic Energy, the Head Centre for Bone Research and “Short bouts of of the Cavendish and many others. Prof Rainforth, dynamic compressive loading stimulate mineralized who gave the only Materials based talk, also visited matrix production by human mesenchymal stem the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, which has cells (hMSC) on 3-D polyurethane scaffolds”. three operational research nuclear reactors. • Gave two invited lectures at EuroMAT 2008, Dr Cornelia Rodenburg Glasgow, “Hydrothermal Degradation of Tetragonal • Was invited to present “Quantitative dopant map- Zirconia Polycrystals For Prosthetic Devices: Effect ping in semiconductors using the ORION plus”, of Al2O3 and La2O3 Additions” and “High tempera- co-authored with M A E Jepson, B J Inkson and ture tribological behaviour of high hardness, nano- X Liu, at Carl Zeiss’s 1st Crossbeam/Orion work- scale multilayer coatings”. shop, Dresden, April 2009. • Attended the International Society for Technology • Attended the 1st European CrossBeam and Helium in Arthroplasty, 22nd Annual ISTA Congress in Kona, Ion Microscope User Workshop, Dresden, April Hawaii and presented a talk, “Advanced microscopy 2009. She gave an invited talk, “Quantitative dopant of alumina-on-alumina hip prostheses: in vivo and mapping in semiconductors using the Orion plus”, in vitro studies”. co-authored with M A E Jepson, B J Inkson. • Gave invited lecture at the 2009 HIPIMS confer- • See http://www.microscopy-analysis.com/meeting- ence, Sheffield, “High temperature degradation reports/1st-european-crossbeam-and-helium-ion- mechanisms of multilayer coatings”. microscope-user-workshop?c= • Appointed to the Technical Opportunities Panel • Attended the Microscopy of semiconducting mate- (TOP) of the EPSRC. rials XVI international Conference in Oxford, March • Acted as a panel member for the Austrian compe- 2009 with Dr Mark Jepson. Dr Rodenburg gave an tence centre COMET –K2 XTribology. oral presentation, “Energy filtered scanning electron microscopy: application to dopant contrast”, Prof Ian M Reaney co-authored with M A E Jepson, B J Inkson, E Bosch, • Was awarded the “Best KTP” building EPSRC- A K W Chee and C J Humphreys. funded research for 2008. • Visited the Carl Zeiss Innovation Centre in Dresden, • Was awarded Outstanding for KTP “Glass Ceramics Germany to carry out Helium Ion Microscopy in and Dielectrically Loaded Antennas”. April 2009 and August 2009. • Gave Invited talks: −−at the Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Daytona Beach, USA, January 2009.

74 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

• Attended the Electron Microscopy and Analysis • Attended the Installation Dinner of the Worshipful Group meeting in Sheffield, September 2009. Company of Constructors in the Drapers Hall in Dr Rodenburg gave an oral presentation, “Energy London, 14th October, where he was the principal Filtered Scanning Electron Microscopy: applica- guest and responded to the toast to the guests and tions to characterisation of semiconductors”, co- proposed a toast to the Worshipful Comapany and authored with M A E Jepson, B J Inkson, E Bosch, its new Master. The new Master is Dr Christine A K W Chee and C J Humphreys. Dr Rodenburg Rigden (formerly Bland), who is the first Lady also presented a poster, “Dopant Contrast in the Master of the Company and graduated from the Helium Ion Microscope”, co-authored with M A E Department with a PhD around 1990. Prof Sharp Jepson, B J Inkson, X Liu. took the opportunity to emphasise the country's need for more well-qualified engineers and to ask Ms Zineb Saghi the Worshipful Company to encourage more tal- • Attended the Microscopy Congress 2009 in Graz, ented young women to take up engineering studies Austria, 31st August-4th September 2009 and pre- at University and to enter the relevant industries. sented a paper, “Prospects of Atomic Electron Tomography using Aberration Corrected TEM”, co- Prof Derek Sinclair authored with I M Ross and G Möbus. • Became a Panel Member on the National Science Foundation (NSF) “World Materials Network”, Prof Thomas Schrefl Washington, March 2009. • Was invited to give one keynote talk and four • Visited the Physics Academy of Sciences of the invited talks on advanced numerical methods and Czech Republic, Prague, March 2009 with Prof Ian recording simulations. Furthermore he filed one Reaney, to discuss on-going collaborations with patent on magnetic storage devices. Stanislav Kamba and Jan Petzelt on Raman and • Keynote talk: “Collective demagnetization proc- Terahertz spectroscopic studies of complex per- esses in NdFeB sintered magnets”, 2009 Spring ovskites. Annual Meeting of The Japan Institute of Metals, • Visited the Chemistry Department at the 28th March 2009. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, July 2009, to • Invited talks: discuss on-going collaborations with the group of −−“Simulation of Spin Torque Oscillators using Fast José Calbet-Gonzalez on crystallographic studies of Integral Methods”, Mathmod 2009, Vienna, 13th hexagonal perovskites. February 2009. • Was Chairman of the EPSRC Materials Panel −−“Micromagnetic Finite Element Simulation Meeting, October 2009. Including Spin Torque Currents”, Algoritmy 2009, • Gave invited talks: Vysoke Tatry, Podbanske, 16th March 2009 −−“The time constant – the forgotten man of imped- −−“Global optimization of perpendicular writers”, ance spectroscopy”, at the 33rd International The Magnetic Recording Conference, Tuscaloosa, Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Alabama, 5th October 2009. Composites (American Ceramic Society), Daytona −−“Global geometry optimization of magnetic Beach, Florida, USA. recording heads”, International Workshop on −−“Slicing through perovskite space: the search Multiscale Simulation of Magnetic Materials, for new/improved dielectrics”, Departmental University of Konstanz, 9th December 2009. Seminar, Chemistry Departments, St Andrew’s • US-Patent Application: 07/27/2009 "Magnetic University.

