SC\!;NC & TECHNOLOG~ 1 anuary, 1974 Vo l. 23, No. 1 computers and people formerly Computers and Automation

ENERG Y CRISIS

The Railroads and Computer Control James W. German y Programming Considerations for Mini's Dale Hanks Efficient Application Software for Organizations: Conrad H. Weisert Ways to Get It A Fountain of Electrical Energy Dr. Julius A. Stratton The Attempted Framing of Jim Garrison - Part 3 Ivan Dryer Naymandij: A Game for Computers and People Edmund C. Berkeley

LBO A .iL IF YOU COULD PREVENT JUST ONE IMPORTANT MISTAKE BEFORE IT HAPPENED· • •

HOW MUCH WOULD THAT BE WORTH TO YOU - $100? - $1000? more? Our considered estimate is that 10 to 20% or more of the cost of operation of most businesses is the cost of mistakes. (Just one foreseeable mistake that "Computers and Automation" made in 1970 has cost us $4000.)

WOULDN'T YOU AGREE THAT SENSE, COMMON AND UNCOMMON, OUGHT TO BE THE KEY TO PREVENTING MISTAKES?

In a number of the issues of "The Notebook on Common Sense, Elementary and Advanced", we examine systematically the prevention of mistakes, such as:

No. 15: Preventing Mistakes from Failure to Understand - Volume 1, first subscription year No. 23: Preventing Mistakes from Forgetting ) No. 38: The Concepts of Feedback and Feedback Control - Volume 2, second No. 41: Preventing Mistakes from Unforeseen Hazards ) subscription year

Among the forthcoming issues of the Notebook in Volume 2 are:

- Preventing Mistakes from Camouflage - Preventing Mistakes from Placidity and we are planning at least 20 more issues in Volumes 2 to 4 under this general heading.

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2 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 INVENTORY OF THE 36 ISSUES OF - TITLES AND SUMMARIES THE NOTEBOOK ON COMMON SENSE, FIRST YEAR

VOLUME 1 VOLUME 2 1. Right Answers - A Short Guide to Obtaining Tbem 31. Adding Years to your Life Through Common Sense A collection of 82 principles and maxims. Example: A person who desires to live long and stay well needs "The moment you have worked out an answer, start to understand some 20 principles, including how to checking it - it probably isn't right." test all the health advice he receives for its common 2. The Empty Column sense, and how to develop habits of health practices A parable about a symbol for zero, and the failure to recognize the value of a good idea. which fit him. 3. The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap 32. The Number of Answers to a Problem 4. Strategy in Chess Problems may have many answers, one answer, or no 5. The Barrels and the Elephant answer ... and answers that are good at one time may A discussion of truth vs. believability. be bad at another. 6. The Argument of the Beard 33. "Stupidity has a Knack of Getting Its Way" The accumulation of many small differences may " '" as we should see if we were not always so much make a huge difference. wrapped up in ourselves." 7. The Elephant and the Grassy Hillside - Albert Camus The concepts of the ordinary everyday world vs. 34. Time, Sense, and Wisdom - Some Notes the pointer readings of exact science. The supply of time, the quantity of time, the kinds of 8. Ground Rules for Arguments time, and the conversion of time. . .. A great deal of 9. False Premises, Valid Reasoning, and True Conclusions The fallacy of asserting that the prem ises must first the time in a man's life is regularJy, systematically, and be correct in order that correct conclusions be irretrievably wasted. This is a serious mistake. derived. 35. Time, Sense, and Wisdom - Some Proverbs and Maxims 10. The Investigation of Common Sense 56 quotations and remarks by dozens of great men. 11. Principles of General Science and Proverbs 36. Wisdom - An Operational Definition 8 principles and 42 proverbs. "A wise person takes things as they are and, knowing 12. Common Sense - Questions for Consideration the conditions, proceeds to deal with them in such a 13. Falling 1800 Feet Down a Mountain manner as to achieve the desired result." The story of a skimobiler who fell 1/3 of a mile - Somerset Maugham down Mt. Washington, N.H., and was rescued the EXCITING: Q: Is the Notebook exciting? next day; and how he used his common sense and A: Some of the issues, like "Falling 1800 Feet Down a survived. Mountain" and "Doomsday in St. Pierre, Martinique", 14. The Cult of the Expert 15. Preventing Mistakes from Failure to Understand are among the most exciting true stories we know. Even though you do not understand the cause of USEFUL: Q: Is the Notebook useful? some trouble, you may still be able to deal with A: It ought to be useful to anybody - as useful as it. The famous example of a cure for malaria. common sense. 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COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 3 Vol. 23, No.1 January, 1974 computers and people formerly Computers and Automation

Editor Edmund C. Berkeley

Assistant Barbara L. Chaffee Editors Linda Ladd Lovett Neil D. Macdonald Computers and Programming 11 Programming Considerations for Minicomputers [A] Art Director Grace C. Hertlein by Dale Hanks, Computer Sciences Corp., EI Segundo, Calif. Software Stewart B. Nelson How the appropriate software for minicomputers could con­ Editor vert them into a very economical and helpful facility for many users. Advertising Edmund C. Berkeley Director 14 Efficient Application Software for Organizations: [A] " .. Ways to Get It Contributing John Bennett by Conrad H. Weisert, Sr. Consultant, Martin-Marietta Corp., Editors Moses M. Berlin New York, N.Y. Andrew D. Booth John W. Carr III How to produce general programming modules with clear Ned Chapin interfaces by professional programming work - and thereby Leslie Mezei cut the number of needed human programmers employed Ted Schoeters in an organization by a factor of ten. Richard E. Sprague

Advisory Ed Burnett Committee James J. Cryan Computers and Management Bernard Quint 8 The Railroads and Computer Control [A] by J. W. Germany, Vice President, Southern Pacific Editorial Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Transportation Co., San Francisco, Calif. Offices 815 Washington St. How the railroads as far-flung systems can exercise control Newtonville, Mass. 02160 617-332-5453 over shipments, now and in the future, attaining spectacular economies, including energy conservation and environmental conservation. Advertising The Publisher Contact Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. 815 Washington St. Newtonville, Mass. 02160 617-332-5453 Some Notes on the History and Development of Computers 17 A Fountain of Electrical Engineering [A] by Dr. Julius A. Stratton, President Emeritus, Mass. Inst. of "Computers and People," formerly Tech., Cambridge, Mass. "Computers and Automation," is published monthly, 12 issues per year, at 815 Washing­ How and why the Department of Electrical Engineering at ton St., Newtonville, MA 02160, by Berkeley Mass. Inst. of Tech. has been in the forefront of hundreds Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Second Class Postage paid at Boston, MA, and addi­ of developments in electrical engineering, including computers. tional mailing points. Subscription rates: United States, $11.50 for one year, $22.00 for two years. Canada: add $1 a year; foreign, add $6 a year. NOTE: The above rates do not include our publication "The Computer Directory Computers, PrivacY,and Security and Buyers' Guide". If you elect to re­ 31 Data About People Can Be Used for Good OR Evil [A] ceive "The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide," please add $12.00 per year to your by Congressman Jack Brooks, Chairman, Government Activities subscription rate in U.S. and Canada, and Subcommittee, House of Representatives, Washington, D.C. $15.00 per year elsewhere. Please address all mail to: Berkeley Comments of an influential congressman on the importance Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., New­ of a national policy regarding "who should have access to tonville, MA 02160. Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579 what information and for what purposes, and what checks to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washing­ on accuracy and security should be instituted". ton St., Newtonville, MA 02160. © Copyright 1974, by Berkeley Enter­ prises, Inc. Change of address: If your address changes, please send us both your new address and your old address (as it ap­ pears on the magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change to be made.

4 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 The magazine of the design, applications, and implications of information processing systems - and the pursuit of truth -win input, output, and processing, for the benefit of people. sRf

The Profession of Information Engineer and the Pursuit of Truth 38 Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical [F] Statement of policy by Computers and People 33 The Attempted Framing of Jim Garrison - Part 3 [A] by Ivan Dryer, Los Angeles, Calif. Front Cover Picture How one of the investigators, Pershing Gervais, formerly "Energy Crisis" is by Dan Hitch­ hired by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, was ens, a senior in the Dept. of Com­ forced and paid by the U.S. Department of Justice to puter Science at Calif. State Univ., establish a fake life in Canada, and how Gervais told the Chico. This was produced as part whole story on television in May, 1972. of the work in a course in computer 6 From Computers and Automation to Computers and [E] art taught by Grace C. Hertlein, People - II Asst. Professor. 7 People and Computers [E] by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and People Two editorials on the problems of the relation of people to computers, which still require a great deal of investi­ Departments gation, study, and work, and have really become more 42 Across the Editor's Desk - important than problems of computer technology per se. Computing and Data 29 The Six Blind Men of Nepal Processing Newsletter retold by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, 50 Advertising Index Computers and People 39 Calendar of Coming Events How six blind men from the highlands of Nepal investi­ 50 Classified Advertisement gated the elephant, and as a result of a conference on their 48 Monthly Computer Census conflicting observations, reached six unanimous conclusions. 46 New Contracts 47 New Installations Computers, Games, and Puzzles 19 NA YMANDIJ: A New Game for Computers and People [A] by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor Key How to get much challenge and entertainment out of an [A] interactive computer program expressing NAYMAND IJ; - Article [C] - Monthly Column this is a new game, in which Nature and Man are the [E] Editorial players, using random digits modified by patterns. [F] Forum 32 Numbles [C] [G] The Golden Trumpet by Neil Macdonald [R] - Reference

Reference Information NOTICE 23 Annual Index for Volume 22 (1973) of Computers and [R] *0 ON YOUR ADDRESS IMPRINT Automation MEANS THAT YOUR SUBSCRIP­ An index by author, title, and subject, to the thirteen TION INCLUDES THE COMPUTER 1973 issues of Computers and Automation, including the DIRECTORY. *N MEANS THAT Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide, 1973. YOUR PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COM­ 30 The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide - Notice PUTER DIRECTORY.

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 5 EDITORIAL

Fr'om nComputers and Automation"

to nComputers and People" II

1. Names '-- the reliability and social validity of the input data; the correctness of the processing; and When this magazine was first published in 1951, it was - the reliability and social validity of the output called "The Computing Machinery Field". That was a results. time when many people were still searching for a short name for "computers". The word "computer" at that In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a professional time always implied a human being computing, and not a responsibility for the reliability and significance of the machine. The same view influenced the choice of name data he accepts and uses, and the safety and efficiency of of the "Association for Computing Machinery". the bridges he constructs on which human beings will cross In -1953 this magazine changed its name to "Computers chasms risking their lives. and Automation," and has retained that. name for twenty­ Accordingly, as our readers know, we often publish one years. These years have seen great changes in "the articles and other information related to socially useful in­ computing machinery field," which has become "the com­ put and output of information systems. We seek to pub­ puter field". A great deal of automation also has occurred, lish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical - but productive but computers and not automation have occupied the of thought and a better and safer earth for all humanity to limelight of public attention. live in - the fragile spaceship in which our children and future generations may have a future instead of facing 2. Substance extinction. A great many of the important technical computer The professional information engineer needs to relate problems of the last 21 years have been largely solved; a his engineering to the most important and most serious great many of the important social computer problems are problems in the world today: very much unsolved. war For several years it has been evident that the most im­ nuclear weapons portant field of unsolved problems related to computers is pollution the field of the relations of computers to people. To name the population explosion just a few of these problems: the frightening economics of growth privacy and computers - the energy crisis monopoly and computers and much more crime and computers In fact, an especially serious and troublesome problem is electronic warfare and computers systematic misrepresentation, deception, and lying by medicine and computers vested interests - a problem we focus on. traffic control and computers antiballistic missile systems and computers 4. Name Change urban problems and computers In recognition of these facts and this policy, "Comput­ the side effects of computers upon society ers and Automation" with this issue changes its name to the prevention of doomsday and the application "Computers and People" - for short, "CAP" instead of of computers thereto "C&A". To change the name is reasonable and seems 3. Policy necessary and desirable. As we have said before, and will say many times again, we believe that the profession of information engineer in­ cludes not only competence in handling information using e:-~e..·4 computers and other means but also a wide responsibility towards people, a professional and engineering responsibility. Edmund C. Berkeley This includes making sure of: Editor

6 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 People and Computers

With this January issue the central subject to be covered of IBM, and if those Americans have some human decency in our magazine becomes "people and computers". This within them, they would refuse to maintain and service change of emphasis reflects a similar change of emphasis that computer system. Then it would die on the vine. Or that has taken place in the entire field of computers and they could sabotage it - by making several machine fail­ data processing. ures occur where there was only one machine failure before; For, the problems of manufacturing reliable, swift, and or by putting bugs into the software, etc. The possibilities powerful computers and peripherals have been overcome. of nonviolent direct action against the computers of a police The problems of applying computers ii1 more than two state are great. Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., apostle thousand applications have been largely solved. (In The of nonviolent protest, and Nobel Peace Prize winner, broke Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide for 1973, we the law and was in jail in the United States more than 60 published an inventory of over 2400 applications of com­ times, before being assassinated in Tennessee in 1968. puters.) The expansion of the field of computers and data processing so that it will become the largest of industries is well on its way. In fact, there are more than 400 soci­ I have been told that Sigmund Freud, the founder of eties and associations of persons who are interested in psychoanalysis, once said in answer to a question: "My computers and data processing. purpose is to help people love, work, and play, and enjoy But the problems of the relation of people to computers all of them." still require a great deal of investigation, study, and work. In a similar way, the computer, I believe, can help a There are many large, unresolved issues involving computers person work, can help a person play, and can often give and people. Here is a list of a few of them: him so much enjoyment that he can fall in love with the computer. In my own case, I have been in the computer data banks and privacy; field since 1939, and my own life has been made far richer, computerized crime records and innocence; more exciting, and more interesting because of the computer. data banks and personal credit; From time to time, perhaps I have even "fallen in love" "deafness" and "stupidity" by computerized with the computer: one item of evidence - in order to systems to requests for correction (for four have access to a computer I have many times chosen to years, Xerox Corporation has failed to correct work at the computer from 4 a.m. to 7 a.m. our billing address from 813 Washington st. to We hope that in the pages of Computers and People 815 Washington St.); in the months to come, the rainbow of possibilities of the use of computers and other information tech­ work, play, and love contained within the computer can nology to provide nuclear missiles with targets be made more real to many of our readers. For an ex­ (the problem of uncontrolled nuclear armaments); ample, ·under the heading of play, we have a game and much more. Naymandij described elsewhe,re in this issue. In days to come a minicomputer will cost much less than 10 cents One of the worst examples of trouble to people from an hour, and will give much more entertainment than a computers is the computerized prison system of the Saigon pinball machine. regime in South Vietnam. In this system over 100,000 But perhaps the greatest promise of all that computers persons are imprisoned for political reasons, and many of offer to people is the possibility that the giant problems of them are being tortured. The costs of the prisons and of human society may become solvable by computer. Prob­ the giant IBM computers being used are paid for by the lems such as the population explosion, the exhaustion of U.S. Government. This is an "information tyranny" such as resources, the pollution of the earth, the limits to growth, alluded to by President James Wiesner of Mass. Institute are not solved well by sitting in an armchair and thinking of Technology in an article in the December issue of about them. The chances of solving them using the re­ Computers and Automation. sources of computers are much greater. Furthermore, this system is the prototype of the com­ If I were part of the government of a country with an puterized police state being developed by the military acute population problem, I would be happier if I could industrial complex (MIC) of the United States, for instal­ say to my constituents, "All the solutions are painful, but ation in due course in at least a dozen countries of the this particular solution, No. 606 from computer run 24, world, where control by great American businesses (such seems clearly to be the least painful. Therefore I as ITT in Chile) is threatened or can be threatened by recommend it." indigenous groups, who as a matter of course are immedi­ ately labeled "socialist" or "Communist" or "Marxist". The logical fmal target of the MIC is the people of the E'"~A.C.B~ United States, under such a slogan as "law and order". If the computers of the Saigon regime are being main­ Edmund C. Berkeley tained and serviced by Americans who are trained employees Editor

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 7 The Railroads and Computer Control

J. W. Germany Vice President - Management Services Southern Pacific Transportation Co. 1 Market St. San Francisco, Calif. 94105

"The computer now seems to have moved the ultimate distance . .. to permit railroad management at any location to have detailed knowledge of what is happening in the operations, and to exercise - again through the computer - any amount of local control determined to be necessary."

The history of computerization in the railroad shipments. Our raw materials include a vast array industry is relatively short; yet the accomplish­ of diversified freight cars, locomotives and man­ ments thus far have been rather substantial. All of power, distributed across the thousands of miles of us working in the industry in whatever capacity can assembly line. It is, in short, a very complex sys­ take a great deal of justifiable pride in what has tem. More complex than the U.S. Postal Service? been done thus far. But it is more useful here to Yes, when you consider that the items we deal with direct our attention to what may be ahead of us in can't be held in the hand or dropped through a slot this field. like a letter or small package. The components of railroading are on a grand scale and must be dealt Computer Exploitation by Railroads with by elaborate mechanical means from absolute origin to final destination. What better way, then, Within our industry there are, I am convinced, a is available to us to control such a flow and de­ ,talented group of computer people whose qualifica­ liver our product, which is dependable transporta­ tions are exceeded in no other private industry. tion service, than through the effective exploita­ There is reason to believe that these men -- and tion of computerizati~n? women -- can match their mountains, since there are still mountains ahead in meeting the need in our Changes in Railroad Control and Ma.nagement industry for computer exploitation. This need is unique when compared to any other business. If we look back over the span of railroad history associated with our own work careers, we can see Our assembly or production line extends thousands many changes that have occurred in railroad control of miles between thousands of separate origins and and management. Each of the changes tends to have thousands of separate destinations of millions of moved in the direction of providing better manager­ ial control and service improvements over a larger geographic area. Our railroad operating divisions were originally established on the basis of the ability of the technology of that time to communi­ cate control information to railroad management. The initial limitation was dictated by telegraph communications which, because of relay requirements, could only be trahsmitted on a timely basis for a short distance. Telephone communication gave us an expanded geographic area of operational control while at the same time improving the quality of con­ trol possible. This resulted in organizational changes that allowed consolidations with increased efficiency and reduced personnel. Data transmis­ sions by teletype also increased our capability for managerial control over larger geographic areas.

James W. Germany served in the Air Force for The computer now seems to have moved the ulti­ four years during World War II. But hi s career mate distance (in a short span of years) to permit in the railroad field began in the Southern Pacific railroad management at any location to have detailed railroad as a yard clerk in Ennis, Texas, in1941. knowledge of what is happening in the operations and He ha s been Trai n Di spatcher, As si stant Trai nma ster, to exercise -- again through the computer -- any Trainmaster, and Senior Assistant Superintendant; amount of local control determined to be necessary. Assistant to the General Manager; Manager, Special­ Thus the computer has provided the capability for ized Operations, General Manager, System Management the control of those raw materials of cars, loco­ Services; and is now Vice President-Management motives and crews, while at the same time it has Services - all wi th Southern Pacific. He has com­ given us the tools to monitor over the entire as­ pleted both the Stanford University Transportation sembly line the type of service we wish to provide. Management Program and the Harvard University Ad­ The computer quickly points out the weak spots in vanced Management Program. order that managerial skills and time will be more effectively devoted to them.

Based on a talk at the "Man of the Year" dinner held by "Modern Rail­ These tools now have been applied to most of the roads" magazine, at the Western Railway Club, Chicago, April, 1973. larger individual railroads of the United States,

8 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 but we have fallen short in extending this wonderful "brain storming" among computer talented people and capability beyond the separate corporate boundaries. user departments, on exactly what should be done in what order. The Computer: A "Railroad Revolution" To state it another way, industry goals and ob­ This new computerization has been called a "rail­ jectives must be set through efforts of computer road revolution". If in fact it is a revolution, people working with user representatives. Activi­ the computer people of the industry are continually ties then must be directed toward those goals and asking themselves why have we not moved further? objectives. It is the feeling of many in my busi­ Why have we not taken more ground in this revolu­ ness today that goals and objectives too often tion? We certainly have the power available in the evolve from activities, rather than activities com­ current technology, and we have the guiding force ing as a direct result of pursuing defined goals available in our conceptual computer people. and obj ecti ves. Our ability to provide management information ex­ tends now beyond the capability of each individual The Project Called "AAR Train II" company. Our internal accomplishments have been The current proj ect called AAR':' Train II - or substantial in providing the necessary intra-company as some have .called it, "Son of Train" - is a move control. But, as earlier stated, our assembly line in the direction of securing interline car informa­ actually extends from origin to destination and not tion to improve utilization of the national car merely from origin to interchange. Our raw material fleet. This system, however, will not fulfill all is the car fleet of the entire United States, Canada of the requirements necessary for this industry to and Mexico, not just the car fleets of our own indi­ meet the demands of interline service improvements. vidual companies. Technology has given us the abil­ Information provided by Train II offers us the po­ ity to have our computers converse with one another tential to extend it to meet the requirements of the to exchange those parts of information which are future. It's this extension that now needs the at­ relevant to the control and monitoring of our com­ tention and cooperative effort of computer people plete origin-to-destination service. Computers have and users to arrive at specific definition of goals. given us the ability to pass on in a timely fashion to our connecting carrier all that is necessary to Even in the application of Train II to car utili­ move a shipment to destination. zation, car service management and operating manage­ ment must carefully review the capabilities that Scheduling a Car From Origin to Destination will be available under the Train II project to de­ termine if changes in the rules governing car move­ Technology has also given us the ability to ac­ ment can effectively contribute to better utiliza­ complish these objectives without the necessity of tion with the more timely and accurate reports each railroad originating its own information with available from the Train II project. It has been regard to shipments. In fact, technology has given the experience of most individual railroad proper­ us the capability of moving cars from origin to des­ ties that when accurate, timely information is tination wi thout the necessi ty for having paper doc­ available, decision rules will change and will them­ uments. Technology has given us the capability to selves offer substantial improvement. It is the distribute to each carrier his portion of the reve­ view of many that the same will occur with car con­ nue, Technology has given us the capability to de­ trol under Train II. velop an entirely new method of interline accounting for the benefit of the entire industry and with suf­ * Association of American Railroads ficient audit trails to minimize manual rechecking. Technology has given us the ability to schedule a car -- not just a train -- from origin to destina­ Monitoring Service Interline tion. Many of us here could continue adding to this list of technically feasible improvements which now Although the control of the car fleet has para­ could be added to modern-day railroading. mount importance, we should not lose sight of the benefits that can follow an ability to monitor ser­ The computer people daily view the railroad scene vice interline. It certainly is technically feasible with the attitude of the late Senator Robert Kennedy right now to measure service of shipments that have when he said, "People see things as they are and ask moved. Perhaps more important is the ability to de­ why. I see things as they could be and ask why not." velop schedules for shipments either before or at To the -question of "Why not?" we in computerization the time movement begins. today direct much of our time and thought. Much has been said and written about "Management Accomplishments within the industry on the indi­ by Exception", which certainly should be our goal in vidual railroad's problems to a large degree have origin-to-destination car scheduling. It is not been measured in terms of the cooperative effort be­ enough to know that a movement that has completed tween the computer technicians and the functional its journey failed to make its schedule. We must management of each department of the company. If know as a car is moving whether it's moving on its this has occurred on individual railroads, the need committed schedule. To avoid burying operating per­ seems now to be the same cooperative inter-relation­ sonnel with paper, our car scheduling activities ship on a national level between the functional re­ should report on an exception basis f~r cars that sponsibilities and the computer technical people. because of their movement pattern are forecast to miss connection unless some action is taken. A car Beginning with Defining Problems and Priorities scheduling system should contribute to the on-time performance of a car, and not just report that a This should begin with defining in detail the certain car has not made its schedule. problems that the railroads face and the order of priority for the solution of those problems. Cer­ Interline Data Exchange tainly there is adequate generalization on the in­ terline railroad problems -of today. But in my judg­ Data exchange between carriers has been an item ment there is an inadequate amount of, shall we say, of discussion for many years. The benefits to be

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 9 gained by the elimination of re-originating informa­ promise of large measures of improvement are such tion for each car as it passes an interchange have that this type of effort seems essential and should long been realized. Our approach to a solution to be supported by each and every company of the indus­ the interline data exchange problem perhaps has been try. The alternatives available to us are many and wrong. We have through the years devoted ourselves the resources in terms of our computer people, while more to the technical aspects of developing code very effective, are limited. Therefore, those re­ structures' that can be associated wi th each bi t of sources should be directed to the things which have information, in order that these code structures may been agreed upon as holding greatest promise for the be universally accepted by all of our machines. future. Computer activities should not just evolve While perhaps this is a necessary activity, the code and unfold, but they should come as a result of de­ structures in themselves are not the end goal or ob­ tailed planning on an industry basis. jective. For Railroads, Survival? or Renaissance? The need is for an industry dedication to ex­ change data that may very well dictate changes in In concluding, let me say that I have no status the documents necessary for movement of a car from as railroad economist, lawyer, legislative advocate, origin to destination. In fact, such dedication rate specialist or public affairs strategist. I get might very well be aimed at eliminating the documents the railroad news as most of us do, from newspapers that accompany the car. Certainly other railroads and magazines. As I make my proposals for the future, elsewhere in the world have been able to accomplish I certainly am not unmindful of the near-term prob­ movement from origin to destination without the ne­ lems of a large part of our industry. Although I cessity of a paper document accompanying the car. work for a company which fortunately has been able It's the information shown on the document that al­ to make the kind of investment I advocate, I know lows our operating departments to accomplish the that other good railroaders work for roads where the movement of the car, not the paper itself. problem of the moment is survival as private enter­ prises and not the sophisticated information systems The paper document provided in the early days the for tomorrow that are so much in my thoughts. only method of interline accounting; the need for it for that purpose may now have passed. While there But, although the railroad news on page one is are many problems associated with changing the pres­ usually about the latest crisis to be faced and ent system to paperless car movement, the benefits somehow passed, what I read on the inside pages and are such that it should demand the attention of our all I hear and observe convince me that we are headed most competent accounting, operating and computer toward a railroad renaissance in this country. people. Factors Leading to Railroad Come-Back The Processing of I nterline Data The predicted growth of freight traffic;, the in­ Having addressed only a few of the problems as~o­ herent position of the railroads as the low-cost ciated with more effective interline activities, we carrier; their increasing productivity; and their now should look for a moment at how accomplishments vast unused capacity; the rising costs of other might be attained. modes; the saturation of the highway network and the growing public disenchantment with paving over more There is no question but that the processing of and more of the landscape and taking it uff the tax interline information wherever performed will re­ rolls; the energy conservation, land conservation, quire large computer hardware. The capability of the safety and anti-pollution advantages of the new hardware to process greater volumes of informa­ railroads; the good prospects for at last righting tion at less cost per item processed continues to some of the ancient regulatory and competitive in­ improve. The economics of the computer hardware it­ justices -- all of these factors, and more, tell us self does not seem to offer a major constraint to that the railroads have to get ready and be ready to the type of interline system we would all like to reassert themselves once again as the dominant form see. of long-haul freight transportation in our country. Every indication points to decreases in communi­ cations cost, which have in the past been the con­ Preservation Today, Improvement Tomorrow, via Computers straint upon a transfer of large amounts of data. We are going to preserve ourselves tOday so that Computers now available or on the horizon place we may improve ourselves tomorrow. So what I have less constraint upon the application programming been sayi ng is not a case of "If I only had some personnel themselves, which indicates some possible chocolate I could make an ice cream sundae if I only reduction in the programming costs for computer had some ice cream." systems. My main proposition doesn't call for everyone to First: The Establishing of Goals and Priorities rush out and buy anything tonight. Yet I am con­ vinced that all of us will be buying. What we buy The most important factor in arriving at the re­ for our information systems is going to help cut our alization of an interline system meeting the require­ costs dramatically while enabling us to give service ments of the industry is the nature of that group of that few ever dreamed. But this will only happen if people who will establish the goals, objectives and we've planned on an interline basis what we need to timetable for a period of perhaps ten years, and buy as soon as we're able and exactly what we are such a plan should be submitted to the AAR Board of going to do with it when we get it. Directors for approval. Any plan, of course, must be annually updated, for our world continues to As an industry we can afford to plan right now. change at a rapid clip. We can't afford not to plan.

The problems faced by the railroad industry Because, the railroads are coming back, and com­ wherein computerization seems to offer the clear puters rightly used are one of the reasons why. D

10 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 Programming Considerations for Minicomputers

Dale Hanks Computer Sciences Corp. 650 North Sepulveda Blvd. EI Segundo, Calif. 90245

"Minicomputers are becoming serious competition for the large computers. Several minis put together can outperform a large computer at a fraction of the hardware cost. But to accomplish this they need an operating system to make them work together."

The subject of this article is considerations for He can spend more time at the computer console programming minicomputers. And the place to begin, than is wise. it seems to me, is with a review of some history. Another difference is that for operating system Some History of Software for the Big Computers software for minicomputers we can draw on the exper­ ience gained on the big computers. And we don't In 1951 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation in­ need to invent the symbolic assembly program or in­ troduced the UNIVAC 1. It had a mercury delay line vent the linkage editor. We only need to decide storage of 12,000~haracters. In 1953 International whether the idea will work on a minicomputer. Business Machines introduced the IBM 701. It had a Williams tube memory of the same nu~ber of charac­ The Typical Mini ters. Both computers came with almost no software. The whole science of computer software had yet to be A few years ago you could define a typical mini. developed. And it was developed rather slowly over It would have been a computer with 6 or 8 very ele­ the next twenty years. Even the concepts of a sym­ mentary instructions and about 4000 words of 16 bit bolic assembly program or an operating system had to memory. The instructions would be very basic, like: be developed. ADD, JUMP, STORE, INCREMENT, and TEST. A programmer who was accustomed to working with the big machines The first operating system with which I worked needed about one week working with the mini to get required 256 words of memory. Even at that size, used to the fact that he needed to code two or three users complained that the operating system took too times as many instructions on the mini as he would much memory. code on a large computer. But he could afford to write all the extra instructions because the mini When the IBM 360 was delivered, its software re­ was his toy. lie could sit next to the computer and quired 8 million lines of code. take the time necessary to debug the additional in­ structions. The probability is good that in the next ten years operating software will grow in size by a fac­ But, for the same reason that the mini is the tor of 10. Bugs that are in software of that size programmer's toy, it is also the computer designer's will be almost impossible to find because of the toy. The computer designer could afford to try hard­ complexity of the software and because no one pro­ ware innovations that would be too risky in a big grammer, before he moves on, can become thoroughly computer. Consequently, we now have in the minicom­ familiar with all parts of the software. puter field not only computers with very elementary instructions, but the following: Minicomputer Software a complete set of decimal and floating Now, minicomputer software is going through the point arithmetic instructions making them same stages of development. Only, the development equivalent to an IBM 370, for example; lags about 10 years behind the corresponding soft­ those with a general but higher level lan­ ware on the big computers. guage built in, such as BASIC; and those whose instruction set is designed The first mini's that were delivered were deliv­ to one specific application, such as read­ ered without software in order to keep costs down. ing and writing magnetic tapes and printing The memory sizes corresponded to the memory sizes the data read. available on the UNIVAC 1 or IBM 701. The instruc­ tion sets were elementary on both sets of machines. We also have some minicomputers that make the micro programming available to the user, so that if he is The main differences are that the early versions very clever, he can invent his own instruction set. of the big computers were much slower and the hard­ ware was much more expensive. This affects the com­ Despite this variation however, here we will dis­ puter's availability to the programmer. Today's cuss mostly the elementary mini, the one that has minicomputer, because an employer can afford to give only 6 or 8 instructions. the programmer almost unlimited access to it, can be considered the programmer's toy. The programmer can Small Instruction Sets work much more closely with the machine, and is al­ lowed much more time at the computer console. Having a small instruction set isn't necessarily bad, when we consider that one of the biggest com­ A minicomputer has the same intoxicating affect puters available, the Control Data 6600, has only as on a programmer as does a time sharing terminal. He many instructions. They are instructions for doing Based on a talk before the Data Processing Management Association, floating point arithmetic and make a very fast and Las Vegas, Nevada, October 1973 efficient machine for that kind of work.

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 11 Multiplication, division, and floating point the mini manufacturer, in order to keep costs down~ arithmetic must be done by subroutine. These sub­ did not want to invest heavily in software. And the routines use the same techniques as were used back typical user in the beginning was scientifically in­ on the UNIVAC 1 and IBM 701 where programs were clined and didn't mind doing his own software. And quite frequently run in interpretive mode. many of the mini's had almost no peripheral gear anyway so the typical software products would not Thus, what we are doing with the minicomputer have worked very well. But this situation is going software is repeating the development that took to change. Mini's now are suitable for a much place on the big computers many years earlier. We broader range of applications than before. hope we can do a better job the second time around. In the past minicomputers have been used primarily Minimum Software for fixed applications. That is the computer had only one task to do and it worked a~ th~s task 24 Just recently the mini manufacturers have been hours a day. Typical of these applIcatIons are: supplying the basic modules of software to their process and machine control; telemetry and data ac­ customers. Typically they have available: quisition; message switching; and front ends for large computers, and laboratory and engineering com­ A symbolic assembler. putations. A cross assembler that will assemble pro­ grams for a minicomputer on a big computer. -- A simple real time operating system. Most of these applications could be handled reas­ onably well with the minimum software. -- An elementary FORTRAN compiler.

