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Spotlight on 2014 2 Spotlight on 2014 spotlight on 2014 2 Spotlight on 2014 table of contents introduction 3 impact in 2014 36 harnessing the power of ICT 4 events in 2014 38 safeguarding society 12 council of advisors 40 building healthier our staff 42 communities 20 clients and collaborators 44 innovating for efficiency 28 references 46 3 introduction Today’s policy world is a complex smarter across more applications, and interconnected place. Changes to build public trust in security unfolding in one area can impact while safeguarding society’s on another. For example, increasing freedoms, to improve health and the convenience of internet- mental well-being for individuals connected devices can pose and communities, and to find greater risks to our privacy and innovative and efficient spending security. solutions while not diminishing outcomes for people. While policymaking can transform the lives and environments of The interconnectedness of individuals, communities and our world will intensify, so that societies for good or ill, it is transformation, as a theme in an important but challenging policymaking, will become more business. Policy consequences important. For RAND Europe’s part, can take unexpected turns. we are proud of our achievements in 2014 but are not complacent. This is where RAND Europe aims to We look forward to new policy support policymaking. We provide transformations brought about the evidence, expertise and robust by revealing new knowledge, analysis to help inform policies to reducing the uncertainty of our change people’s lives for the better. complex world, challenging In this year’s Spotlight we highlight conventional wisdom and making our contributions to achieve this sense out of the big picture of goal. We focus on some of the interconnected policymaking. big issues that our clients faced in 2014 and describe research findings that have helped them transform thinking and, in many cases, policy and practice. You will read about efforts to harness Hans Pung, President technology to make it work [email protected] harnessing the power of ICT Technology innovation has transformed our world in ways that would make past generations gasp. But even as we solve old challenges, we encounter new ones. In 2014, RAND Europe explored the still- unrealised power of information technology to overcome current constraints and catalyse opportunities. Whether tackling issues such as overcrowding, pollution or ill-health, or facilitating new collaborations and discoveries, intelligent information and communication technology (ICT) policies can improve life for individuals, communities and nations. 6 Spotlight on 2014 smartest cities in Europe 6 smart characteristics 5 smart characteristics 4 smart characteristics living and working smarter 3 smart characteristics In 2010 the number of people best practices. As a first step, we worldwide who live in cities developed a definition of a Smart overtook the number who do not, City as one ‘seeking to address and the urban population is still public issues via ICT-based growing. While cities offer unique solutions on the basis of a multi- opportunities, they also face rising stakeholder, municipally-based challenges from poverty, inequality, partnership’. We specified that a unemployment and energy Smart City initiative should include management. Now city leaders are at least one of six characteristics: exploring ways to harness ICT to Smart Governance, Smart Economy, create ‘Smart Cities’ that are better Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, places to live and work. Smart People and Smart Living. The European Parliament asked Based on this definition, half of RAND Europe (with the Danish Europe’s cities with populations Technological Institute, TNO and above 100,000 could be identified WIK) to take stock of Smart Cities as Smart, with Nordic Member across European Member States States, Italy, Austria, Estonia and to identify success factors and Slovenia having the highest proportion. The most common focus is Smart Environment (33 per cent), followed by Smart Mobility. what makes a city Smart? However, despite the race to “There is a risk that future-proof urban environments, fewer than half of the identified some cities will be Governance Mobility People initiatives are being implemented or reinventing the wheel services and interactions link all sustainable, integrated e-skilled, innovative, piloted; most are still at the planning if we cannot compare types of organisations via ICT transport and logistics data users phase. The researchers found that common metrics were urgently the achievements of m needed to benchmark progress and Smart initiatives” 60 evaluate achievements, otherwise Economy Environment Living Catriona Manville, more urban residents projects cannot be scaled up or ICT-enabled physical and virtual renewable energy, pollution ICT-enabled lifestyles, per year worldwide learning shared. Senior Analyst flows of goods, services and control, utility management behaviour and consumption knowledge 7 smartest cities in Europe 6 smart characteristics 5 smart characteristics 4 smart characteristics 3 smart characteristics what makes a city Smart? Governance Mobility People services and interactions link all sustainable, integrated e-skilled, innovative, types of organisations via ICT transport and logistics data users Economy Environment Living ICT-enabled physical and virtual renewable energy, pollution ICT-enabled lifestyles, flows of goods, services and control, utility management behaviour and consumption knowledge 8 Spotlight on 2014 (not so) big data Healthcare is a vast landscape for pharmaceuticals company Pfizer. data generation and analysis. But We found the many barriers to the potential for using large-scale exploiting it included a lack of ‘real-world’ health data to help common data quality standards, no assess treatments and improve standards for collaboration between services is currently limited by our data producers, owners and users, inability to pool or mine it effectively. and data protection legislation. We Real-world data comes from any recommended that developing source aside from randomised common standards is the first controlled trials, such as hospital step towards reaping the value of statistics, insurance data, social research based on real-world data. media, digital marketing data, patient monitors or population health data. RAND Europe examined forms and uses of real-world data in the European healthcare sector for “Real-world data has significant potential to improve our current processes for drug discovery, and to help assess the effectiveness of medical treatments” Celine Miani, Analyst 9 military intelligence New technologies are essential to make a unique contribution. Rigid the future of the armed forces, but internal processes are a barrier to most research and development collaboration, for example with investment now occurs in the innovative small- and medium- civilian sector rather than the sized enterprises in areas such as military. The UK Ministry of Defence 3D printing or virtual environments. (MOD) asked RAND Europe to help it The MOD should also move from a legacy assess wider investment in relevant focus on developing things to one technologies. The team suggested on outcomes, and look for ways to systems that the MOD should invest more make useful connections across strategically in areas where it can disciplines. Sharing and using information 84,400 across borders is essential for EU 73,030 institutions performing functions to support border management, 60,040 intelligence and criminal 43,600 justice. But dealing securely with personally identifiable 30,980 information is a major challenge. A RAND Europe study has found 16,490 17,270 9,170 10,350 that the institutions’ internal 2,415 policies and rules for information security and data protection, coupled with ageing IT systems, are not keeping pace with those in the commercial sector. The 3D printing simulation electro-optical hybrid unmanned institutions therefore cannot techniques systems energy systems fully exploit ICT developments how much research is for defence? such as cloud computing and the rise of personal devices. total publications defence publications 10 Spotlight on 2014 saturation saturation level car travel China predicted km per capita Brazil 7,800km actual 11,300km Russia 10,200km 15,000 India 7,000km United States 16,300km 10,000 Australia 5,000 Germany 10,800km Japan 9,700km 6,400km automobility score using automobility scores to predict long-term travel saturation levels driving lessons Users who lag behind the innovation understand factors that determine by policy measures, especially curve can learn valuable lessons car travel levels in four developed where infrastructure and spatial from early adopters. Adoption of the countries and to quantify their patterns are still being developed. motor car, a century-old technology, impact on future BRIC driving levels. The demand for driving can be is increasing in developing Besides income per capita, we dampened. countries, including the fast-growing found nine key factors, including BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, quality of infrastructure, fuel price, India and China) that house over 40 policy and regulation, available “Income is not per cent of the world’s population. alternatives, a domestic car industry necessarily destiny With pollution, urban sprawl, traffic and spatial dispersion. Using these when it comes to jams and road fatalities part of this factors, the level of ‘automobility’ for emerging picture, policymakers can
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