DOCSLIB.ORG

Composition, Dynamics and Properties of Apple and Pear Bark Microbiota Under Different Environmental Conditions and Disease Management Strategies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Composition, Dynamics and Properties of Apple and Pear Bark Microbiota Under Different Environmental Conditions and Disease Management Strategies UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI UDINE in agreement with FONDAZIONE EDMUND MACH – Trento PhD School "Agricultural Science and Biotechnology" XXXI Cycle Coordinator: Prof. Giuseppe Firrao Doctoral Thesis Composition, dynamics and properties of apple and pear bark microbiota under different environmental conditions and disease management strategies Ph.D. Candidate Elena Arrigoni Supervisor Prof. Ilaria Pertot Tutor Dr. Michele Perazzolli DEFENCE YEAR 2019 Table of contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 1 Riassunto .............................................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER I. Introduction ................................................................................................... 7 1.1 The plant microbiota ..................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Functions of the plant microbiota .................................................................................. 9 1.3 Economic relevance and history of apple ................................................................... 12 1.4 Apple scab ................................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Disease management of apple scab ............................................................................ 16 1.5.1 Chemical control of apple scab ............................................................................ 17 1.5.2 Cultural and biological control methods against apple scab ................................ 18 1.5.3 Scab-resistant apple cultivars ............................................................................... 19 1.6 Secondary diseases of apple ........................................................................................ 21 1.7 The study of microbial communities with sequencing technologies ........................... 23 1.7.1 The study of microbial diversity .......................................................................... 23 1.7.2 The Illumina sequencing technology.................................................................... 24 Aim of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 27 CHAPTER II. Tissue age and plant genotype affect the microbiota of apple and pear bark ............................................................................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER III. Environmental conditions and disease management strategies influence the composition of fungal and bacterial communities associated to apple barks ................ 65 CHAPTER IV. A fast and reliable method for Diplodia seriata inoculation of trunks and fungicide efficacy assessment on potted apple plants under greenhouse conditions .......... 89 CHAPTER V. Discussion ................................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER VI. Conclusions and future perspectives ...................................................... 114 References......................................................................................................................... 115 List of publications and training activities .................................................................... 133 Funding ............................................................................................................................. 136 Aknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..137 Abstract Plants host complex fungal and bacterial communities on and inside various organs. These microbial populations could have beneficial and detrimental effects on their host. Despite the importance of plant bark as potential reservoir of plant pathogens and beneficial microorganisms for perennial crops, no information is available on the composition of bark microbiota under different climatic and agronomic conditions. Due to its agricultural and economic relevance, apple (Malus domestica) was selected as model system, in order to characterise the composition and functional properties of the bark microbiota. Most of the commercially relevant apple cultivars are susceptible to several destructive diseases and require intense use of fungicides. Scab-resistant apple cultivars allow the reduction of fungicide treatments and are compatible with low-input disease management strategies. However, fungicides applied to control apple scab can also control secondary pathogens and the reduction of fungicide applications on scab-resistant cultivars may cause the outbreak of emerging pathogens hosted on bark tissues, as for example the canker agent Diplodia seriata. Although the risk of emerging secondary pathogens is real under low-input disease management strategies, no information is available on the composition and dynamics of bark-associated microbial communities. The main aims of this work are i) to develop metabarcoding-based approaches for the precise study of bark- associated microbial communities and to investigate proportions of plant pathogens and beneficial microorganisms associated with young (one year-old shoots) and old barks (three/four-year-old shoots), ii) to identify impacts of environmental factors (orchard location and climatic conditions), host properties (plant species, cultivar and tissue age) and agricultural practices (integrated and low-input disease management) on the bark microbiota composition and iii) to evaluate fungicide impacts against a scarcely studied canker agent of apple under controlled conditions. A metabarcoding approach was optimized to characterise