What is missing, for the usual customer interested Use of the Minicomputer in Small Businesses in business calculations, is a Report Generator, a COBOL compiler and a Linkage Editor. There is good The mini's capability and economy, however, should make it ideal for the data processing needs reason for this of course. A COBOL compiler is dif­ of small businesses. In retail stores for example, ficult to write so that it will execute in the small the mini could handle bookkeeping, inventory, credit memory available on some mini's. A linkage editor inquiry, billing, payroll, etc. The cost would be requires some kind of Mass Storage device and a Re­ less than the salary of one employee if it were un­ port Generator requires a printer. necessary to hire a computer operator or a program­ Many mini's must operate with a minimum of input­ mer. Yet we find few minicomputers in business ap­ plications. output devices, or none. The problem with mini's in business is a lack of A mini that is destined for some special applica­ tion, for example, message forwarding, might be de­ suitable software. Just as with the big computers, livered with no peripheral devices. This creates programming costs are greater than hardware costs. problems in program preparation and debugging. The lack of a standard programming language makes it impractical to use a program on one mimicomputer One Minicomputer Installation that has been developed for another. I

For example, in one installation I worked on, the A few of the mini builders are coming out with mini was delivered with only a five level paper tape business application packages. Basic Four, for ex­ reader and a typewriter. All of the mini manufac­ ample, is developing a complete family of business turer's software was available on eight-level paper applications programs. Burroughs has a family of tape so I had to start from nothing. I designed a loader program that would load from five-level paper business machines which are controlled by minicom­ puters. tape. Then I punched it out by hand, character by character on a teletype machine, so that it would Several of the larger mini builders are spending self-load into the mini computer. Finally I went to money to develop the needed business software. They a big computer and wrote programs to convert from see the potential size of the business application the eight-level paper tape to the five-level format market. They are beginning to realize that they we had chosen. All of the manufacturer's eight­ cannot have a share of this market unless they in­ level paper tapes were thus converted so I could use vest in software designed for small business~~. DEC, them. Varian, Data General are all making efforts in this direction. Whether or not they can displace IBM This brought me face to face with a second prob­ computers in businesses where IBM got there °10 years lem. A program of any size would result in a roll earlier remains to be seen. But certainly in the of paper perhaps 5 inches in diameter. It could smaller businesses that presently are not computer­ take 15 to 20 minutes just to read the paper tape. ized, or that use outside services, they stand a And the tape might get tangled and tear in the pro­ good chance. cess. Also, debugging a program this size presented problems, primarily because a memory dump on the typewriter could take a half hour or more. Use of Interconnected Minicomputers So far, we have been thinking of applications I solved both of these problems by arranging to where a single mimicomputer does the job. There are transmit data over telephone lines to a big computer. also situations where a bank of interconnected mInI­ Eventually, when we wanted to load a program we computers should be used. Two situations are solved transmitted it from the big computer into the mini­ by this configuration: computer. And when we wanted a memory dump we transmitted it from the mini to the big computer for Where one application is to be installed in printing. a number of locations, but the amount of Broader Range of Applications computing work varies from location to lo­ cation. An example might be credit report­ Until very recently only very basic software has ing. In a small city a single mini could been available on the typical mini. This is because handle the work load. The same application

12 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 in a larger city might use three or four than requIrIng handling of cards or reels of mini's ~haring the work load. paper tape with source code on them. Where high availability is a requirement. 7. Often the software needed for program crea­ An example might be a reservation service. tion, assemblers and compilers, will be avail­ The traditional way to cover for computer able on a large computer as a cross assembler outages is to install a duplicate computer. or cross compiler. This solution is desirable This causes a 100% increase in the cost of when the mini is too small or lacks a fast hardware. If the normal load is being card reader or printer. This arrangement is shared between 3 mini computers, however, especially desirable when the mini is somehow only 1 spare is needed, or a 33% increase a servant to the large computer, either as a in cost of hardware. front-end or as a remote concentrator. Bewares .... ! Where the two situations combine, in a case where the computer operations are vital to the continua­ Surprising as it may seem, not all programmers tion of business, a design with a bank of computers can handle the coding of a minicomputer. For some, is especially desirable. the problem is training. If it can't be coded in FORTRAN or COBOL and requires coding in assembly The main problem is that there is no standard language, many programmers are disqualified. And software available either for the operating system those that have been coding in assembly language or for the applications. Every application must be need to get used to the more elementary instructions developed individually. We at Computer Sciences that are on the mini. With others, the problem is Corporation have had to reject more than one system psychological. They associate glory and success design involving multiple minicomputers, merely be­ with big computers and feel demoted when asked to cause the customer required "standard" software. work on a minicomputer. If the problem involves mi­ cro-coding, the field of qualified programmers is Available Software severely limited.

Looking through the list of available minicomput­ Speed is another problem. While most minicomput­ ers you will find the following software: ers are very fast, their input/output gear may be slow. Consequently it can take hours to assemble a 1. A symbolic assembly program. This is the program if the bottleneck is a paper tape reader or vital piece of software that is available on a typewriter. A result of this is that programmers all minicomputers. Many of the special pur­ will make patches rather than reassemble. And the pose applications can be developed using only result of that is that program listings get out of an assembler to create the machine instruc­ date and may lack good documentation. Memory dumps tions and a loader to get them into the com­ can be slow because of the typewriter, so a program­ puter. But there was a time when most of mer will attempt to explore memory by keying in ad­ the process control computers did not have dresses at the console. He will form conclusions even assemblers. from the first suspicious data he finds and will be 2. Real time monitor. The majority of mini's off and running with a new patch without having come with a real time monitor. But don't get thoroughly investigated the problem. the idea that this is anything like the batch operating systems you use on the big comput­ A solution to the speed problem is the cross as­ ers. The function of a real time monitor is sembler or compiler on a large computer -- but this to schedule short tasks for execution by pro­ approach is not always available. grams that are already resident. As a conse­ quence, they may handle I/O interrupts also. Beware the purchase of a minicomputer based on 3. Scientific Compiler. FORTRAN, BASIC, and hardware cost alone without considering cost of pro­ small subsets of these. These are available gram development. Lack of adequate software for on 40% of the mini's. While useful to the program development can offset any cost advantages. scientific and engineering users, they present a problem to the software developer. The com­ Beware packaged application programs such as pay­ piler processing may require more core storage roll or accounting. Such packages usually have than is available on the smaller mini's. The about 80% of what you need, but you probably will object code needs floating point arithmetic, have differences in your own business that require which usually must be simulated by subroutines. modification of the other 20%. This in turn means 4. Interpreti ve RPG' s (Report Program Genera tors) • that you should have available a coding language, These are available on about 20% of the mi ni 's. either assembly language or COBOL, to make the They are easier to develop than a compiler; so change. Even if a package satisfies your needs now, they have been made available by the manufac­ you are likely to have new requirements a year from turers that already have customers with Busi­ now. It's like building a house with a slab floor; ness Applications or those who hope to. all wiring and plumbing must be right the first 5. COBOL is available from 10% of makers of time. Alterations involve tearing the floor apart. mInI s. A COBOL compiler is a good deal more complex than a FORTRAN compiler; so the makers Allow for program modifications after the initial have even more difficulty fitting into the application is up and running. If this is a 24 hour core storage available. CSC has developed operation it may require a separate computer just QUIK COBOL as a solution to this problem. for the programmers. A program ceases to need modi­ 6. Program Maintenance Software. Certain of the fication only when it is no longer used. manufacturers, DEC for example, have extensive software for storing and updating of source Future Directions programs, but this is rare. More often than not, all maintenance of programs must be done Right now minicomputers are on the threshold of outside the computer, by hand. With program expansion into business-related applications. We maintenance software, source programs can be have seen large point-of-sale systems installed in altered on the computer and assembled, rather the past year, and expect to see more. (please turn to page 22)

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 13 Ef,ficient Application Software for Organizations:

Ways To Get It Conrad H. Weisert Senior Consultant, M.M. Systems Div. Martin-Marietta Corporation 277 Park Ave. New York, N. Y. 10017

Nearly all large and medium-sized organizations vious, possibly departed regime, the application government agencies, universities and profit-mak­ systems and programming function generally settles ing enterprises -- are becoming more and more de­ back to a comfortable level of mediocrity; and life pendent on computerized systems. But the develop­ goes on much as before. We have to conclude that ment and maintenance of systems of application soft­ these choices, important as they may be, are somehow ware have tended to remain unreasonably costly and not getting at the heart of the problem. frustratingly hard to control. The Fundamental Choice Only a few organizations can truthfully claim to be satisfied.with their application systems activi­ In the midst of this gloomy picture, we find a ties. Within the others senior managers become more few organizations, perhaps several dozen, in which resentful and suspicious as target dates are missed, schedules and budgets are met more often than not budgets are overrun, and new systems fall short of and management is generally satisfied with the cost expectations. and responsiveness of application development and maintenance. Some of these organizations are small software development firms with a dozen programmers; Centralization vs. Decentralization others are major corporations with multi-million dollar data processing budgets. Although the de­ From time to time management, its patience ex­ tailed approaches have evolved differently to fit hausted, is driven to changing the organization or the size and management style of each organization, the environment in the hope of gaining the level of one common thread runs through all of these success control over application development and maintenance stories -- professionalism. that exists (or is thought to exist) in other areas of the organization. Judging from the popular ac­ The term "professionalism," as applied to data tions, the choices are far from clear: processing, has been greatly overworked for years and remains somewhat vaguely defined to most people. • If programming and systems analysis have been In this discussion, I shall explain just what this integrated, they can be split apart in an attempt term should mean to the senior manager and why the to clarify interfaces and impose discipline; if choice between a professional approach and a nonpro­ they have been separated, they can be integrated fessional approach is the single fundamental deci­ in the interest of easier communications. sion in establishing an effective application system function. • If programmers and systems analysts are scattered among user departments in various locations, they Before I begin, let me explain that I do not ne­ can be centralized for tighter control and more cessarily advocate a professional approach for every flexible manpower allocation; if they are already organization. Professionalism can be difficult to centralized, they can be moved out into the field achieve, and in those organizations that don't really for the sake of better responsiveness and closer need the results it provides, managers can legiti­ identification with the user's needs. mately adjust their expectations and choose the non­ professional approach. • If individual programmers have been free within broad limits to solve problems in any way they Professionalism in application systems develop­ please, a program of rigid technical standards ment has two main ingredients: professional people and project controls can be instituted, in an and a professional environment. Neither is obtained, attempt to eliminate vagueness and impose work as many companies have discovered, just by paying standards; if the environment is already highly top salaries, by hiring famous data processing per­ structured, it can be relaxed in the interest of sonalities or by having superficial trappings like "getting the job done." weekly seminars, journal subscriptions, flexible working hours and bearded programmers. Neither pro­ Although claims of success ranging from moderate vides much benefit without the other. to sensational are frequently made for various com­ binations of these and other alternatives, the im­ provements are less often due to the merits of the Professional People choices than to the stimulating effect of change it­ self. After a period of zealous activity, confident A professional staff is built by hiring outsiders proclamations of success and, if necessary, alloca­ who are already fully qualified and by training tion of blame for any unpleasant problems to a pre- those who have a basic aptitude. The intangible and hard-to-measure nature of programming and system de­ Based on a talk at a conference on "Senior Management and the Data sign, combined with inflated statements in resumes Processing Function", held by the Conference Board, New York, and interviews, makes the selection of competent November, 1973. people, especially at the senior level, a formidably

14 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 'A BYPRODUCT OF MODULARITY IS GENERALITY. WHEN PROGRAM FUNCTION AND DATA DEFINITIONS ARE PROPERL Y ISOLATED, WE FIND THAT MANY PROGRAM lMODULES CAN BE USED AGAIN IN OTHER PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS." J

difficult task. The most valuable professional you from the nonexistent to the overwhelmingly massive. can have on your staff at the beginning is the one Think of what this means to you as managers: who can reliably recognize talent and achievement in others. • You are paying several times too much and wait far too long for every new application_ Conse­ Since another session is examInIng the general quently, you are probably passing up opportuni­ area of data processing personnel, I will just list ties for more sophisticated uses of computer sys­ without going into detail some of the qualifications tems in running your business. and characteristics we must look for at all levels. A professional engaged in programming, system design • Seemingly simple maintenance changes you ask for or first-level management must: in existing systems sometimes drag on for weeks and months as one programmer attempts to decipher 1. Be precise and logical in thought and in oral the work of another. and written communication. 2. Be creative and eager to learn new techniques, • When a new or modified program is finally instal­ no matter how much he already knows. led in production, it is many times more likely 3. Abhor redundant or repetitious activity for him­ to contain residual bugs that were not caught self and others. during formal testing than it should be. The 4. Be aware of the major historical and current consequences of the resulting operational unreli­ trends and issues in the data processing field. ability ate varied and sometimes devastating. 5. Work effectively with colleagues without jeal­ They sometimes make amusing stories when they ousy or sensitivity. happen to other companies. 6. Exercise sound judgment, consistent with his age and experience, in the true interest of his em­ Modular Programming ployer. Clearly, one of the maj or objecti ves of a professional The Professional Environment environment must be the reduction of redundancy.

A professional environment supports the profes­ The first element of such an environment is a sional staff by maximizing the effect of their spe-­ methodology for program and file design based on cial skills and abilities and by minimizing redun­ modular organization. "Modularity" is another dant or duplicate activity. Prerequisite to a pro­ overworked word; most data processing organizations fessional environment is a firm management commit­ claim to practice it at some level, but only a few ment to disciplined, orderly planning and activity. know what it really means. A newer term now in If we expect our professionals to comply with pro­ vogue, "structured programming," describes true ject control procedures, documentation requir~ments modularity with the addition of a few specialized and technical standards, we cannot constantly be rules. Modular organization, as practiced in the changing the rules and shifting priorities in re­ real professional environment, means that: sponse to every little problem. Managers and data processing professionals must share a sincere be­ 1. Every attribute or parameter of the application lief that these disciplines have practical benefits or of the computer environment is defined in only even, or especially, during emergency or high-pres­ one place in the program. Such a program is sure situations. In some organizations management sometimes said to be highly "parameterized". and the professional staff have come to respect each 2. Each module (section. block, subroutine, etc.) of other and to trust each other to perform consist­ the program performs one well-defined program ently within the disciplined structure. function, and only one. 3. Modules depend upon each other only through ex­ Redundant Programming plicitly defined interfaces_

It has been estimated that at least 80% of the A program that is not modular is called "monoli thic". programming being done today is redundant. Within a single typical large company or even a single large Generality application project, a majority of the lines of pro­ gram code are concerned only with solving problems A by-product of modularity is generality. When that have already been solved over and over in that program functions and data definitions are properly company or project. Eventually such an organization isolated, we find that many program modules can be will have a huge inventory of programs containing used again in other programs and projects. In order dozens or hundreds of versions of virtually every to exploit this we must establish, as the second program function, written in a variety of styles, element of our professional environment, a module with varying efficiency, and documentation ranging library for storing and distributing modules. This

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 15 library must be carefully controlled and supported ous in a mediocre, nonprofessional environment, but to assure that: it is totally exposed in a professional environment that demands teamwork. For the others, you will 1. A programmer can find out if a particular kind of probably want to set up a series of orientation sem­ module exists, obtain a copy of it and learn how ~nars conducted by a top-notch professional with to set up his interfaces more easily and quickly plenty of examples and requi red homework. '(1' m sorry than he could develop a comparable module himself. to report that I know of no completely satisfactory This demands thorough indexing, efficient disiri­ textbook or packaged course in this area.) Out of a bution, and clear documentation. dozen people, one or:two might turn out to be lead­ 2. Programmers and programming managers throughout ers and innovators under the new methodology: nine the organization must be strongly encouraged to will probably learn to apply it effectively, and one contribute useful new modules. or two of them will be,only their heads. You will 3. Quali ty control must assure the accuracy and complete­ have to face human-relations problems, salary ad­ ness of contributed programs and documentation. justments and organizational disruption, to achieve Occasionally, I hear someone from a nonprofes­ the transition. sional, monolithic programming background assert that modular generali ty applies more to "scientific" Peripheral to a successful professional environ­ or "engineering" applications that it does to "busi­ ment are the essential support functions. Secretar­ ness", or "commercial" applications which are unique ial services and keypunching must be available and and don't lend themselves to generalization. This sufficiently responsive so that professionals don't is utter nonsense that has been totally disproved in have to spend much time on clerical activity. Com­ actual practice. If anything, business applications puter turnaround time for testing should be given as provide more opportunities for useful generalization high a priority as normal production. The physical than do scientific ones. environment should permit extended concentration. Professor:Weinberg's book addresses this area thor- Programming Standards oughly. '

The third element is a set of programming stand­ Conclusions ards. Professionals will naturally tend toward mod­ An organization that adopts a fully professional ular organization, but their contributions to the approach to application software development can ex­ library, good as they are in themselves, will be pect enormous improvements in productivity and re­ useful to others only if the specified interfaces sponsiveness of the programming function and a re­ are sufficiently compatible with one another. Among sulting ability either to reduce costs or pursue the specific areas these standards should cover are: more advanced application systems. When all the • Programming language factors are added together and after the module li­ • Data representation brary has been built up, these improvements may be • File organization as great as a factor of ten; i.e., five programmers • Programming techniques (for example, data valida­ can do the work of 50. tion, error handling, table construction). In spite of these seemingly overwhelming advan­ We now see that the question of whether to adopt tages, the professional approach to application a uniform methodology or pluralistic methodologies software development may not be appropriate for your for software development was answered when the organizatiop. Among the considerations that might choice was made between a professional and a nonpro­ lead you to a deliberate commitment to nonprofes­ fessional approach. A highly uniform approach is sionali sm are: inevitable in the true professional organization; it is hardly relevant in the nonprofessional one. 1. Your organization cannot afford the initial in­ vestment in standards development, library me­ The Welcoming of Standards chanism and training. 2. Your organization is too small to affort the con­ One might at first worry that the professional tinuing overhead for library management and pub­ staff will resent the "imposition" of standards as lication and distribution of standards manuals, inhibiting their creativity and object to a library etc. of pre-written programs as "taking the fun out of 3. The expected variety of applications is too lim­ programming." This fear is groundless. No true ited to attract and hold a professional staff. professional finds satisfaction in doing the same 4. You are constrained by inflexible salary policies. sort of thing over and over year after year. There 5. You are stuck with a large number of people whom are so many really interesting new problems to solve, you suspect cannot be upgraded. that our professionals will welcome these standards as a relief from trivia. I recommend Professor Ger­ I have no rule of thumb on organization size; I ald Weinberg's book, The Psychology of Computer Pro­ know of large and small organizations that have gramming,* for anyone interested in exploring this achieved thorough professionalism as well as large subj ect more deeply. It is highly percepti ve, short, and small organizations that wouldn't have a chance. generally nontechnical and very readable. If you find you can't commit your organization to When your organization moves from a nonprofes­ a professional approach, but are unwilling to accept sional to a professional environment you must deal the level of mediocrity that comes with nonprofes­ with the upgrading of your existing staff to profes­ sionalism, you may want to consider getting out of sional status. You must begin by facing the un­ the business of developing your own software alto­ pleasant fact that there will be some who just don't gether. The growing availability of packaged appli­ have the aptitude to survive in the new environment. cation software products and custom programming ser­ An inability to organize one's thoughts logically, vices offers an attractive alternative. to recognize abstract patterns in concrete problems and to simplify a messy problem might be inconspicu~ I hope many organizations will choose the path of professionalism. It's not easy to get there, but *Weinberg, Gerald. The Psychology of Computer Programming. New the rewards can vastly outweigh the initial cost and York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., 1971. trouble. [J

16 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 A Foun!tain of !E,lectrical Engineering

Dr. Julius A. Stratton President Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Mass. 02139

"I HA VE UTTER CONFIDENCE THAT WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITIES LIE AHEAD, AND THAT THEY WILL BE PURSUED WITH THE SAME VIGOROUS AND CREA TlVE SPIRIT THAT HAS MARKED THE PAST."

The Emergence of Electrical Engineering The telegraph had become a practical reality. The Atlantic cable was at last a success. Only in In 1882, on another campus across the Charles 1879 had Thomas Edison demonstrated his first in­ River in Copley Square, Boston, electrical engi­ candescent lamp. The first long-distance telephone neering first emerged at "Boston Tech" as an option conversation had taken place, and early in 1881 in physics. Soon after the turn of the century this President Rogers approved an expenditure of $150 field became a department in its own right. for the installation of 15 telephones to connect the various rooms within the Institute. Attention was In those early days the field was in rapid tran­ turning increasingly to the design of dynamos, of sition, moving forward from a preoccupation with motors, of railroad signals -- and even in that Vic­ theory and esoteric experiments in the laboratory torian era, there appears to have been a lively in­ to practical application. The theoretical ground­ terest in the new outlook for burglar alarms! work had been laid by such pioneers as Faraday, Maxwell, and Thomson. Now the time had come to Intensely Practical Work convert those ideas to a wealth of useful technology. This was an intensely practical period. There was little time at Tech for abstract thought and theory. For looming on the horizon was a vast ar­ ray of new possibilities for useful engineering -­ of ways to apply this unique force of nature -­ ;t electricity -- to the generation of heat and light and power, for transportation and communication, and to the material needs of the people of a growing nation. Our instruction, the interests of our fa­ culty, and the careers of our graduates were closely linked with the forward movement of a rapidly ex~ panding industry.

The curricula of those days reveal very clearly the highly pragmatic spirit and approach which domi­ nated much if not all of M.I.T. Undergraduates ma­ joring in physics took mechanical drawing as well as applied mechanics. The electricals added carpentry and metal turning. How well I remember my own in­ troduction, some forty years later, to that course in "Vise and Bench Work," and to the making of molds and the pouring of metal in the foundry over on Vassar Street in Cambridge. This was truly learning by doing -- learning to understand the art as well Dr. Julius A. Stratton was President of Mass. Ins1. as the science of engineering and the practice of of Technology from 1959 to 1966, and Chairman of industry, learning how mind and hand and machine can the Board of the Ford Foundation from 1966 to 1971. work usefully together. Never have I regretted that He joined the MIT Faculty in the Department of experience. Electrical Engineering in 1928, and subsequently became Professor of Physics, Director of the Re­ Shortage of Space search Laboratory of Electronics, Provost, Vice President, Chancellor, President, and President Certainly the Department was finely tuned to the Emeritus. He has held numerous governmental of­ needs of the times. It grew and prospered. In­ fices, is a member of many scientific societies, evitably there arose the usual shortage of space, holds four medals and certificates of meri t and and in May of 1901 the Executive Committee recom­ distinction, and has many honorary degrees. He is mended to the Corporation "the construction of a the author of two books, the second one being building for Electrical Engineering at a cost not "Science and the Educated Man," published by The exceeding $170,000 for the building and $100,000 MIT Press in 1966. for equipment". From this decision, and with this outlay of funds, there came into being on Trinity Place, in the words of President Pritchett, "one Based on a talk at the dedication of the new Sherman Fairchild Building of the most perfect and at the same time one of the at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 5, 1973. most practical electrical laboratories in the world".

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 17 Over the two ensuing decades, until well after of the engineer. But today the domain of electrical the First World War, there was but little change in engineering is one of the most awesome dimensions -­ the basic character of this Department. Voltages reaching out into countless new fields, penetrating climbed higher and currents grew heavier, but the into a multitude of once isolated disciplines. One focus of interest remained in power station design, need only scan the subjects in the catalogue: power transmission, lighting, railroads, and te­ courses on semi-conductors, on the solid-state tech­ lephony. nology that has brought about a revolution in cir­ cuitry and in the size and weight of so many de­ Analog Computers, Feedback, etc. vices, on digital systems, and the new mathematics that underlies the modern computer. These develop­ Not until the twenties did a new era set in. Then a young generation of highly creative innova­ ments in turn have generated studies in linguistics, tors -- young men of great vision -- came onto the as well as research on the synthesis of speech and scene -- Vannevar Bush, Edward Bowles, Ernst Guil­ artificial intelligence. Bioelectronics and bio­ lemin, Harold Hazen, Harold Edgerton -- to name but electric engineering reveal the growing ties with a few. Through their ideas and efforts -- with the medicine. And the study of plasma dynamics is encouragement and strong commitment of Dugald C. taking on even greater importance with the brighter Jackson -- pioneering advances were achieved in the prospects for the controlled release of energy by development of analog computers, of feedback cir­ the process of nuclear fusion. cuits and servomechanisms, of new modes and means of communication, and of a diversity of new tools for This is but a bare sampling. Yet surely it is science and industry. As never before, there was a evidence of tremendous vitality and power of inno­ recognition of the import of research for the ad­ vation -- a record in which our Department and the associated laboratories have every reason to take vancement of engineering. pride. Twenty years later, at the outset of World War II, it was this preeminence on the foremost fron­ The Philosophy of Engineering Education tiers of electrical engineering that made M.I.T. the But beyond these tangible achievements -- and logical place for the establishment of the Radiation indeed at their very source -- it is this Depart­ Laboratory. This massive and highly successful ef­ ment's philosophy of engineering education and the fort was to lead in turn to the creation in 1946 of practice of it in the setting of this institution the Research Laboratory of Electronics. It was my that merit the highest distinction. own great nood fortune to be deeply involved in the beginnings of R.L.E. I speak first of the special relation of teacher Enlightened Sponsorship to student. As long as I can remember, the Depart­ ment of Electrical Engineering at M.I.T. has shown A few days ago I had an opportunity for my first an overriding concern for the interests and progress thorough visit to that Laboratory in many years. of its students. This concern is manifest in the And I can't begin to report how exciting I found extent to which the senior members of the faculty that experience -- the tremendous advances that have participate in both the teaching of basic subjects taken place in a field that I once knew well -- the and the counseling of undergraduates -- manifest, enthusiasm that was apparent on every side. I came too, in all that one hears about the seriousness away profoundly impressed. Nor can I let this oc­ with which teaching responsibilities are pursued. casion pass without paying tribute to the three It is even more striking in the degree to which sponsors who made R.L.E. possible -- the Office of teaching and research are intermixed. These great Naval Research, the U.S. Army Signal Corps, and the laboratories are by no means isolated sanctuaries U.S. Army Air Force. They not only provided the es­ for the sole benefit of a few of our most gifted sential initial funds, but assured us also of the faculty. The students are there -- both undergradu­ complete freedom of action that is imperative for an ate and graduate -- learning and experimenting, in academic undertaking of this kind. close association with their teachers -- encouraged to initiate investigations of their own choosing. For like reasons -- under the leadership of Gor- Indeed, many of the technological breakthroughs to don Brown -- the Servomechanisms Laboratory now which I referred earlier were the product of the the Electronic Systems Laboratory -- came into collaborative efforts of professors and students. being. And from these same roots other laboratories and projects -- some interdepartmental in character The graduate of M.I.T. may choose among a wide have grown and flourished. variety of careers -- some continuing in academic life, a few turning to professions only marginally These few highlights emphasize the enormity of related to science and engineering, the majority progress, of change, and accomplishment since 1882. moving on to industry, business, or government. Many know this story more intimately than It for it has been and still is a central part of their The Environment of a Working Laboratory lives and professional careers. One day soon I hope we may all have an opportunity to read the whole of But wherever the career of a graduate may lead, this absorbing story. For our colleague Karl an experience of research in the environment of a Wildes, whom I am proud to claim as my teacher of working laboratory contributes an invaluable element many years ago, is devoting an immense amount of of preparation and background -- the more so at a time and thought to a complete account of the be­ time when so much of formal learning tends to be­ ginnings and the growth of this great Department and come increasingly abstract and mathematical. It the people who have made it so. constitutes our modern version of learning by doing -- the opportunity to observe a physical process at first hand. the reality beyond the text. And hope­ The New Domain of Electrical Engineering fully it is an experience that sets in motion an The generation of power, the conversion of en­ enduring spirit of questioning, the habit of con­ ergy, the transmission of intelligence -- all these stant ly aski ng, "How can we do thi s better?" traditional concerns still challenge the ingenuity (please turn to page 22)

18 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 NAYMANDIJ: A Game for Computers and People

Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor t- Computers and People 815 Washington Street Newtonville, Mass. 02160

"If, in an array of 200 digits, anyone of the digits 0 to 9 appears less than 10 times or more than 30 times, there is a good Then Man opens his eyes, and is faced with the chance that Nature's 'monkeying' had something to do with puzzle: the anomaly." What did Nature do? what is Nature's rule?

The rule for Nature's modification must be expres­ sible in not more than four English words. 1. Letter from Karen Hansen y. For example, look at Zoonayman Puzzle 1. Examine the throw of dice and see if you can figure out the Not long ago we received the following letter rule that Nature used for making a systematic depar­ from Karen Hansen, Alfred University, Alfred, N.Y.: ture from the randomness resulting from the throw. (For the solution, see the end of this article.) I am currently taking a computer course. One le­ of our assignments is to find a game that can be n 3. Response from the Editor: Puzzle 741-1 put into a computer. We replied to Karen Hansen as follows: I found your Zoonayman Game in the September issue of "Computers and Automation". I really enjoyed it very much. Thank you for your letter. We are glad you en­ Would it be possible for our school to have a joyed Zoonayman. copy of the program for your game? We would greatly appreciate it and enjoy it!! The paragraph that occurs in the article about If it is possible, please send a copy of the putting this game on a computer is: program to me. This kind of game can easily be programmed on Thank you very much. a computer using a pseudo-random number generator. t The program should determine the location, the orientation, and the outcome of the die. Then a 2. The Game Zoonayman with Dice: Puzzle 1 computer program or a person or both together can make Nature's move. There appear to be some 30 First, a word of explanation for those readers to 40 interesting operations that can be expressed who did not see the September article, or whose rec­ with one English verb; then the remaining three ollection of it is not vivid. words of Nature's rule can express arguments or modifications for the operation. To play Zoonayman, 60 dice are thrown at random. Then one player, called Nature, makes a modifica­ We have not so far tried to program this game for tion of the throw (a modification that is permitted any computer at this time. All we said is that it by the "Rules of the Game" - see pages 39 to 43 of should be easy to program it for a computer using a the September 1973 issue of "Computers and Automa­ pseudorandom number generator. tion"). During this modification the other player (called Man) has to keep his eyes shut so that he does not see how Nature modifies the throw.

Edmund C. Berkeley, edi tor of "Computers and People," formerly "Computers and Automation," took part in h building and operating the fi rst automatic com­ puters, the Mark I and II at Harvard Uni versi ty in 1944-45; in 1965-67 he implemented the programming language LISP for the DEC PDP-9 computer. He is: a a founder of the Association for Computing Machinery; its secretary 1947-53; the author of fourteen books on computers and other subj ects; a Fellow of the r Society of Actuaries; and an invi ted lecturer on computers in the Uni ted States, Canada, England, Japan, the Soviet Union, and Australia. He grad­ uated from Harvard College in 1930, A.B. summa cum laude.

19 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 ~ ~ o . o • • ~• • 01;:1 00 0 ~ Ar;:\ ~~ o r.--=\ ~ o r.:1 l0J r--:l ~ o Zoonayman Puzzle 1 - A throw of dice plus a move by Nature

The program would greatly depend on what kind of At time of going to press, no reply had yet come. output you have from your computer. If you have a 4. The Game Zoonayman with Random Digits: NA YMANDIJ graphic display, you would have to make a program that: (1) would show the square outline of a die; (2) insert into the square outline the positions of Let's call the game Zoonayman when played with the dots. random digi ts instead of dice, "Naymandij" ("nay" from "Nature"; "man" from "Man"; and "dij" from It would be much easier to have a different but "digi ts"). equivalent random number output on a teletype, and Now when playing with random digits instead of to tell Nature what particular kind of nonrandom be­ randomly thrown dice, we do not have position, or havior to insert. orientation, or several other factors, to maneuver. We have instead a scarcity of information with these For example, I enclose a copy of 200 random dig­ mental objects as compared with a set of physical its, e~cept that I have given effect to a modifica­ objects. So let us increase the number of items to tion by a rule of "Nature" which can be expressed in be examined from 60 (a useful number of dice) to 200 four English words. See Naymandij Puzzle 741-1. (a useful number of random digits). Then each digit Can you discover my rule of Nature? from 0 to 9 will on the average appear 20 times. Using a statistical rule which here applies, there Naymandij Puzzle 741-1 is a 95% chance that the actual number of appear­ ances of any digit will range from 11 to 29. And 9 0 134 573 583 4 730 1 8 880 if in an array of 200 digits any digit appears less 1 4 0 9 6 3 2 8 343 7 3 7 354 195 than 10 times or 30 or more times, there is a good 7 3 7 3 0 243 1 4 126 9 907 3 6 6 chance that Nature's "monkeying" had something to do 47324 5 5 5 6 5 3 8 2 4 9 5 4 007 with the anomaly. 97373330436 9 225 9 9 5 8 2 6 5 2 3 6 3 984 8 5 6 7 3 2 6 3 3 0 3 5. Rules for Naymandij Played by Two Persons 2 283 0 0 6 8 2 107 3 7 3 173 6 4 1 905 8 1 3 2 5 0 9 0 0 3 5 4 873 2 What would the game Zoonayman - now named "Nay­ 5 3 5 738 7 3 3 4 0 3 6 4 3 3 8 588 mandij" - become if it were played with random dig­ 038 127 3 4 4 3 4 5 7 3 2 6 1 925 its instead of a throw of dice?

Question: How did "Nature" modify the set There are two cases: (A) the game between two of 200 random digits? persons; and (B) the game between a person and a computer.

