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Ecosystem-Based Management in the Bird's Head Seascape, Indonesia

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Ecosystem-Based Management in the Bird's Head Seascape, Indonesia ECOSYSTEM - BASED MANAGEMENT IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE INDONESIA Translating the results of scientific studies into recommendations for marine resource management ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE Photos, cover: Background of healthy coral reefs: © Burt Jones and Maurine Shimlock/Secret Sea Visions; Left to right sequence: Ayau island: © Crissy Huffard/CI, Sedimentation: © Burt Jones and Maurine Shimlock/Secret Sea Visions, Turtle: © Burt Jones and Maurine Shimlock/Secret Sea Visions, Catching sharks in the area of Sasi: Anonymous ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE TABLE OF CONTENTS ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT 1 COMMON PROBLEMS, POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 1 BACKGROUND 2 ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT 4 ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT STUDIES 4 1. HISTORICAL ECOLOGY OF THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE 5 2. THE DISTRIBUTION, STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUPER SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS IN RAJA AMPAT 5 3. SEA TURTLES MIGRATION, NESTING, AND FORAGING ECOLOGY 7 4. SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERNS OF THE BHS 10 5. GENETIC CONNECTIVITY OF REEF ASSOCIATED ANIMALS IN THE BHS 12 6. CATCH PROFITABILITY OF THE LIFT-NET FISHERY IN RAJA AMPAT 13 7. PATTERNS OF MARINE RESOURCE USE IN RAJA AMPAT 15 8. UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS AMONG SPECIES AND THE STATUS OF FISHERIES SPECIES POPULATIONS 17 9. DEVELOPING ZONING PLANS FOR THE NETWORK OF MPAS IN RAJA AMPAT – BALANCING COMMUNITY USE AND CONSERVATION 19 10. ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE 21 11. DEVELOPING A GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE FOR THE RAJA AMPAT MPA NETWORK 23 COMMON PROBLEMS, POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 24 PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE BHS 24 TABLE 1 - Fisheries—reducing illegal, unreported, and unregulated catches to prevent overfishing 25 TABLE 2 - Spatial Planning—enforcing best practices for coastal development to conserve ecosystem services for the people of West Papua 27 TABLE 3 - MPA Management—establish infrastructure and zoning to protect marine ecosystems and ecosystem services for communities 29 TABLE 4 - Threatened Species Management—eliminate threats to endangered species from oil and gas industries, fisheries, and habitat destruction 31 CONCLUSIONS 33 ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DAVID AND LUCILE PACKARD FOUNDATION REGENCY GOVERNMENT OF RAJA AMPAT REGENCY GOVERNMENT OF KAIMANA REGENCY GOVERNMENT OF WONDAMA BAY REGENCY GOVERNMENT OF NABIRE MINISTRY OF FORESTRY’S DEPARTMENT OF FOREST PROTECTION AND NATURE CONSERVATION PAPUAN REGIONAL OFFICE FOR NATURE CONSERVATION MINISTRY OF MARINE AFFAIRS AND FISHERIES CENDRAWASIH BAY NATIONAL MARINE PARK STATE UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA (UNIPA) BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE SECRETARIAT WALTON FAMILY FOUNDATION GORDON AND BETTY MOORE FOUNDATION EUROPEAN COMMISSION-BSSE PROGAM NINA NARVSTEN SECRET SEA VISIONS AUTHORS Christine Huffard1, Joanne Wilson2, Creusa Hitipeuw3, Chris Rotinsulu1, Sangeeta Mangubhai2, Mark Erdmann1, Windia Adnyana4, Paul Barber5, Jan Manuputty3, Meity Mondong1, Gandi Purba6, Kevin Rhodes7, Hamid Toha6 1Conservation International Indonesia, 2The Nature Conservancy, 3WWF Indonesia, 4University of Udayana, 5University of California Los Angeles, 6State University of Papua, 7University of Hawaii at Hilo CITATION Huffard C.L., J. Wilson, C. Hitipeuw, C. Rotinsulu, S. Mangubhai, M.V. Erdmann, W. Adnyana, P. Barber, J. Manuputty, M. Mondong, G. Purba, K. Rhodes, & H. Toha (2012) Ecosystem based management in the Bird’s Head Seascape Indonesia: turning science into action. Ecosystem Based Management Program: Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and WWF Indonesia. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Although West Papua is rich in natural resources, over 40% of people living there fall below the poverty line. Many local residents rely on coastal resources, particularly fisheries for income and food security. Although ecosystems here are relatively healthy compared to many other areas of Southeast Asia, they are no longer pristine and the fishery stocks of some areas are severely depleted. Furthermore, unsustainable exploi- tation of natural resources, poor development practices, and rapid human population growth threaten these ecosystems and the local communities who depend on them. Given its high biodiversity, good habitat condition, presence of rare and threatened species, and importance to fisheries, the Bird’s Head Seascape (BHS) is a regional, national, and global priority for marine conservation. The West Papua government agencies have developed a network of 12 Marine Protected Areas (MPA) protecting over 3.6 million hectares of islands and coastal waters. These MPAs include Cendrawasih Bay National Marine Park, Abun, 7 MPAs in Raja Ampat, and a large MPA in Kaimana. