The State of London's Children Report, DMSS 2007
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The State of London’s Children Report September 2007 Copyright Greater London Authority September 2007 Published by Greater London Authority City Hall The Queen’s Walk More London London SE1 2AA Enquiries 020 7983 4100 Minicom 020 7983 4458 www.london.gov.uk ISBN: 978 1 84781 069 4 This report was researched and written by Di McNeish and Sara Scott, DMSS Research & Consultancy, with additional research by Lisa Arai, Madeleine Stevens and Helen Roberts at the Institute of Education. The report was commissioned by the Greater London Authority. Photographs © Hayley Madden, Brighter Futures at Save the Children, SN4P project at the Metropolitan Police This document is printed on 75 per cent recycled paper, 25 per cent from sustainable forest management Contents Acknowledgements ix Foreword by Ken Livingstone, Mayor of London xi Foreword by Nicky Gavron, Deputy Mayor of London xiii 1 Summary and introduction 1 Introduction 1 The national and regional policy context 3 London and London’s children 9 The State of London’s Children: summary of key findings 14 Indicators and trends 24 The State of London’s Children: concluding analysis and critical challenges 32 2 Child poverty and economic well-being 43 Summary 43 Introduction 44 Children in income poverty 46 Children in workless households 49 Employment rates of parents 50 Take-up of tax credits 53 Children in families on key benefits 53 Relative material deprivation 54 London’s geography of poverty 55 Child poverty among disadvantaged groups in London 56 3 Being healthy 55 Summary 55 Introduction 56 Infant and child deaths 57 Low birth-weight 59 Self-reported health 59 Healthy lifestyles 60 Childhood immunisations 65 Illness in children 66 Teenage pregnancy and sexual health 69 Emotional well-being and mental health 70 iv Mayor of London The State of London’s Children Report 4 Staying safe 79 Summary 79 Introduction 80 Safeguarding children 81 Safety in the community 92 Child accidents 99 5 Achievement 107 Summary 107 Introduction 108 Schools and pupils in London 109 Attainment 115 Narrowing attainment gaps 122 Improvements in London schools 126 Children’s and parents’ views of schooling in London 128 Absence and exclusion 131 Children and young people ‘missing’ from state schooling 133 6 Enjoyment 141 Summary 141 Introduction 142 Children and young people’s play and recreation 143 How children and young people spend their time 154 Access and affordability of public transport 161 7 Supporting families 171 Summary 171 Introduction 172 Housing and homelessness 173 Family support services 178 Children living away from their families of origin 189 8 Making a positive contribution 203 Summary 203 Introduction 204 Children and young people’s participation 205 Volunteering 214 Young people involved in crime 215 Advice and advocacy 223 The State of London’s Children Report Mayor of London v Tables Chapter 1 1.1 London’s growing population, estimates 2006 – 2021 11 1.2 Numbers of 0 to 19-year-olds, by age band, London, males and females 12 1.3 Projected growth in London’s child population (thousands) 13 Chapter 2 2.1 Low-income groups of children 2005/06, percentage of children living in households with below 60 per cent median income 46 2.2 After housing cost poverty line and benefit rate, weekly figures, 2007/08 48 2.3 Mean relative material deprivation score (RMDS), 2004 54 Chapter 3 3.1 Rates of infant mortality, London and rest of UK, 1981 – 2005 57 3.2 Cause of death, 1 to 19-year-olds, London and England & Wales, 2005 58 3.3 How children feel about their health (children aged 11 to 15) 60 3.4 Whether child lives in a family that can afford fresh vegetables on most days, by region 61 3.5 Longstanding illness or disability in children (as reported by parents), by region 66 3.6 Under 18 conception rates per 1,000 female population aged 15 to 17, 1998 – 2005 by region 68 Chapter 4 4.1 Victims of rape and sexual offences by age group, 2006/07 82 4.2 Domestic violence incidents, offences and detections in London 2000 – 2006 85 4.3 Children and young people on child protection registers at 31 March 2000 – 2006 88 4.4 Percentage of children de-registered from the child protection register who had been on the register for two years or more, 2000/01 – 2005/06 89 4.5 Crimes reported in London 2002 – 2007 93 4.6 Trends in victimisation (in the last 12 months) of young people aged 10 to 25, 2003 – 2005 95 vi Mayor of London The State of London’s Children Report Chapter 5 5.1 Percentage of children groups by number of points achieved in four selected scales of the Foundation Stage Profile 117 