20 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 The rules for Case A would be as follows: c. If Nature did not actually do what Nature's rule required, Man scores 1 point as pen­ Rule 1. There are two players, whom we shall alty. call Nature and Man. The game consists of a number d. If what Nature actually did was a disal­ of rounds, each of which results in a score for the lowed operation, Man scores 1 point as two players. penalty. Rule 2. In each round Nature plays first. Na­ e. If Nature's rule described an allowed op­ ture gathers and presents 200 random digits from 0 eration, and what Nature did is in agree­ to 9, in an array 20 across and 10 down. (A person ment with Nature's rule, and if Man did not cannot" think up" 200 random digi ts; instead, they figure it out, then Nnture scores 2 points, have to be obtained from a table of random digits or and Man scores O. from some other source of random or pseudo-random digits.) 6. Naymandij Played by a Person with a Computer Rule 3. With Man's eyes still shut, Nature then Case B is the same game played between a person performs what is called a Definite Systematic Oper­ and a computer. ation which has the following properties: a. The operation must be performed on all the Here the role of Nature is carried out by a com­ digits of a definite class which can be desig­ puter program, and Man interacts with a terminal. nated; for example, "all central 6' s". What Nature does is: b. The entire operation has to be expressible in not more than four English words. For exam­ compute 200 pseudo-random digits; ple, "Replace l's by 7's". store them in a buffer; c. The operation must produce a result that dis­ internally select (maybe at random) some sub­ plays some kind of evident, systematic, ra­ program for an operation expressible in not tional order and completely removes some kind more than four English words; of randomness. perform that operation correctly on the digits d. The operation must change at least 6 digits stored in the buffer; and then from their original random value. print out at the terminal the resulting 200 e. The value and the position of all digits not digits. in that definite class must remain unchanged. Man no longer needs to keep his eyes shut during Rule 4. Nature writes the expression of this part of a round. And since the probability of Na­ operation on a slip of paper and folds it up so that ture making a mistake is now negligible, the rules what Nature wrote cannot be seen. simplify in obvious ways. There is now a cross-classification of inter­ esting possibilities: The puzzle, printed on paper by the computer terminal, is now in final complete form. In the (a) The operation that Nature chose may b~ al­ next section of the article are 5 sample puzzles of lowed or not allowed according to the rules. Naymandij. (b) Nature's description of the operation in words may be correct or not. A programmer in the role of Nature can apply his (c) Nature's carrying out of the operation may be ingenuity in making neat little subprograms that can correct or not. be called and wi 11 perform various "defi ni te system­ atic operations" on certain parts of the set of 200 Rule 5. It is now Man's turn, and Man can open random numbers. Of course, they ought to be opera­ his eyes. Man must figure out what Nature did. tions such that most human beings can guess the rule that Nature used without too much trouble. Too dif­ Man studies what he sees in front of him, and ficult is no fun. asks himself questions, such as: "What is the num­ ber of l's? Is this number usual? Where are they In addition, a programmer in the role of Man, can located? Are the locations apparently random? How apply his ingenuity in making neat little subpro­ are they arranged? Is the arrangement apparently grams that will enable him to quickly analyze the random? What is the number of 2's?" and so on. puzzle without doing much hard work. For example, he should be able to ask the computer for a report Finally, Man notices, we suppose, that something on the frequency distribution of digits in the puz­ is not usual, something is not random, and so he zle as a whole, by row, by column, and by other ar­ describes what he notices, what appears to be Na­ rangements, etc., such as a knight's move in chess ture's operation. He writes his rule on a slip of traveling in a line through the array. paper; but he does not have to express Nature's operation in four words or less -- only Nature has With this kind of analytical tool available for to. the player Man, then the player Nature can go up to If after a reasonable time, like three to five a higher level of complexity and difficulty. In minutes, depending on agreement, Man cannot decide fact, the computerized game should be fun and in­ teresting. what Nature did, then he says he gives up -- but he does not necessarily score zero because Nature may "Computers and People" (formerly "Computers and be penalized for making mistakes. Automation") from now on expects to publish a Naymandij puzzle each month. Rule 6. Now the two players, Nature and Man, compare the rules which they have written down on We will also publish the solutions in the follow­ slips of paper. There are several cases: ing month and the names of solvers, as we do with a. If Man figures out what Nature actually Numbles. did, he scores 2 points. b. If Man did not figure out what Nature ac­ Answer: The solution to Zoonayman Puzzle 1 using tually did, but he figures out Nature's 60 dice, is "Make threes horizontal". rule, he scores 2 points. (please turn to page 38)

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 21 STRATTON - Continued from page 18 HANKS - Continued from page 13 Electrical science has a wide and expanding range. It reaches out and ties into a multitude of Minicomputers are becoming cheap enough to replace other fields and disciplines. Here, too, the as­ the older one-purpose business machines. Small busi­ sociated laboratories serve a vital purpose. They nesses will want to take advantage of the flexibil­ are in large measure interdisciplinary in character, ity that ought to be available in a minicomputer, with a participation by both faculty and students instead of loading the mini with only one canned ap­ from a number of departments. The Research Labora­ plication program. tory of Electronics set that example in 1946. Now there are many more. To provide this flexibility we need software that is standard across the industry. We can borrow Blending of Related Disciplines ideas that were developed for the large computers where software development preceded by 10 years. Each laboratory is designed in its own way to en­ courage the interchange of ideas and information. COBOL The resources of these laboratories, both material and intellectual, make it possible to study in their One idea that is worth copying is the use of COBOL larger context, rather than in isolated bits and as a common business language. The COBOL can be pieces, some of the more complex problems of modern elementary and still fulfill this requirement. In science and technology -- bringing together and ap­ that way, with programming techniques that have been plying to their solution the means and methods of developed at CSC for example, it can be fit into the relevant disciplines. small minicomputer memory size and still be a useful compiler. One essential requirement for the com­ Ties with Industry and Business: Applications piler is good diagnostic information to help the programmer when he debugs his program. Unfortun­ But no matter how close the relation between a ately most COBOL's, even on the big computers, fall student and his teacher, no matter how extensive his down here. As a minimum, the COBOL should produce exposure to the laboratory, no matter how complete cross-reference listings of the program's data names. his appreciation of the interlocking of disciplines It should produce English language error messages. -- one with another -- the education of an engineer It should allow debug commanGS in the code. Effi­ will be deficient if it fails to impart an adequate ciency of the object code does not yet seem to be a degree of understanding of the industrial process. problem. He must learn well that the ultimate objective of engineering is to apply the fruits of research, the Operating Systems products of pure science, and the lessons of prac­ tical experience to useful purpose. Another area that needs to be developed is oper­ ating systems for minicomputers, especially for Throughout its entire history this Department of banks of minicomputers. Here we can go back 20 Electrical Engineering has been known and respected years and see the same situation in the large com­ for its close ties with the world beyond the campus, puters. At first they had no operating systems. both industry and government. There have always Each program was loaded individually and provided been, and there are today, many members of its fac­ all its' own services such as card reading or print­ ulty who from direct association have learned the ing programs. Then someone saw that efficiency needs and goals and methods of industrial enter­ could be improved if programs were loaded in batches prise. And the lessons of that experience have been shared with their students. There is no shadow of and an operating system effected a smooth flow from doubt in my own mind that these relations over the one job to the next. years have been of inestimable value. They have enlivened and strengthened the curriculum and have Competition with Big Computers given focus to research. I need only cite the sig­ nificant part they have played in the development of Minicomputers are becoming serious competition modern communications, of modern industrial process­ for the large computers. Several minicomputers put es, and of engineering systems. together can outperform the large computer at a frac­ tion of the hardware cost. But to do so they need Engineering Training an operating system designed to make the computers work together. There is no good precedent in the I have touched upon those elements in the train­ large computers for this requirement. ing of an engineer which seem to me most important and which require special attention in our time. Therefore, this is an area that needs development Their roots can be traced to the original objects by those rare persons who have extensive experience and plan of M.I.T. The Electrical Engineering De­ in developing operating systems. partment has held effectively to these essentials for nearly a century. The new Sherman Fairchild Conclusions Building will have a meaning and a purpose going far beyond the simple addition of space. This building Minicomputers have developed to the point where will be looked upon as a challenge for the future -­ they can open up new fields of application. Their as the means of furthering the interplay of teaching low cost makes them economical even in very small and research, of continuing the search for knowledge businesses where a large computer would be too and the understanding of the physical world about costly. But their success depends on standard soft­ us, of turning that understanding to useful purpose ware. The small businesses cannot afford large pro­ all as a part of the process of education itself. gramming costs, just as they cannot afford high com­ puter costs. The success of the minicomputer manu­ I have utter confidence that wonderful opportuni­ facturers in expanding into new applications depends ties lie ahead and that they will be pursued with primarily on their willingness to supply standard the same vigorous and creative spirit that has software to customers, and to make these computers marked the past. [] easy to program. 0

22 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 ANNUAL INDEX For Volume 22, 1973 of cDrn~!r!.E!!!:i~ and people

A "The American News Media and the Ke nnedy," by Edmund C. "Texas Bank Grows Fast wi th "Computer Programming Using Assassination of President Berkeley and Jim Garri son, C.LF. On-line System," Natural Language -- Part 3," ABS/1251, "Litton Business Mini­ John F. Kennedy: Accessories 22/4 (Apr.), 34 22/B (Aug.), 45 22/8 (Aug.), 28 computer Has Memory Capacity After the Fact -- Conclusion," "The New Orleans Porti on of Bartol, Kathryn M.. and Robert Berkeley, Edmund C., and Thomas of Over 100,000 Bytes," 22/6 by Richard E. Sprague, 22/7 the Conspiracy to Assassi­ A. Bartol, "Soviet Information­ A. McLaughli n, "IIigh-Level .. (June), 44 (July), 31 nate President John F. Handling Problems: The Possi­ Crime and the High-Level Crimi­ ADL Systems, Inc.: "Good Manage­ "American Standard Code for In­ Kennedy -- II," by F. Irving bilities in Computer Usage," nal," 22/7 (July), 6 ment of Computer Operations: formation Interchange," 22/7B Dymond, and Jim Garrison, 22/6 (June), 16 ' Berkeley, Edmund C., and Richard 1. Finishing the Software (July), 171 22/5 (May), 30 Bartol. Robert A.. and Kathryn E. Sprague, "The Attempted Job: There Must Be a Better "Analysi s of the Autopsy on Pres­ "Poli tical Assassinations in M. Bartol, "Soviet Information­ Framing of Jim Garrison," 22/ Way; 2. Data Communications: ident John F. Kennedy, and the the United States": 22/5 Handling Problems: The Possi­ 12 (Dec.), 23 Solving the Puzzle Is Pos­ Impossibility of the Warren (May), 8; 22/11 (Nov.), 28 bilities in Computer Usage," Berkeley, Edmund C.. and Bill sible," 22/5 (May), 13 Commission's 'Lone Assassin' Association of Data Processing 22/6 (June), 16 Zimmerman, "Divide and Rule, fI "Good Management of Computer Conclusion," by Cyril H. Wecht, Service Organizations, Inc.: Baseball, "American League Com­ 22/2 (Feb.), 38 Operations: I. Managing Soft­ 22/2 (Feb.), 26 "ADAPSO Expands Program To puterizes Job of Keeping Sta­ Bernert, Phillippe, "The French­ ware Work: It Can Be Done; Andersen, Erik A., "Indexing Fight Illegal Marketing tistics," 22/8 (Aug.), 45 man Who Was To Kill Kennedy," 2. Data Bases: There Really Techni que for IBlI's Computeri z­ Practice," 22/3 (Mar.), 43 Bay of Pigs, "President Richard Ann K. Bradley translator, 22/ Is a Better Way to Manage ed Parts Control System," 22/9 "ADAPSO Seeks Permanent Ex­ M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and I (Jan.), 37 Your Files," 22/4 (Apr.), 7 (Sept.), 19 clusion of IBM from Data Cen­ the Watergate Incident," by "The Big Lie -- Blitz Exposes "Good Management of Computer Anderson, W. S., "NCR and the ter Activities," 22/4 (Apr,), Richard E. Sprague, 22/1 (Jan.), Nixon's Deceit," by Donald Operati ons: 1. The Whys and Computer Industry," 22/9 45 33 Wise, 22/2 (Feb.), 38 Why Nots of Facili ties Man­ (Sept.), 13 Associations, "Roster of Compu­ "A Beginning to 'Why?'" (Compu­ "Bindery + IBM Computer: Cover­ agement; 2. Computer Opera­ "Annual Index for Volume 21, 19- ter Associations," 22/7B ter Art), by Lloyd Sumner, 22/ ing a Mile of Magazines," 22/7 tions: A Little Attention 72 of 'Computers and Automa­ (July), ISS 8 (Aug.), 8 (July), 40 Can Yield a 30";' Producti vi ty tion'," 22/1 (Jan.), 23 "At Penn Central: Communica­ Bell system, "Phone Books by Binger, James H., "Strategy and Increase," 22/2 (Feb.), 20 Antley, Mary Ann, and Ray M. tions and Computers," byWil­ Computer," 22/11 (Nov.), 43 Action on World Trade," 22/11 "Performance Measurement: Now Antley, "Automation: Its Im­ liam H. Moore, 22/12 (Dec.), Benchmarking, "The Case for (Nov.), IS You Can Fi nd Out What Really pact on the Deli very of Health 21 Benchmarking," by Norris S. Bi rkhof!, Garrett, "The Impact Goes On Inside Your Computer," Care," 22/4 (Apr.), II "The Attempted Framing of Jim Goff, 22/5 (May), 23 of Computers on Undergraduate by ADL Systems, 22/10 (Oct.), Antley, Ray M., and Mary Ann Garri son," by Edmund C. Ber­ Bendix Corp., "Eastern Airlines Mathematical Education in 1984," 14 Antley, "Automation: Its Im­ keley and Richard E. Sprague, Purchases Bendix X-Ray for 22/2 (Feb.), IS ASCII, "American Standard Code pact on the Deli very of Health 22/12 (Dec.), 23 Screening Passenger 8aggage," "A Bit of the Bubbly," (Computer for Information Interchange," Care," 22/4 (Apr.), II Audi ting, ''Library Protection 22/4 (Apr.), 45 Art), by H. W. Franke, 22/8 22/7B (July), 171 Applications: "Over 2400 Appli­ Program Prevents Fraud," Berkeley, Edmund C.: "Burying (Aug.), 21 AT&T, "Computer Executives Ques­ cations of Computers and 22/9 (Sept.), 45 Facts and Rewriting His­ Blind, "Braille for Nation's tion Legali ty of New AT&T Data Processing," 22/7B Australia, "Topaz, an Aid to tory," 22/5 (May), 6 Sightless Is Produced wi th Aid Product," 22/12 (Dec.), 36 (July), 125 Town Planning in Australia," "Burying Facts and Rewri ting of Computer," 22/4 (Apr.), 43 Abourezk, James, and Richard "Six Barriers to the Applica­ 22/12 (Dec.), 35 History -- II," 22/11 (Nov.), Bambi ng, "The Importance of Arens, Jack B. Kubisch, "Para­ tion of Computers," by Ed­ "Automated Construction," (Com­ 26 Calling a Defeat a Defeat," guayan Atroci ties Condoned by mund C. Berkeley, 22/7B puter Art), by Daniel Van "Establishments and Truth," by Paul M. Sweezy and Harry the Uni ted States Government," (July), 3 Arsdale, 22/8 (Aug.), 18 22/9 (Sept.), 6 Magdoff, 22/6 (June), 32 22/12 (Dec.), 30 "Applications of Computers in Automated Newspaper Deli very "The Fly, the Spider, and the Bradley, Ann K., "The Frenchman ACCOMP, "Babson College: More Correspondence Schools," by System, "Minicomputers De­ Hornet," 22/7 (July), 39 Who Was To Kill Kennedy," by Computi ng, Less Cost," by Maj or Charles Ehi n, 22/7 liver Daily Newspapers in Fort "The Fountai n of Youth, in Phillippe Bernert, 22/1 (Jan.), Edgar T. Canty, Jr:-~22/12 (July), 25 Worth, Texas," 22/1 (Jan.), 41 Computer Form, ".22/6 (June), 37 (Dec.), 17 "Appointments for Patients at "Automated Watchman for New 38- 6 "Braille for Nation's Sightless Adamczyk, Steve, "18-Year-Old University of Iowa Hospitals Story Wells Fargo Structure," "From 'Computers and Automa­ Is Produced wi th Aid of Compu­ Math Whiz Develops Time-Shar­ Made by Computer," 22/4 (Apr.), 22/4 (Apr.), 43 tion' to 'Computers and ter," 22/4 (Apr.), 43 ing Monitor for IB:.I 1130, " 44 Automatic Data Processing, People' ," 22/1 (Jan.), 6 Braking system, "Automobile Anti­ 22/3 (Mar.), 42 "Archimedean Spi ral," (Computer "Third Edition Published of "The Game Zoonayman -- Ans­ Collision Automatic Braking "ADAPSO Expands Program To Fight Art), by Norton Starr, 22/8 'Automatic Data Processing'," wers," 22/10 (Oct.), 47 System," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 Illegal Marketing Practice," (Aug.), 13 22/6 (June), 45 "The House Is on Fire": 22/2 Brand, David, "Latest Computers 22/3 (Mar.), 43 Arens, Richard, and James Abou­ "Automation: Its Impact on the (Feb.), 7; 22/10 (Oct.), 52 See, Speak and Si ng -- and May "ADAPSO Secks Permanent Exclus­ rezk, Jack B. Kubisch, "Para­ Delivery of Health Care," by "The Limits to Growth, and the Outthink Man," 22/10 (Oct.), II ion of IBM from Data Center guayan Atroci ties Condoned by Ray M. Antley MD, and Mary Crunch," 22/12 (Dec.), 6 Bridgeport I Connecticut I "Service Activities," 22/4 (Apr.), 45 the Uni ted States Government," Ann Antley, MA, 22/4 (Apr.), "The Ni ne Most Important Prob­ To Taxpayers To Improve Under "Ai r France Uses Minicomputer 22/12 (Dec.), 30 11 lems in the World and Thei r New Computer System," 22/10 To Assign Seats in Airplanes; Arithmetic tables, "Some Basic "Automobile Anti-Collision Auto­ Relation to Computers," 22/ (Oct.), 43 Saves $35,000," 22/7 (July), Ari thmetical Tables," 22/7B matic Braki ng System," 22/2 10 (Oct.), 6 Brill, Alan E., "Alienation and 42 (July), 172 (Feb.), 43 "Principles for Solving Prob- the Systems Analyst," 22/ll Air travellers, '''People Mover' Art -- see "Computer Art" "The Automoti ve Industry and I ems," 22/3 (Ma r. ), 7 (Nov.), 14 Automatic System at Seattle­ Artists, "Computer Artists," the Computer Industry: Common "Problem Solving," 22/3 (Mar.), Building Management System, "Au­ Tacoma International Airport," 22/8 (Aug.), 21 Language, Common Future," by 6 tomated Watchman for New 38- by J. N. Dravillas, 22/4 Ascher, Marcia, "Computers in Edward N. Cole, 22/10 (Oct.), "The Problem of Truth," 22/4 Story Wells Fargo Structure," (Apr.), IS Science Fiction -- II," 22/11 8 (Apr.), 6 22/4 (Apr.), 43 Airplanes: "Averting the Sonic (Nov.), 20 Autopsy, "Analysis of the Autopsy "The Pursui t of Important Bumpers, car: "CAl Minicomputer Boom," by William A. Shur­ Assassin, lone, "Analysis of the on President John F. Kennedy, Truth," 22/11 (Nov.), 3 Moni tors Bumper Heights," 22/ cliff, 22/2 (Feb.), 39 Autopsy on President John F. and the Impossibility of the "Six Barriers to the Applica­ 12 (Dec.), 35 "Secrecy About Ai r Crashes: Kennedy, and the Impossibility Warren Commission's 'Lone tion of Computers," 22/7B "From Shoes to Bumpers -- Com­ Typical Reactions of the of the Warren Commission's Assassin' Conclusion," by (July), 3 puters Help Ensure Quali ty," Bureaucrats," by Murray 'Lone Assassin' Conclusion," Cyril H. Wecht, 22/2 (Feb.), "Skeptici sm," 22/8 (Aug.), 6 22/7 (July), 40 Seeger, 22/2 (Feb.), 38 by Cyril H. Wecht, 22/2 (Feb.)' 26 "The Understanding of Natural "Bureau of Customs Uses Computer Airport security, "Eastern Air_ 26 "Averti ng the Sonic Boom," by Language by Computers," 22/ in Battle Against Drugs and 11 nes Purchases Bendix X-Ray Assassination: "The American William A. Shurcliff, 2212 11 (Nov.), 6 Smuggling," 22/2 (Feb.), 41 for Screening Passenger Bag­ News Media and the Assassi­ (Feb.), 39 '\Vhat Use Is a Computer," 22/ "Burying Facts and Rewri ti ng gage," 22/4 (Apr.), 45 nation of President John F. Avicola Aglietto, "Strains of 2 (Feb.), 6 History," by Edmund C. Berkeley, "Alienation and the Systems Kennedy: Accessories After Italian Poultry Selected by "ZOONAYMAN -- A New Game for 22/5 (May), 6 Analyst," by Alan E. Brill, the Fact," by Richard E. Honeywell Computer," 22/10 People and Computers," 22/9 "Burying Facts and Rewriting 22/11 (Nov.), 14 Sprague, 22/6 (June), 36 (Oct.), 44 (Sept.),39 IIi story -- IT," by Edmund C. "All Housing in Rock Island "The American News Media and Berkeley, Edmund c., anti .Iames Berke I ey, 22/11 (Nov.), 26 Kept in Electronic Inventory,," the Assassination of Presi­ E. Carter, "Our Subscrib"r l.ist Bush, "Eight Photographs of a 22/6 (June), 42 dent John F. Kennedy: Acces­ B Is Confidential," ~2/4 ("pr.), Bush: Answers -- Pictorial "American College Abroad Adds sories After the Fact -- Con­ 41 Hcasoning Tests -- Part 8," by Computer Sciences," 22/7 clusion," by Richard E. "Babson College: More Computing, Berkeley, Edmund C., and Jim Nci I Macdonald, 22/1 Oan.), 31 (July), 43 Sprague, 22/7 (July), 31 Less Cost," by Edgar T. Canty, Garrison, "The New Orleans "Buyers' Guide to Products and "American League Computerizes "The Attempted Framing of Jim Jr .. 22/12 (Dec.), 17 Portion of the Conspi racy To Services in Computers and Data Job of Keeping Statistics," Garri son," by Edmund C. Bailey, Richard W., "Computer Assassinate President John F. Processing," 22/7B (July), 59 22/8 (Aug.), 45 Berkeley and Richard E. Poems," 22/8 (Aug.), 7 Kennedy," 22/4 (Apr.), 34 "The American News Media and Sprague, 22/12 (Dec.), 23 lanking: "Computer Impact on Berkeley, Edmund C., Andy Lang­ the Assassination of Presi­ "The Frami ng of Lee Ha rvey Banking Promises a 'No Money' er, Casper Otten, "Computer c dent John F. Kennedy: Acces­ Oswald," by Richard E. Society," 22/2 (Feb.), 49 Programmi ng Using Natural sories After the Fact," by Sprague, 22/10 (Oct.), 21 "Hempstead Bank's Chai rman Language," 22 /6 (June), 10 "The eGA Notebook on Common Richard E. Sprague, 22/6 "The New Orleans Portion of Call s 'IT' a Success," 22/3 "Computer Programmi ng Usi ng Sense, Elementary and Advanced," (June), 36 the Conspiracy To Assassi­ (Mar.)' 40 Natural Language -- Part 2," 22/7 (July)' 3 nate President John F. 22/7 (July), 18

23 Annual Index

"CAl Minicomputer Monitors Bump­ tommunication: "A Computer Med­ "Computers Help Fight Fires in Manage Your Files," by ADL Computers?," 22/10 (Oct.), 43 er Heights," 22/12 (Dec,), 35 iates Communication with a Scotland," 22/4 (Apr.), 43 Systems, Inc.. 22/4 (Apr.), 7 "Eastern Airlines Purchases CAl program, "Psychology In­ Chimpanzee," by Ernest von Computers and People, "From Data center, "ADAPSO Seeks Per­ Bendix X-Ray for Screening structor Develops CAl Program Glasersfeld and others, 22/7 'Computers and Automati on' to manent Exclusion of IBM from Passenger Baggage," 22/4 (Apr.), in Advanced Statistics," 22/~ (July), 9 'Computers and People'," by Data Center Acti vi ties," 22/4 45 (Mar,), 41 "At Penn Central' Communica­ Edmund C, Berkeley, 22/1 (Apr.), 45 EDITORIAL: "Burying Facts and CDP exam, "852 Out of 2,722 Ap­ ti ons and Computers," by (Jan.), 6 Data communicati ons, "Good Man­ Rewriting History," by Ed­ plicants Pass '73 CDP Exam," William H. Moore, 22/12 "Computers in Science Fiction -. agement of Computer Operations: mund C. Berkeley, 22/5 22/8 (Aug,), 46 (Dec.), 21 II," by Marcia Ascher, 22/11 1. Fini shing the Software Job: (May), 6 C. I.F., "Texas Bank Grows Fast "Communication -- Three Way: (Nov.), 20 There ~Iust Be a Better Way; "Burying Facts and Rewriting with C. I.F. On-Line' System," Chimpanzee, Man, Computer," by Conceptions, "Virtue, in Spite 2. Data Communications: Solv­ Hi story -- II," by Edmund 22/8 (Aug.), 45 Larry B. Dendy, 22/7 (July), 7 of Erroneous Conceptions," by ing the Puzzle Is Possible," C. Berkeley, 22/11 (Nov.), "Calculator Prevents Collisions "Communications Terminal Will J. P. Frankel, 22/11 (Nov.), by ADL Systems, Inc., 22/5 26 at Sea," 22/8 (Aug.), 46 Link Fulton County Jail with 33 (May), 13 "Establi shment s and Truth," Camera, "Pencil-Size Electronic Computer," 22/9 (Sept.), 44 Conspiracy: "The American News Data General Corp.: "Nova Compu­ by Edmund C. Berke ley, 22/9 Camera Scans and Stores Print­ "Competitive Restructuring of Media and the Assassination ter Becomes Teacher's Aid in (Sept.), 6 ed Data," 22/10 (Oct.), 45 Monopoly Si tuations," by Dan of President John F. Kennedy: New Singer Driver Training "The Fountain of Youth, in Campaigne, Howard, and Lance J. L. McGurk, 22/8 (Aug.). 22 Accessories After the Fact System," 22/1 (Jan.), 43 Computer Form," by Edmund Hoffman, "Computer Privacy and "Composing by Computer at ISU," -- Conclusion," by Richard "Nova Computer Checks Strength C. Berkeley, 22/6 (June), 6 Security," 22/7 (July), 12 22/11 (Nov.), 44 E. Sprague, 22/7 (July), 31 of Roof in Coal Mine," 22/ "From 'Computers and Automa­ Cancer, 'Worldwide Cancer Infor­ COMPUTe, "Proj ect COMPUTe -- Call "The New Orleans Portion of 11 (Nov.), 42 tion' to 'Computers and Peo­ mati on Servi ce Center," 22/7 for Proposals," 22/9 (Sept.), the Conspiracy To Assassin­ Data Processing Management Assn., ple'," by Edmund C. Berkeley, (July), 43 38 ate Pres ident John F. Ken­ "Third Edition Published of 22/1 (Jan.), 6 Canty, Edgar T" Jr" "Babson "Computer Accessory Restores nedy," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 'Automatic Data Processi ng', .. "High-Level Crime and the High­ College: More Computing, Less Printer Ribbons On-Site," 22/6 and Jim Garrison, 22/4 22/6 (June), 45 Level Criminal," by Edmund Cost," 22/12 (Dec.), 17 (June), 44 (Apr.),34 "Databanks in a Free Society: C. Berkeley and Thomas A. Carnegie-Mellon Univ" "New Computer Art: "Eleventh Annual "The New Orleans Portion of A Summa ry of the Proj ect on ~IcLaughlin, 22/7 (July), 6 MethOd of Processing Visual Computer Art Contest," 22/5 the Conspiracy to Assassi­ Computer Databanks," by Prof. "The House Is on Fire," by Data May Simplify and Revolu­ (May), 38 nate Pre sident John F. Ken­ Alan F. Westin, 22/1 (Jan.), Edmund C. Berkeley: 22/2 tionize Communications and "Eleventh Annual Computer Art nedy -- II," by F. Irvi ng 18 (Feb.), 7; 22/10 (Oct.), 52 Computer Hardware Systems," Exposition, 1973," 22/8 Dymond, and Jim Garri son, DataCopy Corp., "Pencil-Size "The Limits to Growth, and the 22/5 (May), 43 (Aug.), 8 22/5 (May), 30 Electronic Camera Scans and Crunch," by Edmund C. Berke­ Carter, James E., and Edmund C. "Computer Art: The Search Beyond "The Watergate Crime and the Stores Pri nted Data," 22/10 ley, 22/12 (Dec.), 6 Berkeley, "Our Subscriber List Manipulation," by Grace C. Cover-Up Strategy," by Rich­ (Oct.), 45 "The Ni ne Most Important Prob­ Is Confidential," 22/4 (Apr.). Hertlein, 22/11 (Nov.), 18 ard E. Sprague, 22/3 (Mar.), David, Brother Austin, "The lems in the World and Their 41 "Computer Artists," 22/8 (Aug.). 26 Church and the Computer," 22/2 Relation to Computers," by "The Ca se for Benchmarki ng," by 21 Construction business, "Risk (Feb.), 13 Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/10 Norri s S. Goff, 22/5 (May), 23 "Computer-Assisted Instruction AnalySiS Program Announced by Defeat, "The Importance of Call­ (Oct.), 6 Castillo, Fermin Caro del, "Con­ Acti vi ties in Naval Research," McDonnell Douglas Corp., .. 22/1 ing a Defeat a Defeat," by "Problem Solving," by Edmund trol in Time-Sharing Systems," by Dr. Marshall J. Farr, 22/1 (Jan.), 43 Paul M. Sweezy and Harry Mag­ C. Berkeley, 22/3 (Mar.), 6 22/11 (Nov.), 10 (Jan.), 10 Contracts -- see "New Contracts" doff, 22/6 (June), 32 "The Problem of Truth," by Caunt y Marsha, and Clifford Computer Census -- see 'World "Cont rol Data and USSR Commit tee Democracy, "Computers and Demo­ Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/4 Geddes, "In Nature' s Realm," Computer Census" Sign Computer Technology Agree­ cracy," by Anthony G. Ralston, (Apr.), 6 (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), "Computer Executives Question ment," 22/12 (Dec.), 37 22/4 (Apr.), 19 "Six Barriers to the Appl ica­ 12 Legali ty of New AT&T Product," "Control Data, St. Cloud State Dendy, Larry B.. "Communication tion of Computers," by Ed­ Census: -- see 'World Computer 22/12 (Dec.), 36 College Reach Credi t-Transfer -- Three Way: Chimpanzee, Man, mund C. Berkeley, 22/7B Census" "Computer Impact on Banking Prom­ Agreement," 22/6 (June), 44 Computer," 22/7 (July), 7 (July), 3 "Computer Used To Aid Research ises a 'No Money' Society," "Control in Time-Sharing Sys­ "Digital Equipment Buys RCA "Skepticism," by Edmund C. Productivity in Population 22/2 (Feb.), 49 tems," by Fermin Caro del Marlboro Plant," 22/10 (Oct.), Berkeley, 22/8 (Aug.), 6 Analysis," 22/2 (Feb.), 41 Computer Industry Assn., "Compu­ Castillo, 22/11 (Nov.), 10 45 "The Understanding of Natural Cerullo, Michael J., "Coopera­ ter Executives Question Legal­ Cooley, Mike, "Computers, Auto- Digi tal Equipment Corp .. "M. 1. T. Language by Computers," by tive Facilities To Obtain i ty of New AT&T Product," 22/ mation and Technological Music Project Uses DEC Compu­ Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/11 the Advantages of Computers," 12 (Dec.), 36 Change," 22/3 (Mar.), 15 ter," 22/11 (Nov.), 43 (Nov.), 6 22/11 (Nov.), 8 "A Computer Mediates Communica­ "Cooperative Facilities to Ob­ "Distrusting the Columbia Broad­ 'What Use Is a Computer," by "Characteri stics of Digi tal tion with a Chimpanzee," by tain the Advantages of Compu­ casting System -- Comments on Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/2 Computers," 22/7B (July), 84 Ernest von Glasersfeld and ters," by Michael J. Cerullo, the Romero Story," from tvan (Feb.), 6 Chess, "The Path to Championship others, 22/7 (July), 9 22/11 (Nov.), 8 Dryer, 22/4 (Apr.), 41 Education: "Applications of Chess by Computer," by Donald "Computer Poems," gathered by Correspondence courses, "New "Divide and Rule," by Bill Zim­ Computers in Correspondence Michie, 22/1 (Jan.), 7 Richard W. Bailey, 22/8 (Aug.), Home Study Courses in Electro­ merman and Edmund C. Berkeley, Schools," by Major Charles Chimpanzee: "Communication -­ 7 technology Now Available 22/2 (Feb.), 39 Ehin, 22/7 (July), 25 Three Way: Chimpanzee, Man, "Computer Pri vacy and Securi ty, .. Through the IEEE," 22/6 (June), "The Domination of the Computer "General Turtle, Inc. -- A Computer," by Larry B. Den­ by Howard Campaigne and Lance 43 Industry by IBM," by D. James Small Company with a Strange dy, 22/7 (July), 7 J. Hoffman, 22/7 (July), 12 Cover-up, "The Watergate Crime Guzy, 22/2 (Feb.), 8 Name," 22/1 (Jan.), 42 "A Computer Mediates Communi­ "Computer Program Helps in Treat­ and the Cover-Up Strategy," Dravillas, J. N.. "'People "Student Programs Computer for cation with a Chimpanzee," ment of Heart Patients," 22/1 by Richard E. Sprague, 22/3 Mover' Automatic System at Remedial Instruction," 22/11 by Ernest von Glasersfeld (Jan.), 43 (Mar.), 26 Seattle-Tacoma International (Nov.) ,I 44 and others, 22/7 (July), 9 "Computer Programming USing Na­ Crashes, air, "Secrecy About Air Airport," 22/4 (Apr.), 15 "United Nations International "Chin Hou," (Computer Art), by tural Language," by Edmund C. Crashes: Typical Reactions of Dreyer, J. L., "The Monopoly by School Gets Free Computer Kenneth F. Dunker and Paul Berkeley, Andy Langer, and the Bureaucrats," by Murray IBM of the Software Industry: System," 22/7 (July), 43 Shao, 22/8 (Aug.), 17 Casper Otten, 22/6 (June), 10 Seeger, 22/2 (Feb.), 38 Posi tion Paper," 22/4 (Apr.), Education Center of Computer "The Church and the Computer," "Computer Programming Using Na­ Credi t-t ransier, "Cont rol Data, 32 Hardware Maintenance Co., "Fi r­ by Brother Austin David, F.S. tural Language -- Part 2," by St. Cloud State College Reach Dri na n, Robe rt F., Congre s sma n, st 12 Students Graduate from C" 22/2 (Feb.), 13 Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Lan­ Credi t-Transfer Agreement," "Resolution of Impeachment of Computer Hardware Education Ci rcuit analysi s, "Uni versi ty ger, and Casper Otten, 22/7 22/6 (June), 44 President Nixon," 22/9 (Sept.), Center," 22/3 (Mar.), 41 Computing Company To Market (July), 18 Crime: "High-Level Crime and the 28 Ehin, Major Charles, "Applica­ MAGIC," 22/2 (Feb.), 42 "Computer Programming Using Na­ High-Level Criminal," by Ed­ Driver training, "Nova Computer tions of Computers in Corres­ Closest Point of Approach, "Cal­ tural Language - Part 3," by mund C. Berkeley and Thomas Becomes Teacher's Aid in New pondence Schools," 22/7 (July), culator Prevents Collisions at Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Lang­ A. McLaughlin, 22/7 (July)' Singer Driver Training System," 25 Sea," 22/8 (Aug.), 46 er, and Casper Otten, 22/8 6 22/1 (Jan.), 43 "852 Out of 2,722 Appl icants "Cluster - Phobia," (Computer (Aug.), 28 "The National Crime Informa­ "Driverless Taxis Controlled by Pass '73 CDP Exam," 22/8 Art), by Manfred Mohr, 22/8 "Computer To Help Design 'Eyes' tion Center and Massachuset­ Honeywell Mi nicomputer," 22/2 (Aug.), 46 (Aug.), 10 for Space Probes," 22/7 (July), ts," by Francis W. Sargent, (Feb.), 43 "Eight Photographs of a Bush: "Coalesced Triangles," (Compu­ 42 Governor, 22/12 (Dec.), 7 Drugs, "M. l. T. Computer Analyzes Answers -- Pictorial Reasoni ng ter Art), by Leo Geurts and "Computer Used To Aid Research "New Mexico's Newest Crime Patients' 80dy Fluids for Drug Tests -- Part 8," by Neil Mac­ Lambert Meertens, 22/8 (Aug.), Productivity in Population An­ Fighter," 22/5 Olay) , 41 Overdose," 22/12 (Dec.), 34 donald, 22/1 (Jan.), 31 - ( . r 9 alysis," 22/2 (Feb.), 41 Critical, "Unsettling, Disturb­ Dryer, Ivan, "Distrusting the "18-Year-Old Math Whiz Develops Coins, ''Looking for a Rare "Computer Utilization in Manage­ ing, Critica!. .... : 2211 (Jan.), Columbia Broadcasting System Time-Shari ng Moni tor for IBM Coin? Computer May Hold Your ment of Water Qual i ty," by 13; 22/2 (Feb.), 38; 22/4 -- Comment s on the Romero 1130," 22/3 (Mar.), 42 Answer," 22/9 (Sept.), 44 Jack H. Morris, 22/6 (June), (Apr.), 41; 22/5 (May), 27; 22/ Story," 22/4 (Apr.), 41 Election coverage, "Minicomputer "'Cold Storage' Computer Helps 19 7 (July), 38; 22/8 (Aug.), 27; Dunker, Kenneth F .. and Paul Helps Bay Area TV Station Boost Freeze Pies," 22/5 (May), 42 "Computer X-Ray Devi ce Wi ns Top 22/9 (Sept. >, 36; 22/10 (Oct. >, Shao, "Chin Hou," (Computer Ratings During Election Cover­ Cole, Edward N., "The Automotive Awa rd," 22/3 (Ma r. ), 42 36; 22/11 (Nov.), 3, 41 Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 17 age," 22/7 (July), 41 Industry and the Computer In­ "Computeri zed Feed Mixi ng Be­ Crunch, "The Limits to Growth, "Dy Siu," (Computer Art), 22/ Electrical Research Assn., "~Ii­ dustry: Common Language, Com­ gins at Gooch Mill." 22/1 and the Crunch," by Edmund C. 8 (Aug.), 16 croprocessors -- An Era Assess­ mon Future," 22/10 (Oct.), 8 (Jan.), 41 Berkeley, 22/12 (Dec.), 6 "The Dvorak Keyboard, the Qwerty ment of LST Computer Components," Colleges, "Roster of College "Computers Assi st in Growi ng Customs Bureau, "8ureau of Cus­ Keyboard, and Others," by John 22/6 (June), 45 and Universi ty Computer FR­ Share of Uni versi ty Projects toms Uses Computer in Battle J. Seitz, and Robert Parkin­ Electrocardiograms, "Computer cilities," 22/7B (July), 136 in Humanities Field," 22/2 Against Drugs and Smuggling," son, 22/5 (May>, 26 Program Helps in Treatment of COllision: "Automobile Anti­ (Feb.), 42 22/2 (Feb,), 41 Dvorak Simplified Keyboard, "A Heart Patients," 22/1 (Jan.), Collision Automatic Braking Computers and Automation: "An­ Quiet Revolution for the Typ­ 43 System," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 nual Index for Volume 21, i st," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 Electrotechnology, "New Home "Calculator Prevents Colli- 1972 of 'Computers and Auto­ o "Dy Siu," (Computer Art), by Study Courses in Electrotech­ sions at Sea," 22/8 (Aug.). mation', .. 22/1 (Jan.), 23 Kenneth F. Dunker and Paul nology Now Available Through 46 "From 'Computers and Automa­ DPMA, "852 Out of 2,722 Appli­ Shao, 22/8 (Aug.), 16 the IEEE," 22/6 (June), 43 Columbia Broadcasting System, tion' to 'Computers and Peo­ cants Pass '73 CDP Exam," 22/8 Dymond, F. Irvi ng, and Jim Gar­ "Eleventh Annual Computer Art "Distrusting the COlumbia pIe', .. by Edmund C. Berkeley, (Aug.), 46 rison, "The New Orleans Por­ Contest," 22/5 (May), 38 Broadcasting System -- Com­ 22/1 (Jan.), 6 Data banks -- see al so Databanks tion of the Conspi racy to As­ "Eleventh Annual Computer Art ment s on the Romero Story," "Computers, Automatio n and Tech­ Data banks, 'Who Knows You: A sassinate President John F. Exposition, 1973," 22/8 (Aug.), from Ivan Dryer, 22/4 (Apr.), nological Change," by Mike Look at Commercial Data Banks," Kennedy -- II," 22/5 (May), 8 41 Cooley, 22/3 (Mar.), 15 by Donald S. Willis, 22/3 30 Emi -scanner, "Computer X-Ray Common Cause, "The Right That "Computers and Democracy," by (Mar.), 18 Device Wins Top Award," 22/3 Guards All Other Rights," by Anthony G. Ral ston, 22/4 Data bases, "Good Management of (Mar.), 42 John Gardner, 22/7 (July), 30 (Apr.), 19 Computer Operations: 1. Manag­ Emi ssion testing system, 'World'! Common sense, "The C&A Notebook Computers, digital, "Character­ i ng Softwa re Work: It Ca n Be Largest Computerized Emission on Common Sense, Elementa ry istics of Digital Computers," Done; 2. Data 8ases: There Earthquakes, "Forecasting Earth­ Testing System Sold to Toyota and Advanced," 22/7 (July), 3; 22/7B (July), 84 Really Is a Better Way to quakes -- A New Role for Motor Company, Ltd .... 22/6 22/9 (Sept.), 2, 7; 22/10 (June), 45 (Oct.), 2, 7 24 Annual Index