the composition of bark- associated microbial communities of two apple and two pear cultivars (Chapter II). Several potential plant pathogenic fungi (e.g. Alternaria spp., Diplodia spp., Gibberella spp., Peltaster spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma spp., Rosellinia spp., Stemphylium spp. and Taphrina spp.) and bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas spp., Clavibacter spp., Curtobacterium spp., Nocardia spp.and Pantoea spp.) were found in presence of beneficial fungi (e.g. Arthrinium spp., Aureobasidium spp., Cryptococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp., 1 Saccharomyces spp. and Sporobolomyces spp.) and bacteria (e.g. Bacillus spp., Brevibacillus spp., Burkholderia spp., Deinococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., Methylobacterium spp. and Sphingomonas spp.). The composition of bark communities was affected by the tissue age, plant species and cultivar and it strongly differed between young (one year-old shoots) and old barks (three/four-year-old shoots). The optimised protocol was then applied to characterize the bark-associated communities of the scab- resistant apple cultivar Fujion under integrated and low-input disease management strategies in two different locations and consecutive seasons (Chapter III). In addition to the tissue age, orchard location and environmental conditions strongly affected fungal and bacterial richness and diversity of the bark communities. In particular, the orchard location affected the abundance of some potential plant pathogens, such as Alternaria spp., Cadophora spp., Diaporthe spp. Diplodia spp., Phoma spp. Curtobacterium spp., Pantoea spp. and Ralstonia spp. Moreover, the abundances of Cryptococcus, Leptosphaeria, Curtobacterium and Pseudomonas genera differed according to the disease management strategy, suggesting that it can shape the composition of plant-associated microbial communities. In particular, the low-input disease management strategy increased the abundances of sOTUs assigned to Alternaria, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Curtobacterium, Methylobacterium, Rathayibacter and Rhizobacter, while the integrated disease management positively affected the abundances of Filobasidium, Erwinia and Pseudomonas. The functional characterization of apple secondary pathogens was then conducted on the canker agent D. seriata (Chapter IV). Diplodia seriata growth was inhibited by fungicides (captan, dithianon and fluazinam) in vitro although canker symptoms were not affected by dithianon on Fujion plants under greenhouse conditions. The overall work revealed a high complexity of the bark-associated microbial communities, highlighting bark as an overwintering site and reservoir of potential plant pathogens and beneficial microorganisms. Bark-associated fungal and bacterial communities were mainly affected by tissue age, orchard location, environmental conditions, disease management strategies, plant species and cultivars, indicating strong plasticity of the bark community to the environmental and host factors. However, cavities in the bark possibly protect microorganisms form perturbing factors and probably limit the efficacy of conventional fungicides against some secondary pathogens, such as D. seriata. Protocols optimised in this work can be further applied for the impact estimation of innovative agronomic practices (e.g. training systems and rain covers) on pathogenic and 2 beneficial communities and for the precise assessment of D. seriata incidence under field conditions. 3 Riassunto Le piante ospitano complesse comunità fungine e batteriche sulla superficie ed all’interno dei propri tessuti. Tali popolazioni microbiche possono esercitare funzioni benefiche o deleterie nei confronti dei propri ospiti. Nonostante l’importanza della corteccia come potenziale fonte di patogeni vegetali e microorganismi benefici per le colture perenni,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Draft Risk Management Proposal, Partial Review of Malus Import
    Risk Management Proposal: Partial review of Malus import requirements in the Importation of Nursery Stock Import Health Standard (155.02.06) FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION November 2020 Plant Germplasm Imports Animal & Plant Health Directorate Ministry for Primary Industries Pastoral House 25 The Terrace PO Box 2526 Wellington 6140 New Zealand Tel: +64 4 894 0100 Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Page Submissions 1 Purpose 2 Objective 2 Background 2 Risk management approach 4 Proposed requirements for post entry quarantine 8 Appendix 1 14 i Submissions The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) invites comment from interested parties on proposed changes to import requirements in the Malus schedule in the import health standard (IHS) 155.02.061: Importation of Nursery Stock, which is supported by this risk management proposal. The purpose of an import health standard is defined as follows in section 22(1) of the Biosecurity Act 1993 (the Act): “An import health standard specifies requirements that must be met to effectively manage risks associated with importing risk goods, including risks arising because importing the goods involves or might involve an incidentally imported new organism”. In accordance with Section 23 of the Act, MPI must consult with interested parties before issuing or amending IHS under section 24A of the Act. Therefore, MPI therefore seeks formal comment on the proposed import requirements. The following points may be of assistance in preparing comments: • Wherever possible, comments should be specific to a particular section/requirement of the IHS; • Where possible, reasons, data and supporting published references to support comments are requested. • The use of examples to illustrate particular points is encouraged.