Storage Device", Serial Number 12/509,540. The −−“What are the dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12?” application was jointly done with the Vienna European Materials Research Society (E-MRS), University of Technology and The University of Strasbourg, France, 8th-11th June 2009.

Sheffield. This was a joint invention by Dieter −−“Structure-property relationships of ACu3Ti4TiO12 Suess Dieter, Muhammad Asif Bashir, and Thomas perovskites”, Spanish Electroceramics Annual Schrefl. Congress, Leganes, Madrid, Spain, 28th-30th June 2009. Emeritus Prof John H Sharp −−“Exploring the dielectric properties of B-site defi- • Attended the Fred Glasser Cement Science cient hexagonal persovskites”, Materials Science Symposium, Aberdeen, 17th-19th June 2009, in and Technology (MS&T2009) Meeting, American honour of Prof Glasser's 80th birthday. He is well Ceramic Society, Pittsburg, USA, 25th-30th known in Sheffield over forty years as an examiner October 2009. at all levels from B Eng to PhD. Prof Sharp was the −−“Structure-composition-dielectric property Facilitator for Theme 2: “Novel Cement Systems relationships in titanate-based perovskites”, (Sustainability)”, which involved contact before- Department Seminar, Department of Physics, hand with the speakers and chairing the session. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, 1st July 2009. −−“Unravelling the electrical properties of ACu3Ti4O32 perovskites”, Polar Solids UK meeting, Open University, 17th-18th December 2009.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 75 Research in Progress 2010

Tim Swait • Attended the annual meeting of the Eurocores • Gave a presentation, "Identification of interfacial SONS network SCALES with Dr Xiangbing Zeng, and interphasal failure in composites of plasma 6th-8th July. The meeting was held in Warsaw but polymer coated fibres” at the Deformation and organised by Sheffield. Prof Ungar gave a talk, Fracture of Composites 10 conference held in “Critical behaviour in multicolour LC honeycombs”, Sheffield. He also submitted a paper of the same while Dr Zeng talked about “New thermotropic title in the special issue of Composites Part A, cubic phases in T-shaped molecules”. which covers the conference. • Gave an invited lecture, “Complex soft organic and hybrid nanostructures”, at the 1st International Damir Tadjiev Symposium on Chemical Convergence for Energy • Attended the 8th Pacific Rim Conference on and Environment, Seoul, Korea, 25th August 2009. Ceramic and Glass Technology, 31st May - 5th June • Attended the 40th Anniversary Conference of the 2009, Vancouver, BC, Canada and gave a presenta- British Association for Crystal Growth in Bristol, tion, “Near surface mechanical properties of mixed 6th-8th September, and gave a keynote lecture, alkaline earth silicate glasses”, co-authored with “Self-Poisoning in Polymer Crystallization”. Dr Russell J Hand. • Gave an invited talk at the Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Industrial Chemistry, 15th Dr Richard Thackray October. • Was Chairman of the Iron and Steel Society of the • Delivered the Distinguished Lecturer Series talk, IOM3. “Soap Froth, Beehives and Patterns of Molecular • Member of the Sustainable Development Group of Self-Assembly” at Seoul National University, 21st the IOM3. October. Spending his sabbatical at Seoul National • President of the Sheffield Metallurgical and University, the top University in Korea, he appeared on Engineering Association. the homepage of that University (www.useoul.edu). • Member of the Association for Iron and Steel • Gave a keynote lecture, “Making Soft Matter Obey Technology. Order” at the Global Research Forum at Seoul • Member of the World Steel Association University National University, 13th November. He was one of Working Group. the two overseas guest speakers, the other being • Editorial Board, Ironmaking and Steelmaking. the Nobel Laureate Alan Heeger. • Chairman of the Organising Committee for Thermomechanical Processing Conference, TMP Dr Alexey Yerokhin 2012. • Attended the 36th International Conference on • Member of the Scientific Advisory Panel for ECSC Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF large grant “The Waste of the World”. 2009), 27th April - 1st May, San Diego, with • Chaired a session at the 5th European Rolling Konstantinos Kanakis, Glen Cassar and Po-Jen Conference, London, July 2009. Chu and gave nine presentations (4 oral, 5 poster) • Chaired the SMEA Annual Conference, “Alloys for authored or co-authored with the Sheffield Surface Critical Applications”, Sheffield, July 2009. Engineering Team. • Hosted a visit to the RCSE by Dr Evgeny Parfenov Dr Karl Travis from Ufa (Russia), 10th-17th September to work on • Gave an invited talk, "A study of radiation-induced the project on “Frequency Response Analysis of disorder in Pu-doped ceramics using molecular Plasma Assisted Electrochemical Processes” spon- dynamics and topological analysis", at a workshop sored by President of Bashkortostan Award for on Molecular Dynamics, part of the Warwick EPSRC Young Scientists scheme. Symposium 2008/09: Challenges in Scientific Computing, held at the Mathematics Research Dr Xiangbing Zeng Institute, University of Warwick, 1st June 2009. • Gave a talk, “New thermotropic cubic phases • Gave an invited presentation, "Configurational and in t-shaped molecules”, co-authored with F Liu Kinetic Thermostats for use in Equilibrium and and G Ungar, at the Annual British Liquid Crystal Non-equilibrium Atomistic Simulations" at a CECAM Society Conference held in Bristol in March 2009. Workshop, "Fundamental Aspects of Deterministic Dr F Liu and Dr M Shcherbina each presented a Thermostats", Lausanne, Switzerland, 27th-29th July. poster, the former on new cylinder mesophases in amphiphiles, the latter on the structure of a unique Prof Goran Ungar six-stranded helical liquid crystal. • Gave a talk, “Complex Multicolour Tiling Patterns by Self-Assembly of X-Shaped Polyphilic Molecules” at Dr Shaowei Zhang the Materials Research Society Conference in Boston • Gave two invited seminars, “High Temperature 1st-5th December 2008. At the conference Hybrid Aerospace Materials” and “Low Temperature In-situ Materials in Tours, France, 15th-19th March, he present- Synthesis of Ceramics/Refractories”, respectively, ed a lecture on “Tangential, axial and helical align- at Wuhan University of Science and Technology, ment of liquid crystal columns in nanochannels”, co- 10th-14th September 2009. authored with M A Shcherbina, X B Zeng, M Prehm, C Tschierske and M Steinhart. There he also presented a poster on LC-coating gold nanoparticles.