5.2 Achievement at key stage 1: percentage achieving level 2 and above in 2006, London and England (provisional) 117 5.3 Achievement at key stages 2 and 3 in 2003 and 2006, London and England 118 5.4 Percentage achieving GCSE and equivalent at end of key stage 4, all pupils London and England, 2006 119 5.5 Proportion of young people in England qualified to level 3, by cohort, age and region 120 5.6 Outcomes for young people at FE level in London 121 5.7 Local authority achievements 2006 at key stage 3 English, level 5 and above, by region and characteristic 123 5.8 Inspection judgments of secondary schools in London and England 2000 – 2006 127 5.9 Attendance rate in London maintained primary and secondary schools between 2001 and 2005 132 Chapter 6 6.1 Children’s activities, minutes by activity, by age; weekdays in school terms and all weekends 155 6.2 What do you like to do in your spare time? 158 6.3 Organised activities taken part in 159 6.4 Places visited or used in local area 159 6.5 Mode share of weekday trips where journey purpose is recreation, 5 to 10-year-olds 165 6.6 Mode share of weekday trips where journey purpose is recreation, 11 to 16-year-olds 165 Chapter 7 7.1 Households accepted as homeless, by household type and ethnicity during 2004/05 176 7.2 Registered childcare places in London and England, 30 September 2003 and 31 December 2006 179 7.3 Typical weekly childcare costs, London and England, 2003 and 2007 180 7.4 Gross expenditure on children in need but not looked after, as a percentage of gross expenditure on all children’s services, 2000 – 2006 182 7.5 Children receiving services in week, by category of need, all children in need 183 7.6 Children with a disability in receipt of services during survey week in February 2005 186 The State of London’s Children Report Mayor of London vii 7.7 Children looked after at 31 March 2006, by number and rate 189 7.8 Average percentage of children looked after (excluding those placed with parents) who were in foster placements or placed for adoption, 2000 – 2006 190 7.9 Average percentages of looked after children who had dental and annual health assessments during past 12 months, 2000 – 2006 192 7.10 Percentage of young people leaving care aged 16 or over with at least 1 GCSE at grade A* – G or a GNVQ 193 Chapter 8 8.1 Percentage of young people with friends of a different ethnic group from their own 213 8.2 Participation in voluntary activities at least once a month, by age, 2005 215 8.3 Young people (11 to 17) accused of supply/possession/intent to supply, 2005 – 2007 216 8.4 Young people aged 10 to 17 accused of selected crimes in London, 2004 – 2007 217 8.5 Young people remanded in custody in London, by ethnicity, 2002 and 2005/06 219 8.6 Use of secure remands and custody, 2004 – 2006 220 8.7 Number of anti-social behaviour orders issued at all courts, as reported to the Home Office by the Court Service, by area and year, 2001 – 2005 222 Charts, figures and maps Chapter 2 Chart 2.1 Child poverty in London, single year figures 1994/95 – 2005/06 47 Chart 2.2 Percentage of children living in workless households, London & UK, 1996 – 2005 50 Chart 2.3 Employment rates of lone parents, London & UK, 1996 – 2005 52 Chart 2.4 Percentage of dependent children living in workless households by ethnic group, Greater London 2001 57 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Percentage NOT immunised against third dose diphtheria, tetanus and polio at 24 months, by English regions 65 Map 3.1 Hospital admission rates for respiratory disease per 100,000 1 to 19-year-olds 2003 – 2004 67 viii Mayor of London The State of London’s Children Report Chapter 4 Chart 4.1 Young people who have been victims of violence 1999–2007 96 Chapter 5 Chart 5.1 Pupils with SEN in primary and secondary schools as a percentage of all pupils by Government Office region, England, January 2006 113 Chart 5.2 Percentage of population in 2001 accounted for on the maintained school roll 133 Chart 5.3 Percentage within selected income groups on roll in 2004 but with no 2005 record 134 Chapter 6 Map 6.1 Areas of deficiency in access to nature and areas for regeneration 149 The State of London’s Children Report Mayor of London ix Acknowledgements The project was managed by Jason Lever in the Children and Young People’s Unit, Mayor’s Office, with support by all CYPU members. A steering group of the following teams in the GLA provided data and advice: GLA Data Management and Analysis Group (DMAG), Events for London Team, Social Exclusion and Health Team, Housing and Homelessness Unit, Stakeholders, Opinion Research and Consultation, Transport Team, Community Safety Team and the Deputy Mayor’s Office.