    [Show full text]
  • Elicitation of Grapevine Defense Responses Against Plasmopara Viticola , the Causal Agent of Downy Mildew
    Elicitation of grapevine defense responses against Plasmopara viticola , the causal agent of downy mildew Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Naturwissenschaftlichen Fachbereiche der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Durchgeführt am Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie Vorgelegt von M.Sc. Moustafa Selim aus Kairo, Ägypten Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Kämpfer 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Kogel 2. Gutachterin: Prof. Dr. Tina Trenczek Dedication / Widmung I. DEDICATION / WIDMUNG: Für alle, die nach Wissen streben Und ihren Horizont erweitern möchten bereit sind, alles zu geben Und das Unbekannte nicht fürchten Für alle, die bereit sind, sich zu schlagen In der Wissenschaftsschlacht keine Angst haben Wissen ist Macht **************** For all who seek knowledge And want to expand their horizon Who are ready to give everything And do not fear the unknown For all who are willing to fight In the science battle Who have no fear Because Knowledge is power I Declaration / Erklärung II. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the submitted work was made by myself. I also declare that I did not use any other auxiliary material than that indicated in this work and that work of others has been always cited. This work was not either as such or similarly submitted to any other academic authority. ERKLÄRUNG Hiermit erklare ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbststandig angefertigt und nur die angegebenen Quellen and Hilfsmittel verwendet habe und die Arbeit der anderen wurde immer zitiert. Die Arbeit lag in gleicher oder ahnlicher Form noch keiner anderen Prufungsbehorde vor. II Contents III. CONTENTS I. DEDICATION / WIDMUNG……………...............................................................I II. ERKLÄRUNG / DECLARATION .…………………….........................................II III.
    [Show full text]
  • Downy Mildew 2018
    Downy Mildew The recent weather pattern was a big relief for many dryland farmers in Texas, but for grape growers in the eastern half of the state and especially the Gulf Coast, tropical moisture in the summer can spell big problems with downy mildew. Downy is one of few fungal diseases that can cause serious damage all season long, and each year we hear at least one report of total crop loss from downy. The warm and wet conditions this week have been ideal for downy mildew infections so if you have already seen downy in your vineyard this year then there is an extremely high probability of a reoccurring infection. If you have not seen downy mildew yet this year, there is a still a very good chance that an infection can or already has occurred. Even a very small, unnoticeable infection can explode into an outbreak under the right conditions. Make sure that your vineyard is properly protected! Young berries are highly susceptible to direct infections by downy mildew, but become increasing resistant with age. However, downy can infect all of the green parts of a grapevine season long. Infections this time of the year can lead to significant defoliation which in turn can severely reduce fruit quality and vine health. Favorite vineyard defoliated from downy mildew infection. The foliar symptoms of downy can vary quite a bit based on cultivar and tissue age so know what to look for when you are scouting your vineyard. You can visit the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Viticulture & Enology webpage to view a photo gallery with more than fifty photos of downy mildew infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Canker and Wood Rot Pathogens on Stone Fruit Propagation Material and Nursery Stone Fruit Trees
    OCCURRENCE OF CANKER AND WOOD ROT PATHOGENS ON STONE FRUIT PROPAGATION MATERIAL AND NURSERY STONE FRUIT TREES by RHONA VAN DER MERWE Thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of AgriSciences at the University of Stellenbosch Supervisor: Prof L Mostert Co-supervisor: Prof F Halleen April 2019 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis/dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 14 February 2019 Sign: Rhona van der Merwe Copyright © 2019 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved II Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za SUMMARY The phytosanitary status of stone fruit propagation material and nursery trees in South Africa are not known. Canker and wood rot pathogens can be present in visibly clean material. Due to stress and other improper cultural practices, symptoms will be expressed and cankers, dieback of parts of the tree and possible death of the trees can be seen. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the fungal canker and wood rot pathogens present in propagation material and nursery stone fruit trees. Green scion shoots were collected from three plum and one nectarine cultivars and dormant scion shoots were collected from three plum cultivars.