76 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 11.2 Events, 2009

11.2.1 The Composites Group • Most importantly, Mohammed Jamil Suzeren won the poster competition with his poster, “The devel- Organised the 10th Deformation and Fracture of opment of self-healing matrices for composite Composites Conference (DFC10) during April. The materials”. Conference was attended by approximately 100 delegates who came from all over the world to the meeting. 11.2.2 EUROMAT 2009 The DFC10 Conference was Co-Chaired by Prof Costas Soutis, Dr Alma Hodzic and Prof Frank Jones. This is The European congress on advanced materials and the fourth time that the Composites Group has organ- processes was held in Glasgow, 7th - 10th September ised the DFC Programme. The DFC Conference was 2009. Euromat meetings are held every two years and spun out of the Deformation and Fracture Conference are sponsored by the Federation of European Materials on Polymers, the so-called Churchill Meeting some Societies. They have become the prime events in Europe years ago, and the Composites Section became an inde- for gatherings of academics and industrialists with an pendent conference some twenty years ago. The con- interest in materials science and technology. ference moved around the UK but has found a home at Sheffield in the recent past. This conference was highly The meeting comprised 66 symposia scattered across successful and was used for many friends to recognise 6 main topics covering main areas of materials science the retirement of Prof Jones after his 65th Birthday. and engineering. A mini-conference on “Interfaces and Interphases in Composite Materials” was held which spanned much of There were many representatives from the Department. the first day. Prof Jones gave the opening plenary lec- The RCSE participation involved 4 delegates, 1 highlight ture, “Defining interfaces and interphases”. Dr Daniel talk, 4 oral and 3 poster presentations. Wagner from the Weizmann Institute in Israel provided an invited lecture on “Nanotube and Nanocomposite Dr Aleksey Yerokhin chaired a session in Symposium Mechanics: a guide to the perplexed”. C55 “Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (Micro-Arc Oxidation) Surface Coatings”. Members of the research group gave papers in the conference: Highlight: • Tim Swait, “TOF-SIMS study of interphase failure • A Yerokhin, E V Parfenov and A Matthews, in plasma-polymer coated glass fibre composites”, “Modelling plasma electrolytic oxidation process co-authored with Prof Costas Soutis and Prof Frank using frequency response data”. Jones. • Peter Bailey, “Novel interlayers for self healing Oral Presentations: sandwich structures” co-authored with Dr Simon • E V Parfenov, A Yerokhin, A Matthews and R R Hayes who gave a talk on “Self-sensing composites Nevyantseva, “Frequency response analysis as a for structural health monitoring”. new tool for plasma assisted electrochemical proc- • Dr Joel Foreman, “Hierarchical modelling of com- esses characterisation”. posite strength as a function of strain rate”, co- • L O Snizhko, A Yerokhin, N L Gurevina, D O authored with Prof Frank Jones, Prof David Porter Misnyankin and A Matthews, “Voltastatic Studies of (a Visiting Professor in the Department) and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Al”. Dr Shabnam Behzadi, a former student who is cur- • P-J Chu, A Leyland and A Matthews, “Detailed rently working for the Gurit Company on the Isle of Microstructural Characterization of the Plasma Wight. Electrolytically Oxidized Titania Coating on Titanium”. The conference also featured a very strong poster ses- • G Cassar, A Yerokhin, A Leyland and A Matthews, sion. “Triode–Plasma Diffusion Treatments to Improve • Aidah Jumahat (who is a joint student with the the Tribological Performance of Titanium Alloys”. Department of Mechanical Engineering), “Analysis of compression failure of unidirectional carbon Poster Presentations: fibre toughened resin composites”. • A Pilkington, H X Cheng, A Yerokhin and • Dr Alison Beck with posters “Life cycle assessment A Matthews, “Microabrasive Wear Resistance of to optimise aerospace composite” and “The assess- PEO Treated Aluminium Alloy”. ment of sustainability of composite materials”. • K Kanakis, S Banfield, J Housden, A Matthews and • Ann Van Ho, “The effect of nanoclay on the mor- A Leyland, “Structure, mechanical and tribologi- phology and thermal properties of epoxy and cal properties of thick CrNx coatings deposited by toughened epoxy resins”. Ann Van Ho is a former plasma-assisted electron-beam PVD”. MSc Student who is currently a joint PhD Student • Y N Kok, G Cassar, J Hardy, R Johns, A Ollerenshaw, with Mechanical Engineering and the Department M Russell, A Matthews and A Leyland, “A study of of Engineering Materials. the effect of shot-peening and roller burnishing • Jack Howarth, “Recycling of Carbon Fibre on the rotating-bending fatigue performance of Composites”. threaded components”.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 77 Research in Progress 2010

