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Restoration and Management of Bumblebee Habitat in Agricultural Landscapes

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Restoration and Management of Bumblebee Habitat in Agricultural Landscapes Restoration and management of bumblebee habitat in agricultural landscapes Project Code: BD1625 Contract reference number: CSA 6437 Final report Heard, M.S.1, Bourke, A.F.G. 2, Jordan, W.C. 3, Osborne. J.L.4, Carvell, C.1 1Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, 2University of East Anglia, 3Institute of Zoology, 4Rothamsted Research. Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 2. Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Study sites ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Landscape context and habitat quality assessment ..................................................................... 8 2.3 Plot establishment ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Transects recording bee and flowering plant abundance (OBJECTIVE 1) ................................... 10 2.5 Laboratory-reared colonies (OBJECTIVE 2) ................................................................................. 10 2.6 Genetic sampling techniques (OBJECTIVE 3) .............................................................................. 11 2.7 Pollen load sampling ................................................................................................................... 12 3. Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.1 Patch quality ............................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Transects ..................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Laboratory reared Colonies ........................................................................................................ 14 3.4 Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 14 3.5 Population growth rate .............................................................................................................. 15 3.6 Linking transect density and colony number data (OBJECTIVE 4) .............................................. 15 3.7 Pollen loads ................................................................................................................................. 15 4. Results ............................................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Patch quality ............................................................................................................................... 16 4.1.1 Establishment and management ........................................................................................ 16 4.1.2 Patch performance .............................................................................................................. 16 4.2 Transects (OBJECTIVE 1) ............................................................................................................. 18 4.2.1 Bumblebee species and visited forage plants ..................................................................... 18 4.2.2 Bumblebee response to sown patches ................................................................................ 19 4.2.3 Effects of forage patch size ................................................................................................. 19 4.2.4 Effects of landscape context and foraging habitat quality ................................................. 22 4.3 Laboratory reared colonies (OBJECTIVE 2) ................................................................................. 24 4.4 Genetics (OBJECTIVE 3) ............................................................................................................... 25 4.4.1 Bombus lapidarius: Genotyping .......................................................................................... 25 4.4.2 Bombus lapidarius: Queen mating frequencies .................................................................. 25 4.4.3 Bombus lapidarius: Correlations between variables ........................................................... 26 4.4.4 Bombus lapidarius: Genetic diversity differences ................................................................ 26 4.4.5 Bombus lapidarius: Effect of inter-patch distance .............................................................. 26 4.4.6 Bombus pascuorum: Genotyping ........................................................................................ 27 4.4.7 Bombus pascuorum: Correlations between variables ......................................................... 27 4.4.8 Bombus pascuorum: Genetic diversity differences ............................................................. 27 4.4.9 Bombus pascuorum: Effect of inter-patch distance ............................................................ 27 4.5. Population growth rate, r .......................................................................................................... 28 4.6 Linking transect density and colony number data (OBJECTIVE 4) .............................................. 28 4.7 Pollen and Foraging .................................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Sown Patch Quality ..................................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Transects ..................................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.1 Patch effects ........................................................................................................................ 33 5.2.3 Landscape effects ................................................................................................................ 33 5.3 Laboratory reared colonies ......................................................................................................... 35 5.4 Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 35 5.5 Population change ...................................................................................................................... 36 5.6 Pollen loads ................................................................................................................................. 36 5.7 Summary of guidance for advisers ............................................................................................. 37 6. Future research requirements .......................................................................................................... 37 7. Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 38 8. References ........................................................................................................................................ 38 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Appendix 1. a)Map of England and Wales showing locations and reference codes of the eight study sites. b) Schematic diagram of experimental design and plot layout across landscape gradient. ........................................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix 2a) Habitat mapping assessment methodology used to classify landscape context and habitat quality around each patch (continued on next page). ......................................................... 45 Appendix 2b) Bumblebee quality measures assessment sheet used for parcels identified under 1a above. ............................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 3. Proportion (%) of foraging visits across all sites and years by each bee species to each plant species. Only melanic B. ruderatus have been recorded as confirmed individuals of this species, as banded forms are difficult to separate from banded B. hortorum workers in the field. Top 20 plant species are shown; (s) denotes sown species. ............................................................ 47 Appendix 5(a). Estimates of genetic diversity in B.lapidarius samples at both patch and site levels expressed as allelic richness (AR) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), both averaged over loci. ..... 50 Appendix 5(b). Estimates of genetic diversity in B.pascuorum samples at both patch and site levels expressed as allelic richness (AR) and observed heterozygosity (Ho), both averaged over loci. ..... 51 Executive Summary Bumblebee declines in the UK and across Europe have been linked to loss of habitat and forage availability due to agricultural intensification. Since bumblebees pollinate a range of wildflowers and crops these declines may have severe ecological and commercial consequences. In England attempts are being made to reintroduce forage resources through agri-environment
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