    [Show full text]
  • Extension Plant Pathology Update
    Extension Plant Pathology Update April 2013 Volume 1, Number 3 Edited by Jean Williams-Woodward Plant Disease Clinic Report for March 2013 By Ansuya Jogi and Jean Williams-Woodward The following tables consist of the commercial and homeowner samples submitted to the plant disease clinics in Athens and Tifton for March 2013 (Table 1) and one year ago in April 2012 (Table 2). Sample numbers are starting to pick up, but many of the problems we’ve seen in March were due to abiotic disorders such as cultural and/or environmental stresses (i.e. cold injury, past drought stress, poor root growth, etc.). Likely, the recent colder temperatures have slowed plant growth and plant disease development. We did have a few interesting samples, including cedar rusts and bulb mites on tulip (see pages 6 and 7). Looking ahead based upon April samples from last year and current weather conditions, we could expect more fungal leaf spot diseases, fire blight, rust, powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases. Table 1: Plant disease clinic sample diagnoses made in March 2013 Sample Diagnosis Host Plant Commercial Sample Homeowner Sample Arborvitae Decline; Dieback, Abiotic disorder Azalea Cultural/Environmental Problem, Abiotic disorder Bentgrass Anthracnose (Colletotrichum cereale) Blueberry Colletotrichum sp./spp. Cultural/Environmental Problem, Unknown, General Abiotic disorder Boxwood Root Problems, Abiotic disorder Camelia Camellia Petal; Flower Blight (Ciborinia camelliae) Root Problems, Abiotic disorder Environmental Stress; Problem, Abiotic disorder Tea
    [Show full text]
  • New Records of <I>Loculoascomycetes</I> From
    MYCOTAXON Volume 111, pp. 19–30 January–March 2010 New records of Loculoascomycetes from natural protected areas in Sonora, Mexico Fátima Méndez-Mayboca1, Julia Checa2*, Martín Esqueda1 & Santiago Chacón3 * [email protected] 1Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Apartado Postal 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, México 2Dpto. de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28871, Spain 3Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Veracruz 91000, México Abstract — Thirty collections of Loculoascomycetes from the Ajos-Bavispe National Forest Reserve and Wildlife Refuge, the Pinacate and Great Altar Desert Biosphere Reserve, and the Sierra of Alamos-Rio Cuchujaqui Biosphere Reserve, in Sonora, Mexico were studied. Ten new records for the Mexican mycobiota are presented: Capronia montana, Chaetoplea crossata, Didymosphaeria futilis, Glonium abbreviatum, Hysterographium mori, Montagnula infernalis, Patellaria atrata, Rhytidhysteron rufulum, Thyridaria macrostomoides, and Valsaria rubricosa. Photographs of macro- and microscopic characters are given for some species. Key words: Chaetothyriales, Hysteriales, Melanommatales, Patellariales, Pleosporales Introduction The term Loculoascomycetes is used for ascomycetes with bitunicate asci and septate ascospores (Kirk et al. 2008). There is some controversy over the taxonomy of the genera in this group, e.g., Valsaria, because authors such as Dennis (1978) have placed them in the Loculoascomycetes owing to their bitunicate asci while others, such as Barr (1990a), have included them in Pyrenomycetes arguing the presence of unitunicate asci. Boehm et al. (2009) studied four nuclear genes in different species of Loculoascomycetes and have proposed changes to the current taxonomy, e.g., Rhytidhysteron rufulum which was previously included in order Patellariales has been tentatively moved to the Hysteriales.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. EPA, Pesticide Product Label, HEADLINE FUNGICIDE, 04/28/2006