11.2.3 The Research Groups of Dr John Haycock, shop was opened by Armen Amirjanyan, Director of the Prof Sheila MacNeil and Dr Gwendolen Reilly Nuclear and Radiation Safety Centre of ANRA, Kumar Samanta (WTS, IAEA) and Vladimir Kurghinyan (TC Presented a number of talks and posters at the UK Project Manager, IAEA). The IAEA presented the scope Tissue and Cell Engineering Society (TCES) held at and objectives of the workshop that is the first to be Glasgow University 8th-10th July. Prof MacNeil gave an organised by the IAEA in English after the pilot regional invited talk, “Designing synthetic scaffolds to take the workshop held in Russian language in Moldova in March place of human dermis for soft tissue reconstruction”. 2009. In addition, two presentations on current waste Other Sheffield presentations included: management practices in Armenia were made by the • R Kaewkhaw, “Adipose-derived stem cells for representatives of Aida Avetisyan (ANRA) and Nelli peripheral nerve repair”. Aghajanyan the Armenian NPP, Metsamor. • C Murray-Dunning, “The use of aligned polymer microfibers in peripheral nerve engineering”. Expert Mission to China Institute of Atomic Energy • T Sun, “Investigation of the biological activity of and China National Nuclear Corporation TGF-B1 during re-epithelialisation using a computa- China’s main supply of electricity by nuclear power is tional modelling approach”. about 2% with eleven nuclear power reactors in com- • N Green, “Development and characterisation of a mercial operation by January 2008. There are 5 new tissue engineered oesophagus”. power plants under construction and government • C M G Marques, “Investigation of the impact of approval for several more to be constructed. Plans to wounding and inflammation on melanoma migra- develop a civil nuclear power programme were initiated tion in a 3D skin model”. in 1970. The early development in technology had been • J Shepherd, “Use of a tissue engineered model sought from France, Canada and Russia. The country of bacterial infection of human skin to develop aims to become self sufficient in reactor design, con- responsive polymers to reduce bacterial burden of struction and develop a full fuel cycle from production infected wounds”. to disposal. China has significant resources of uranium, • M V Flores-Merino, “Nano-domain detection in poly circa 70 000 tU, from which to produce nuclear fuel (vinyl pyrrolidinone) hydrogels”. which will be sufficient to fulfil the mainland nuclear • G Reilly, “Mechanical responses of bone tissue for- programme for the short term. The anticipated power mation in 3D engineered constructs via primary capacity is 20 GWe by 2010 and 40 GWe by 2020. China cilia”. has a reprocessing strategy to recover the uranium and plutonium for reuse in new nuclear fuel. In 2007 11.2.4 IAEA Workshops the Chinese Government gave approval for three state owned corporations to own and operate nuclear power Radioactive Waste Predisposal Management plants: China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Corporation of Moldova hosted the IAEA Workshop on Radioactive (CGNPC) and China Power Investment Corporation Waste Processing and Storage held in Chisinau from (CPI). CNNC has the overall responsibility for the man- 23rd-27th March 2009. The IAEA Workshop was actu- agement of the waste generated from the nuclear indus- ally an attempt to combine both theoretical lectures try in China. CNNC is regulated by the National Nuclear and practical exercises intended to select appropriate Safety Administrated (NNSA) for approval of siting, routes and equipment to deal with radioactive wastes construction and operation of repositories. The CNNC before disposal. Lectures and exercises were led by IAEA is one of the largest state owned nuclear companies staff members Z Drace, V Kurghinyan, J Raicevic and and has over 300,000 employees. China may have plans invited lecturers – experts in field: M Ojovan (ISL, UK) for a total of five regional LLW/HLW facilities depending and M Mateeva (NRA, Bulgaria). on capacity requirements. There are already two sites in existence at Lanzhou in the north-west and Bailong Yerevan, Armenia in south China for industrial-scale disposal of LLW and The IAEA regional workshop on Modular Design of ILW. The Chinese government strategy is to vitrify HLW, Processing and Storage Facilities for Small Volumes followed by encapsulation and final disposal in a geologi- of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste cal repository. and Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources was held in Yerevan, Armenia from 29th June to 3rd July 2009. Kumar 11.2.5 IMMPETUS Samanta (IAEA), Borislava Batandjieva (Bulgaria), Alena Zavazanova (Slovak Republic) and Michael Ojovan The 11th IMMPETUS Colloquium took place at Halifax (United Kingdom) participated in the Workshop as Hall, The University of Sheffield, 7th and 8th April 2009. invited lecturers with the aim to provide key lectures It was attended by a total of 79 delegates, 19 external according to the agenda, agreed by the IAEA and the delegates from industry and academia and 60 from national counterpart (ANRA), supervise, moderate, The University of Sheffield. The annual IMMPETUS col- guide and coordinate the three-day exercises and evalu- loquium gives an opportunity to our researchers, many ate the outcomes of the exercises and participate in of whom are PhD students at different stages of their the panel discussions at the end of the workshop. The research, to present their work. Workshop was attended by 20 participants from 8 countries (Albania, Armenia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania and Slovenia). The work-