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) aims to maintain healthy, productive, and resilient environments that provide humans with the ecosystem services they need today and in the future. To assist the governments of the BHS in adopting an EBM approach, three environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) [The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Conservation International (CI) Indonesia and World Wildlife Fund (WWF)-Indonesia] have worked with local partners since 2001 to help establish EBM and inform policy decisions related to: MPA MANAGEMENT MPA management for the BHS MPA network FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Fisheries management at Regency, Provincial and Regional scales SPATIAL PLANNING Spatial Planning for marine and coastal areas at Regency, Provincial and National Government levels THREATENED SPECIES Species management for endangered species such as turtles, dugongs, MANAGEMENT cetaceans, and whale sharks. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT STUDIES The adoption of EBM in the BHS has been facilitated through the Ecosystem-Based Management Program, which supported 18 studies (2005-2010) by NGOs, academics, and government partners to provide managers of the BHS information about socio-economics, ecological conditions, oceanography, and governance. While many studies produced site-specific results, they also yielded recommendations that are relevant to the broader BHS. The key threats, inputs and management recommendations generated are listed for the following select studies, addressing specific management themes in color code. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 1 HISTORICAL ECOLOGY OF THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE SPATIAL PLANNING THE DISTRIBUTION, STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 2 GROUPER SPAWNING AGGREGATIONS IN RAJA AMPAT MPA MANAGEMENT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, SEA TURTLES MIGRATION, NESTING, AND FORAGING 3 MPA MANAGEMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING, ECOLOGY THREATENED SPECIES MANAGEMENT 4 SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERNSOF THE BHS MPA MANAGEMENT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, GENETIC CONNECTIVITY OF REEF ASSOCIATED ANI- 5 MPA MANAGEMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING, MALS IN THE BHS THREATENED SPECIES MANAGEMENT CATCH PROFITABILITY OF THE LIFT-NET FISHERY IN FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 6 RAJA AMPAT MPA MANAGEMENT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 7 PATTERNS OF MARINE RESOURCE USE IN RAJA AMPAT MPA MANAGEMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING, THREATENED SPECIES MANAGEMENT UNDERSTANDING COMPLEX ECOLOGICAL INTERAC- 8 TIONS AMONG SPECIES AND THE STATUS OF FISHERIES FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SPECIES POPULATIONS DEVELOPING ZONING PLANS FOR THE NETWORK OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 9 MPAS IN RAJA AMPAT – BALANCING COMMUNITY USE MPA MANAGEMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING, AND CONSERVATION THREATENED SPECIES MANAGEMENT FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN 10 MPA MANAGEMENT, SPATIAL PLANNING, THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE THREATENED SPECIES MANAGEMENT DEVELOPING A GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE FOR THE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 11 RAJA AMPAT MPA NETWORK MPA MANAGEMENT COMMON PROBLEMS, POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS Several large-scale threats are common to all MPAs in the BHS, and have the potential to quickly destroy livelihoods. Overfishing, destructive fishing practices, and coastal development have contributed to the decline in BHS fish communities and marine habitats. Prominent threats and potential impacts are listed in this report. In all of these cases, conservation of intact ecosystems may be cheaper than the costs of these threats to health, income potential, and habitat loss. Human population density and consumption patterns are at the root of many management challenges listed herein, and in general gov- ernments should aim to slow West Papua’s current rapid population growth of approximately 5.5% per year. It is important that governments provide infrastructure and sustainable support for existing communities rather than encouraging immigration and transmigration, and that any decisions regard- ing natural resource management garner the approval of local communities. 1 ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PRIORITY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE BHS Priority recommendations have been identified for management action across the BHS, and listed under the following topics: Fisheries—Reducing illegal, unreported, and unregulated catches to prevent overfish- ing and reduce bycatch; Spatial planning—Enforcing best practices for coastal development to conserve ecosystem services for the people of West Papua; MPA management—Establish zoning system that spa- tially regulates natural resource uses and development to protect marine ecosystems and ecosystem services for communities; and Threatened Species management—Eliminate threats to threatened and endangered species from oil and gas industries, fisheries, and habitat destruction (Tables 1–4). In addition to follow- ing these minimum recommendations, government agencies should fund the hiring
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