    71rA J 15(P tJ-f/Ql(S 1~CXXe:. ..r~O sr<'l>~ i ft t UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ....~~~ WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 ~., ",t ""'~i.PRo1f.~ OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES Charlotte Sanson APR 2. 8 2llXl BASF Corporation 26 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Subject: Headline® Fungicide EPA Registration No. 7969-186 Your master label amendment application dated 6/17/04 and re-submissions dated 6/25/04; 9/27/04; 2/15/05; 3/8/05; 2/22/06; 4/6/06; 4/12/06; 4/13/06 Dear Ms. Sanson, We have reviewed the subject amended labeling, submitted in connection with registration under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended. The amended labeling is acceptable, provided that you: 1. Make the following change to the label: * In the explanatory sentence at the start of Table 1 (page 29) and Table 2 (page 31), change "predicated" to "predicted". 2. Submit one copy of your final printed label before you release product bearing this amended labeling for shipment. If you have any questions about this letter, please contact John Bazuin at (703)305-7381 or [email protected]. Sincerely r ) . Tony Ki Acting Product Manager (22) Fungicide Branch Registration Division (7505C) Attachment: Label copy stamped "ACCEPTED with COMMENTS" a·BASF I GROUP'" FUNGICIDE The Chemical Company ACCEPtED with COHMENTS In EPA Leitei' Dated PPR z 6 Zoo;, u............. r. ?' 'h, ,..,..,...... ......11 "if .. .. = nded. tar • ....doIde rewlalereclaaderEPA .... No. '7 Cf~ q - IS ~ fungicide For use in disease control and plant health in the following crops: Barley, citrus fruit, com (all types), dried shelled peas & beans, edible podded legume vegetables, grass grown for seed, mint, peanut, pecan, rye, soybean, succulent shelled peas and beans, sugar beet, sunflower, tuberous and corm vegetables, wheat, and triticale.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020Grape Fungicide Spray Guide FINAL
    Plant Pathology Series No. 147 February 2020 Melanie L. Lewis Ivey and Rachel Kaufman Fruit Pathology Program Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University-Wooster Campus Wooster, OH Revised January 2020 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 2 General Comments ............................................................................................................ 3 Fungicide Spray Program .................................................................................................. 5 Dormant ........................................................................................................................ 5 Bud break to Pre-bloom ................................................................................................ 6 Immediate pre-bloom to early bloom ............................................................................ 8 First and Second post-bloom ........................................................................................ 9 Third and Fourth post-bloom ........................................................................................ 10 Fifth post-bloom to Veraison ......................................................................................... 13 Post-harvest ................................................................................................................. 13 Product, FRAC, PHI and REI Table ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science
    TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Supplement to Volume 101 100th Annual Meeting 4-5 April 2008 Illinois Natural History Survey Celebrating its 150th Anniversary & University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Illinois State Academy of Science Founded 1907 Affiliated with the Illinois State Museum, Springfield 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Schedule…………………………………………………………………………………………1 Keynote Speaker Biographical Sketch and photo……………………………………………2 Sessions, Presenters & Locations Poster Presentations Botany…………………………………………………………………………………………….3 Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology………………………………………………………4 Chemistry…………………………………………………………………………………………5 Environmental Science…………………………………………………………………………...6 Health Sciences…………………………………………………………………………………...7 Microbiology……………………………………………………………………………………..8 Science, Mathematics & Technology Education…………………………………………………8 Zoology…………………………………………………………………………………………...9 Oral Presentations Botany……………………………………………………………………..12 Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology……………………………………………………..14 Chemistry………………………………………………………………………………………..14 Environmental Science………………………………………………………………………….15 Health Sciences………………………………………………………………………………….16 Science, Mathematics & Technology Education………………………………………………..16 Zoology……………………………………………………………………………………….....16 Abstracts Poster Presentations Botany…………………………………………………………………………………………...19 Cell, Molecular & Developmental Biology…………………………………………………..…26 Chemistry………………………………………………………………………………………..31 Environmental Science…………………………………………………………………………..32 Health Sciences………………………………………………………………………………….40