the Energy, "Research Progress on Frankel. J. P., "Virtue, in 2. Data Bases: There Really lIornet, "The Fly. the Spider, Robert A. Bartol and Kathryn 5 Solar Energy Project Leads Spi te of Erroneous Concep­ Is a Better Way to Manage Your and the Hornet." by Edmund C. M. Bartol, 22/6 (June), 16 to Renewal of Grant to Uni v. tions," 22/11 (Nov.), 33 riles," by ADL Systems, Inc .. Berkeley, 22/7 (July)' 39 Information system: "Railway by of Mi nn. ," 22/9 (Sept.), 46 Freedom, "Computers and Democ­ 22/4 (Apr.), 7 Hospital, "AppOintments for Pa­ Freight Information System,:' 19 "Engineering for Society," by racy," by Anthony G. Ralston, "Good Management of Computer tients at Uni versi ty of Iowa by Romitsu Matsui and Nori-: f Dr. H. Guyford Stever, 22/3 22/4 (Apr.), 19 Operations: 1. The Whys and Hospi tal s Made by Computer," hi sa Nukui, 22/9 (Sept.), 22 ohn (Mar.), 22 Freight, "Railway Freight Infor­ Why Nots of Facilities Manage­ 22/4 (Apr.), 44 "Social Implications of Compu­ i- Ervin, Sam J., Senator, "Is the mation System, ,. by Romitsu ment; 2. Computer Operations: "The House I s on Fi re," by Ed­ terized Information Systems," s- Press Being Hobbled?," 22/4 Matsui and Norihisa Nukui, A Little Attention Can Yield mund C. Berkeley: 22/2 (Feb.), by Robert P. Henderson, 22/ clu- (Apr.), 23 22/9 (Sept.), 22 a 30% Producti vi ty Tncrease," 7; 22/10 (Oct.), 52 3 (Mar.), 11 Espionage: "u. S. Electronic "The Frenchman Who Was To Kill by ADL Systems, Inc., 22/2 Housi ng inventory, "All Housi ng "Information System for Motor tern Espionage: A Memoi r -- Part Kennedy," by Phillippe Bernert, (Feb. ), 20 in Rock Island Kept in Elec­ Carriers," 22/10 (Oct.), 45 1," from Ramparts, 22/2 Ann K. Bradley translator, 22 Government, U. S •. "Paraguayan tronic Inventory," 22/6 (June), Installations -- see "New In­ 2/5 (Feb.), 30 /1 (Jan.), 37 Atroci ties Condoned by the 42 stallations" "U.S. Electronic Espionage: "From 'Computers and Automati on' United States Government," "How IBM Computerized Its Con­ Instant Transaction, "Hempstead Man- A Memoi r -- Part 2," from to 'Computers and People'," by by Richard Arens, James Abou­ trol System for More Than Two Bank's Chairman Calls 'IT' a logy, " Ramparts, 22/3 (Mar.), 31 Edmund C. Berkeley. 22/1 rezk, and Jack B. Kubisch, 22/ Million Machine Parts," by Success," 22/3 (Mar.), 40 "Establi shments and Truth," by (Jan.), 6 12 (Dec.), 30 Fred Groppuso, 22/9 (Sept.), Insti tute for Certification of ated Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/9 "From Shoes to Bumpers -- Com­ Graduates, "Fi rst 12 Students 16 Computer Professional s, "ICCP (Sept.), 6 puters Help Ensure Quali ty," Graduate from Computer Hard­ "How to Read by Computer," by Names Di rectors and Offi cers, " /4 "The Evolution of Man-Computer 22/7 (July), 40 ware Education Center," 22/3 Dr. G. Howard Poteet, 22/8 22/11 (Nov.), 45 Symbiosis." by C. J. Testa Ful ton County Jai I, "Communica­ (Mar.), 41 (Aug.), 26 Instructi on: "Computer-Assi sted 22/5 (May), 11 tions Terminal Will Link Ful­ "Grocery Industry's Universal Humanities, "Computers Assi st Instruction Activities in /2 Exploration, "Saturn Computers ton County Jail with Computer," Product Code Expected To in Growi ng Share of Uni ver­ Naval Research," by Dr. Wrestle wi th Exploration, 22/9 (Sept.), 44 Create $7 Billion Market for sity Projects in Humanities Marshall J. Farr, 22/1 in Pollution and Flooding," 2217 "Furni ture Makers Use Computer Supermarket Electronic Point­ Field." 22/2 (Feb.), 42 (Jan.), 10 of (July), 41 To Get More Usable Wood from of-Sale Systems," 22/6 (June), "A Humani zed Approach to Compu­ "Student Programs Computer ta- Exposition -- see "Art Exposi­ Hardwood Planks," 22/5 (May), 44 ters," by Dr. Edward A. Tom­ for Remedial Instruction," tion" 41 Groppuso, Fred, "How IBM Com­ eski and Dr. Harold Lazarus, 22/11 (Nov.), 44 Eyes, "Computer To Help Design puterized Its Control System 22/6 (June), 21 Intelligent machines, "Navy 'Eyes' for Space Probes." for More Than Two Million. Hurricanes, "Nova Computer Tracks Considers 'Intelligent' Ma­ e 22/7 (July). 42 G Machine Parts," 22/9 (Sept.), Hurricanes for U.S. Air Force," chines To Assist in Navy ople 16 22/10 (Oct.), 44 Tasks," 22/9 (Sept.), 46 "GTE Sylvania's Experimental Growth, "The Limits to Growth, Huston, Thomas J.: "Numerical "Investigative Reporting," by System Transmits Freeway Ad­ and the Crunch," by Edmund C. Noel," (Computer Art), 22/8 A. M. Rosenthal, 22/5 (May), visory Information," 22/4 Berkeley, 22/12 (Dec.), 6 (Aug.), 11 33 Faci li ties management, "Good (Apr.), 42 Guzy, D. James, "The Domination "Sonic Boom," (Computer Art), Iowa State Univ .. "Composing by m- Management of Computer Opera­ "The Game Zoonayman -- Answers," of the Computer Industry by 22/8 (Aug.), 18 Computer at ISU," 22/11 (Nov.), nald tions: 1. The Whys and Why by Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/10 IBM," 22/2 (Feb.), 8 44 Not s of Faci 1 i tles Management; (Oct.), 47 Iowa, Uni v. of, "Appoi ntments Data 2. Computer Operations: A Games, "ZOONAYMAN -- A New Game for Patients at University of 51 ; Little Attention Can Yield a for People and Computers," H Iowa Hospitals Made by Compu­ 30% Productivity Increase," 22/9 (Sept.), 39 IB.M Corp.: "ADAPSO Seeks Perma­ ter," 22/4 (Apr.), 44 tory, " by ADL Systems, Inc., 22/2 Ga rdner, John, "The Right That Handicapped, "Prosthetic Arm nent Exclusion of IBM from "Iran's Computeri zed Moni tori ng (Feb.), 20 Guards All Other Rights," 22/ Movements Controlled by Compu­ Data Center Activities," and Contr91 System Regulates Farr, Marshall J., "Computcr­ 7 (July), 30 ter," 22/8 (Aug.), 46 22/4 (Apr.), 45 Crude Oil Pipeline Flow." 22/7 Assisted Instruction in Naval Garri son, Jim, "The Attempted Hardware, "n rst 12 Students "Computer Program Helps in (July), 42 nny', II Research," 22/1 (Jan.), 10 Framing of Jim Garrison," by Graduate from Computer Hard­ Treatment of Heart Patients," "Is the Press Being Hobbled?," Feed mixing. "Computerized Feed Edmund C. Berkeley and Rich­ ware Education Center," 22/3 22/1 (Jan.), 43 by Senator Sam J. Ervin, Jr., s Mixing Begins at Gooch Mill," ard E. Sprague, 22/12 (Dec.), (Mar.), 41 "The Domination of the Compu­ 22/4 (Apr.), 23 Data 22/1 (Jan.), 41 23 Hardware systems. "New Method ter Industry by IBM," by "Italian Supreme Court Opens Fi re: "Computers Help Fight Garrison, Jim, and Edmund C. Ber­ of Processing Vi sual Data May D. James Guzy, 22/2 (Feb.), New Computer Center," 22/4 Fires in Scotland," 22/4 keley, "The New Orleans Portion Simplify and Revolutionize 8 (Apr.),42 (Apr.), 43 of the Conspiracy To Assassi­ Communications and Computer "How IBM Computerized Its Italy, "Forecasting Earthquakes "The House Is on Fire," by nate Pres i dent John F. Kennedy," Hardware Systems," 22/5 (May), Control System for More Than -- A New Role for Computers?," Edmund C. Berkeley: 22/2 22/4 (Apr.). 34 43 Two Million Machine Parts," 22/10 (Oct.), 43 (Feb.), 7; 22/10 (Oct.), 52 Garrison, Jim, and F. Irving "lIarmonic Variation, 5," (Com­ by Fred Groppuso, 22/9 it, " "Fire" (Computer Art), by Dymond, "The New Orleans Por­ puter Art), by Norton Starr, (Sept.), 16 Lloyd Sumner, 22/8 (Aug.). 1 tion of the Conspi racy to 22/8 (Aug.), 9 "Indexi ng Techni que for IBM's Neil First Data Corp., "MIMIC -- Assassinate President John F. Heal th care, "Automation: Its Computerized Parts Control 20 For Minicomputer Users," 22/5 Kennedy -- II," 22/5 (May), 30 Impact on the Deli very of System," by Erik A. Ander­ Jail, "Communications Terminal d (May), 43 Geddes, Clifford, and Marsha Heal th Care," by Ray M. Antley sen, 22/9 (Sept.), 19 Will Link Fulton County Jail ,ld "First Holographic Optical Com­ Caunt, "In Nature 1 5 Realm, It MD. and Mary Ann Antley MA, "The Monopoly by IBM of the wi th Computer," 22/9 (Sept.), ,td. , " puter Memory System Capable (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 22/4 (Apr.), 11 Software Industry: Position 44 of Full-Cycle Operation Demon­ 12 Heart patients. "Computer Pro­ Paper," by J. L. Dreyer, 22/ 'n strated by RCA," 22/4 (Apr.), Gellman, Harvey S., "The Social gram Helps in Treatment of 4 (Apr.), 32 y), 44 Responsibility of Computer Heart Patients," 22/1 (Jan.), "IBM Introduces a Typewriter K "First 12 Students Graduate Specialists," 22/1 (Jan.), 14 43 that Erases," 22/5 (May), 43 from Computer Hardware Educa­ General Motors, "CAl Minicompu­ Heckman Bindery, "Binder + Iml "ICCP Names Directors and Offi­ Kennedy, John F.: "The American ti on Center," 22/3 (Mar.), 41 ter Monitors Bumper Heights," Computer: Covering a Mile of cers," 22/11 (Nov.), 45 News Media and the Assassi­ Fisher, Edward J., ·and Lee W. 22/12 (Dec.), 35 Magazines," 22/7 (July), 40 IEEE, "New Home Study Courses nation of President John F. :e Wagenhals, Jon F. Reynolds: "General Turtle, Inc. -- A Small "Helmet," (Computer Art), by in Electrotechnology Now Avail­ Kennedy: Accessories After ~ar.) , "Remote Terminal Systems for Company wi th a Strange Name," Wade D. Shaw, 22/8 (Aug.), 19 able Through the IEEE," 22/6 the Fact," by Richard E. Computers --. Part 1," 22/9 22/1 (Jan.), 42 "Hempstead Bank's Chairman Calls (June), 43 Sprague, 22/6 (June), 36 (Sept.),8 Genocide, "Paraguayan Atroci­ 'IT' a Success." 22/3 (Mar.), "IFIP Congress '74 Travel Grants," "The American News Media and lng "Remote Terminal Systems for ties Condoned by the United 40 22/11 (Nov.), 47 the Assassination of Presi­ t Computers -- Part 2," 22/ States Government," by Rich­ Henderson, Robert p.. "Soci al "If It Had Happened Here," by dent John F. Kennedy: Acces­ 10 (Oct.). 16 ard Arens, James Abourezk, and Implications of Computerized Jane Yett Kiely, 22/2 (Feb.). sories After the Fact -- Con­ j at Floodi ng. "Saturn Computers Jack B. Kubi sch. 22/12 (Dec.), Information Systems," 22/3 29 clusion," by Richard E. Wrestle wi th Exploration, 30 (Mar.), 11 "The Impact of Computers on Un­ Sprague, 22/7 (July), 31 Pollution and Flooding." 22/7 "Geographic Roster of Organi za­ Hertlein. Grace C.: "Computer dergraduate Mathematical Edu­ "Analysi s of the Autopsy on th, (July), 41 cation in 1984," by Prof. President John F. Kennedy, ~ tions in Computers and Data Art: The Search Beyond Mani­ ~nd l Fluids, body, "M.LT. Computer Processing," 22/7B (July), 48 pulation," 22/11 (Nov.), 18 Garrett Birkhoff, 22/2 (Feb.), and the Impossibility of the 6 Analyzes Patients' Body Fluids Gerth, Jeff: "Nixon and the "A Picasso Derivation," (Com­ 15 Warren Commi ssion' s 'Lone C. ~ for Drug Overdose," 22/12 Mafia -- Part 1," 22/9 puter Art), 22/8 (Aug.). 11 Impeachment, "Resol uti on of Im­ Assassin' Conclusion," by -, " (Dec.), 34 (Sept. ), 31 "High-Level Crime and the High­ peachment of President Nixon," Cyril H. Wecht, 22/2 (Feb.), y "The Fly, the Spider, and the "Nixon and the Mafi a -- Part Level Criminal," by Edmund C. by Congressman Robert F. Dri n­ 26 nan ~ Hornet," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 2," 22/10 (Oct.), 37 Berkeley and Thomas A. McLaugh­ an. 22/9 (Sept.), 28 "The Attempted Framing of Jim 22/7 (July), 39 "Nixon and the Mafia -- Con­ lin, 22/7 (July), 6 "The Importance of Calling a Garrison," by Edmund C. Food, frozen, '''Cold Storage' clusion," 22/11 (Nov.), 36 Hiss, Alger, "Six Parallels of Defeat a Defeat," by Paul M. Berkeley and Richard E. Computer Helps Freeze Pies," Geurts. Leo, and Lambert Meert­ 2S Years Ago," 22/9 (Sept.), Sweezy and Harry Magdoff. 22/ Sprague, 22/12 (Dec.), 23 Ed- 22/5 (May), 42 ens, "Coalesced Triangles, It 37 6 (June). 32 "The Frami ng of Lee Ha rvey 'pt. ). Food industry, "Grocery Indus­ (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), History: "Burying Facts and Re­ "Tn Nature's Realm," (Computer Oswald." by Richard E. try's Universal Product Code 9 writing History," by Edmund Art), by Clifford Geddes and Sprague, 22/10 (Oct.), 21 Expected To Create $7 Billion Gill, M. H.. "PROTEST: A Lan­ C. Berkeley, 22/5 (May), 6 Marsha Caunt, 22/8 (Aug.), 12 "The Frenchman Who Was To Market for Supermarket Elec­ guage for Testing," 22/5 "Burying Facts and Rewri ting Index, "Annual Index for Volume Kill Kennedy," by Phillippe tronic Point-of-Sale Systems," (May), 17 Hi story -- II," by Edmund 21, 1972 of 'Computers and Bernert, Ann K. Bradley 22/6 (June). 44 Glasersfeld, Ernest von, "A C. Berkeley, 22/11 (Nov.), Automati on'," 22/1 (Jan.), 23 translator, 22/1 (Jan.), 37 "Forecasting Earthquakes -- A Computer Mediates Communica­ 26 "Indexing Technique for lillI's "The New Orleans Portion of New Role for Computers?," tion with a Chimpanzee," 22/7 Hi tachi Ltd .. "Robot That 'Sees' Computerized Parts Control the Conspi racy To Assassi­ 22/10 (Oct.), 43 (July), 9 By Hi tachi," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 System," by Erik A. Andersen, nate President John F. Ken­ Fort Worth, Texas, "Minicompu­ Goff, Norri s S., "The Case for Hoffman, Lance J., and Howard 22/9 (Sept.), 19 nt'dy," by Edmund C. Berkeley, ters Deliver Daily Newspapers Benchmarking," 22/5 (May), 23 Campaigne, "Computer Pri vacy Indians, "Paraguayan Atrocltlt's antI Jim Garrison, 22/4 in Fort Worth, Texas," 22/1 GOOch Feed Mi 11 Corp., "Compu­ and Security," 22/7 (July), Condoned by the Unl ted States ("pr.), 34 (Jan.), 41 terized Feed Mixing Begins at 12 Government," by Richard Arens, "Tht' New Orleans Portion of "The ountain of Youth, in Gooch Mill," 22/1 (Jan.), 41 "HOlland's Shipbuildi ng Indus­ James Abourezk, and Jack B. th .. Conspiracy to Assassi­ Com uter Form," by Edmund C. "Good Management of Computer try Reorgani zed by Mergers, Kubisch, 22/12 (Dec.), 30 nate President John F. Ken­ Berk ey. 22/6 (June), 6 Operations: 1. Finishing the Computers," 22/6 (June), 43 Information: "American Standard nedy -- IT," by F. Trvi ng "The Fr i ng of Lee Ha rvey Software Job: There Must Be a Holographic Optical Memory Sys­ Code for Information Inter­ Dymond, and Jim Garri son, Oswald," by Richard E. Spra­ Better Way; 2. Data Communica­ tem, "Fi rst Holographic Opti­ change," 2217B (July), 171 22/5 (May), 30 gue, 22 0 (Oct.), 21 tions: Solving the Puzzle Is cal Computer Memory System "The Prospects of 'Informati on Kiely, Jane Yett, "If It Had Franke, H. .: "A Bit of the Possible," by ADL Systems, Capable of Full-Cycle Opera­ Tyranny' ," by Jerome B. Happened Here," 22/2 (Feb.), Bubbly,' (Computer Art), Tnc., 22/5 (May), 13 ti on Demonstrated by RCA," Wiesner, 22/12 (Dec.), 11 29 22/8 (Aug ), 21 "Good Management of Computer 22/4 (Apr.), 44 "Soviet Information-Handling Kiewi t Computation Center, "Pro­ "Square Affai r." (Computer Operations: 1. Managing Soft­ Honeywell Inc., "Driverless Taxis Problems: The Possibilities ject COMPUTe -- Call for Pro­ Art). 22/8 (Aug.). 20 ware Work: It Can Be Done; Controlled by Honeywell Mini­ in Computer Usage," by posals," 22/9 (Sept.), 38 computer," 22/2 (Feb.), 43

