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A Critical Race Informed Narrative Inquiry of LTC Home Culture with Stories Told by Thamizh (Tamil) Elders

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A Critical Race Informed Narrative Inquiry of LTC Home Culture with Stories Told by Thamizh (Tamil) Elders Uprooting and Rerooting: A Critical Race Informed Narrative Inquiry of LTC Home Culture with Stories Told by Thamizh (Tamil) Elders by Arany Sivasubramaniam A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Recreation and Leisure Studies Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2020 © Arany Sivasubramaniam 2020 UPROOTING & REROOTING Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii UPROOTING & REROOTING Abstract People of colour (POC) living in long-term care (LTC) homes are affected by systematized difference (including structural racism) every day. Due to differences between the predominant, largely Eurocentric provision of care culture in Canada and Eastern ways of caring, caring in multi-ethnic Canada requires strong leadership and cultural sensitivity for effective elder care. The first step to transform the culture of LTC is to hear stories of residents living in LTC homes, especially those who are marginalised by difference. According to residents’ stories from this study, changes in practice and policy can be put in place for more equitable spaces and comfortable living in LTC homes. The purpose of this study was to hear stories told by Thamizh (commonly referred as ‘Tamil’) elders that speak to the culture of living in LTC homes in Southern Ontario, Canada. Specifically, this critical narrative study, uses considerations from Critical Race Theory (CRT) to expose subtle ways practices in LTC homes marginalise POC and individuals of difference. My hope is that this research moves beyond these pages to contribute to policy changes and informs Ontario’s Ministry of Health & Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) about the ways POC living in Ontario’s LTC homes encounter (systemic and individual) discrimination. I propose that the MOHLTC sharpen the resident bill of rights to guide LTC homes to meet the diverse needs of residents residing in LTC homes. To resist the status-quo reproduction of Euro-dominant practices, LTC home living must be reshaped to include: (1) diverse programs such as cultural special events, (2) connections with local spiritual organizations, (3) partnerships with meal delivery services to offer traditional food, and (4) the facilitation of diverse social groups for residents to foster meaningful relationships with others in the home. Through changes in policy the normalized processes of racialization can be confronted and diversity can be honoured in LTC homes. iii UPROOTING & REROOTING Acknowledgements I would like to take the time to acknowledge and thank all of the individuals who contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. I would first like to thank Dr. Kimberly Lopez for her continued support throughout the process of this thesis. Kim, thank you for not giving me the answers but for leading me with direction. Your collaborative method of teaching made space for me to challenge my own writing, ways of thinking, and approaches to qualitative inquiry. You opened windows of understanding that allowed me to bloom as a scholar, recreation therapist, and human being. It has been the consistency and perseverance in your guidance that has led me here. To the administrative and frontline team of the LTC homes who supported this study, thank you for accommodating me amidst your busy schedules and task list. It was empowering to see your quick response and enthusiastic support in honouring diversity and inclusion in LTC. There is utmost value in the selfless work you do each and every day for the residents who live in your homes. In line with this, I would like to thank the Thamizh elders who shared their stories with me, I am honoured that you let me into your space and allowed me to hear your personal stories. I recognized that it can feel vulnerable to be open and speak about your journey. You have inspired me to continue to stay rooted in Thamizh culture. Thank you to the department of Recreation and Leisure studies for paving the path for me on this journey and helping me to find my passions. Specific thanks to my committee members, Dr. Sherry Dupuis and Dr. Lisbeth Berbery, for introducing me to critical theory and creative analytic practise (CAP). You have enlightened my research journey from the get-go and since then, I knew I wanted to pursue this no matter how many years it took. I look up to both of you as professionals in the field. To my cohort of master’s students at the University of Waterloo, iv UPROOTING & REROOTING thank you for your motivational words and for your positive influence. To Katia, thank you for sharing office space with me. I am so glad to have found a friend in you. You always know what to say and I can’t wait for more adventures to local shops and diners with you! I would like to thank my heart and soul that is my family. To my அமா (mother), Poovan, thank you for always giving without ever expecting anything in return. Your unconditional love and your zest for life each day inspires me. I hope to one day embody half of the mother that you are. You are the light of my eyes. To my அபா (father), Sivam, you built everything from nothing, even in a Euro-centric society built on capitalist production. You didn’t work this hard for me to not out build you. Thank you for your toolbox. You are the definition of manhood and you are the ruler of my heart. To my அகா (older sister) Arathy, thank you for being my toughest critic and biggest fan. You celebrate my small accomplishments more than I do and you understand my soul as though you carry it, in your own body (Kaur, 2015). For you, and அத+ (older sister’s husband) I am forever grateful. Last and certainly not least, to Bhahitharan, for your undying support. I am learning so much from your quiet, patient, அைமதி (calmness). You are what grace looks like. Thank you for challenging me in ways that I may not always want but need. I truly believe we are like the Kobe-Pau duo from the 2010 NBA finals and I can’t wait to co-create buzzer beating moments with you. I am also blessed to have many loving friends and family in my life who have supported me along the way as well. I am inspired by each and every person in my life, and I know that each of them has played a role in my on-going journey. I should also be thanking James Horner for the Titanic instrumentals that would be looped, hours on end to help me stay focused haha. Where would I be without you and அமா’s (mother’s) Ceylon tea? v UPROOTING & REROOTING Dedication To my makers, அமா (mother) and அபா (father). I hope you look at this and think your sacrifices were worth it. vi UPROOTING & REROOTING Table of Contents Author’s Declaration .................................................................................................................ii Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. x Chapter One: The Seeds ............................................................................................................ 1 Chapter Two: Roots of Race, Ethnicity, and Long Term Care................................................... 9 Critical Race Theory .......................................................................................................................... 9 A brief history on CRT. .................................................................................................................................. 9 Contextualising whiteness and racism as an institution. ................................................................................. 14 Three CRT tenets informing this work. ......................................................................................................... 16 Privilege and power in the context of race and ethnicity................................................................................. 18 Ethnicity in LTC. .......................................................................................................................................... 20 From Race to Ethnicity: Migration and Culture ............................................................................ 22 History of Sri Lanka. .................................................................................................................................... 22 Thamizh culture. ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Leisure traditions and South Asian culture..................................................................................................... 27 Caste, class, and gender politics. ................................................................................................................... 28 Challenges of Post-migration ........................................................................................................... 31 Culture maintenance.
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