78 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

There were 5 sessions for the 25 oral presentations and IMMPETUS hosted the following visits: 3 poster sessions for 25 posters covering a wide range • 13th March 2009, Dr T Mukherjee, Group Director, of topics on the thermomechanical processing of met- Technology and Integration, Corus Group and als, with plenty of opportunity for discussion and one- Dr D Bhattacharjee who is to be the new Director to-one interaction. The dinner on the first evening was for R & D based in IJmuiden from April 2009. The held at The Edge, The University of Sheffield and gave visit commenced with a presentation by Prof an important opportunity for people to meet informally Panos Tsakiropoulos with Academic members of and to foster mutual interests. IMMPETUS in attendance and Prof Allan Matthews, HoD of Engineering Materials and Prof Rob Dwyer- Panel Discussion Joyce, HoD of Mechanical Engineering. • As in previous years the panel discussion took Drs Mukherjee and Bhattacharjee were then given place on the second day after lunch. The Panel is a tour and presentations on current research made up of members of the IMMPETUS Industrial in each of the three Departments which form Steering Committee who are invited to answer IMMPETUS. questions on the chosen topic which this year • 16th March 2009, Prof Katagerman and Dr Hoekstra was “Metals Research in a Changed Industrial from the Materials Innovation Centre from The Economy”. Netherlands. The meeting had been organised by Dr Iain Todd to look at ways to collaborate with Mike Frolish Prize IMMPETUS in the future and had been a successful • This year the prize was awarded to Mr Moises meeting. Talamantes-Silva for his oral presentation on “Finite • 30th and 31st March in Swansea University, Electron Element Modelling and Microstructural Evolution of Backscatter Diffraction Meeting 2009 sponsored High Integrity Forgings”. by RMS and IOM3. Five members of IMMPETUS attended the meeting: Dr Brad Wynne, Dr Krzysztof Poster Session Muszka, Mr Pete Davies, Mr Meurig Thomas and • The poster session was sponsored this year by Miss Xiaoqing Jiang. Dr Brad Wynne gave a pres- Siemens VAI and Corus plc. Mr Mick Steeper entation on “Can EBSD quantify size and shape of from Siemens VAI and Chairman of the IMMPETUS macrozones in titanium alloys?”. Industrial Steering Committee awarded the • 10th June 2009, Dr Yvon Millet, the new Timet 1st prize to Mr Sinan Al-Bermani for his poster Director of Research for Europe and Dr Matt “Microstructural Evolution in Electron Beam Melted Thomas (ex-IMMPETUS PhD Student) who is in Ti-6A1-4V” and the 2nd Prize was awarded to Mr the Research and Development Section at Timet, Gael Reyes Zaragoza for his poster “Aluminium Witton Birmgham. Dr Brad Wynne gave a presen- Foam for Heat Transfer Applications”. tation, “Ti and IMMPETUS” and a tour was given of IMMPETUS facilities followed by presentations TMS (The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society), from Dr Peter Davies, Mr Nima Nasseri, Dr Magda 15th-19th February 2009, San Francisco. Members Lopez-Pedrosa and Mr Meurig Thomas. of IMMPETUS attended the 138th annual TMS conference, San Francisco, 15th-19th February 2009. Prof Panos 5th European Rolling Conference (ERC5) Tsakiropoulos, Dr Martin Jackson, Dr Ignacio Figueroa, The 5th European Rolling Conference took place from Dr Michael Blackmore, Mr Dave Randman, Mr John 23rd-25th June 2009 at The Institute of Materials, Plummer, Mr Meurig Thomas, Mr Robert Deffely and Minerals and Mining, London. The series of European Mr Sinan Al-Bermani attended. IMMPETUS has a very Rolling Conferences began in 1996, and is now estab- strong presence at TMS, the standard of work delivered lished as the principal forum for rolling practitioners was excellent and the conference was enjoyed by all. on the continent. The 5th European Rolling Conference (ERC5), sponsored by Siemens VAI Metal Technologies On 6th March 2009 a Seminar and Tour of IMMPETUS and covers an audience that embraces the whole met- took place for all Research Staff and Students. This als rolling community. Flat and long products rolling, was hosted by Prof Panos Tsakiropoulos (Director of hot and cold rolling and ferrous and non-ferrous rolling IMMPETUS) and he gave a presentation on IMMPETUS are all included. Mr Mick Steeper who is the Chairman covering its background, publications, KMSI, website, of the IMMPETUS Industrial Steering Committee was attendance at conferences, file exchange area and a member of the Organising Committee of this confer- Colloquium. The aim of the seminar was to highlight ence. Dr Richard Thackray and Dr Michal Krzyzanowski facilities in IMMPETUS and ensure that all research staff represented IMMPETUS at this event. Dr Michal and students are aware of these and assist them in the Krzyzanowski gave a presentation,“Oxide scale mod- future with any queries they may have with regards to eling in hot rolling: assumptions, numerical techniques, the institute. examples of prediction”, co-authored with Prof W M Rainforth.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 79 Research in Progress 2010