25 Annual Index

Kings Island, "Yogi Bear and Wood from Hardwood Planks," McLaughlin, Thomas A., and Ed­ N Nixon, Richard M.: "The Big Lie Computer liard at Work at Fun 22/5 (May), 41 mund C. Berkeley, "High-Level -- Blitz Exposes Nixon's Centpr," 2217 (July), 41 Crime and the High-Level Crimi­ "NCR and the Computer Industry," Deceit," by Donald Wise, 22/ KINSYN, "M. T. T. Computer Program nal," 22/7 (July), 6 by W. S. Anderson, 22/9 (Sept.), 2 (Feb.), 38 '[lui Ids' Mechanical Linkages," M Meat production, "Varian Compu­ 13 "Nixon and the Mafia -- Part 22'12 (Dec.), 36 ter System Used in Study To Narcotics, "Bureau of Customs 1," by Jeff Gerth, 22/9 Knowledge: "The People Need To "M. 1. T, Computer Analyzes Pa­ Improve Efficiency of Meat Uses Computer in Battle Again­ (Sept.),31 Know -- I," ~y Charles L. tients' Body Fluids for Drug Production," 22/9 (Sept.). 44 st Drugs and Smuggling," 22/2 "Nixon and the Mafia -- Part Whipple, 22/4 (Apr.), 26 Overdose," 22/12 (Dec.), 34 Medicine: "Automation: Its Impact (Feb.), 41 2," by Jeff Gerth, 22/10 "The People's Need To Know _. "'1/. LT. Computer Program 'Builds' on the Deli very of Health "National American Bank Installs (Oct.),37 II," by Charles L. Whipple, Mechanical Linkages," 22/12 Care," by Ray M. Antley MD, Computer-Based Security Sys­ "President Richard M. Nixon, 22/5 (May), 36 (Dec.), 36 and Mary Ann Antley MA, 22/4 tem," 22/11 (Nov.), 42 the Bay of Pigs, and the Kubi sch, Jack B., and Richard "M. 1. T. Music Project Uses DEC (Apr.), 11 "The National Crime Information Watergate Incident," by Arens, James Abourezk, "Para­ Computer," 22/11 (Nov.), 43 "Psychiatric Interviews Con­ Center and Massachusetts," by Richard E. Sprague, 22/1 guayan Atroci ties Condoned by Macdonald, Neil -- see "Monthly ducted by Computer," 22/3 Francis W. Sargent, Governor, (Jan.), 33 the Uni ted States Government," Computer Census": 22/1 (Jan.), (Mar.), 40 22/12 (Dec.), 7 "Resolution of Impeachment of 22/12 (Dec.), 30 47; 22/2 (Feb.), 48; 22/3 Meertens, Lambert, and Leo National Science Foundation, President Nixon," by Con­ (Mar.), 46; 22/4 (Apr.), 48; Geurts, "Coalesced Triangles." "IFIP Congress '74 Travel gressman Robert F. Drinan, 22/5 (May), 46; 22/6 (June), (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 9 Grants," 22/11 (Nov.), 47 22/9 (Sept.), 28 48; 22/7 (July), 47; 22/8 Memory system, "First Holograph­ Nati onal Securi ty Agency, "u. S. ''Watergate: What More Is (Aug.), 49; 22/9 (Sept.), 49; ic Optical Computer Memory Electronic Espionage: A Memoir There to Hide? -- Part Six," Laboratory Instrument Computer, 22/10 (Oct.), 48; 22/11 System Capable of Full-Cycle -- Part 1," from Ramparts, 22/6 (June), 26 "Psychiatric Interviews Con­ (Nov.), 48; 22/12 (Dec.), 40 Operation Demonstrated by RCA," 22/2 (Feb.). 30 Notebook, "The C&A Notebook on ducted by Computer," 22/3 -- see "Numbles" 22/4 (Apr.), 44 Nature, "In Nature I s Realm, tt Common Sense, Elementary and (Mar.), 40 "Eight Photographs of a Bush: "Menace, Messiah -- or Machine?," (Computer Art), by Clifford Advanced," 22/7 (July), 3 Land, Thomas, "Privacy vs. the Answers -- Pictorial Reason­ by Mil ton R. Wessel, 22/2 Geddes and Marsha Caunt, 22/8 "Notebook on Common Sense, Computer Revolution," 22/12 ing Tests -- Part 8," 22/1 (Feb.), 11 (Aug.), 12 Elementary and Advanced": 22/ (Dcc.), 14 (Jan.), 31 Messiah. "Menace. Messiah -- or Naval research. "Computer-Assi s­ 9 (Sept.), 2, 7; 22/10 (Oct.). Langer, Andy, and Edmund C. ''World Computer Census," 22/7B Machine?," by Milton R. Wes­ ted Instruction Activities in 2, 7 Berkeley, Casper Otten: (July), 120 sel, 22/2 (Feb.), 11 Naval Research," by Dr. Mar­ "Nova Computer Becomes Teacher's "Computer Programmi ng Usi ng Mafia: "Nixon and the Mafia -­ Michie, Donald, "The Path to shall J. Farr, 22/1 (Jan.), 10 Aid in New Singer Driver Natural Language," 22/6 Part 1," by Jeff Gerth, 22/9 Championship Chess by Compu­ "Navy Considers 'Intelligent' Training System," 22/1 (Jan.), (June), 10 (Sept.), 31 ter," 22/1 (Jan.), 7 Machines To Assist in Navy 43 "Computer Programming Using "Nixon and the Mafia -- Part 2," "Microprocessors -- An Era Asses- Tasks," 22/9 (Sept.), 46 "Nova Computer Checks Strength Natural Language -- Part 2," by Jeff Gerth, 22/10 (Oct.), ment of LSI Computer Compon­ NEW CONTRACTS: 22/1 (Jan.), 44; of Roof in Coal Mi ne," 22/11 22/7 (July), 18 37 ents," 22/6 (June), 45 2?/2 (Feb.), 45; 22/3 (Mar.), (Nov.), 42 "Computer Programmi ng Usi ng "Nixon and the Mafia -- Con­ Milk production, "Penn State 44; 22/4 (Apr.), 46; 22/5 "Nova Computer Tracks Hurricanes Natural Language -- Part 3," clusion," by Jeff Gerth, 22/ Computer Helps Double Amount (May), 44; 22/6 (June), 46; for U.S. Air Force," 22/10 22/8 (Aug.), 28 11 (Nov.), 36 of Milk Cows Give," 22/10 22/7 (July). 44; 22/8 (Aug.), (Oct.), 44 La'nguage: "Computer Programming Magazines, "Bindery + IB~I Compu­ (Oct.), 44 47; 22/9 (Sept.), 47; 22/10 Nukui, Norihisa, and Romitsu Using Natural Language," by ter: Covering a Mile of Maga­ "MIMIC -- For Minicomputer (Oct.), 46; 22/11 (Nov.), 46; Matsui, "Rai lway Freight In­ Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy zines," 22/7 (July), 40 Users," 22/5 (May), 43 22/12 (Dec.), 38 formation System," 22/9 Langer, and Casper Otten, Magdoff, Ha rry, and Paul M. Mini computer: "Litton Business "New Home Study Courses in Elec­ (Sept.), 22 22/6 (June), 10 Sweezy, "The Importance of Minicomputer Has Memory trotechnology Now Available NUMBLES by Neil Macdonald: #731, "Computer Programmi ng Usi ng Calling a Defeat a Defeat," Capacity of Over 100,000 Through the IEEE," 22/6 (June), 22/1 (Jan.), 32; #732, 22/2 Natural Language -- Part 2," 22/6 (June), 32 Bytes," 22/6 (June), 44 43 (Feb.), 36; #733,22/3 (Mar.), by Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy MAGIC. "llniversity Computing "MIMIC -- For Mi nicomputer NEW INSTALLATIONS: 22/1 (Jan.), 25; #734, 22/4 (Apr.). 40; Langer, and Casper Otten, Company To Market MAG IC," 22/2 Users," 22/5 (May). 43 45; 22/2 (Feb.), 46; 22/3 #735, 22/5 (May), 22; #736, 22/7 (July), 18 (Feb.),42 "Minicomputer Helps Bay Area TV (Mar.), 45; 22/4 (Apr.), 47; 22/6 (June), 49; #737, 22/7 "Computer Programming Usi ng Management: "Computer Utiliza­ Station Boost Ratings During 22/5 (May), 45; 22/6 (June), (July), 17; #738, 22/8 (Aug.), Natural Language -- Part 3," tion in Management of Water Election Coverage," 22/7 47; 22/7 (July), 45; 22/8 35; #739, 22/9 (Sept.), 24; by Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Quality," by Jack H. Morris, (July), 41 (Aug.), 48; 22/9 (Sept.), 48; #7310, 22/10 (Oct.), 50; Langer, and Casper Otten, 22/6 (June), 19 "Minicomputer-Based System 22/10 (Oct.), 47; 22/11 (Nov.). #7311, 22/11 (Nov.), 35; 22/8 (Aug.), 28 "Good Management of Computer Boosts'Newspaper Production 47; 22/12 (Dec.), 39 , #7312, 22/12 (Dec.), 29 "PROTEST: A Language for Operations: 1. Finishing the Rate," 22/8 (Aug.), 44 "New Method of Processi ng Visual "Numerical Noel," (Computer Art), Testing," by M. H. Gill, Software Job: There Must Be "Minicomputers Deliver Dai ly Data May Simplify and Revolu­ by Thomas J. Huston, 22/8 22/5 (May), 17 a Better Way; 2. Data Com­ Newspapers in Fort Worth, tionize Communications and Com­ (Aug.), 11 "The Understandi ng of Natural munications: Solving the Texas," 22/1 (Jan.), 41 puter Hardware Systems," 22/5 Language by Computers," by Puzzle Is Possible," by ADL Mi ni ng, "Nova Computer Checks (May). 43 Edmund C. Be rke 1 ey, 22/11 Systems, Inc .. 22/5 (May), Strength of Roof in Coal Mine," "New ~Iexico's Newest Crimefight­ o (Nov.), 6 13 22/11 (Nov.), 42 er," 22/5 (May), 41 Languages, programming, "Roster "Good Management of Computer Mi nnesota, Uni v. of, "Research "The New Orleans Portion of the Oil, "Iran's Computerized Moni­ of Programmi ng Languages," by Operations: 1. Managing Progress on Solar Energy Conspiracy To Assassinate tori ng and Control System Reg­ Jean E. Sammet, 22/7B (July), Software Work: It Can Be Proj ect Leads To Renewal of PreSident John F. Kennedy," by ulates Crude Oil Pipeline Flow," 110 Done; 2. Data Bases: There Grant to Univ. of Minn.," 22/ Edmund C. Berkeley, and Jim 22/7 (July), 42 Large-scale integration, "Micro­ Really Is a Better Way to 9 (Sept.). 46 Garri son, 22/4 (Apr.), 34 "123073 (December 30, 1973)," processors -- An Era Assess­ Manage Your Files," by ADL Mistakes, "Preventing Mistakes "The New Orleans Portion of the (Computer Art), by A. B. Sper­ ment of LSI Computer Compon­ Systems, Inc .. 22/4 (Apr.), Before They Happen," 22/7 Conspi racy to Assa ssi nate Pre s­ ry, 22/8 (Aug.), 15 ents," 22/6 (June), 45 7 (July), 2 ident John F. Kennedy -- II," "123173 (December 31, 1973)," "Latest Computers See, lIear, "Good Management of Computer Miyada, Thomas Sanfran, "Let's by Irving Dymond, and Jim Gar­ (Computer Art), by A. B. Sper­ Speak and Si ng -- and May Out­ Operations: I. The Whys and Break a 'Time Honored' Rule," rison, 22/5 (May), 30 ry, 22/8 (Aug.), 14 think Man," by David Brand, Why Nots of Facilities Man­ 22/2 (Feb.), 25 "New Pri son Arri val Sparks Com­ Organizations: "Geographic Ros­ 22/10 (Oct.), 11 agement; 2. Computer Opera­ Modern Analytical Generator of puter Programming Studies," ter of Organizations in Com­ Lawrence Uni v., "Psychology tions: A Little Attention Improved Ci rcui ts, "Uni versi ty 22/1 (Jan.), 42 puters and Data Processing," Instructor Develops CAl Pro­ Can Yield a 30% Productivity Computing Company To Market News media: "The American News 22/7B (July), 48 gram in Advanced Statistics," Increase," by ADL Systems, MAGIC," 22(2 (Feb.), 42 Media and the Assassination "Roster of Organizations in 22/3 (Mar.), 41 Inc .. 22/2 (Feb.), 20 Mohr, Manfred, "Cluster - Phobia," of President John F. Kennedy: Computers and Data Proces­ Lazarus, HarOld, and Dr. Edward "Management of Computer Tech­ (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 10 Accessories After the Fact," sing," 22/7B (July), 4 A. Tomeski, "A Humani zed Ap­ nology," by Col. Carl J. Money, "Computer Impact on Bank­ by Richard E. Sprague, 22/6 Oswald, Lee Harvey, "The Framing proach to Computers," 22/6 Weinmeister ITI, 22/3 (Mar.), ing Promises a 'No Money' Soc­ (June), 36 of Lee Harvey Oswald," by Rich­ (June), 21 8 iety," 22/2 (Feb.), 49 "The American News Media and ard E. Sprague, 22/10 (Oct.), "Lessons of Watergate - Part 7," Man-Computer, "The Evolution of Monopolies, "Competi ti ve Re­ the Assassination of Presi­ 21 by Richard E. Sprague, 22/8 Man-Computer Symbiosi s," by structuri ng of Monopoly Si tua­ dent John F. Kennedy: Acces­ Oswald, Marguerite C., "A Paral­ (Aug.), 36 C. J. Testa, 22/5 (May), 11 tions," by Dan L. McGurk, 22/ sories After the Fact -­ lel of 1963," 22/9 (Sept.), 38 "Let's Break a 'Time Honored I Marketing problems, "ADAPSO 8 (Aug.), 22 Conclusion." by Richard E. Otten, Casper, and Edmund C. Rule," by Thomas Sa nfran Expands Program To Fight Il­ "The Monopoly by IBM of the Soft­ Sprague, 22/7 (July)" 31 Berkeley, Andy Langer, "Com­ Miyada, 22/2 (Feb.), 25 legal Marketing Practice," 22/ ware Industry: Position Paper," "Is the Press Being Hobbled?," puter Programming Using Na­ "Library Protection Program 3 (Mar.), 43 by J. L. Dreyer, 22/4 (Apr.), by Senator Sam J. Ervi n, Jr., tural Language," 22/6 (June), Prevents Fraud," 22/9 (Sept.), Marlboro, Mass .. "Digital Equip­ 32 22/4 (Apr.), 23 10 45 ment Buys RCA Marlboro Plant," MONTHLY CmlPUTER CENSUS: 22/1 Newspapers: "Mi ni computer-Based "Computer Programming Using "The Limits to Growth, and the 22/10 (Oct.), 45 (Jan.), 47; 22/2 (Feb.), 48; System Boosts Newspaper Pro­ Natural Language -- Part 2," Crunch," by Edmund C. Berke­ Massachusetts, "The National 22/3 (Mar.), 46; 22/4 (Apr,), duction Rate," 22/8 (Aug.), 22/7 (July), 18 ley, 22/12 (flpc.), 6 Crime Informati on Center and 48; 22/5 (May), 46; 22/6 44 "Computer Programming Using LTNC, "Psych i at ri c J ntervi ews Massachusetts," by Francis W. (June), 48; 22/7 (July), 47; "Minicomputers Deliver Daily Natural Language -- Part 3," Conductt'd by Computer," 22/3 Sa rgent, Governor, 22/12 22/8 (Aug.), 49; 22/9 (Sept.), Newspapers in Fort Worth, 22/8 (Aug.), 28 (Mar. ), <10 (Dec.), 7 49; 22/10 (Oct.), 48; 22/11 Texas," 22/1 (Jan.), 41 "Our Subscriber List Is Confi­ Linkagps, mpchanical, "M, T.T. Math whiz, "IB-Year-Old Math (Nov.), 48; 22/12 (Dec.), 40 "The Ni ne Most Important Prob­ dential," from James E. Carter Comput"r Program 'Bui Ids' Whiz Develops Time-Sharing Moore, William H.. "At Penn lems in the World and Their and Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/4 ~Iechanical Linkages," 22/12 Monitor for TBII 1130," 22/3 Central: Communications and Relation to Computers," by (Apr.), 41 (Dec, ), 36 (Mar.), 42 Computers," 22/12 (Dec.), 21 Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/10 "Over 2400 Applications of Com­ "Litton Business Minicomputer Mathematical education, "The Morris, Jack H.. "Computer Util­ (Oct.), 6 puters and Data Processing," Has ~Icmory Capacity of Over Impact of Computers on Under­ ization in ~Ianagement of Wa­ 1984, "The Impact of Computers 22/7B (July), 125 100,000 Bytes," 22/6 (June), graduate ~Iathematical Educa­ ter Quality," 22/6 (June), 19 on Undergraduate Mathematical 44 tion in 1984." by Prof. Gar­ Motor carri ers, "Informati on Education in 1984," by Prof. LO-CATE system, "Nova Computer rett Bi rkhoff, 22/2 (Feb.), 15 System for Motor Carriers," Garrett Birkhoff, 22/2 (Feb.), Tracks Hurricanes for U, S. Matsui, Romitsu, and Norihisa 22/10 (Oct.), 45 15 Air Force," 22/10 (Oct.), 44 Nukui, "Railway Freight In­ Music: "Composing by Computer "Nixon and the Mafia -- Part I," Panama Canal, '''Ship Data Bank' "Looki ng for a Rare Coi n? Compu­ formation System," 22/9 at ISU, " 22/11 (Nov.), 44 by Jeff Gerth, 22/9 (Sept.), Speeds Traffic at Panama Canal," ter May 1I0id Your Answer," (Sept.), 22 "M.LT. Music Project Uses 31 22/9 (Sept.), 45 22/9 (Sept.), 44 McDonnell Douglas Corp., "Risk DEC Computer," 22/11 (Nov.), "Nixon and the ~Iafia -- Part 2," Parable, "The Fountain of Youth, Lovett, Linda Ladd, "Over 2400 Ana lysi s Program Announced by 43 by Jeff Gerth, 22/10 (Oct.), in Computer Form," by Edmund Applications of Computers and McDonnell Douglas Corp.," 22/1 37 C. Berkeley, 22/6 (June), 6 Data Processing," 22/7B (July), (Jan.), 43 "Nixon and the Mafia -- Conclus­ "Paraguayan Atrocities Condoned 125 McGurk, Dan L., "Competitive ion," by Jeff Gerth. 22/11 by the Uni ted States Govern­ Lumber, "Furniture Makers Use Restructuring of Monopoly Sit­ (Nov.), 36 ment." by Richard Arens, James Computer To Get More Usable uations," 22/8 (Aug.), 22 Abourezk, and Jack B. Kubi sch, 22/12 (Dec.), 30

26 Annual Index

"A Parallel of 1963," by Mar- by Anthony G. nalston, 22/4 "The Pursui t of Important Truth," Rosenthal, A. M.. "InvestigaTi~; Berkeley, and Jim Garrison, guerite C, Oswald, 22/9 (Sept.), (Apr.), 19 by Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/11 Reporting," 22/5 (May), 33 22/4 (Apr.), 34 38 "Databanks in a Free Society: (Nov.), 3 "Roster of College and Uni ver­ "The New Orleans Portion of Parallels, "Six Parallels of 25 A Summary of the Project on sity Computer Facili ties." 22/ the Conspiracy To Assassi­ Years Ago," by Alger Hi ss, 22/ Computer Databanks," by Prof. 7B (July), 136 nate President John F. Ken­ 9 (Sept.), 37 Alan F. Westin, 22/1 (Jan.), a "Roster of Computer Associations," nedy -- II," by F. Irvi ng Parkinson, Hobert, and John J. 18 22/7B (July), 155 Dymond, and Jim Garrison, Seitz, "The Dvorak Keyboard, "Menace, Messiah -- or Machine?," Quali ty, "From Shoes to Bumpers "Roster of Computer User Groups," 22/5 (May), 30 the Qwerty Keyboard, and Oth- by Milton R. Wessel, 22/2 -- Computers Help Ensure Qual­ 22/7B (July), 167 Shaw, Wade D.: "Helmet," (Com­ ers," 22/5 (May), 26 (Feb.), 11 ity," 22/7 (July), 40 Roster, geographic, "Geographic puter Art). 22/8 (Aug.), 19 Parts: "How IBM Computerized "Social Implications of Compu- "A Quiet Revolution for the Roster of Organizations in 'Waveform," (Computer Art), Its Control System for More terized Information Systems," Typist," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 Computers and Data Processing," 22/8 (Aug.). 19 Than Two Million Machine by Robert P. Henderson, 22/3 Qwerty keyboard, "The Dvorak 22/7B (July), 48 Ship building, "Holland's Ship· Parts," by Fred Groppuso, (Mar.), 11 Keyboa rd, the Qwerty Keyboard, "Roster of Organizations in Com­ building Industry Reorgan­ 22/9 (Sept.), 16 'Who Knows You: A Look at Com- and Others," by John J. Sei tz, puters and Data Processing," ized by Mergers, Computers," "Indexing Technique for IBM's mercial Data Banks," by Don- and Robert Parkinson, 22/5 22/7B (July), 4 22/6 (June), 43 Computerized Parts Control aid S. Willis, 22/3 (Mar.), (May), 26 "Roster of Programming Languages," "Private Shipyard Uses Compu­ System." by Erik A. Ander- 18 by Jean E. Sammet, 22/7B ter To Design, Build Large sen, 22/9 (Sept.), 19 "Pri vacy vs. the Computer Revo- (July), llO Vessels," 22/8 (Aug.), 44 "The Path to Championship Chess lution," by Thomas Land, 22/ R Rule, broken, "Let's 'Break a '''Ship Data Bank' Speeds Traf­ by Computer," by Donald Michie, 12 (Dec.), 14 'Time Honored' Rule," by fic at Panama Canal," 22/9 22/1 (Jan.). 7 "Private Shipyard Uses Computer RCA: "Digital Equipment Buys Thomas Sanfran Miyada, 22/2 (Sept.), 45 Patients, "Appointments for To Design, Build Large Ves- RCA Marlboro Plant," 22/10 (Feb.), 25 Ships, "Calculator Prevents Patients at University of Iowa sels," 22/8 (Aug.), 44 (Oct.), 45 Collisions at Sea," 22/8 Hospitals Made by Computer," PROBLEM CORNER by Walter Penney: "First Holographic Optical (Aug.), 46 22/4 (Apr.). 44 22/1 (Jan.), 36; 22/2 (Feb.), Computer Memory System Cap­ Shurcliff, William A.. "Avert­ Pen. '''Talking' Ballpoint Pen 49; 22/3 (Mar.), 30; 22/4 able of Full-Cycle Operation i ng the Sonic Boom," 22/2 Under Development," 22/11 (Apr.), 49; 22/5 (May). 25; Demonstrated by RCA," 22/4 "SDA Information Sciences, Inc. (Feb.), 39 (Nov.), 45 22/6 (June), 47; 22/7 (July), (Apr.), 44 Elects Naomi J. Spinner Presi­ Singer Co., "Nova Computer Be­ "Pencil-Si ze Electronic Camera 49; 22/9 (Sept.), 50 "Sperry To Acqui re RCA' s dent and Chairman of the Board," comes Teacher's Aid in New Scans and Stores Printed Data," "Problem 731: A Simple Solution." Supermarket System," 22/10 22/1 (Jan.), 45 Singer Driver Training Sys­ 22/10 (Oct.). 45 by Walter Penney, 22/1 (Jan.). (Oct.), 47 St. Cloud State College, "Con­ tern," 22/1 (Jan.), 43 Penn Central, "At Penn Central: 36 Rail road, "At Penn Central: trol Data, St. Cloud State Col­ Singing, "Latest Computers See, Communications and Computers." "Problem 732: Seance Seating," Communi cat ions and Computers," lege Reach eredi t-Transfer Hear, Speak and Sing -- and by William H. Moore, 22/12 by Walter Penney, 22/2 (Feb.), by William H. Moore, 22/12 Agreement," 22/6 (June), 44 May Outthink Man," by David (Dec. ), 21 49 (Dec.), 21 Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Pro­ Brand, 22/10 (Oct.), 11 "Penn State Computer Helps "Problem 733: A Random ·Nalk." "Railway Freight Information grammi ng Languages," 22/7B "Six Barriers to the Applica­ Double Amount of Milk Cows by Walter Penney. 22/3 (Mar.). System," by Romi tsu Matsui and (July), llO tion of Computers," by Edmund Give," 22/10 (Oct.), 44 30 Norihisa Nukui, 22/9 (Sept.), Sargent, Francis W.. Governor, C. Berkeley, 2217B (July), 3 Penney. Walter -- see "Problem "Problem 734: Gray Code," by 22 "The National Crime Informa­ "Six Parallels of 25 Years Ago," Corner" Wal ter Penney. 22/4 (Apr.), 49 Ral ston, Anthony G., "Computers tion Center and Massachusetts," by Alger Hiss, 22/9 (Sept.), "'People Mover' Automatic Sys- "Problem 735: Vadability," by and Democracy," 22/4 (Apr.), 22/12 (Dec.), 7 37 tern at Seattle-Tacoma Inter- Walter Penney, 22/5 (May). 25 19 Satelli te Transit System (STS), "Skeptici sm," by Edmund C. Ber­ national Airport." by J. N. "Problem 736: Sweeping Numbers," Ramparts: "u. S. Electronic Es- '''People Mover' Automatic Sys­ keley, 22/B (Aug.), 6 Dravillas, 22/4 (Apr.), 15 by Walter Penney. 22/6 (June). pi onage: A Memoi r -- Part 1," tem at Seattle-Tacoma Interna­ Smith, Robert p.. 'Why I Di s­ "The People Need to Know -- T," 47 22/2 (Feb.), 30 tional Airport." by J. N. Dra­ trust the Romero Story," 21/1 by Charles L. Whipple, 22/4 "Problem 737: Cube Division," "U.So Electronic Espionage: villas, 22/4 (Apr.), 15 (Jan.), 40 (Apr.), 26 by Walter Penney. 22/7 (July), A Memoi r -- Part 2," from Satellites, "Vintage Computer Smuggling, "Bureau of Customs "The People's Need to Know -- 49 Ramparts, 22/3 (Mar.), 31 Helps Spot Satellites," 22/6 Uses Computer in Battle Again­ II." by Charles L. Whipple, "Problem 737," by Walter Penney. Readi ng, "How to Read by Compu­ (June), 42 st Drugs and Smuggling," 22/2 22/5 (May), 36 22/9 (Sept.). 50 ter," by Dr. G. Howard Poteet, "Saturn Computers Wrestle wi th (Feb.), 41 "Performance Measurement: Now Problem solving, "Principles for 22/8 (Aug.), 26 Exploration, Pollution and "Social Implications of Compu­ You Can Find Out What Really Solving Problems." by Edmund "I{emote Termi nal Systems for Flooding," 22/7 (July), 41 terized Information Systems," ,), Goes On Inside Your Computer," C. Berkeley, 22/3 (Mar.). 7 Comput,ors -- Part 1," by Lee School s, correspondence. "Appli­ by Robert P. Henderson, 22/3 by ADL Systems. 22/10 (Oct.), "Problem Solving," by Edmund C. W. Wagenhals, Jon F. Reynolds, cations of Computers in Corres­ (Mar.), 11 14 Berkeley, 22/3 (Mar.), 6 Edward J. Fisher, 22/9 (Sept.), pondence School s," by Maj or "The Social Responsibility of "Phone Books by Computer." 22/ "The Problem of Truth," by Ed- 8 Charles Ehin, 22/7 (July), 25 Computer Specialists," by Dr. 11 (Nov.), 43 mund C. Berkeley. 22/4 (Apr.). "Remote Terminal Systems for Science fiction, "Computers in Harvey S. Gellman, 22/1 (Jan.), Photographs, "Eight Photographs 6 Computers -- Part 2," by Lee Science Fiction -- II," by 14 of a Bush: Answers -- Pictor- Problems. world, "The Nine Most W. Wagenhals, Jon F. Reynolds, Marcia Ascher, 22/11 (Nov.), Society: "Databanks in a Free ial Reasoning Tests -- Part 8," Important Problems in the and Edward J. Fisher, 22/10 20 Society: A Summary of the ,- by Neil Macdonald. 22/1 (Jan.), World and Their Relation to (Oct.), 16 Scotland, "Computers Help Fight Project on Computer Data­ )W " I 31 Computers," by Edmund C. Ber- Reporting, "Investigative Re­ Fires in Scotland," 22/4 banks," by Prof. Alan F. "A Picasso Derivation." (Compu- .' keley, 22/10 (Oct.), 6 porting," by A. M. Rosenthal, (Apr.),43 Westin, 22/1 (Jan.), 18 ter Art). by Grace C. Hert- Productivity. "Good Management 22/5 (May). 33 Sears. "'Tomorrow' Ts Here." 22/ "Engineering for Society." by lein, 22/8 (Aug.). II of Computer Operations: 1. The "Research Progress on Sola r En­ 12 (Dec.), 34 Dr. H. Guyford Stever, 22/3 Pictorial Reasoning Test, "Eight Whys and Why Nots of Facili- ergy Project Leads To Renewal Seat assignments, "Air France (Mar.), 22 Photographs of a Bush: Ans- ties Management; 2. Computer of Grant to Univ. of Minn .. " Uses Mi nicomputer To Assign Software: "Good Management of wers -- Pictorial Reasoning Operations: A Little Attention 22/9 (Sept.), 46 Seats in Airplanes; Saves Computer Operations: 1. Man­ Tests -- Part 8." by Neil Can Yield a 30% Productivity "Resolution of Impeachment of $35,000," 22/7 (July), 42 aging Software Work: It Can Macdonald, 22/1 (Jan.). 31 Increase," by ADL Systems, President Nixon," by Congress­ Seattle-Tacoma International Air­ Be Done; 2. Data Bases: There Pies. '''Cold Storage' Computer Inc .. 22/2 (Feb.), 20 man Robert F. Drinan, 22/9 port, '''People Mover' Automatic Really Is a Better Way to Helps Freeze Pies." 22/5 Products, "Buyers' Guide to (Sept.), 28 System at Seattle-Tacoma Inter­ Manage Your Files," by ADL (May), 42 Products and Services in Com- Revolution, Computer, "Privacy national Airport," by, J. N. Systems, Inc., 22/4 (Apr.), Poems. "Computer Poems," gath- puters and Data Processing," vs. the Computer ReVOlution," Dravillas, 22/4 (Apr.)~ 15 7 ered by Richard W. Bailey. 2217B (July), 59 by Thomas Land, 22/12 (Dec.), "Secrecy About Ai r Crashes: Typi­ "Good Management of Computer 22/8 (Aug.), 7 Programming: "Computer Program- 14 cal Reactions of the Bureau­ Operations: 1. Finishing ng "Political Assassinations in ming Using Natural Language," Reynolds, Jon F., and Lee W. crats," by Murray Seeger, 22/2 the Softwa re Job: There Must ch- the Uni ted States": 22/5 by Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Wagenhals, Edward J. Fisher, (Feb.), 3B Be a Better Way; 2. Data (May), B; 22/ll (Nov.), 28 Langer, and Casper Otten, "Remote Terminal Systems for Security: "Computer Privacy and Communications: Solving the Population analysis, "Computer 22/6 (June), 10 Computers -- Part 1," 22/9 Security," by Howard Campai­ Puzzle Is Possible," by ADL I- Used To Aid Research Produc- "Computer Programming Using (Sept.), 8 gne and Lance J. Hoffman, Systems, Inc .. 22/5 (May), 13 38 ti vi ty in Population Analy- Natural Language -- Part 2," "Remote Termi nal Systems for 22/7 (July), 12 "The Monopoly by IB~I of the si s." 22/2 (Feb.), 41 by Edmund C. Berkeley, Andy Computers -- Part 2," 22/10 "National American Bank In­ Software Tndustry; Position ft Poteet, G. Howard. "How To Read Langer, and Casper Otten, (Oct. ), 16 stall s Computer-Based Secur­ Paper," by J. L. Dreyer, 22/ by Computer," 22/8 (Aug.), 26 22/7 (July), 18 Ribbon re-inki ng, "Computer ity System," 22/11 (Nov.), 4 (Apr.), 32 d, ,(1)' Poultry selection, "Strains of "Computer Programming Using Accessory Restores Printer 42 Software taxation, "Taxation of Italian Poultry Selected by Natural Language -- Part 3," Ribbons On-Site," 22/6 (June), "Tell the Computer You're Computer Programs Seen as Honeywc! I Computer," 22/10 by Edmund C, Berkeley, Andy 44 Home," 22/5 (May), 40 Threat to DP Industry;" 22/3 (Oct.),44 Langer, and Casper Otten, "The Right That Guards All Other Seeger, Murray, "Secrecy About Olar.), 43 "President Richard M. Nixon, 22/B (Aug.), 28 Rights," by John Gardner, 22/7 Ai r Crashes: Typical Reactions Solar energy. "Research Progress the Bay of Pigs, and the Wa- Programming languages, "Roster (July), 30 of the Bureaucrats," 22/2 on Solar Energy Project Leads tergat .. Tncident." by Richard of Programming Languages," by "Risk Analysis Program Announced (Feb.),38 to Renewal of Grant to Uni v. E. Sprngue, 22/1 (Jan.), 33 Jean E. Sammet, 2217B (July), by McDonnell Douglas Corp.," Seismologists, "Forecastjng of Minn.," 22/9 (Sept.). 46 Press: "Investigative Report- 110 22/1 (Jan.), 43 Earthquakes -- A New Role for "Some Basic Ari thmetical Tables," i ng," by A. ~I. Rosenthal, Programming studies, "New Pri son Road resurfaci ng, 'Weigh-In­ Computers?," 22/10 (Oct.), 43 2217B (July), 172 22/5 (May), 33 Arrival Sparks Computer Pro- Motion (WIM-l) System Used To Seitz, John J., and Hobert Park­ Sonic boom, "Averting the Sonic "Is th" Press Being Hobbled?," gramming Studies," 22/1 (Jan.), Help Plan Road Resurfacing inson, "The Dvorak Keyboard, Boom," by William A. Shur- by Senator Sam J. Ervin, 42 Requirements," 22/5 (May), 42 the Qwerty Keyboard, and Oth­ cl iff, 22/2 (Feb.), 39 Jr .. 22/4 (Apr.), 23 "Project COMPUTe -- Call for "Robot That 'Sees' by IIi tachi," ers," 22/5 Oby). 26 "Sonic Boom," (Computer Art), by "The P('opl e Need To Know -- Proposal s," 22/9 (Sept.), 38 22/2 (Feb.), 43 "Service to Taxpayers To Improv,o Thomas J. Huston, 22/8 (Aug.), I," hy Charles L. Whipple. "The Prospects of 'Information Rock Island, "All Housing in Under New Computer System," 10 22/'1 ("pr.), 26 Tyranny'," by Jerome B. Wies- Rock Island Kept in Electronic 22/10 (Oct.), 43 SOlIHCEG,\IW, "Library Protection "Preventing Mistakes Before ner, 22/12 (Dec.), 11 Inventory," 22/6 (June), 42 Services, "Buyers' Guide to Pro­ Program Prevents Fraud," 22/9 They lIappen," 2217 (July), "Prosthetic Arm Movements Con- Rome Air Development Center, ducts and Services in Compu­ (Sept.),45 2 trolled by Computer," 22/8 "Vintage Computer Helps Spot ters and Data Process i ng," 22/ "Soviet Information-Handling lal. " "Principles for Solving Prob- (Aug.), 46 Satellites," 22/6 (June), 42 7B (July), 59 Problems: The Possibilities lems," hy Edmund C. Berkeley, "PROTEST: A Language for Test- Romero story: "Distrusting the Shao, Paul, and Kenneth F. Dunk­ in Computer Usage," by Robert h, 22/3 0Iar.), 7 ing," by M. H. Gill, 22/5 Columbia Broadcasting Sys­ er: "Chin 1I0u," (Computer A. Bartol and Kathryn M. Bar­ I Prison, "N,'w Prison Arrival (May), 17 tem -- Comments on the Rom­ Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 17 tol, 22/6 (June), 16 Sparks Cumputer Programming "Psychiatric Interviews Conduc- ero Story," from Ivan Dryer, "Dy Si u," (Computer Art), 22/B Soviet Union, "Secrecy About Air ·11 Studi"s," 22/1 (Jan.), 42 ted by Computer," 22/3 (Mar.), 22/4 (Apr.), 41 (Aug.), 16 Crashes: Typical Reactions of rri vacy: "Computer Pri vacy and 40 ''Why I Di st rust the Romero Shaw, Clay L.: "The New Orleans the Bureaucrats," by Murray Securi ty," by Howard Cam- "Psychology Instructor Develops Story," by Robert P. Smi th, Portion of the Conspiracy To Seeger, 22/2 (Feb.), 38 :h, paignt! and Lance J. Hoff- CAT Program in Advanced Sta- 22/1 (Jan.), 40 Assassinate President John Space probes, "Computer To Help man, 22/7 (July), 12 tistics," 22/3 (Mar.), 41 F. Kennedy," by Edmund C. Design 'Eyes' for Space Probes," "Computers and Democracy," 22/7 (July), 42