    [Show full text]
  • US EPA, Pesticide Product Label, PRISTINE FUNGICIDE, 06/04/2012
    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION Dr. Khalid H. Akkari BASF Corporation, Agricultural Products JUN 0 4 2012 26 Davis Drive P.O. Box 13528 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Subject: Pristine Fungicide EPA Reg. No. 7969-199 Your letter dated April 13, 2012 EPA Decision Number: 464483 Dear Dr. Akkari: The master labeling and supplemental labeling referred to above, submitted in connection with registration under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended, to add a restriction for use on blueberries in California, is acceptable. Stamped copies of the master and supplemental label "Accepted" are enclosed for your records. These labels supersede all other previously accepted labels. Please submit one copy of the final printed labels before the product is released for shipment. If you have any questions please contact Heather Garvie by phone at: 703-308-0034 or via email at: [email protected] . Sincerely, Marcel Howard Acting Product Manager (20) Fungicide Branch (7504P) Registration Division BASF I Group Fungicide The Chemical Company ACCEPTED JUN 0 4 2012 Under the Federal insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended, for the pesticide registered under EFA Reg No PristinFUNGICIDeE For use in disease control and plant health in the following crops: berries, bulb vegetables, carrots, celery, cotton, cucurbit vegetables, dry beans, grapes, hops, leafy greens, leafy petioles, peanuts, pistachios, pome fruits, soybeans, spinach, stone fruits, strawberries, tree nuts, and tropical fruits Active Ingredients: pyraclostrobin: (carbamic acid, [2-[[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)- 1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy]methyl]phenyl]methoxy-, methyl ester) 12.8% boscalid: 3-pyridinecarboxamide,2-chloro-N-(4'-chloro(1,1'-biphenyl)-2-yl)- ...
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Annotated Catalogue of the Fungal Biota of the Roztocze Upland Monika KOZŁOWSKA, Wiesław MUŁENKO Marcin ANUSIEWICZ, Magda MAMCZARZ
    An Annotated Catalogue of the Fungal Biota of the Roztocze Upland Fungal Biota of the An Annotated Catalogue of the Monika KOZŁOWSKA, Wiesław MUŁENKO Marcin ANUSIEWICZ, Magda MAMCZARZ An Annotated Catalogue of the Fungal Biota of the Roztocze Upland Richness, Diversity and Distribution MARIA CURIE-SkłODOWSKA UNIVERSITY PRESS POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY Grzyby_okladka.indd 6 11.02.2019 14:52:24 An Annotated Catalogue of the Fungal Biota of the Roztocze Upland Richness, Diversity and Distribution Monika KOZŁOWSKA, Wiesław MUŁENKO Marcin ANUSIEWICZ, Magda MAMCZARZ An Annotated Catalogue of the Fungal Biota of the Roztocze Upland Richness, Diversity and Distribution MARIA CURIE-SkłODOWSKA UNIVERSITY PRESS POLISH BOTANICAL SOCIETY LUBLIN 2019 REVIEWER Dr hab. Małgorzata Ruszkiewicz-Michalska COVER DESIN, TYPESETTING Studio Format © Te Authors, 2019 © Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press, Lublin 2019 ISBN 978-83-227-9164-6 ISBN 978-83-950171-8-6 ISBN 978-83-950171-9-3 (online) PUBLISHER Polish Botanical Society Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland pbsociety.org.pl Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press 20-031 Lublin, ul. Idziego Radziszewskiego 11 tel. (81) 537 53 04 wydawnictwo.umcs.eu [email protected] Sales Department tel. / fax (81) 537 53 02 Internet bookshop: wydawnictwo.umcs.eu [email protected] PRINTED IN POLAND, by „Elpil”, ul. Artyleryjska 11, 08-110 Siedlce AUTHOR’S AFFILIATION Department of Botany and Mycology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin Monika Kozłowska, [email protected]; Wiesław
    [Show full text]