SMEA Conference and Exhibition took place on 7th A great success of ISL was the recent MRS decision to and 8th July 2009 at The Edge, The Endcliffe Village, The appoint Neil Hyatt as the principal organiser – Chairman University of Sheffield and the theme for the conference of Scientific Organising Committee of MRS Symposia this year was “Alloys for Critical Applications”. This was on Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management. He the eighteenth in a series of conferences organised by is taking over this post from Professor Lars Verme from the Sheffield Metallurgical and Engineering Association Sweden. (SMEA). The aim of the conference was to explore recent developments in the manufacture, evaluation and 11.2.7 NanoLAB application of alloy steels, nickel-based superalloys and light metal components for critical engineering applica- New NanoLAB Projects tions. Five technical sessions focused on nuclear energy, • Dr B Inkson and Dr G Möbus have been awarded aerospace, energy supply chain and transport applica- a Basic Technology Translation Grant from the tions. The following academic and research members EPSRC. This 4-year project, from July 2009 - June of IMMPETUS attended: Prof Panos Tsakiropoulos, 2013 is in collaboration with the Departments of Prof Mark Rainforth, Dr Iain Todd, Dr Richard Thackray Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Dentistry and (Chairman of SMEA), Dr Russell Goodall, Dr Martin the University of Nottingham. The Translation grant Jackson, Dr Krzysztof Muszka, Mr Lin Sun, Mr Amir will enable the exploitation of the new NanoLAB Nanpazi, Dr Paul Nnamchi and Mr Sinan Al-Bermani. Nanotesting Technology and associated patents. Collaborative work with Industry and Academia The following presentations were given: will focus on developing the fields of dynamical • Dr Martin Jackson, “Thermomechanical process- nanotribology, in-situ nanodevice testing and TEM ing of high strength titanium alloys used in landing tomography. gear”. • Dr Möbus and Dr Inkson have been awarded an • Prof Panos Tsakiropoulos, “Alloys beyond nickel EPSRC grant for, “Building Ceramic Metamaterials based superalloys”. from Nanoparticles: A combined Modelling, Tomography and In-situ Loading Study”. The three- Dr Richard Thackray chaired the session “Energy Supply year project is in collaboration with Cranfield Chain”. University, Shrivenham campus (Dr Sayle), and the University of Bath (Prof Parker). The Celebrity Lecture which was held on the first evening at The Auditorium, The University of Sheffield NanoLAB in the news was given by Dr Graham Honeyman, Chief Executive, • The work of Dr Yong Peng and Dr Beverley Inkson Sheffield Forgemasters International on “Out of the on nanoscale electrical testing and fabrication of black into the blue”. nanostructures has been highlighted in the press. The paper Y Peng, A G Cullis, B J Inkson, Appl Phys 11.2.6 MRS’09 Symposium on Scientific Basis for Lett, 93, 183112 (2008), “Accurate electrical test- Nuclear Waste Management ing of individual gold nanowires by in-situ SEM nanomanipulators”, was selected for the Virtual One of the most successful Materials Research Society Journal of Nanoscale Science and Technology as a (MRS) conferences, the 33rd MRS’09 Symposium on current Nanotechnology highlight. Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management, was • The development of a new technique to weld held this year in Saint Petersburg, Russia, 24th-29th May nanostructures using nanovolumes of solder 2009. described in Y Peng, A G Cullis, B J Inkson, Nano Lett, 9, 1, 91-96 (2009), “Bottom-up construction Drs Boris Burakov and Albert Aloy were the two main by welding individual nanoobjects using nanoscale promoters and active organisers who contributed to solder”, has been highlighted as high impact news the overall success of the conference. The topics con- in over 50 website articles, several newspapers, sidered at conference were: Transnational programmes, and chosen for a press release by the University. Advanced materials, Radionuclide migration, Geological The work has been filed as both a UK and interna- disposal, Glass waste forms, Ceramic waste forms and tional patent. High level waste and spent fuel. Each of these topics • A development of a new technique to test in-situ was covered by excellent overview papers as well as at the nanoscale wear mechanisms of thin films research contributions such as those presented by of using a NanoLAB TEM triboprobe, J J Wang, A J John Vienna on glass formulations (USA), Elie Valcke on Lockwood, Y Peng, X Xu, M S Bobji, B J Inkson, bitumen (Belgium), Neil Hyatt on ceramics (UK), Boris Nanotechnology, 20, 30, 305703 (2009), “Formation Burakov on self-glowing crystals (Russia), Thorsted of carbon nanostructures by in-situ TEM mechani- Geisler on corrosion of wasteforms (Germany), Willie cal nanoscale fatigue and fracture of carbon thin Meyer on graphite (South Africa), Karl Whittle on radia- films”, has been highlighted on nanotechweb.org, tion damage (Australia), Thierry Advocat on spent fuel http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/tech/40137. (France). Neil Hyatt, Michael Ojovan (members of conference organising committee) and Martin Stennett presented several scientific papers based on ongoing research on ceramics and glasses at ISL.