27 Annual Index

Specialists, computer, "The "Fire" (Computer Art), 22/8 Tomeski, Edward A.. and Dr. "Unsettling, Disturbing, Criti­ Waterview apartments, "Tell the Social Responsibility of Com­ (Aug.), 1 Harold Lazarus, "A Humanized cal. .. ": 22/1 (Jan.), 13; 22/2 Computer You're Home," 22/5 puter Specialists," by Dr. Supermarket checkout system, Approach to Computers," 22/6 (Feb.), 38; 22/4 (Apr.), 41; (May), 40 Harvey S. Gellman, 22/1 (Jan.), "Sperry To Acquire RCA's (June), 21 22/5 (May), 27; 22/7 (July), ''Waveform,'' (Computer Art), by 14 Supermarket System," 22/1.0 '''Tomorrow' Is Here," 22/12 38; 22/8 (Aug.), 27; 22/9 Wade D. Shaw, 22/8 (Aug.), 19 Speech, "Stroke Victim 'Speaks' (Oct.), 47 (Dec.), 34 (Sept.), 36; 22/10 (Oct.), 36; Wecht, Cyri I H., "Analysi s of Through Electronic Aid Devel­ Supreme Court, "Itali an Supreme "Topaz, an Aid to Town Planning 22/11 (Nov.), 3, 41; 22/12 the Autopsy on President John oped by College Students," Court Opens New Computer Cen­ in Australia," 22/12 (Dec.), 35 (Dec.), 33 F. Kennedy, and the Impossi­ 22/5 (May), 40 ter," 22/4 (Apr.), 42 Touch-tone, '''Tomorrow' Is Here," User groups, "Roster of Computer bility of the Warren Commis­ Sperry, A. B.: "123073 (Decem­ Sweezy, Paul M., and Harry 22/12 (Dec.), 34 User Groups," 22/7B (July), 167 sion's 'Lone Assassin' Conclu­ ber 30, 1973)," (Computer Magdoff, "The Importance of Town planning, "Topaz, an Aid sion," 22/2 (Feb.), 26 Art), 22/8 (Aug.), 15 Calling a Defeat a Defeat," to Town Planning in Australia," ''Weigh-In-Motion (WIM-l) System "123173 (December 31, 1973)," 22/6 (June), 32 22/12 (Dec.), 35 v Used To Help Plan Road Re­ (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), Switzerland, "American College Toyota Motor Company, Ltd .. surfaci ng Requi rements, " 22/5 14 Abroad Adds Computer Scien­ "World's Largest Computerized VanArsdale, Daniel, "Automated (May), 42 "Sperry To Acqui re RCA's Super­ ces," 22/7 (July), 43 Emission Testing System Sold Construction," (Computer Art), Weinmeister, Carl J., III, "Man­ market System," 22/10 (Oct.), Symbiosis, "The Evolution of to Toyota Motor Company, Ltd.," 22/8 (Aug.), 18 agement of Computer Technology," 47 Man-Computer Symbiosis," by 22/6 (June), 45 "Varian Computer System Used in 22/3 (Mar.), 8 Spider, "The Fly, the Spider, C. J. Testa, 22/5 (May), 11 Trade, "Strategy and Action on Study To Improve Efficiency of Wells Fargo building, "Automated and the Hornet," by Edmund C. Systems analyst, "Alienation World Trade," by James H. Meat Production," 22/9 (Sept.), Watchman for New 38-Story Berkeley, 22/7 (July), 39 and the Systems Analyst," by 8inger, 22/11 (Nov.), 15 44 Wells Fargo Structure," 22/4 Spinner, Naomi J., "SDA Infor­ Alan E. Brill, 22/11 (Nov.), Traffic: "GTE Sylvania's Experi­ Vehicles, "World's Largest Com­ (Apr.), 43 mation Sciences, Inc. Elects 14 mental System Transmits Free­ puteri zed Emi ssion Testi ng Sys­ Wessel, Milton R.. "Menace, Naomi J. Spinner President way Advisory Information," tem Sold to Toyota Motor Com­ Messiah -- or Machine," 22/2 and Chai rman of the Board," T 22/4 (Apr.), 42 pany, Ltd.," 22/6 (June), 45 (Feb. ), 11 22/1 (Jan.), 45 '''Ship Data Bank' Speeds Traf- Vermont, Univ. of, "Stroke Vic­ Westin, Alan F .. "Databanks in Sprague, Richard E.: "The Ameri­ TV ratings, "Minicomputer Helps fie at Panama Canal," 22/9 tim 'Speaks' Through Electronic a Free Society: A Summary of can News Media and the As­ Bay Area TV Station Boost Rat-', (Sept.), 45 Aid Developed by College Stu­ the Project on Computer Data­ sassination of President ings Duri ng Election Coverage," Transi stors, "Twenty-Fi ve Years dents," 22/5 (May), 40 banks," 22/1 (Jan.), 18 John F. Kennedy: Accessories 22/7 (July), 41 of Transistors," 22/2 (Feb.), Viet Nam: "The Big Lie -- Blitz ''What Use Is a Computer," by After the Fact," 22/6 "Talking' Ballpoint Pen Under 44 Exposes Nixon's Deceit," by Edmund C. 8erkeley, 22/2 (June), 36 Development," 22/11 (Nov.), 45 Travel grants, "IFIP Congress Donald Wise, 22/2 (Feb.), 38 (Feb.), 6 "The American News Media and "Taxation of Computer Programs '74 Travel Grants," 22/11 "If It Had Happened Here," by Whipple, Charles L.: "The People the Assassination of Presi­ Seen as Threat to DP Industry," (Nov,), 47 Jane Yett Kiely, 22/2 (Feb.), Need To Know -- T," 22/4 dent John F. Kennedy: Acces­ 22/3 (Mar.), 43 Truth: "Burying Facts and Rewrit- 29 (Apr.),26 sories After the Fact -­ Taxicab, "Driverless Taxis Con- ing History," by Edmund C. "Vintage Computer Helps Spot "The People's Need To Know," Conclusion," 22/7 (July), 31 trolled by Honeywell Minicom- Berkeley, 22/5 (May), 6 Satellites," 22/6 (June), 42 22/5 (May), 36 "The Frami ng of Lee Ha rvey puter," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 "Establishments and Truth," by "Virtue, in Spite of Erroneous ''Who Knows You: A Look at Com­ Oswald," 22/10 (Oct.), 21 Taxpayers, "Service to Taxpayers Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/9 Conceptions," by J. P. Frankel, mercial Data Banks," by Donald "Lessons of Watergate -- Part To Improve Under New Computer (Sept. ), 6 22/11 (Nov.), 33 S. Willis, 22/3 (Mar.). 18 7," 22/8 (Aug.), 36 System," 22/10 (Oct.), 43 "The Problem of Truth," by Vi sion, "Robot That 'Sees' By ''Who's Who in Computers and Data "President Richard M. Nixon, Technique for Optimal Placement Edmund C. Berkeley, 22/4 Hitachi," 22/2 (Feb.). 43 Processing": 22/7 (July), 51; the Bay of Pigs, and the of Activities in Zones, "Topaz, (Apr.), 6 Vi sua 1 data, "New Method of Pro­ 22/9 (Sept.), 25 Watergate Incident," 22/1 an Aid to Town Planning In "The Pursui t of Important cessing Visual Data May Simpli­ ''Why I Distrust the Romero Story," (Jan.), 33 Australia," 22/12 (Dec.), 35 Truth," by Edmund C. Berkeley, fy and Revol uti oni ze Communi­ by Robert P. Smith, 22/1 "The Wa tergate Crime and the Technological change, "Computers, 22/11 (Nov.), 3 cations and Computer Hardware (Jan.), 40 Cover-Up Strategy," 22/3 Automation and Technological "Twenty-Five Years of Transis- Systems," 22/5 (May), 43 Wiesner, Jerome B., "The Pros­ (Mar.), 26 Change," by Mike Cooley, 22/3 tors," 22/2 (Feb.), 44 pects of 'Information Tyranny'," "Watergate: What More Is There (Mar.), 15 Typewriter: "The Dvorak Keyboard, 22/12 (Dec.), 11 To Hide? -- Part Six~, 22/6 Technology agreement, "Cont rol the Qwerty Keyboard, and w Willi s, Donald S .. ''Who Knows (June), 26 Data and USSR Committee Sign Others," by John J. Seitz, You: A Look at Commercial Data Sprague, Richard E., and Edmund Computer Technology Agreement," and Robert Parkinson, 22/5 WIM-l, ''Weigh-Tn-Motion (WIM-l) Banks," 22/3 (Mar.), 18 C. Berkeley, "The Attempted 22/12 (Dec.), 37 (May),26 System Used To Help Plan Road Wilmington Star-News, "Minicom­ Framing of Jim Garrison," 22/ TEDA Corp., "Computer Accessory "IBM Introduces a Typewri ter Resurfacing Requirements," 22/ puter-Based System Boosts 12 (Dec.), 23 Restores Printer Ribbons On- that Erases," 22/5 (May), 43 5 (May), 42 Newspaper Production Rate," "Square Affair," (Computer Art), Si te," 22/6 (June), 44 "A Qui et Revol uti on tor the Wagenhal s, Lee W., and Jon F. 22/8 (Aug.), 44 by H. W. Franke, 22/8 (Aug.), Teletype 40, "Computer Executives Typist," 22/2 (Feb.), 43 Reynolds, Edward J. Fisher, Wise, Donald, "The Big Lie -­ 20 Question Legality of New AT&T Tyranny, "The Prospects of 'In- "Remote Terminal Systems for Blitz Exposes Nixon's Deceit," Stanford Research Institute: Product," 22/12 (Dec.), 36 formati on Tyranny'," by Jerome Computers -- Part r." 22/9 22/2 (Feb.), 3B "Prosthetic Arm Movements Con­ "Tell the Computer You're Home," B. Wiesner, 22/12 (Dec.), 11 (Sept.), 8 ''World Computer Census," by Neil trolled by Computer," 22/8 22/5 (May), 40 "Remote Terminal Systems for Macdonald, 22/7B (July), 120 (Aug.), 46 Terminal systems: "Remote Termi­ u Computers -- Part 2," 22/10 'World's Largest Computeri zed "'Talking' BallpOint Pen Un­ nal Systems for Computers (Oct.), 16 Emission Testing System Sold der Development," 22/11 -- Part 1," by Lee W. Wagen­ UNO, "Information System for Walpole prison, "New Prison Ar­ to Toyota Motor Company, Ltd.," (Nov.),45 hals, Jon F. Reynolds, Ed­ Motor Carriers," 22/10 (Oct.), rival Sparks Computer Program­ 22/6 (June), 45 Starr, Norton: "Archimedean ward J. Fisher, 22/9 (Sept.), 45 ming Studies," 22/1 (Jan.), 42 'Worldwide Cancer Information Spiral." (Computer Art), 8 USSR, "Control Data and USSR Warren Commission, "Analysis of Service Center," 2217 (July), 22/8 (Aug.), 13 "Remote Terminal Systems for Commi ttee Sign Computer Tech­ the Autopsy on President John 43 "Harmonic Variation, 5," Computers -- Part 2," by Lee nology Agreement," 22/12 (Dec.), F. Kennedy, and the Impossibil­ (Computer Art), 22/8 (Aug.), W. Wagenhals, Jon F. Reynolds, 37 ity of the Warren Commission's XYZ 9 and Edward J. Fisher, 22/10 "The Understanding of Natural 'Lone Assassin' Conclusion." Stat i stics, "Psychology Instruc­ (Oct.), 16 Language by Computers," by Ed­ by Cyril H. Wecht, 22/2 (Feb.), I(-Ray: "Computer X-Ray Device tor Develops CAl Program in Test -- see "Pictorial Reasoning mund C. Berkeley, 22/11 (Nov.), 26 Wins Top Award," 22/3 (Mar.), Advanced Stati stics," 22/3 Test 6 Water, "Computer Utilization in 42 (Mar.), 41 Testa, C. J., "The Evolution of "United Nations International Management of Water Quality," "Eastern Airlines Purchases Stever, H. Guyford, "Engineer­ Man-Computer Symbiosis," 22/5 School Gets Free Computer Sys­ by Jack H. Morri s, 22/6 (June), Bendix X-Ray for Screening ing for Society," 22/3 (Mar.), (May), 11 tem," 22/7 (July), 43 19 Passenger Baggage," 22/4 22 "Texas Bank Grows Fast wi th C. I.F. "u. S. Electronic Espionage: A Watergate: "Lessons of Watergate (Apr.),45 "Strains ot Italian Poultry On-line System," 22/8 (Aug.), Memoir -- Part 1," from Ram­ -- Part 7," by Richard E. "Yogi Bear and Computer Hard at Selected by Honeywell Compu­ 45 parts, 22/2 (Feb.), 30 Sprague, 22/8 (Aug.), 36 Work at Fun Center," 22/7 ter," 22/10 (Oct.), 44 Thinking, "Latest Computers See, "u. S. Electronic Espionage: A "President Richard M. Nixon, (July), 41 "Strategy and Action on World Hear, Speak and Sing -- and Memoir -- Part 2," from Ram­ the Bay of Pigs, and the Youth, "The Fountai n of Youth, Trade," by James H. Bing'er, May Outthink Man," by David in Computer Form," by Edmund l­ parts, 22/3 (Mar.), 31 Watergate Incident," by Ri­ I 22/11 (Nov.), 15 Brand, 22/10 (Oct.), 11 Universal Product Code, "Grocery chard E. Sprague, 22/1 (Jan.), C. Berkeley, 22/6 (June), 6 "Stroke Victim 'Speaks' Through "Third Edition Published of "Au­ Industry's Universal Product 33 Zimmerman, !lill, and Edmund C. •,) Electronic Aid Developed by tomatic Data Processing'," 22/ Code Expected To Create $7 "The Watergate Crime": 22/5 Berkeley, "Divide and Rule," College Students," 22/5 (May), 6 (June), 45 Billion Market for Supermarket (May), 7; 22/11 (Nov.), 27 22/2 (Feb.), 39 ,'( 40 Time-sharing: "Control in Time­ Electronic Point-of-Sale Sys­ "The Watergate Crime and the Zoonayman, "The Game Zoonayman "Student Programs Computer for Sharing Systems," by Fermin tems," 22/6 (June), 44 Cover-Up Strategy," by Richard -- Answers," by Edmund C. ".,' Remedial Instruction," 22/11 Caro del Castillo, 22/11 Universities, "Roster of College E. Sprague, 22/3 (Mar.), 26 Berkeley, 22/10 (Oct.), 47 (Nov.),44 (Nov.), 10 and University Computer Facili­ ''Watergate: What More Is There "ZOONAYMAN -- A New Game for Sumner, Lloyd: "A Beginning to "18-Year-Old Math Whiz Develops ties," 22/7B (July), 136 to Hide? -- Part Six," by People and Computers," by Ed­ 'Why?'" (Computer Art), 22/ Time-Sharing Moni tor for "Universi ty Computing Company To Richard E. Sprague, 22/6 mund C. Berkeley, 22/9 (Sept.), 8 (Aug.), 8 IBM 1130," 22/3 (Mar.), 42 Market MAGIC," 22/2 (Feb.), 42 (June), 26 39

28 THE SIX BLIND MEN FROM NEPAL

), by Edmund C. Berkeley

Once upon a time in the highlands of Nepal, there (6) Henceforth, they would forbid all discussion of lived six blind men who had heard many conflicting the elephant - to avoid the arguments, the friction, stories about a great beast called the elephant. And and the waste of time. this led to many heated arguments among them. So they agreed they would go down to the jungle in the lowlands of Nepal, and investigate the elephant at A Bouquet of Morals and Quotations first hand. They would observe for themselves. With the help of a rather casual and careless guide who could see, Truth is hidden at the bottom of a well. they found in the jungle a sleeping elephant, and they - Democritus, c. 400 B. C touched him for a minute or two - until the elephant Truth often hides in an ugly pool. waked up and trumpeted, whereupon they all fled. - Chinese proverb Later, the six blind men, having returned to the high­ Truth lurks in deep hiding and is wrapped in mystery. lands of Nepal, gathered together once more, and sought - Seneca, A.D. 64 to fit their observations together. However, this re­ There are stranger things in reality than can be found in sulted in even more arguments than before - for the romances. six reports of the six blind men were these: - T. C Haliburton, 1843 At times truth may not seem probable. The elephant is like a tree trunk (this blind man felt the - Boileau, 1674 elephant's leg). There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than The elephant is like string (this one felt the tail). are dreamt of in your philosophy. The elephant is like paper (this one felt the ear). - Shakespeare, 1597 The elephant is like a bone (this one felt the tusk). Falsehood is so near to truth that a wise man would do The elephant is like a pig (this one felt the body). well not to trust himself on such a narrow edge. The elephant is like a snake (this one felt the elephant's - Cicero, c. 45 B.C trunk). Truth always lags behind falsehood, limping along on the At last after many days of heated discussion, the six arm of time. blind men did agree unanimously on six propositions: - Baltasar Gracian, 1647 (1) By straining their imagination, they could imagine an The most mischievous liars are those who keep sliding on animal that had two, or perhaps three of these properties; the very verge of truth. (2) But they could not possibly conceive of an animal - J. C and A. W. Hare, 1827 that had all six of these properties; The most curious aspect of truth seems to be that no­ (3) Therefore, as a beast, the elephant was impossible; body will believe it. We can swallow any number of ( 4) Certainly, it was as legendary as the unicorn or falsehoods and fancies but not the truth. the griffin; - J. S. Strange, 1943 (5) The trumpeting they had all heard was undoubt­ Truth is stranger than fiction. edly a jungle illusion, that happened from time to time The world is more complicated than most of our theories in the jungles of the lowlands of Nepal; and metaphors declare it to be.

Taken from: ,. "RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and Today"

by Edmund C. Berkeley, Author and Anthologist

Over fifty parables (includ ing allegories, anecdotes and : ------(may be copied on any piece of paper) ------______

fables) by Berkeley and 20 other authors, modern, and an- I To: Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. cient, dealing with famous problems, modern, classic or I 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 ageless. Each decorated with a bouquet of proverbs and Please send me when published (February publication quotations - for readers who like to choose which variety I of lesson appeals to them. An appetizing guide to many expected) __ copy(ies) of Ride the East Wind: topics of common sense and wisdom. Illustrated, hard Parables of Yesterday and Today by Edmund C. cover, over 250 pages, to be published by Quadrangle Berkeley, Author and Anthologist. I enclose $7.25. ($6.95 price + 30 q postage and handling per copy) Books / The New York Times Company, in February. An I ideal gift. Total enclosed __ (Prepayment is necessary) ORDER YOUR COpy NOW Returnable in 10 days for full refund if not satisfactory. Returnable in 10 days for full refund if not satisfactory. My name and address are attached. HOW CAN YOU LOSE?

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 29 The COMPUTER DIRECTORY From the TABLE OF CONTENTS: "The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide" Issue, land 1973, BUYERS' GUIDE of Computers and Automation - 19th Annual Edition - Computers and Data Processing: Organizations and

1973 Jill.'· 30, 19;3 Products Page 4 Roster of Organizations in Computers and Data Processing the midyear directory issue 59 Buyers' Guide to Products and Services in of 19th Annual Edition 0/ the Computers and Data Processing COMPUTER DIRECTORY Computers and Automation 48 Geographic Roster of Organizations .. AND (new name, in Computers and Data Processing BUYERS' GUIDE Computers and People) 136 Roster of College and University Computer 1973 Facilities 155 Roster of Computer Associations I. The International Federation for Informa­ tion Processing JllfIf·30.197I II. American Federation of Information Pro­ cessing Societies - Constituent Societies III. Association for Computing Machinery Published every year IV. Data Processing Management Association 1955 to the present COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND BUYERS' GUIDE ISSUE V. Other Computer Associations by 167 Roster of Computer Users Groups The Computer Industry Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. 84 Characteristics of Digital Computers 815 Washington St. by GML Corp., Lexington, Mass. Newtonville, Mass. 02160 125 Over 2400 Applications of Computers and Data 617-332-5453 Processing, by Linda Ladd Lovett 3 Six Barriers to the Application of Computers Editorial by Edmund C. Berkeley 120 World Computer Census by Neil Macdonald IN 1973: Computer Programming Out of a total of 172 pages in The 1973 Computer 110 Roster of Programming Languages Directory and Buyers' Guide, there were: by Jean E. Sammet, I BM Corporation, 172 pages of editorial matter Cambridge, Mass. o pages of advertising Computers, Mathematics, and Computer Codes = ZERO DI LUTION 171 American Standard Code for Information I nterchange (ASCII) = ALL MEAT 172 Some Basic Arithmetical Tables OVER 28,000 ENTRIES: i ~ ------(may be copied on any piece of paper) ------To: Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 Please start my subscription to The Computer Directory Please send me the already published 1973 Directory and Buyers' Guide, according to the instructions checked right away - $17.50 (postpublication price) below: RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND Directory only, one annual issue, published in midyear, if not satisfactory $14.50 per year. Canada, add 50 cents a year; foreign, Payment enclosed (1 Bill my organization add $1.50 a year. Directory with 12 monthly issues of COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE (formerly COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION), Signature Purchase Order No. $23.50 a year. Canada, add $1.00 a year; foreign, add $9.00 a year. My name and address are attached.

30 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 Data About People Can Be Used Folr' Good or] Evil :e

Congressman Jack BroQks Chairman, Govt. Activities Subcommittee 1- House of Representatives Washington, DC 20515

It

"IT IS THE COMPUTER THAT ENABLES US TO BE KNOWN AS MR. JOHN DOE INSTEAD OF OCCUPANT."

)L Changes Flowing Through the History of Civilization But the computer is here to stay. We cannot re­ solve the privacy problem by destroying the computer -Throughout history, individuals have had to con­ in the way that farmers early in this century at­ ~n tend with forces of society that tend to restrict tempted to shoot the automobile to remove it as a he freedom and compel conformity. Those forces are oc­ .11 threat to their way of life. The answer lies in casionally the result of the sinister desires of finding ways to use the computer to its utmost bene­ power-hungry and greedy men; but, more often, they fit, by controlling the adverse side effects that do are simply brought about in conjunction with changes accompany"it. If the benefits of computers are to flowing through the history of civilization. be fully exploited, we must remove from them the image that they are in some wayan enemy to our in­ s. The sweeping changes of modern society -- the di vidua·li ty. growth in our population, the disappearance of the frontier, the poverty and decay in our large metro­ Identity and Privacy a politan areas, the specialization of our economy, the technological explosion -- these and many other You will note that each time I have mentioned developments are placing ever greater pressures upon privacy, I have also mentioned individuality or the individual -- pressures that can destroy one's identity. These are two basic human characteristics identity, personal dignity, and privacy. If the that in many ways complement each other, but in more erosion of individuality continues unchecked, the ways cqnflict. One of the greatest problems we must very structure of our society will be undermined. contend with is how to preserve a person's identity and at the same time protect his privacy. The Computer Revolution Interestingly enough, it is the computer that may The ever-expanding role of the computer in our enable us to do both. It is the computer that per­ daily life probably epitomizes more than any other t- mits us to handle sufficient quantities of data so single instrument the impact of the technological that we can record, not only basic information, but explosion upon man's individuality and privacy. also the individual characteristics pertinent ~o any es Computers permit us to amass large deposits of eas­ m given person. It is the computer that enables us to ily retrievable information about millions of indi­ be known as "Mr. John Doe" rather than "Occupant". viduals. Providing access to that data through re­ However, computers also have the capability of de­ mote terminals has clearly magnified the problem be­ stroying an individual's privacy if not properly yond anything which we have previously experienced. safeguarded.

But, this is only the threshold. The threat that Parameters of Privacy lies ahead is much more awesome. We are facing life c- in a world in which every aspect of our daily lives Control over the dissemination of information in­ will be recorded in various and sundry data banks volves two distinct concepts. One of these is the controlled by persons over whom ,we as individuals concept of parameters of privacy in a social or po­ have little control -- our medical files, our finan­ litical sense. In other words, who should have ac­ cial affairs, our social habits, our political views, cess to what information and for what purposes, and even our thought processes -- will find their way what checks on accuracy and security should be in­ nt into the information stored in some of these data stituted. e banks. This is an area toward which Congress must direct 750 Data Banks in the Federal Government Alone an increasing amount of attention. The prolifera­ tion of vast amounts of data that can be used for I cannot overemphasize the magnitude of the is­ good or evil, depending on the intentions of the sue. Seven hundred and fifty data banks have been persons having access to such data, demands that counted in the federal government alone, and that some basic national policy be delineated. count is believed to be rather low. We really have no idea as to how many non-federal data repositories Congress has made some moves in th~s direction t­ exist, nor much conception as to what to expect in with the enactment of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, o­ the future, except to predict that they will prolif­ the amendments to the Crime Control Act of 1973, and m- erate. by establishing restrictions on the dissemination of data held in many of the federal government's data

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 31 The Enforcing of a National Policy on Individual Privacy Neil Macdonald NUMBLES Assistant Editor We may soon face the need to develop some mechan­ ism to enforce that policy. Some type of national NUMBER PUZZLES FOR NIMBLE MINDS system may have to be developed to require the reg­ - AND COMPUTERS istration of all non-federal data banks, some super­ vision of the scope and dissemination of the infor­ mation stored, and some provision for penalty for A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits the abuse of individual rights. I am not advocating have been replaced by capital letters~ and there are two the establishment of a vast regulatory process to messages, one which can be read right away and a second control the use of computers. I am saying that Con­ c one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the gress should evaluate the various alternatives h available for protecting the rights of an individual digits. f as they may be threatened or compromised by forces Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for d with which they cannot realistically contend on an just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more individual basis. than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in p numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key) (] The Physical Security of the Data Stored into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses The second aspect of computer security deals not puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic with the social and political decisions, but with methods of deciphering. the physical security of the data stored. This is We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with an area more technical in nature in which Congress human programs or computer programs which will produce can have some role, but toward which the computer industry and computer users must direct more energy. the solutions. The directives of Congress and state legislatures as to constitutional and social restrictions to pro­ NUMBLE 741 tect the rights of individuals will be of little consequence if the data itself is readily available T H E to ill-willed persons using surreptitious and unlaw­ ful means. x B E S T Locks S A P H In his more primitive state, when man used cash B E 0 to transact financial affairs, we developed locks, w chains, safes, and safe deposit boxes for protec­ A S P tion. Today, when most financial transactions are handled by computers -- checking accounts, business S B H F c accounts receivable, credit cards, etc. -- these de­ R A F B E F H mand that some equally sophisticated means of pro­ tection be developed. The lock on the safe is no 46396 83125 464639 longer sufficient.

Physical security will become an increasingly difficult problem for all data processing users. Solution to Numble 7312 More and more people throughout this nation now have In Numble 7312 in the December issue, the digits 0 h: access to the knowledge of how these systems work through 9 are represented by letters as follows: and how they can be manipulated. lOA 5 a: Man's Control Over Man's Destiny S R,D,O 6 tH It is appropriate that you representing govern­ H 2 F 7 11 ment, the computer industry, computer users and, E 3 L 8 nl hopefully, the individual citizen, direct your at­ r: tention toward these problems. We in the Congress B 4 T 9 will be looking to you for advice and suggestions as The message is: - A bold he~rt is half the battle. we face the related issues that will come before us. i l (h Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting ~ t1 In conclusion, let me stress that advances in their solutions - to Numble 7312: Mrs. Harvey T. Blank­ computer technology are not viewed in Congress as a p, sinister force working against us. They are a mani­ enship, Ft. Worth, Texas; Ed Bruno, North Bergen, N.J.; oJ festation of man at his best, striving to unlock the T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind.; Ann Leveton, New Haven, t( mysteries of the universe. We do not want to inter­ Conn.; Edward D. Napier, Falls Church, Va.; Abraham fere with or delay that mission. But, we do want Schwartz, Jamaica, N.Y.; - to Numble 7311: Edward mj to safeguard man's control over his own destiny. We must find the means in the years ahead of safeguard­ A. Bruno, North Bergen, N.J.; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, wi Ind.; Abraham Schwartz, Jamaica, N.Y.; - to Numble de ing the privacy, the identity, the dignity, and the 1)( freedom of the individual, while at the same time 7310: Werner W. Ruettener, Bronschhofen, Switzerland; unleashing the extended intellectual tools that com­ - to Numble 739: Abraham Schwartz, Jamaica, N.Y. puters provide us in searching for solutions to pov­ C( erty, ignorance, disease, and the other problems CO R RECTI ON: Numble 7311, printed on page 35 of the that confront us. [J s: November issue of Computers and Automation, should have Statement at the Conference on Privacy and Security in Computer been printed with the following "rest of message": Systems, held at the National Bureau of Standards, Gathersberg, Md., 49136 28284 59716 36876 260082 November 19, 1973. We regret the garble of the "rest of message". The entire message is "If you give, forget it; if you receive, tell it."

32 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 cc The Framing of Jim Garrison Part 3

Ivan Dryer Los Angeles, Calif.

Editorial Note: In the December 1973 issue of Department of Justice to try to frame Garri­ "Computers and Automation" appeared two parts of son. This information was published in "The "The Attempted Framing of Jim Garrison," District Los Angeles Star" in an article by Ivan Attorney of New Orleans. These parts reported how Dryer. the U.S. Department of Justice falsely brought charges against Jim Garrison of "accepting bribes 2. Some information about an interview with to permit continuing illegal operation of pinball Gervais on May 24, 1972, in Oregon. machines in New Orleans". On September 27, 1973, the jury, on the first ballot, found Garrison in­ 3. A report from the "Wall Street Journal" nocent -- even though the information in the con­ on May 30, 1972. fession of Pershing Gervais reported below was kept out of the trial completely. 4. A report from the "New Orleans Times Pic­ ayune" of May 2-:1, 1972. This part, Part 3, contains some supplementary information as follows: 5. Another report from the "New Orleans Times Picnyune" of Mny 26, 1972. 1. Excerpts from the text of a television in­ terview (broadcast May 23 and 24, 1972) by This informntion helps document the charges of Rosemary James, a New Orleans reporter, with illegal persecution by the U.S. Department of Jus­ Pershing Gervais, government informer and tice. These charges were presented in Part 2 of agent provocateur who was used by the U.S. this article, published in the December issue.

"I WAS FORCED TO LIE FOR THEM. ... I KNEW HE WAS NOT GUILTY. . . , THEY THREATENED ME WITH JAIL." - Pershing Gervais

New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison has station May 22 and 23, 1972. Following are excerpts just furnished the "Star"wi th the complete manuscript from the 30-page transcript. of a television interview with Pershing Gervais. Gervais, a former investigator for Garrison. was the government informant who provided the key testimony (Beginning of excerpts) against Garrison in an alleged bribery case initi­ ated by the Justice Department and involving illegal Rosemary James: Today Paul Mason and family are pinball machine operations. Garrison and nine others, once again Gervais. They are giving up the peaceful including two New Orleans policemen. were arrested a life of Canada. They are packing to come home to year ngo. As stated in an exclusive interview with New Orleans. In· an exclusive interview with WWL the "Stnr" (August I, 1971), Garrison has continu­ conducted here in British Columbia over a four-day ally nsserted he was framed because of his persist­ period, inside and out, on camera and off, Pershing ent efforts to uncover the truth in the assassina­ Gervais and his family have insisted to us that not tion of President John F. Kennedy. only has their life here been a lie but that the case built by Gervais against Garrison and crowd for The interview was conducted in Canada where Ger­ the government was and is a deliberate fraud. vais and his family had been living under an assumed nnme. The interviewer was Rosemary James of WWL-TV, Q. What are you doing here in Canada instead of the New Orleans, and the interview was broadcast on that United States? A. Well, I guess it could be described as I'm here Based on an article that appeared in the Los Angeles Star at the convenience of the government -- whatever

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 33 that really means. I'm not really sure now. -- my insurance company, my bank, a little fellow I Q. Can you give me a clue? bought a little piece of property from, just every­ A. Well, of course, it started off their attitude where. They sent agents to the hotel, no matter was it was to protect me and my family. where I turned I was bumping into agents. Q. Protect you and your family from what? Q. Why? What were they looking for? A. From bodily harm. But what we really needed was A. What they were looking for, they were investigat­ protection from the Justice Department. ing me they said. But as it turns out, it's clear Q. Let's start from the beginning. How did you get they only really wanted one guy and that was Jim involved with the government? Garrison. A. Well, you know, my mind's a little muddled about Q. Well, now, did they find anything on you? it. It started with constant, calculated harassment. A. No. Q. Are you saying that you were harassed into work­ Q. Nothing? ing for the government? A. Not a thing. A. That's a mild term -- harassment. Q. They had nothing to hold over your head? Q. Well, then what are you saying? A. Nothing. A. I would rather say I was forced into working Q. What do you mean they wanted Jim Garrison? for them. A. They wanted to silence Jim Garrison. That's Q. You were forced to work for the government. their primary objective because if that were not A. But more than that, I was forced to lie for them. true, I would still be_ in New Orleans. That's a better description. Q. Now, are you saying that you participated in a Q. What were you forced to do? deliberate frame-up? A. Well, it became clear -- in the beginning it was A. A total complete, political frame-up, absolutely. obscure, it was always hints, 'you know what we want, Q. Why did you do it you know what we're doing.' Midway through this A. That's a good question, why did I do it. thing. Q. In other words they did have something on you, Q. Midway through what thing? something to make you do this. A. Through the beginning of the harassment until A. Did they have something -- they always have some­ that time where I -- for want of a better descrip­ thing, you see. They start tomorrow on you, you can tion -- was seduced by the Justice Department, you bet your sweet little bunny they're going to find know, if I could be seduced. Somewhere in there, something. then it became clear that they were really interest­ Q. Why, because I'm interviewing you? ed in but one man, Jim Garrison, and in their minds A. Oh, I don't know for that reason, but if they they knew that I was the guy who could get him. pick your name out, if they decided you were a prob­ Q. Are you saying that you got him? lem, you know, make a case of it, you understand, or A. Oh, yeah, no question about that, sure, sure. they wanted to get you out of the way, they'll drive Q. Now when you say that you went to work for the you out of your mind. They could get you to court. government what sort of work did you do? They can find something -- it's very easy to make A. Well, it was, you see, it's entrapping people. things legal for them, I've heard -- not quite so Q. What people? easy to make them right. A. Pinball operators. Q. Do you consider yourself a friend of Jim Garri­ Q. And who else? son's today? A. And Jim Garrison. A. Do I consider myself his friend -- no, I haven't Q. Are you saying that you participated in a de­ been his friend. I can't say I have -- I have not liberate frame of Jim Garrison and a whole bunch of been his friend. I guess, listen, I've done some pinball executives at the direction of the Federal wrong things. government? Q. Do you think he's done some wrong things? A. Without a doubt, I'm saying that unequivocably. A. Listen, who hasn't? Of course, he's done wrong Now I have no chance to really prove that because, things. He's done some things I don't approve of. you know, I don't have to tell you what my reputation He's done a lot of things I don't approve of. is, my background, as opposed to these austere, very Q. Well, what I'm trying to get at is do you think proper, well-reputationed gentlemen of the govern­ that .•• ment. They are the Justice Department. But I have A. Was he a national threat? one out. I insist that I take the polygraph and I Q. No, I'm not talking about the possibility of insist that people like Mr. Gerald Shore, Cathy Kim­ Garrison being a national threat, what I mean is do brey, a fellow named McDonald and a few others you think that Garrison was guilty of any of the names ... things that the government has charged him with be­ Q. These are all federal agents? i ng gui lty of? A. Yes, out of Washington. That they take the A. No, I do not believe he was guilty of them. I polygraph. That they were part and parcel of the know he wasn't guilty of them. You see, but you entire farce. have to be so careful when you make statements like Q. Now, the government wanted you to leave New this because I had enough exposure with the Justice Orleans. Department to know they are going to take my very A. Yes, they did. Of course, you see, it has to do words today -- now they walk into the courtroom with with the mechanics of the case because when I first the credentials of the Justice Department. This awes became involved with the government it was never, people, you see. And nobody was willing to believe ever supposed to come to this point •• that they lie and there are a lot of good agents Q. Now, when you say when you first became involved that wouldn't lie, you know. I know them. I know a wi th the government, what do you mean by that? Let's couple of them that I would bet are never in on the A. Okay. It's common knowledge, of course, every­ lies you see. Listen, either they've taken a page body knows how the government operates, particularly out of the Russian way of doing things, you know, or the Justice Department. They so love to refer to vice-versa, but the Justice Department as it is to­ themselves as Justice. Never the Justice Department. day, I consider a menace beyond words. I can't, I It was a long program of harassment. just can't do justice to it. Q. What do you mean by harassment? Q. Federal agents testified that you were offered A. Oh, Jesus, they sent agents to every human being nothing, promised nothing, in return for your cooper­ I ever did business with, allover the United States ation with the government. During interviews con-

34 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 ducted last week in Vancouver, you said that they -­ the Justice Department -- not only offered you a lot but also threatened you with jail if you did not cooperate. You said that after you became convinced Rosemary James: Throughout the interviews with Ger­ that you would go to jail if you did not work for vais he referred to a man named Gerald Shore, a man the government, you decided to become the government's he described as a Justice Department agent working undercover man.' Did the government offer you any­ out of Washington and his prime contact with the thing, did they promise you anything? government. According to Gervais, Shore had prom­ A. How many years do you know me, darling? ised his family they could move to the Caribbean, Q. Ten. Europe, or preferably Australia and that it ended A. Ten. Do you think that I would do everything up Vancouver. Gervais said Shore arranged inter­ that I did for nothing, for absolutely nothing? I views with him with executives of a major American never did anything for nothing in my whole life. oil company and that after some negotiating it was Q. Now, you said when you left New Orleans ••• decided that he would go to work for this oil com­ A. That's why I was such a darling to the govern­ pany in Canada in the capacity that amounted to ment, because I always knew what to say. I know spying on the Canadian government. Gervais said what they want me to say. Mind you, remember, the that all of a sudden, shortly before Garri son's ar­ agents that threatened me, the agents that lied to rest, the government wanted him out of the country me, the agents that promised, were never, ever, a pronto'and when he actually got to Vancouver things part of the agents who did the work. These poor were not the way they were supposed to be. fellows really believe they did a sincere, honest job. It's a pretty good system. Pershing Gervais: And Shore said go up into the Q. Well, let's take John Wall, head of the strike Marinas of Nova Scotia and then casually take your force (which had indicted Garrison). He got up in time and drive all across Canada, see Canada. open court and said under oath that the federal gov­ ernment had offered you nothing, promised you noth­ ing, given you nothing. Are you saying he perjured Q. Who was paying for all this? himself? A. They paid for it. They paid for it at the rate A. How in the hell did I get to Canada? of $73 a day. Q. I don't know. Tell me how you got here. Q. I mean they were giving you the cash? A. They paid every goddamn nickel of it. That's how A. Oh yeah, cash money. I got here. Do you think I would have paid for it? Q. All right, so you got to Vancouver and what I've got the most ridiculous, the softest job in happened? America. A. Well, of course, in between somewhere I learned Q. What kind of job do you have? what my job was to be. A. That's hard to describe. Q. For this oil company? s Q. Who do you work for? A. For the oil company. It's a strange thing. My A. General Motors. job was to in effect investigate, or spy on or de­ Q. Of Canada? termine why it was that this oil company was not ac­ A. Yeah. corded certain privileges in Canada by the Canadian Q. How did you get the job? government that other oil companies A. The Justice Department got it. And that is the Q. Like drilling privileges? most interesting story. I get $18,000 from General A. Drilling privileges, precisely, was one of them. Motors. The government makes it up with four more For some reason. thousand. Q. This company was denied these privileges? Q. They, the government, directly gives you $4,000 A. By the Canadian government and •.. a month? Q. They wanted you to spy on ... 1- A. A year. A. On the Canadian •.. whoever that part of the Q. I mean, a year, I'm sorry. Canadian government that determines these things. A. Yeah, and not only that, but tax free. But I never did learn because it ultimately ... that's not so good. Before I left New Orleans they Q. They actually wanted you to spy on the Canadian guaranteed me unequivocally, unequivocally, $22,000 government in the employ of an American oil company? a year, tax free. That's a whole lot of ... A. Right. Along with the connivance of the Justice Q. Now what is your situation .•• Department. A. Well, now I gotta pay money on, listen, like Q. In other words ••. everything about the Justice Department, it was a A. They will deny this, you can bet. But they lie. You see, I pay more tax here on this $18,000 won't get on a polygraph and deny it. But let me than I would pay on $22,000 stateside. But every­ just point something to you. So with the connivance thing, there is not a single thing that the Justice of the Justice Department, this American oil com­ Department said to me, not one, that was true. Now, pany, they sent me into Canada to investigate in ef­ again, I can't win against the Justice Department fect the Canadian government, to spy on them if I and the courts, I know that, my family knows it. could. They thought I could do it. Once I arrived Let me say something, this morning my family was -­ in Vancouver in September, I was trying to get my I've never seen them so happy. furniture and, of course, they stalled me. The Q. Why? Justice Department stalled. 11. A. Occause I'm doing what I'm doing. They know Q. What do you mean they stalled? what I'm doing. Not only that, corny as it might A. They didn't -- they stalled getting my furniture be, I've never seen my daughter look at me with the to me, I wanted my furniture. See. And they kind of pride that she did this morning. You know, stalled me so bad and began to tell me so many lies this is corny and it's not in my character, but I they had been telling me lies, little by little saw it. Oecause she knows about the lies. Listen, it became apparent ••• they hrought a lady from Washington down to lie to Q. What did it boil down to, that you didn't have my daughter. a job? Q. What did they promise your daughte~ and your A. That's, well ••• wife? Q. That you didn't have a job witrr this oil com­ A. Awww, they promised them Utopia. pany?

