Trematoda Ribeiroia Ondatrae Echinostomatidae Trivolvis

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Trematoda

Cercariae mature Rediae encyst Metacercariae adult Developmental stages of Ribeiroia ondatrae. http://www.science‐art.com/image/?id=3561&search=1

Commonly referred to as “Flukes” Kingdom: Animialia 2 Dominant species Responsible for Amphibian declines: Phylum: Platyhelminthes Ribeiroia ondatrae, Class: Trematoda Echinostomatidae trivolvis Order: Echinostomida

Both of these trematodes have complex life cycles requiring them to infect three different host species, namely, planorbid snails, larval amphibians or fish, and birds or http://youtu.be/AcQxCfHTTGg mammals

Ribeiroia ondatrae

Conservationwildlifenj.org

amphibiaweb.org Pieter T.J. Johnson

University of CaliforniaEchinostomatidae Press, Berkeley trivolvis

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Fig. 3. Influence of eutrophication on Ribeiroia infection in snails and amphibians.

Fig. 2. Effects of nutrient enrichment on algal and snail growth Aquatic Eutrophication Promotes Pathogenic Infection in Amphibians P T. J. Johnson et.al.(2007)

cricket fruit fly

Figure 2. Effects of limb malformations on the prey capture ability of Figure 1. Effects of limbs malformations on the Pacific chorus frogs locomotory performance Disease and the Extended Phenotype: Parasites Control Host Performance and Survival through Induced Changes in Body Plan Goodman BA, Johnson PTJ (2011)

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Fig. 1 Relationship of habitat alteration often associated with increased human development that may alter disease dynamics

Global stressors and the global decline of amphibians: tipping the stress immunocompetency axis Joseph M. Kiesecker (2001)

References

Kiesecker, J. M. (2011). Global stressors and the global decline of amphibians: tipping the stress immunocompetency axis. Ecological research, 26(5), 897‐908. Goodman, B. A., & Johnson, P. T. (2011). Disease and the extended phenotype: parasites control host performance and survival through induced changes in body plan. PLoS One, 6(5), e20193. Johnson, P. T., Chase, J. M., Dosch, K. L., Hartson, R. B., Gross, J. A., Larson, D. J., ... & Carpenter, S. R. (2007). Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(40), 15781‐15786. Johnson, P. T., & Sutherland, D. R. (3)(2003). Amphibian deformities and< i> Ribeiroia infection: an emerging helminthiasis. Trends in Parasitology, 19(8), 332‐335.