80 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010

11.2.8 Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group, • B D Medford, N Berdunov, D Laird, B L Rogers, EMAG2009 Conference P Beton (U Nottingham), A J Lockwood, T Gnanavel, W Guan, J Wang, G Möbus and B J Inkson, “A novel G Möbus, T Walther and I Ross (Department of tripod driven platform for in-situ positioning of Electronic and Electrical Engineering) were local organ- samples and electrical probes in a TEM”. isers of the Institute of Physics, Electron Microscopy and Analysis group, EMAG2009 conference, held at 11.2.9 Advanced School on Nanofabrication and Sheffield University in the Octagon Centre, 9th-11th Nanomanipulation September 2009. G Möbus chaired one of the 6 conference sessions on nanofabrication. G Möbus, T Walther and I Ross also organised an “Advanced School on Nanofabrication and 5 oral presentations by NanoLAB members were given: Nanomanipulation” immediately preceding the EMAG • C Rodenburg, “Energy filtered scanning electron conference on 8th September 2009, held in Mappin microscopy: application to semiconductors”, co- Hall. Five external and internal lectures were combined authored with M A E Jepson, B J Inkson, E G T with three experimental demos of Focused Ion Beam Bosch and C J Humphreys. microscopy, nanomanipulation in SEM, and FEGTEM • G Möbus, “Prospects of aberration correction for analysis of FIB prepared specimens. In addition to the lattice-resolved electron tomography”, co-authored organisers, Mark Jepson, Yong Peng, Kevin Briston, and with Z Saghi and I M Ross. T Gnanavel contributed with demonstrations and assist- • Yong Peng, “Nanoconstruction by welding indi- ance to organisation. B J Inkson presented a lecture, vidual metallic nanowires together using nanoscale “Introduction to Focused Ion Beam systems” while solder”, co-authored with A G Cullis and B J Inkson. G Möbus presented a lecture, “Nanomanipulation”. • T Gnanavel, “Electron beam fabrication of ferromagnetic nanostructures”. 11.2.10 NTEC 2008 Module X Session • Wei Guan, “A multipurpose miniaturised nanomanipulation system for in-situ TEM studies”, The Nuclear Technology Education Consortium co-authored with A Lockwood, X Xu, B J Inkson and (NTEC, www.ntec.ac.uk) held the postgraduate MSc G Möbus. Core Module 10 on "Processing, storage and disposal of nuclear wastes". This module introduced basic 12 poster presentations by NanoLAB members included: approaches on nuclear materials management as well as • A J Lockwood, B J Inkson and MS Bobji, scientific fundamentals of nuclear waste processing and “Deformation of polysilicon nano-sized structures disposal. The Core Module 10 consists of pre-course evaluated by in-situ TEM nanoindentation”. assignment, one week direct teaching, post-module • K Briston, A G Cullis and B J Inkson, “Development assignment and examination. of a novel SEM nanogripper”. • C Rodenburg, M E Jepson, B J Inkson, X Liu and The direct teaching week for 2008-2009 was held from D C Bell, “Dopant contrast in the Helium Ion 15th-19th December 2008 in the University of Manchester. Microscope: contrast mechanisms and quantifica- Module lectures were given by Michael Ojovan (module tion”. convenor) and John Roberts, Ed Butcher of National • M A E Jepson, K Khan, B J Inkson and C Rodenburg, Nuclear Laboratory, Paul Abraitis of Environment “The effect of oxidation and contamination on SEM Agency, and Mick Bacon of HM Nuclear Installations dopant contrast”. Inspectorate (NII), Health and Safety Executive (HSE). • B J Inkson, Y Peng, M A E Jepson, C Rodenburg and 14 attending and two distance learning students were X Liu, “Comparison of multilayered nanowire imag- involved in the teaching week activities. ing by SEM and Helium Ion Microscopy”. • R J Milne, A J Lockwood and B J Inkson, “In-situ From September 2008 the NTEC Core Module 10 is TEM deformation of aluminium nanopillars”. available in distance learning (DL) format. In 2008/9 five • X Mu, Y Peng, T Gnanavel, B J Inkson and G Möbus, DL students from Austria (IAEA), Canada, Ireland, United “Nanoporous structures from anodisation of non- Arab Emirates and UK took this module using Internet. planar aluminium surfaces”. The DL module contains the same syllabus as its coun- • W Xie, G Möbus and S Zhang, “Carbon nanotube to terpart delivered by direct teaching, has the same SiC nanorod conversion in molten salt studied by learning outcomes and is delivered once per annum at a EELS and aberration corrected HRTEM”. fixed time in order to facilitate the concept of a “virtual • M Azizi Mat Yajid and G Möbus, “Nanostructured classroom”. reactive metallic multilayers”. • Z Saghi, W Guan, T Gnanavel, X Xu and G Möbus, “hybrid tomography”. • T Gnanavel, G Möbus, S Kumar, S Cook, J Tsai and M I Ojovan, “Irradiation induced transformation in ceramics”.