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 35 A. They said the oil company changed their mind, Q. Did he offer you anything? that they were afraid to hire me because they were A. Not a thing. Not a thing. afraid that in spite of the assurances to the con­ Q. Did any member of the pinball industry offer trary by the Justice Department that perhaps I may you any money or any promises? be forced to testify in the upcoming trials of the A. Not at all. That would be absurd. pinball people and Jim Garrison and there it would Q. Why? come out what my function was. And they couldn't A. They wouldn't be that dumb. They'd have to be afford this. Now this was Shore's, Gerry Shore's, insane, they'd have to be frightened to death. message to me. Q. Are you saying that no one got to you? A. Absolutely nobody . . Q. This is totally your decision? Rosemary James: It was later Gervais said that the A. Totally my decision, yes. government got him the job with General Motors in Q. Why should I believe you now? Canada, after Gervais refused to move his family A. Well, why should anybody believe me? That's the another mile. reason I had to say over and over and over. Bring these bums from Washington. Let's take a polygraph Q. Now you get $18,000 a year from General Motors. test. Let's all take it. And don't let them tell Do you get any side benefits? you that it's not leg~l, it's not valid. The Jus­ A. Well, you know, I get the $4,000 a year from the tice Department has many polygraph machines, you government, tax free. I also get a new car every know. They subject people -- are they going to say 3,000 miles. that the people who sit on those are second or third Q. Do they pay for the upkeep of the car? rate citizens? That they're immune to this? The A. Oh, yeah, they pay for the insurance, the oil, Police Department in New Orleans, if a policeman re­ the gas, which comes out to roughly another $50.00 fuses to take the polygraph test, he's fired. It's a month in expenses. been upheld in the courts. Q. Precisely what do you do for General Motors of Q. And you think that ought to be the case in the Canada to warrant this $18,000 a year and benefits? Justice Department? A. I don't do anything to warrant $18,000. A. Especially there. Q. Well what do you do? A. You couldn't dignify it as work but I simply pick up a couple of pieces of paper in one hand, transfer it to the other, and mail it to the fac­ Rosemary James: Possibly the thing puzzling most tory. I am sure it has absolutely no meaning. I people in this strange case is the question of mo­ am sure this is not the function of Field Traffic tivation. As he tells you in no uncertain terms Manager, a real one. himself, he's never done anything for nothing. Q. That's what you are? Seeing how unhappy his family was in Canada tells A. Yes, I'm a Field Traffic Manager for this area. you a lot about why he wants to come home. Why he Q. How long does it take you to do this work every left in the first place, he insists, is an answer week? for the polygraph machine since it's his word against A. Oh, I'd give them a total of about three hours, the government's. I would say. Maximum, on the outside. Q. Now, do all Field Traffic Managers have this Pershing Gervais: No one, in the history of my kind of bed of roses? lifetime, ever heard of me doing anything for any­ A. Absolutely not. The man that has the next ter­ body (without a) motivation. I'm just not that ritory over covers an area of about 2,500 miles, kind of cat. gets $14,000 a year, been with General Motors for about ten years, really works, works hard. Q. Now Jim Garrison used to be a friend of yours. Q. Why would they want to do all this for you? Are you saying that you deliberately set out to A. They're not doing it for me. They're doing that frame him for a profit motive? for the Justice Department, the government, certain A. Well, depending on what you're going to define parts of the government. Certainly not for me. I'm as profi t. quite sure that General Motors never heard of me Q. Well, just what did the federal government do? before, could care less about me, and are certainly A. Not just profit because this has made me very not impressed with any great ability that I have. uncomfortable. Q. Why do you think they do it? Q. Well, personal profit whether money or otherwise. A. There can only be one reason and that is that A. Yeah, correct, right, right •.. because I was they are a part of the industrial war complex. convinced I was going to jail. This I can prove Q. You sound like you're quoting Jim Garrison there. without a polygraph. A. Yeah, I am quoting him but listen, you got to Q. You were convinced that they were going to send remember he didn't invent the phrase, or the con­ you to jail? cept, or the idea or the truth or whatever you call A. They were going to send me to jail and I was it. convinced, no uncertain terms, that they were going Q~ You used to be a friend of Jim Garrison's? to A. Not a very good friend. Q. On what charge? Q. Well, do you consider yourself back on Garri­ A. I was never told. I have no idea of what kind son's side now? of charge. A. Well, back on his side is not a fair descrip­ Q. You have any tax problem? tion. I was recently in New Orleans and I asked A. None, zero, zonk. to see him. Q. Didn't have any Swiss back accounts or anything Q. Did you see him? like that? A. Yes, I did. He came to see me but, however, he A. I wish I did, darling. I wish I did. Only gov­ wouldn't unless I had an attorney to represent me ernment people get those things, you know, and their present. friends -- I mean high level government. Q. Did he offer you any money? Q. Well, what did the government give you in re­ A. Mr. Garrison couldn't -- Mr. Garrison ain't turn for helping them in their investigation? got thirty cents, I'm sure. A. Well, we would become friends.

36 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 ( ~ Q. You and' the government? troit dictated to Oshawa (G.M.'s Canadian head­ A. After you've been harassed with direct threats, quarters). " no baloney about it, you become friends. That's considerable consideration. Q. There was, of course, the alleged promise of "The Wall Street Journal" for May 30 reported y $22,000 a year, tax free, and that, of course, is the following: once again a matter of (your) word against the U.S. Department of Justice's word. And there are other "General Motors Corp. confirmed that it hired questions for the lie detector, too. briefly, at the request of the Justice Department, A. When polygraph time comes, if it comes, a ques­ a former New Orleans policeman who helped the gov­ e tion I'm quite willing to submit to is Jim Garrison ernment in its case against Jim Garrison, former has never, ever, ever fixed a case for me. Not New Orleans district attorney. ever. Q. How about some of his assistants? "The GM hiring disclosure also has brought to - A. That's another question. light a fairly widespread, but previously unpubli­ Q. Are you willing to submit to that? cized practice of some big American multinational A. I ain't willing to submit to too many things but corporations finding jobs for U.S. government in­ those are things I'm willing to submit (to). formers and secret witnesses in out-of-the-way Q. Obviously you're packing. Obviously you're corners of their operations here or abroad. leaving Vancouver. To a lot of people this is a beautiful city and would be a marvelous place to "Washington sources said the Justice Department live. But I take it you're going home. has arranged similar jobs for key informers and wit­ A. I'm going back to New Orleans, right. I'm get­ nesses in 'some dozens' of cases, perhaps as many as ting my family back to home where they belong. 50. Disclosures of the practice came as a surprise Q. You're tired of being away from home? in Washington, as well as in Canada. A. I'm tired, I'm tired of living a lie but I'm mostly tired of watching them day in and day out "A representative of the Justice Department asked live a lie and being coached to lie. You know, G.M. whether we had a job opening in Canada for a it's been confusing to my little boy. Of course, man in whom the Department of Justice was interest­ I'm sure the Justice Department could care less. ed. We found a position in our traffic department Q. SO you're going home. that was available. It was offered to him and he A. Yes, absolutely. accepted it." Q. Whether the federal government likes it or not? A. You can be sure they don't like it but you can be equally sure I could care less. My family's go­ And the "Times-Picayune" of May 24 included a re­ ing home where they belong and I don't care what port saying: happens after that. "Less Slimon, zone manager for GM in Vancouver, said there had been a 'Mason,' the name Gervais says Rosemary James: The thing that will continue to he assumed in Canada, working with the company. puzzle most people of course is: Was Pershing Ger­ vais telling the truth then? Is he telling the "All I know is that Mr. R. F. Baker, director of truth now? The problem that confronts Gervais is traffic in Oshawa, brought him out here, introduced will anyone ever believe him again, will anyone ev­ him around and said he was going to be traffic field er be his friend again? From British Columbia, this manager," Slimon said. is Rosemary James, Channel Four News. "He reported in occasionally," he said. "He hasn't done us a real lot of good here." Mlile enroute back to New Orleans, Gervais was interviewed in Oregon on May 24. In this second The same story also contained: interview, as reported in the New Orleans "Times­ Picayune" (May 25), Gervais claimed the Justice "Tom Kennelly Tuesday denied that the Justice Department got him a Canadian "ministers permit" to Department harassed its informer, Pershing Gervais, remain in Canada and sent a Royal Canadian Mounted into trapping New Orleans District Attorney Jim Policeman to "sell him on Canada"; "The whole deal Garrison. was set up by the two governments working together. I'm sure if you ask your (Canadian) government about "Kennelly, former deputy chief of the depart­ it they'll have some glib answer ready," he charged. ment's organized crime and racketeering division, supervised the case against Garrison. He told WDSU­ About his job with G.M., Gervais said the Justice TV that the government did not need Gervais as a Department official, Shore, introduced him to a man witness to prosecute Garrison. named "Winters" in a Fordmo Hotel room and told him he was meeting the President of G.M. (Ronald S. "Kennelly is now in private law practice. He was Withers was G.M. President). "Why he wanted to see quoted on WDSU-TV as saying Gervais became a govern­ me I don't know. I guess he just wanted to see what ment informer with no strings attached. this guy looked like who he'd been told to hire. They took me out to the plant ... and put me through "The IRS had been auditing Gervais' tax returns, a three-week course. I learned nothing in that. I Kennelly said, but was unable to make a case, so know as much about traffic management as I know Gervais told the IRS, 'You've had your best shot at about operating a linotype machine." me, now I'm going to tell you What's really going on in this city.' Gervnis continued, "But it was all part of the payoff for the affidavit (which he signed for the "Kennelly went on to say that Gervais described prosecution against Garrison) •.. they got the Ca­ widespread pinball payoffs. The Justice Department nadian government and G.M. to cooperate down the said nobody would believe it unless you help prove line .•.• They dictated to G.M. in Detroit and De- it.

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 37 "Kennelly continued: BERKELEY - Continued from page 21

'''Gervais was grieving over a son missing in 7. Examples: Puzzles 741-2 to 741-6 action in Vietnam and said he wanted to make amends to the child. So he became a government informer Following are five puzzles in Naymandij. The with no strings attached. Later Gervais said he solutions to these puzzles will be published in the feared fo~ his life. He said there was a contract next issue of "Computers and People". out on him, but the Justice Department has reason to believe it was true.'" 1 1 309 8 6 3 5 3 3 006 6 6 3 045 472 9 3 630 195 883 724 328 The "Times-Picayune" for May 26 reported a new 446 2 156 7 4 1 1 4 204 3 7 9 9 9 death threat against Gervais: 2 2 2 5 4 0 5 9 687 1 475 8 8 9 5 8 2 9 0 7 096 4 504 9 2 7 958 7 7 4 "Local and federal authorities are investigating 009 7 5 086 4 4 3 2 8 4 7 8 288 6 reports that a 'contract,' or an order to kill, is 1342424 8 078 1 438 9 2 1 1 9 out on Pershing Gervais, a prime figure in federal 9 1 134 4 6 0 6 8 5 5 4 7 3 4 6 592 bribery charges filed against Dist. Atty. Jim Gar­ 654 384 9 2 8 7 3 6 2 5 5 0 2 8 8 0 rison and others, it was learned Thursday. 475 788 9 0 5 805 200 4 685 4

"Asked about reports of a 'contract' on Gervais, Naymandij Puzzle 741-2 U.S. Atty. Gerald J. Gallinghouse said he couldn't comment directly on the case but said, 'We would be very concerned about any threat to the safety of any potential witness in a federal case whether he 1 6 9 880 1 402 2 149 154 908 was friendly to the government or hostile.' 78643 1 1 908 6 1 1 2 2 2 5 234 785 7 4 685 1 184 1 7 6 2 0 2 0 4 "Police Supt. Clarence Giarrusso would nei ther 9 6 6 056 788 5 8 2 4 2 2 4 6 6 2 5 deny or confirm that his office was investigating 064 959 7 1 3 1 3 2 4 338 1 427 reports of a 'contract' or 'mark' being out on 9960524 6 397 1 0 1 3 7 7 0 7 0 Gervais. But he did say, 'We will do whatever is 3 1 027 2 3 958 1 6 285 6 5 588 necessary to protect Mr. Gervais.' 594 294 5 1 776 9 2 4 094 375 764 3 5 0 2 2 6 6 2 0 5 9 8 284 2 2 "It. was learned that efforts to find a 'hit' man 5589446 5 7 9 2 7 0 9 3 2 1 778 to murder Gervais were made this week. The sum of­ fered for the job is reportedly in five figures."D Naymandij Puzzle 741-3

5 808 4 105 1 6 5 5 7 4 0 6 3 3 5 9 Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical ... 5 2 005 8 3 2 7 1 489 3 6 169 4 6 o 1 208 3 3 0 1 5 3 7 4 703 0 4 5 0 Computers and People (formerly Computers and 1 2 2 9 7 9 7 3 1 8 1 6 7 6 6 7 2 7 0 0 Automation), established 1951 and therefore the 6 3 9 684 0 4 5 3 1 8 4 6 3 964 5 4 oldest magazine in the field of computers and data 83214 878 3 9 6 3 1 4 4 4 096 5 processing, believes that the profession of infor­ 753 1 659 179 4 3 9 6 3 5 5 4 8 5 mation engineer includes not only competence in 8 7 7 4 186 505 0 6 0 9 986 283 handling information using computers and other 4 5 1 9 193 2 8 1 7 2 5 887 3 585 means, but also a broad responsibility, in a pro­ 706 4 2 5 5 2 2 3 568 1 1 6 788 9 fessional and engineering sense, for: Naymandij Puzzle 741-4 The reliability and social significance of pertinent input data;

The social value and truth of the output o 200 224 0 2 4 288 2 6 0 2 080 results. 9 7 5 4 9 6 9 2 6 0 3 5 2 5 584 304 5588275 5 3 6 8 3 3 7 8 9 0 0 7 3 In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a pro­ 7 9 005 9 5 9 0 3 3 3 1 8 4 6 2 856 2 7 2 903 4 6 5 0 1 803 2 4 0 6 5 2 fessional responsibi li ty for the reliabi Ii ty and significance of the data he uses, and the safety 4 4 7 7 9 4 2 7 2 1 4 2 303 1 8 2 3 7 and efficiency of the bridge he builds, for human 3 5 9 5 8 004 634 9 0 2 8 4 2 287 beings to risk their lives on. 5 3 0 4 7 9 7 9 725 192 1 1 4 8 4 9 5 4 166 0 0 1 469 5 3 2 4 5 286 2 Accordingly, Computers and People publi shes from 62725 704 4 6 184 7 188 3 7 5 time to time articles and other information related Naymandij Puzzle 741-5 to socially useful input and output of data systems in a broad sense. To this end we seek to publish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical - but productive of thought and an improved and safer 3 9 9 5 5 5 2 5 9 5 5 4 7 589 2 9 3 0 "house" for all humani ty, an earth in which our 655 1 787 4 4 5 190 199 0 7 3 3 children and later generations may have a future, 4 5 7 2 4 985 6 5 8 9 9 1 4 8 5 0 8 1 instead of facing extinction. 2 9 1 884 750 1 9 1 5 2 268 9 6 8 8 9 726 1 1 8 5 6 5 764 556 764 224 174 2 4 2 8 780 175 096 5 The professional information engineer needs to rela te hi sengi neeri ng to the most important and 3759414 384 2 1 6 234 8 036 mo s t s eri ou s problem sin the wor Id today: war, 6 9 7 4 200 9 2 6 184 9 4 3 9 4 2 0 nuclear weapons, pollution, the population explo­ 983 4 900 2 075 9 3 8 3 3 7 6 6 3 sion, and many more. 325 3 8 6 3 9 0 5 6 4 393 1 4 698 Naymandij Puzzle 741-6 o

38 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS

Jan. 29-Feb. 1, 1974: Assoc. for Development of Computer-Based May 13-17, 1974: International Instruments, Electronic and Auto­ Instructional Systems, Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C. / mation Exhibition, Olympia, London, England / contact: Indus­ contact: Ruann Pengov, Ohio State Univ., College of Medicine, trial Exhibitions Ltd., Commonwealth House, New Oxford St., 076 Health Sciences Lib., 376 W. 10th Ave., Columbus, OH London, WC1 A 1 PB, England 43210 May 14-17, 1974: 6th Annual APL International Users Conference, Feb. 12-14, 1974: Computer Science Conference, Detroit Hilton, Sheraton Hotel, Anaheim, Calif. / contact: John R. Clark, Detroit, Mich. / contact: Seymour J. Wolfson, Computer Orange Coast College, 2701 Fairview Rd., Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Science Section, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI 48202 June 11-13, 1974: 1st Annual Automotive Electronics Conference Feb. 13-15, 1974: International Solid State Circuits Conference, and Exposition, Cobo Hall, Detroit, Mich. / contact: Robert D. Univ. of Penna., Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Vir­ Rankin, Rankin Exposition Management, 5544 E. La Palma gil Johannes, Bell Labs., Room 3E331, Holmdel, NJ 07733 Ave., Anaheim, CA 92807 w Feb. 19-22, 1974: 3rd Annual National Communications Week June 24-26, 1974: Design Automation Workshop, Brown Palace Convention, Chase-Park Plaza Hotel,. St. Louis, .Mo. / contact: Hotel, Denver, Colo. / contact: ACM, 1133 Ave. of the Amer­ David C. Brotemarkle, Communications Systems Management icas, New York, NY 10036 Assoc., 1102 West St., Suite 1003, Wilmington, DE 19801 June 24-26, 1974: 5th Conference on Computers in the Undergrad­ Feb. 22, 1974: Minicomputer Instructional Systems Conference, St. uate Curricula, Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash. / con­ Louis, Mo. / contact: Ralph E. Lee, Computer Center, Univer­ tact: Dr. Ottis W. Rechard, Computer Science Dept., Washing­ sity of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401 ton State Univ., Pullman, WA 99163 Feb. 26-28, 1974: Computer Conference (COMPCON), Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: Jack Kuehler, I BM Corp., June 25-28, 1974: 1974 Annual International Conference & Busi­ P 35, Bldg. 025, Monterey & Cottle Rds., San Jose, CA 95114 ness Exposition, Minneapolis, Minn. / contact: Data Processing Management Assoc., 505 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, I L 60068 Mar. 4-8, 1974: Numerical Control Conference and Exhibition, Mi­ lan, Italy / contact: CEU-UCIMU's Exhibition Centre, Via July 9-11, 1974: Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Hyatt Monte Rosa 21, 20149 Milano, Italy Regency Hotel, Houston, Tex. / contact: M. E. McCoy, Martin Marietta Data Systems, Mail MP-198, P.O. Box 5837, Orlando, Mar. 25-29, 1974: I EEE International Convention (tNTERCON), FL 32805 Coliseum & Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: J. H. Schumacher, IEEE, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017 July 15-19, 1974: 1974 Conference on Frontiers in Education, City University, London, England / contact: Conf. Dept., Insti­ April 3, 1974: Minicomputers - Trends and Applications, Nat'l tution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, England Bureau of Standards, Gaithersb~rg, Md. / contact: Harry Hay­ WC2R OBL man, 738 Whitaker Ter., Silver Spring, MD 20901 1- July 23-26, 1974: Circuit Theory & Design, I EE, London, England April 8-11, 1974: Computer Aided Design, Int'l Conference & Ex­ / contact: lEE, Savpy PI., London WC2R OB L, England hibition, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, England / con­ tact: Inst. of Civil Engrs., Great George St., Westminster, Lon­ July 23-26, 1974: International Computer Exposition for Latin don SW1, England America, Maria Isabel-Sheraton Hotel, Mexico City, Mexico / :y contact: Seymour A. Robbins, National Expositions Co., Inc., April 9-11, 1974: Optical Computing Symposium, Zurich, Switzer­ 14 W. 40th St., New York, NY 10018 land / contact: Samuel Horvitz, Box 274, Waterford, CT 06385 ly April 21-24, 1974: International Circuits & Systems Symposium, Aug. 5-10, 1974: IFIP Congress 74, St. Erik's Fairgrounds, Stock­ 1- Sir Francis Drake Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: L. O. holm, Sweden / contact: U.S. Committee for I FI P Congress 74, Chua, Dept. of EE, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720 Box 426, New Canaan, CT 06840

April 21-24, 1974: 1974 Annual Assoc. for Systems Management Aug. 5-10, 1974: Medinfo 74, St. Erik's Fairgrounds, Stockholm, Conf., Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, Tex. / contact: R. B. Sweden / contact: Frank E. Heart, Bolt Beranek and Newman, I, McCaffrey, ASM, 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, OH 44138 Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138

May 5-8, 1974: Offshore Technology Conference, Astrohall, Hous­ Aug. 21-23, 1974: Engineering in the Ocean Environment Interna­ ton, Tex. / contact: Offshore Tech. Conf., 6200 N. Central Ex­ tional Conf., Nova Scotian Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia / contact: pressway, Dallas, TX 75206 O. K. Gashus, EE Dept., Nova Scotia Tech. Coli., POB 100, Hali­ )- fax, N.S., Canada May 6-10, 1974: 1974 National Computer Conference & Exposi­ tion, McCormick Place, Chicago, III. / contact: Dr. Stephen S. Sept., 1974: 2nd Symposium IFAC/IFIP/IFORS, Cote d'Azur, Yau, Computer Sciences Dept., Northwestern University, Evans­ France / contact: AFCET, Secretariat des Congres, Universite ton, I L 60201 Paris IX, Dauphine 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France :5 May 7-10, 1974: 12th Annual Assoc. for Educational Data Systems Sept_ 9-12, 1974: INFO 74, Coliseum, New York, N.Y. / contact: Convention, New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: 1(.1 Thomas A. Corr, Nassau Community College, Stewart Ave., Clapp & Poliak, Inc., 245 Park Ave., New York, NY 10017 Garden City, NY 11530 Oct. 31-Nov. 1, 1974: Canadian Symposium on Communications, May 13-17, 1974: European Computing Congress (EUROCOMP), Queen Elizabeth Hotel, Montreal, Quebec / contact: George ly Brunei Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England / contact: Online, Armitage, I EEE Canadian Region Office, 7061 Yonge St., Thorn­ Brunei Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England hill, Ontario L3T 2A6, Canada

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 39 A fabu lous gift:

"RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and Today"

by Edmund C. Berkeley, Author and Anthologist

Over fifty parables (including anecdotes, allegories, and fables) by Berkeley and many other authors, modern and ancient, dealing with famous problems, modern, classic, or ageless. Many parables are decorated by a bouquet of proverbs and quotations - for readers who like to choose which variety of lesson appeals to them. A short guide to some patches of common sense and wisdom. An ideal gift. Illustrated. Hard cover. 224 pages.

Do you remember the story of the fox and the grapes? illustrating a principle of such timeless value that the phrase "sour grapes" has been used and understood by millions of people for 2000 years? Well, why not make a collection of ideas and principles of common sense and wisdom - and why not illustrate them with fables, allegories, and anecdotes of enormous impact? That was the plan of this book.

It comes right out of our work on the "Notebook on Common Sense and Wisdom, Elementary and Advanced" - which we have been tal ki ng about for two years to anyone who would listen.

Some of the issues of the Notebook roused the interest of the president of Quadrangle Books - and this book is one of the results.

You can't lose by taking a look at this book: • You might enjoy it. • You might find much of it humorous and imaginative - as did Aesop's listeners. • You might find it instructive, philosophical, worth thinking about, and more besides. You can see it, read it, keep it for 7 days, return it, and back comes the full price of the book. How can you lose? We want only satisfied customers.

The eagle in the great forest flew swiftly, but the Eastwind flew more swiftly still

40 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 ( "RIDE THE EAST WIND: The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes Parables of Yesterday and Today" Once there was a Fox who lived on the lower slopes of Mt. Etna, the great volcano in Sicily. These slopes are ex­ tremely fertile; the grapes that grow there may well be the most delicious in the world; and of all the farmers there, Table of Contents Farmer Mario was probably the best. And this Fox longed and longed for some of Farmer Mario's grapes. But they Part 1. The Condition of Man grew very high on arbors, and all the arbors were inside a vineyard with high walls, and the Fox had a problem. Of Pandora and the Mysterious Box / H. A. Guerber course, the Fox of Mt Etna had utterly no use for his fam­ The Garden of Paradise* / Hans Christian Andersen ous ancestor, who leaping for grapes that he could not reach, ·to which the King's son was transported by the East Wind called them sour, and went away. The History of the Doasyoulikes / Charles Kingsley The Fox decided that what he needed was Engineering The Locksmith and the Stranger / Edmund C. Berkeley (B) Technology. So he went to a retired Engineer who lived on The Elephant and the Donkey / James Reston the slopes of Mt. Etna, because he liked· the balmy climate Where that Superhighway Runs, There Used to be a and the view of the Mediterranean Sea and the excitement of watching his instruments that measured the degree of sleep­ Cornfield / Robert Redfield ing or waking of Mt. Etna. The Fox put his problem be­ The Fire Squirrels / B fore the Engineer. Part 2. On Flattery and Persuasion The Crow and the Fox / Jean de La Fontaine The Visitor who Got a Lot for Three Dollars / George Ade Missile Alarm from Grunelandt / B The Cuckoo and the Eagle / Ivan A. Kriloff The National Security of Adularia / B The Wind and the Sun / Aesop Doomsday in St. Pierre, Martinique / B The Lion in Love / Aesop Part 7. Problem Solving The Crow and the Mussel/Aesop, B The Wolf and the Dog of Sherwood/ Aesop, B The Two Raccoons and the Button / B The Three Earthworms / B Part 3. On Perseverance and Resourcefulness The Hippopotamus and the Bricks / B The Crow and the Pitcher / Aesop The Cricket that Made Music / Jean de La Fontaine, B Robert Bruce and the Spider / Sir Walter Scott The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes / B Hannibal Mouse and the Other End of the World / B The Mice of Cambridge in Council/Aesop, B The Fly, the Spider, and the Hornet / B Brer Badger's Old Motor Car that Wouldn't Go / B The First Climbing of the Highest Mountain in the Part 4. Behavior - Moral and Otherwise World / Sir John Hunt, B A Small Wharf of Stones / Benjamin Franklin The Evening Star and the Princess / B The Three Bricklayers / B Notes The Good Samaritan / St. Luke Some Collections of Parables and Fables Much Obliged, Dear Lord / Fulton Oursler The Fisherman, the Farmer, and the Peddler / B To be published in January 1974 by Quadrangle / Part 5. The Problem of Truth The New York Times Book Co., hard cover, $6.95 On Being a Reasonable Creature / Benjamin Franklin RETURNABLE IN 10 DAYS IF NOT SATISFACTORY The Monkey and the Spectacles / Ivan A. Kriloff (You can read it all in 10 days - and keep it only if The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap / Mike Quin you think it is worth keeping.) The Barrels and the Pittsburgh Manufacturer / B The Empty Column / William J. Wiswesser The Differences in Two Strains of Corn / Edgar Anderson ------(may be copied on any piece of paper) ------The Six Blind Men of Nepal / B To: Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. The Sighting of a Whale / B 815 Washington St., Dept. R21 Newtonville, Mass. 02160 The Stars and the Young Rabbit / B I ( Please send me when published (January publication The Ocean of Truth / Sir Isaac Newton expected) ___copy(ies) of Ride the East Wind: Part 6. On Common Sense Parables of Yesterday and Today by Edmund C. The Lark and her Young Ones / Aesop Berkeley, Author and Anthologist. I enclose $7.25 The Bear and the Young Dog / B (Publication price + Postage and Handling) per copy. The Bear and the Young Calf / B Total enclosed (Prepayment is necessary) The Bear and the Young Beaver / B ---- The Wasps and the Honey Pot / Sir Roger l'Estrange RETURNABLE IN 10 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND The Six-Day War and the Gulf of Dong / B IF NOT SATISFACTORY The Deceived Eagle / James Northcote My name and address are attached.

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 41 ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

Table of Contents

APPLICATIONS NEW PRODUCTS Park 'n Shop Going Electronic With New 42 The Telephone That Writes 44 IBM Grocery Checkstand System GRAND SLAM Printer -- New 1500 LPM Impact 44 Computer Program To Add "True Randomness" 42 Printer Reduces Paper Costs by Into Police Control Schedules One-Third Computerized Carpool System 45 EDUCATION NEWS Monsanto Grants Use of FLOWTRAN to 43 MISCELLANEOUS Uni vers i ties Competition in the Telephone Communications 45 High School Computer Science Fair To Be 43 Industry Featured at 1974 National Computer Telenet Files for National Data Communi- 45 Conference in Chicago cations Network

"Because the price of each item is stored in the APPLICATIONS computer rather than on the product itself, this system virtually eliminates mispricing or unreadable prices," said Reid. "We also expect sizable labor PARK 'N SHOP GOING ELECTRONIC WITH savings because a sale or other price change can be NEW IBM GROCERY CHECKSTAND SYSTEM made by changing the price on a shelf label and in John M. Dunnagan the computer rather than by remarking each item." Park 'N Shop 4744 South Blvd. The store's control unit stores price information Charlotte, N.C. 28210 on each item marked with UPC. Adopted earlier this year to standardize product identification in the Park'N Shop supermarkets have revealed plans for grocery industry, the UPC symbol will be printed on a "revolutionary" grocery system that will speed the container or wrapping of most items sold in the shoppers through checkout lanes. Charles N. Reid, supermarket. president, told a press conference at the South Boulevard store the IBM 3660 supermarket system is The IBM checkout scanner uses a laser to beam one of the "most revolutionary advances in grocery light up through a narrow window at the end of a shopping and management" he has seen in nearly 30 checkstand. The checker merely places the symbol years of business in Charlotte. face down and pulls the package across the window. No other alignment is required since the scanner can The new system includes a high-speed scanner and read the symbol from any angle. Using a fast, two­ computer-linked electronic cash register at the handed motion, the checker can scan and bag grocer­ checkout stand to: virtually eliminate the long ies simultaneously, significantly speeding the check­ waiting lines most shoppers have grown accustomed out process. to; increase accuracy of prices charged; provide price-and-item identification for each customer or­ der, and increase efficiency and economy of 'store The store control unit keeps a record of all operation. sales by item, department, checkout clerk, and a wide range of other measurements. This information, By "reading" the food industry's new University through a communications unit, periodically trans­ Product Code (UPC) symbol -- a series of small, ver­ fers this data to a centrally located virtual stor­ ticle black bars printed on grocery products -- the age IBM System/370. IBM system makes checkout faster and easier for gro­ cery checkers. The scanner, for example, is located at the end of a checkstand to enable a single clerk COMPUTER PROGRAM TO ADD "TRUE RANDOMNESS" to both check and bag a product in one easy motion. INTO POLICE PATROL SCHEDULES For added customer convenience, as a product is scanned the system's point of sale terminal displays Gil Aberg its name and price on a lighted panel, and prints a Dept. of Public Information receipt. The receipt lists the name or a descrip­ Pennsylvania State University tion of each item, it's price, whether it is taxable 312 Old Main Bldg. or not, the total charge and any special price modi­ University Park, Pa. 16802 fications such as the food stamp credits available, the time of the sale and the date. In addition to "You can never find a cop when you need one," helping shoppers keep track of their purchases, the runs the saying. The reason, says a Penn State in­ same information is used by a computer to improve dustrial engineer, may lie in a certain unwitting store management information. efficiency of the men in blue rather than in their

42 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 tendency to goof off. They pound the beat too regu­ larly. EDUCATION NEWS

"That very term 'beat' ," says Dr. Matthew Rosen­ MONSANTO GRANTS USE OF shine, "suggests something regular and predictable. FLOWTRAN TO UNIVERSITIES And police beats are often just that: so regular and predictable as to be a considerable factor in our A. Bryan Marvin e inability to combat certain types of crime, especi­ Public Relations Dept. ally crime in the street." Rosenshine would like to Monsanto Company attempt to reduce such crime by using a computer to 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. inject "true randomness" into police patrol sched­ St. Louis, Mo. 63166 ules. In an unusual form of aid to education, Monsanto It can't stop crime altogether, he admits, but Company will cooperate with a committee of chemical it would doubtless act as a deterrent to some poten­ engineering educators to bring industrial computer tial criminals. "And it will make the ci tizen feel developments within reach of American campuses. t a lot better," he says, "because the random, unex­ pected appearance of a policeman -- especially when Monsanto will make available for use at univer­ he is not needed -- is reassuring to an individual sities its proprietary computer program system who is constantly concerned over being mugged, called FLOWTRAN which permits the steady state simu­ raped, or the victim of some other street crime." lation of a large number of industrial processes. Monsanto will also aid in implementation of the sys­ Getting people to behave randomly is not easy. tem for university use by loaning specialists from e "There seems to be a distinct tendency in all of its Corporate Engineering Department and making a us to behave with a certain regularity even when we cash grant to help in start-up of the computer pro­ are trying to behave otherwise." Policemen fre­ grams. quently believe they are conferring security on a The alliance of chemical engineering educators neighborhood by passing it a certain number of times who will coordinate the effort at the university daily. This, says Rosenshine, breeds regularity. level, was established in 1969 by the National Acad­ The police are actually conferring insecurity when emy of Engineering's Commission on Education as the they behave this way, and leaving wide gaps that CACHE (fomputer ~ids for Chemical ~ngineering Educa­ d even the inexperienced criminal learns to take ad­ tion) Committee. The chairman is Prof. Lawrence B. vantage of. Evans, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachu­ setts Institute of Technology. The CACHE Committee "How many times has any of us seen two patrol was established to promote interuniversity coopera­ cars cruise the same street, minutes apart? A com­ tion in the development and distribution of computer­ pletely random system would make such behavior, related educational aids, and it has received sig­ which would tend to confound a potential criminal, nificant financial support from the National Science more likely -- though not, of course, predictably Foundation. likely." Ie The FLOWTRAN computer program system is designed Rosenshine's system, which he has researched and to be installed at a large central computer utility developed over the past several years, would employ and accessed from remote locations either through a central computer deliberately to "mess up" the typewriter-like terminals or through satellite in­ patrol schedule of an entire police force. "Our formation processing units. The computer network system would give rise to the 'cop-on-the-offbeat': which will handle the educational application of an officer whose peregrinations are unpredictable in the system has not yet been selected. the sense that they cannot be deduced from past be­ :0 havior." Monte C. Throdahl, group vice president-technol­ ogy, of Monsanto Company, said "As use of the FLOW­ Rosenshine has made use of so-called Monte Carlo TRAN system spreads, it will bring to American cam­ procedures to "load" a computer so it will deliver a puses a sophisticated industrial computer system, random patrol schedule that nevertheless favors one which a student can employ to work out his own neighborhoods that are known to need heavy police assignments and one which an entire class can use to surveillance. The system is yet to be tested on­ calculate a series of complex process alternates. line, but its use has been simulated with the com­ ... we are pleased that the CACHE Committee feels puter itself. Once installed, Rosenshine feels, his the system can contribute to the educational pro­ system will make the offbeat cop unbeatable -- at cess," Mr. Throdahl added. "It is, after all, from ly least when it comes to second-guessing his moves. the campus that the engineering leaders of the next generation will come and they should test during One big-city mugging victim is convinced his ex­ their present education the tools which modern in­ perience occurred under precisely the circumstances dustrial engineering is using." outlined by Dr. Rosenshine. HIGH SCHOOL COMPUTER SCIENCE FAIR TO BE Jr "I saw a patrol car pass. Moments later, I was FEATURED AT 1974 NATIONAL COMPUTER :e attacked. I had the distinct feeling my attackers CONFERENCE IN CHICAGO if knew the police car would not return in the 60 sec­ onds or less it took them to slash my wrist and grab American Federation of Information Processing my watch. Societies, Inc. 210 Summit Ave. "The policeman who took me to the hospi tal even Montvale, N.J. 07645 said: 'I can't understand it. I pass that corner every twelve minutes. ' A High School Computer Science Fair will be held during the 1974 National Computer Conference & Expo­ "If a randomization system would diminish the se­ sition, May 6-10, McCormick Place, Chicago. The curity with which such thugs operate, I'd be forit." fair is open to all high school students, including

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 43 1974 graduates. Projects may be submitted by indi­ the need for personnel at receIvIng stations since viduals or by small groups. However, stricter cri­ messages can be received without an operator in at­ teria will be applied to the selections of group tendance. projects.