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 81 Research in Progress 2010

11.2.11 Skills Week 2008 11.2.12 Training and Seminar on Ceramics and Glasses to Immobilise Radioactive wastes, South This year our first year MSE and BSTE students partici- Africa, 30th October - 15th November 2009 pated in a 'Skills Week' which took place in Week 7 of the first Semester from the 10th to 14th November 2008. The use of nuclear energy for the electricity generation It was based around two industrial visits but included is a viable option, however it poses a problem when additional activities aimed at developing transferable it comes to the management of nuclear waste. South skills and introducing career planning. African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa) and Centre for Applied Radiation Science and Technology (CARST) Some of our speakers took Careers in Materials as their of the North West University have organised a Training theme, including: David Arthur (IOM3), Adam Mannis course and a Seminar on Ceramics and Glasses to (UKCME), Judith Everett (Careers Service), Stephen Immobilise Radioactive Wastes from 30th October to 15th Curran (Smith and Nephew), and Rebecca Creighton November 2009. (NAMTEC). We also ran a topical presentation on Plagiarism (given by Dr Russell Hand) to illustrate what The State-owned corporation Necsa was established as is and particularly what is not acceptable in writing a public company to undertake and promote research reports, a session on Report Writing presented by Alice and development in the field of nuclear energy and radi- Lawrence of the English Language Training Centre and ation sciences and technology. Necsa main operations a session on Personal Development Plans presented by are at Pelindaba site and Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Dr John Parker. The final presentation was given by Carl Disposal Facility. In South Africa conversion, enrichment Hitchens. He demonstrated how Materialise use state- and fuel fabrication plants produced radioactive waste of-the-art computing techniques to aid in the rapid until 1997. Presently waste is produced as a result of the manufacture of implants for reconstructive surgery. decommissioning of these facilities. Eskom’s Koeberg nuclear power plant produces spent fuel and opera- For the industrial element of “Skills Week” we visited tional radioactive waste. Necsa’s Safari research reactor Guardian (Goole, Flat Glass Manufacturers) and JRI at Pelindaba produces spent fuel and operational waste. (Sheffield). An additional visit to Corus is planned for Radioactive waste is produced from radioisotopes pro- the second semester. We are grateful to all these host duction activities at Necsa. The iThemba LABS also companies for access to their facilities and for providing produces radioactive waste. Historically waste has been staff for guided tours and introductory talks. For many produced by various research activities. Radioactive of our students this was their first opportunity to see wastes are also produced from various applications of large-scale industrial operations. The students were radioactive materials in industry and the medical sec- asked to take notes during the visits and subsequently tor. Naturally occurring radioactive waste materials submit a short report giving details on the company (NORM) are produced by various facilities in the mining background, manufacturing output, customer base and and minerals processing industry. opportunities for Materials graduates. The CARST was established in 1998 between the A particularly successful event was a series of pres- University of North-West and South African electricity entations made by the students themselves. The MSE generating and supply utility (Eskom), National Nuclear students were presented with a list of artifacts and Regulator (NNR), iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator asked to consider ways in which they could lower the Based Sciences, Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Group carbon footprint of one of them. Examples from the list (PBMR), National Research Foundation (NRF), and of artifacts included: an aircraft wing, a pair of running Necsa. The Centre currently offers a two-year Master- shoes and a combat helmet. The BSTE students were degree course in Applied Radiation Science and asked to select a human tissue from a list that included, Technology. for example, a heart valve and skin. They were asked to weigh the pros and cons of using artificial and natural The programme of Training and Seminar included materials for the construction of surgical implants for training sessions on ceramic and glass manufacture for repair of the damaged tissue. The students worked nuclear waste immobilisation and presentations given in small groups and gathered their information from by national (W Meyer, M Andreoli, J Topkin, various sources. At the end of Skills Week, each group J Badenhorst of Necsa, H Van der Linde and N. Mumba had just 10 minutes in which to present their case to of CARST) and international experts (B Burakov, a panel of academic judges. All groups gave excellent V Gribova and M Petrova of KRI, Russia, O Batyukhnova presentations showing a great deal of enthusiasm and a of SIA Radon, Russia, and M I Ojovan of ISL, UK), stu- healthy degree of competitiveness! The winning group dent project presentations by CARST students, and field comprised: Harry Matthews, Matthew Whitworth, Jamie trips to Vaalputs Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility and Williams, Yen-Ju Wu and Matthew Yeow, all from the to Steenkampskraal rare earth element mine which is a Aerospace Materials course. unique monazite-analogue site.

82 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield Research in Progress 2010 12. Maps of University Precincts and City Centre

Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield 83 Research in Progress 2010

84 Engineering Materials, The University Of Sheffield

Department of Engineering Materials

Research in Progress

Research in Progress 2010 2010

Department of Engineering Materials

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