According to Professor Benjamin Mittman, Chairman of the Computer Science Fair, "For today's students there is very little mystery surrounding the com­ puter, as they have been exposed to it as a science and a tool, frequently in the classroom. Recogniz­ ing that a great deal of important work is being done in the field today by young men and women, we feel it is very important to give recognition and encouragement to students who have already begun to get involved in new technology at the high school level."

A grand prize will be awarded for the most sig­ nificant project displayed. In addition, prizes will be awarded in four specific areas -- new appli­ cations of computers, programming, design and con­ struction of computers or components, and mathemat­ ics of computation. All projects must be suitable for display. Both hardware and software projects are solicited and any programming language or com­ puting equipment may be used. In the case of soft­ ware projects, graphical or poster displays high­ lighting key ideas should be used. To operate, the Telepen is simply plugged into an electrical outlet; the party is dialed on a tele­ All entry forms must be submitted by March 1 to phone; the handset is placed in the back of the Tele­ Professor Mittman. The submission form includes de­ pen; and the message is written on the Telepen form tails of the proposed project and must be signed by -- appearing instantly on the Telepen unit dialed, a teacher familiar with the student's work. Those exactly as written. The other party can add to the invited to exhibit their projects will be notified original graphics or initiate his own reply. Perma­ by Apri 1 1, 1974. nent Telepen systems can also be installed utilizing internal wires or telephone leased voice grade chan­ For additional information and submission forms nels where traffic volume is large and portability contact: Professor Benjamin Mittman, Vogelback Com­ not a requirement. puting Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. 60201. Information can also be obtained from The Telepen sends up to 340 pages of graphics on the vice chairman, Professor Charles Bauer, Computer roll paper before refilling. Preprinted forms, de­ Science Dept., Il~inois Institute of Technology, signed to the customer's system requirements, are Chicago, Ill. 60616. also available. The unit weighs only 19 Ibs., and measures 12.3 inches in width; 16.4 inches in length. The 1974 National Computer Conference and Expo­ sition is sponsored by the American Federation of GRAND SLAM PRINTER - NEW 1500 LPM IMPACT Information Processing Societies, Inc. (AFIPS), a PRINTER REDUCES PAPER COSTS BY ONE-THIRD non-profit organization of thirteen professional societies. R. J. Campbell, Director Sales and Service Planning Potter Data Systems, Inc. 532 Broad Hollow Road NEW PRODUCTS Melville, N. Y. 11746

The new Potter patented impact printer, known as THE TELEPHONE THAT WRITES the GRANT SLAM printer, prints computer output at Telautograph Corporation 1500 lines a minute and at 15 characters per hori­ 8700 Bellanca Ave. zontal inch, rather than the conventional 10 char­ Los Angeles, Calif. 90045 acters per inch. Additionally, it prints either 8 or 10 lines per vertical inch instead of the con­ A unique, portable "telephone that writes" -- de­ ventional 6 lines. Substantial savings in paper signed for instant, handwritten transmission of costs, handling and storage are obtained by using chemical, scientific, office, aviation, aerospace, letter size 00-5/8" x 8-1/2") forms and paper. educational and control work data -- expands the utility of telephone communications by allowing you The GRAND SLAM printer is 360/370 compatible and to write, as well as talk, over standard telephones. prints up to 6-part forms. The 10-5/8" x 8-1/2" The new, portable transceiver, known as Telepen, in­ size printout eliminates the need for photo or xer­ stantaneously reproduces handwritten drawings, dia­ ographic reduction of copies. A patented belt chain grams, messages and all types of work orders at any and free-flight high energy hammers give clean sharp other location equipped with a similar unit. copy printout. Character sets are easily changed by the operator by merely changing chain modules. The Telepen allows field and office personnel to send instant, written verification of details over The company claims that the new GRAND SLAM printer any distance. Verbal errors, postal and telegram will virtually pay its own rent from the savings delays and other communication gaps are eliminated through reducing paper costs. Additional savings with Telepen systems. The system also eliminates can be obtained by using standard file cabinets and

44 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 smaller floor space requirements. Measuring 37" In the three years that NATA has been in exist­ wide x 48" high x 30" deep, the new GRAND SLAM ance, it has proven to the public that the telephone printer requires only 7.7 sq. ft. of floor space. interconnect industry offers more and better tele­ communications equipment than does the monopolistic The 360/370 interface and the control unit, equiv­ common carriers and, at the same time, saves the alent to the IBM 2821 Mods 2 and 3, are built into telephone user more money. However, the North Amer­ the printer. This eliminates a costly separate unit. ican Telephone Association is stepping up its activ­ ities to make the public more aware that they will In addition to the on-line version, the GRAND benefit from competition created by the telephone SLAM printer may also be used in the Potter off-line interconnect industry. printer system which can operate on information de­ rived from any IBM compatible computer system. At NATA's recent national convention in Miami, GRAND SLAM printers are available on either lease, Fla., Consumer Advocate Ralph Nader predicted that or purchase plans. rising costs of telephone installation will create a "public revolt" if independent telephone installa­ tion companies, such as interconnect contractors, COMPUTERIZED CARPOOL SYSTEM are stifled from competing with AT&T's manufacturing company, Western Electric Co. Nader explained that Ms. Barbara Price, Vice President "because of monopolies like the telephone company, AutoPool, Inc. the average telephone customer pays his bills not Box 580 knowing how much they are being overcharged or how Seabrook, Md. 20801 cheaper it would cost them to have another company install their telephones". AutoPool, Inc. has introduced a computerized car­ pooling system which matches drivers and riders Now, that the common carriers have competition throughout a large metropolitan area with departure from the interconnect industry, scientists and en­ and arrival accuracy within half-a-mile. The system gineers are devoting more time to developing new was developed for city and country government use to telephone equipment. This is equipment that was cover large geographic areas, although it can also never dreamed of before and it is equipment that be used by individual organizations such as univer­ these inventors know has a market today. sities and business firms. Shortly after the interconnect industry was While the energy crISIS precipitated development created by the landmark "Carterfone Decision" of of the system at this time, a computerized carpool­ the Federal Communications Commission in mid-1968, ing system does far more than simply conserve gas. several interconnect contractors formed the North It's a direct and frontal attack on the serious American Telephone Association. Today, it has more transportation problem of one-car, one-driver com­ than 200 member firms and is considered "The Voice muting that typifies most major population centers. of the Telephone Interconnect Industry." AutoPool spokesmen feel strongly that a government sponsored car pooling system involving widespread NATA members have put their money where their participation will work best. Costs would be re­ faith is. They have pledged more than $1 million duced to pennies per participant; each person would for the coming year to present a strong unified have more alternatives. front to promote competition for the common carriers and carryon a public awareness program concerning The AutoPool system is designed to collect de­ the advantages that competition offers the public. parture and destination data from individuals inter­ This program will entail substantial representation ested in carpooling; then, via computer, to prepare before federal and state agencies and before the a directory coded by geographic points and by time Congress, plus national advertising and public re­ of departure on individuals leaving and arriving in lations efforts. the same areas. NATA recently moved its national headquarters Recent national polls indicate that the vast ma­ from Dallas to Washington, D.C., and hired a full jority of drivers are anxious to cooperate in solv­ time professional staff and legal counsel to repre­ ing the energy crisis and AutoPool feels that com­ sent the association and its members on a regular puterized data collection and dissemination of com­ basi s. muter information could have a significant impact on driving habits. TELENET FILES FOR NATIONAL DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK Stuart L. Mathison, Vice President MISCELLANEOUS Telenet Communications Corporation d 1666 K Street, N. W. d COMPETITION IN THE TELEPHONE Washington, D. C 20006 COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY Thomas F. Carter, President An application has been filed by Telenet Commun­ North American Telephone Assoc. ications Corporation with the Federal Communications P.O. Box 31001 Commission for authority to establish and operate a Dallas, Texas 75231 nationwide common carrier network for data communi­ cations. The network is expected to serve 18 cities A strong unified front of telephone interconnect throughout the United States by the end of 1975, and firms is building behind a $1 million-plus campaign to serve 62 cities by the end of 1977. to tell the public that competition is growing in the telephone communications industry and that tele­ Telenet's president, Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts, communications equipment is available today that was stated that the company's system is based on the never dreamed of before. "packet switching" technology utilized in the data (please turn to page 50

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 45 NEW CONTRACTS

GTE Sylvania Inc., General U.S. Army Fabrication of control and processing cen­ $9 million Telephone & Electronics Corp., ter of system providing computer-controlled Mountain View, Calif. electronic processing, data storage, and retrieval Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc., Western Electric Co. 1565 microfilm retrieval systems called $7.5 million Plainfield, N.J. RADRU (Rapid Access Data Retrieval Unit); systems to be used for directory assist­ ance by Southern Bell and South Central Bell Telephone Co. Directory Assistance Bureaus GTE Information Systems Inc., Paine, Webber, Jackson & Five-year lease agreement for stock-quota­ $5 million Stamford, Conn. Curtis, Inc., New York, N.Y. tion terminals and related equipment, and development of nationwide brokerage data communications network Univac Div. of Sperry Rand Italian Ministry of the Two UNIVAC 90/70 Computer Systems for is­ $3.3 mi Ilion Corp., Blue Bell, Pa. Treasury, Rome, Italy suing, recording, analyzing, and assessing about 29-million state employee pension checks per year Ampex Corp., Redwood City, U. S. Government A second trillion bi t capacity on-line mass $3 million Calif. storage system, the TBM'~ Memory System (approximate) Logicon, Inc., Torrance, Air Force Space and Missile Two software development and analysis on $2.84 million Calif. Systems Organization (SAMSCO) the Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballis­ tic Missile Command Data Buffer system Interdata of Canada Ltd., CAE Electronics Ltd., Montreal, Over 200 minicomputer systems during next $2.5+ mi Ilion Mississauga, Ontario, Canada Canada 3 years for JOint/Enroute Terminal System -(JETS) air traffic control program, which will modernize air traffic control proced­ ures at 7 major airports in Canada; CAE is prime contractor System Development Corp., Electronics Systems Div., Air Design, development, and testing of all $2.5 million Santa Monica, Calif. Force Systems Command software for new phased array radar system (COBRA DANE) for use on Shemya Island, Alaska Digital Equipment Corp., Abbott Laboratories, North Integrated nine-computer laboratory network $2.4 mi Ilion Maynard, Mass. Chicago, Ill. which will automate special equipment used in drug research, measuring drug effective­ ness, and safety MSI Data Corp., Costa Mesa, Economost Div., McKesson & 900 Model 2001 and Model 1108 MSI order $1.82 million Calif. Robbins Drug Co., San Fran­ entry terminals to be incorporated into cisco, Calif. an McK & R order service INCOTERM Corp., Natick, Burlington Northern Railroad Installation and maintenance of 68 INCOTERM $1.8 million Mass. SPD 904 Remote Batch Terminal Systems (approximate) which will interface with Burlington North­ ern COMPASS data system Electronics Division of U.S. ~aval Air Systems First phase of $8 million modification $938,000 Northrop Corp., Los Angeles Command program for U.S. Army In-Flight Data Transmission System (AIDATS) Computer Sciences Corp. (CSC) , Naval Electronics Laboratory Providing operations research and systems $727,000 El Segundo, Calif. Center, San Diego, Calif. analysis services Wyle Computer Products, Inc., New York City Off-Track Bet­ Providing 800 Optical Mark Sense Readers $700,000 El Segundo, Calif. ting Corp. (OTBC) , New York, to be installed in off-track betting of­ (approximate) N.Y. fices and will interface with Wyle CRT Dis­ play Terminals already being utilized Teleprocessing Industries, ITT World Communications, Inc. An undisclosed number of automatic calling $470,000+- Inc., Mahwah, N.J. and answering untts as part of communica­ tions interface between the TWX network and ITT Worldcom's overseas Telex users Electronics Research Div., Industrial Management Div., Developing producibility techniques and $210,000 Rockwell International Corp., U.S. Army Electronics Command quality control for bubble memory devices, Anaheim, Calif. (ECOM) and concluding with a pilot run Ampex Corp., Redwood City, Ra-Nav Laboratories, Oklahoma Supplying more than 50 TMA model tape drives $200,000 Calif. City, Okla. as replacements to existing systems at U.S. Air Force facilities around the country Informatics Inc. Information George Washington University, Providing on-line computer based retrieval $150,000+ Systems Co., Canoga Park, Washington, D.C. services utilizing STIMS/RECON IV system Calif • for the Population Information Program Control Data Corp., Minne­ Totalizator Administration An off-track wagering system with the work apolis, Minn. Board (TAB), Queensland, load being spread over ten System 17 Australia computers National Semiconductor Corp., Foodarama Supermarkets, Inc., A volume order for Datachecker (TM) elec­ Santa Clara, Calif. Freehold, N.J. tronic checkout system; the first termin­ als will be at Freehold, N.J. with instal­ lation in all new stores to follow Raytheon Data Systems, Continental Airlines Programmable terminal systems to be in­ Norwood, Mass. stalled at Los Angeles, Honolulu, and Dal­ las/Ft. Worth, for use in reservations, ticket printing and passenger check-in Westinghouse Electric Corp. Caterpillar Tractor Co., Providing the receiving, inspection and Pi tt sburgh, Pa. Mossville, Ill. high-rise storage system for one of the world's largest automated warehouses

46 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 NEW INSTALLATIONS

Burroughs L 2000 system Department of Health and Social Preparing payment drafts for sickness, maternity Security of Britain, United Kingdom and injury benefits, death grants and other social security benefits at 35 DHSS offices throughout the United Kingdom (system valued at approximately $500.000) Burroughs B 4700 system South London, England; Amsterdam, General applications; B 4700 system installed at B 2700 system Netherlands; Glasgow, Scotland; South London, England center; B 2700 system in­ (2) B 1700 systems Brussels, Belgium stalled at Amsterdam, Netherlands office, and the two B 1700 systems installed at Glasgow, Scotland and Brussels, Belgium offices Burroughs B 6700 system First Computer Corp., First Bank Batch posting for demand deposits. savings accounts, System, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. savings certificates and installment loans; also for stock transfer transactions and a dividend re­ investment program (system valued at approximately $2 million) University of Washington, Medical, instructional, administrative data pro­ Seattle, Wash. cessing (system valued at $2.3 million) Digital Equipment DECsystem-10 Computility, Inc., Boston, Mass. Complementing an existing DECsystem-10 for use in timesharing applications) (system valued at $600,000) Stone & Webster Management Consul­ Handling on-site client problems, long-range finan­ tants, Inc., New York, N.Y. cial forecasting, fuel dispatching, rate case work, load forecastIng and many other functions (system valued at $500,000) Honeywell Model Gl20 system Customs Office, Milan. Italy Handling increased customs work, simplify informa­ (2 systems) tion procedures needed for Central Taxpayer File, Central Institute of Statistics. Ministry of Foreign Trade and other agencies (total systems valued at $7.5 million) Honeywell Model 6060 system Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Extending centralization program; effort has already Pittsburgh, Pa. eliminated nine computer systems; plan to replace additional seven computer systems with 6060 (s stem valued at 5.3 million) IBM System 3 Model 10 Dickey-Grabler Company, Cleveland, Automotive parts production and tracking; also pro­ Ohio duction schedules and labor and cost accounting Economy Furniture Industries, Inventory control; categorizing purchases by re­ Austin, Texas tailer, geographic location, style type, color and salesman; future use includes continuous inventory of su lies ran in from lumber tomattress buttons IBM System 7 Lufkin Telephone Exchange, Speeding long distance calls; improved customer Lufkin, Texas and billing services IBM System/370 Model 168 Datacrown Limited, Toronto, The first of two systems which will more than Canada double batch processing capacity and increase (2 systems) capability to provide for transaction-oriented terminals, systems will replace Model 165 (systems valued at $12 million) NCR Century 251 system Sisters of the Sorrowful Mother, Computerizing, more fully, the nine general hos­ Mother of Sorrows Convent, Mil­ pitals operated between New Jersey and New Mexico waukee, Wisc. Univac 1110 system Swedish Telecommunications Author­ Installation and moving of telephones, work orders, ity, Stockholm, Sweden location of faults. operation of information ser­ vice, and preparing statistical information; ini­ tially system will be used in Stockholm and Vas­ teras; future use includes other areas of the country (system valued at $2.5 million) Xerox Sigma 9 system Bell System Center for Technical Computer-aided instruction, student testing, and Education, Lisle. Ill. problem-solving; also on-line registration; will use the Xerox test processing system (TEXT) for standard. high-volume correspondence (system valued at $1.2 million)

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 47 MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS

Neil Macdonald Survey Editor COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE

The following is a sununary made by COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE of re- The following abbreviations apply: ports and estimates of the number of general purpose digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on order. These (A) -- authoritative figures, derived essentially from information figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers quarterly for sent by the manufacturer directly to COMPUTERS AND their information and review, and for any updating or conunents they PEOPLE may care to provide. Please note the variation in dates and relia­ C figure is combined in a total bility of the information. A few manufacturers refuse to give out, (D) acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, Mass., for confirm, or conunent on any figures. their help in estimating many of these figures E figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE Part 1 of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United (N) manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of in­ States manufacturers, A to H, and is published in January, April, July, stallations or of orders, and refuses to conunent in any and October. Part 2 contains reports for United States manufacturers, way on those numbers stated here I to Z, and is published in February, May, August, and November. (R) figures derived all or in part from information released Part 3 contains reports for manufacturers outside of the United States indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other and is published in March, June, September, and December. sources likely to be informed (S) sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured any­ X no longer in production where. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit infor­ information not obtained at press time and/or not released that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as possible. by manufacturer

SUMMARY AS OF DECEMBER 15, 1973

DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS Part 1. United States Manufacturers A-H Adage, Inc. AGT 10 Series 4/68 X 32 3 35 X Boston, Mass. AGT 100 Series 1/72 100-300 (S) 16 12 28 2 (A) (Nov. 1973) Adage 300 3/74 100-300 (S) 0 0 0 1 Adage 400 1/74 30-50 (S) 0 0 0 1 Autonetics RECOMP II 11/58 X 30 0 30 X Anaheim, Calif. RECOMP III 6/61 X 6 0 6 X (R) (Jan. 1969) Bailey Meter Co. Metrotype 10/57 40-200 (S) 8 0 8 0 Wickliffe, Ohio Bailey 750 6/60 40-250 (S) 37 15 52 0 (R) (Aug. 1972) Bailey 755 11/61 200-600 (S) 7 0 7 0 Bailey 756 2/65 60-400 (S) 15 12 27 2 Bailey 855/15 12/72 50-400 (S) 0 0 0 3 Bailey 855/25 4/68 100-1000 (S) 16 0 16 0 Bailey 855/50 3/72 100-1000 1 0 0 X Bunker-Ramo Corp. BR-130 10/61 X 160 X Westlake Village, Calif. BR-133 5/64 X 79 X (A) (June 1973) BA-230 8/63 X 15 X BR-300 3/59 X 18 X BR-330 12/60 X 19 BR-340 12/63 X 19 X BR-1018 6/71 23.0 (S) BR-1018C 9/72 Burroughs BlOO/500 7/65 2.8-10.0 1141 677 1818 25 Detroit, Mich. B200 11/61 5.0 500 (N) (R) (Dec. 1973) B205 1/54 X 19 2 21 X B220 10/58 X 23 2 25 X B300 7/65 7.0 600 B700 B1700 8/72 2 B2500 2/67 4.0 277 123 400 30 B2700 8/72 B3500 5/67 12-14 570 285 857 110 B3700 11/72 B4700 10/71 6 1 7 B5500 3/63 23.5 152 47 199 B5700 12/70 32.0 27 8 35 22 B6500 2/68 33.0 60 2 B6700 8/72 30.0 12 4 16 60 B7500 4/69 44.0 13 B7700 2/72 85.0 1 1 4 B8500 8/67 200.0 1 Computer Automation, Inc. 108/208/808 6/68 5.0 (S) 165 10 175 110 Newport, Calif. 116/2l6/8l6 3/69 8.0 (S) 215 20 235 225 (R) (April 1971) Consultronics, Inc. DCT-132 5/69 0.7 75 65 135 Dallas, Texas (A) (April 1973) Control Data Corp. G15 7/55 X 295 X Minneapolis, Minn. G20 4/61 X 20 X (R) (Dec. 1973) LGP-2l 12/62 X 165 X LGP-30 9/56 X 322 X MlOOO 1 RPC4000 1/61 X 75 X 636/136/046 Series 29 X 160/8090 Series 5/60 X 610 X 92l/924-A 8/61 X 29 X 1604/A/B 1/60 X 59 X l700/SC 5/66 3.8 429-479 0 3100/3150/3170 5/64 10-16 94-121 C 3200 5/64 13.0 55-60 C 3300 9/65 20-38 205 C 3400 11/64 18.0 17 C 3500 8/68 25.0 5 20 C 3600 6/63 52.0 40 C 3800 2/66 53.0 20 C

48 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS Control Data (cont' d) 6200/6400/6500 8/64 58.0 117 C 6600 8/64 115.0 1 89 C 6700 6/67 130.9 5 C 7600 12/68 235.0 12 C Cyber 70/72 9 12 - Cyber 70/73 5 8 Cyber 70/74 2 2 Data General Corp. Nova 2/69 9.2 (S) C Southboro, 'Mass. Supernova 5/70 9.6 (S) C (A) (Dec. 1973) Nova 1200 12/71 5.4 (S) C Nova 800 3/71 6.9 (S) C Nova 820 4/72 6.4 (S) C Nova 1210/1220 2/72 4.2;5.2 (S) C Total: 8255 Datacraft Corp. 6024/1 5/69 52-300 (S) 18 0 18 0 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 6024/3 2/70 33-200 (S) 100 26 126 6 (A) (Sept. 1973) 6024/4 8/73 19.9 (S) 2 0 2 2 6024/5 5/72 11-80 (S) 101 2 103 35 6024/5R 2/73 30-60 (S) 3 0 3 1 Datapoint Corp. Datapoint 2200 2/71 151-292 2000 . S an An tonio, Texas (A) (June 1973) Digiac Corp. Digiac 3060 1/70 9.0 (S) 78 0 78 8 Plainview, N. Y• Digiac CT-10 9.0 20 0 20 1 (A) (Feb. 1973) Digi tal Computer Controls, Inc. D-112 8/70 10.0 (S) 840 184 1024 Fairfield, N.J. D-116 1/72 10.0 (S) 1306 119 1425 (A) (Dec. 1973) Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-1 11/60 X 48 2 50 X Maynard, Mass. PDP-4 8/62 X 40 5 45 X (A) (Sept. 1973) PDP-5 9/63 X 90 10 100 X PDP-6 10/64 X 23 X PDP-7 11/64 X 100 X PDP-8 4/65 X 1402 X PDP-8/I 3/68 X 3127 X PDP-8/S 9/66 X 918 X PDP-8/L 11/68 X 3699 X PDP-8/E, 8/M, 8/F 5/72 3.9-4.9 (S) 9150 PDP-9 12/66 X 436 X PDP-9L 11/68 X 40 X DECSys tem-10 12/67 700-3000 (S) 300 PDP-11/10 ,11/20/11R20, 10.8-13.8 (S) 3280 11/40 PDP-11/05,11/15 10.8 (S) 0 0 3170 PDP-11/45 0 0 650 PDP-12 9/69 725 PDP-15 2/61 17.0 (S) 625 LINC-8 9/66 X 200 X Electronic Associates Inc. 640 4/67 1.2 110 61 171 0 West Long Branch, N.J. 8400 7/67 12.0 21 8 29 0 (A) (Scpt. 1973) PACER 100 7/72 1.0 50 45 95 25 General Automation, Inc. SPC-12 1/68 2000 Anaheim, Calif. SPC-16 5/70 1500 (A) (Sept. 1973) System 18/30 7/69 400 General Electric GE-PAC 3010 5/70 X 25 1 26 X Wes t Lynn, Mass. GE-PAC 4010 10/70 6.0 30 4 34 32 (ProceBs Control Computers) GE-PAC 4020 2/67 X 200 60 260 X (A) (June 1973) GE-PAC 4040 8/64 X 45 20 65 X GE-PAC 4050 12/66 X 23 2 25 X GE-PAC 4060 6/65 X 18 2 20 X Hew1et t Packard 2114A, 2114B 10/68 X 1210 Cupertino, Calif. 2115A 11/67 X 342 (A) (Oct. 1973) 2116A, 2116B, 2116C 11/66 X 1446 2100A, 2100S 9/71 0.47 3253 3000 Honeywell Information Systems G58 5/70 1.0 6 1 7 Wellesley Hills, Mass. G105A 6/69 1.3 6 6 (R) (Dec. 1973) G105B 6/69 1.4 G105RTS 7/69 1.2 G115 4/66 2.2 200-400 420-680 620-1080 G120 3/69 2.9 2 G130 12/68 4.5 G205 6/64 X 11 0 11 X G210 7/60 X 35 U 35 X G215 9/63 X 15 1 16 X G225 4/61 X 145 15 160 X G235 4/64 X 40-60 17 57-77 X G245 11/68 X 3 X G255 T/S 10/67 X 15-20 X G265 T/S 10/65 X 45-60 15-30 60-90 X G275 T/S 11/68 X 10 X G405 2/68 6.8 10-40 5 15-45 G410 T/S 11/69 1.0 G415 5/64 7.3 70-100 240-400 310-500 G420 T/S 6/67 23.0 G425 6/64 9.6 50-100 20-30 70-130 G430 T/S 6/69 17.0 G435 9/65 14.0 20 6 26 G440 T/S 7/69 25.0 G615 3/68 32.0 G625 4/65 X 23 3 26 X G635 5/65 47.0 20-40 3 23-43 H-110 8/68 2.7 180 7 187 0 H-1l5 6/70 3.5 30 H-120 1/66 4.8 800 160 960

COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January. 1974 49 DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUHBER OF NAHE OF NAHE OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL In Outside In UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS Honeywell (cont'd) H-125 12/67 7.0 150 220 370 H-200 3/64 7.5 800 275 1075 H-400 12/61 10.5 46 40 86 X H-600 12/60 30.0 57 15 72 X H-1200 2/66 9.8 230 90 320 H-1250 7/68 12.0 129 55 184 H-1400 1/64 14.0 4 6 10 X H-1800 1/64 50.0 15 5 20 X H-2015 4 4 H-2020 1 1 H-2040 6 6 H-2050 1 1 2 H-2060 2 2 H-2200 1/66 18.0 125 60 185 H-3200 2/70 24.0 20 2 22 H-4200 8/68 32.5 18 2 20 H-6030 5 5 H-6040 5 5 H-6050 2 1 3 H-6060 2 7 9 H-6080 1 1 ~." H-8200 12/68 50.0 10 3 13 DDP-24 5/63 2.65 90 X DDP-116 4/65 X 250 X DDP-124 3/66 X 250 X DDP-224 3/65 X 60 X DDP-316 6/69 0.6 44 452 DDP-416 X 350 X DDP-516 9/66 1.2 900 DDP-716 2 H112 10/69 75 H632 12/68 3.2 12 H1602 H1642 H1644 H1646 H1648 11/68 12.0 20 H1648A

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK - Continued from page 45 communications network now being operated by the CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENT U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). USED POWER SUPPLI ES Telenet will offer data communication services SALE OR LEASE specifically designed for computer-to-computer and computer-to-terminal communication. The company Modern Isolation M-G sets to provide regulated power to plans to use very high-capacity terrestrial and your EDP equipment. satellite communication channels, leased from es­ tablished carriers, in combination with its own 500 KVA 300 KVA computer-based switching systems. Once connected 250 KVA 150 KVA to the Telenet system, subscribers will have sub­ Eliminate losses due to: stantially enhanced communications capabilities at thei r di sposal. Spikes, Flickers, Droops, Interruptions Custom Tailored Financing The new "value-added carrier" wi 11 uti lize an BETA MARINE & INDUSTRIAL CORP. advanced but proven approach to data communications. Customer computers and terminals will be connected Box 1372 to Telenet switching centers, and minicomputers at Reading, PA 19603 215/779-4363 these switching centers will divide the subscriber's data into small segments called packets. Each packet will contain the address of its destination ADVERTISING INDEX and will be dynamically routed along one of several COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND BUYERS' GUIDE / alternate paths. published by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington Dr. Roberts stated that all of Telenet's features St., Newtonville, MA q2160 / page 30 have been incorporated in the ARPA network and have COMPUTERS AND PEOPLE / Computers and People, 815 proven to be extremely valuable to users. In fact, traffic on the ARPA net has grown at a rate of ap­ Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 52 proximately 18 percent per month during the past few THE NOTEBOOK ON COMMON SENSE, ELEMENTARY' years. "The wide variety of applications for which AND ADVANCED / published by Berkeley Enterprises, the network is used gives us confidence that Telenet Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / will become an important factor in the data commun­ pages 2, 3 ications market of the future. This market has been projected by AT&T to exceed $5 billion by 1980." RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and To­ day, published by Quadrangle/New York Times Book Dr. Roberts conceived the ARPA network while he Co. / Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., was Director of ARPA's Information Processing Tech­ Newtonville, MA 02160/ pages 29,40,41 niques Office. In addition, he supervised the imple­ WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING mentation of the network by Telenet's parent corpor­ ation, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. (BBN). BBN is a / jointly published by Quadrangle/New York Times publicly-held (AMEX) consulting, research, and de­ Book Co., and Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washing­ velopment organization based in Cambridge, Mass. ton St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 51

50 COMPUTERS and PEOPLE for January, 1974 ~~WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING" EDITION 5.2 = 5th EDITION + 2 SUPPLEMENTS ALREADY ISSUED

THE MOST ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING ARE of PEOPLE

.. , Who are they? Consult What do they do? "WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING" jointly published by Computers and People (Berkeley Enter­ Where do they do it? prises, I nc.) and Quadrangle / New York Times Book Co.

"Who's Who in Computers and Data Processing" has We are confident that you will find the subscription been changed'to a periodic subscription basis as follows: will repay you many times over. In fact, one day when this wealth of material gives you the inside track with 1. The latest Cumulative Edition (the 5th edition someone important to you, you'll find the information published 1971, containing over 15,000 cap­ PRICELESS: the most essential component in EDP is sule biographies, over 1,000 pages long, 3 CAPABLE PEOPLE. volumes, hardbound) PLUS 2. Three Updating Supplements per period totaling RETURNABLE IN 10 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND over .3.,000 entries (if not satisfactory) Both for $34.50 in any period when a cumulative r ------(may be copied on any piece of paper)------edition is supplied ... and $15.00 per period when a WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING cumulativc edition is not supplied. 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160 BASED ON continual data gathering from computer pro­ YES, please enroll me as a subscriber to Who's Who fessionals carried out by Computers and People (formerly Computers and Automation). in Computers and Data Processing at the follow­ ing rate: $34.50 including the last cumulative edition This reference is particularly useful for: OR $15.00 since I already have access to the last cum- Personncl managers ulative edition Libraries Conference planners I understand that for each period of subscription I shall Directors of computer installations receive three updating supplements, totaling over 3,000 Supplicrs to the computer industry entries. Execll t ive search organizations ) Payment enclosed ) Please bill me. Prospective authors ( ) Please bill my organization Prospective speakers ... RETURNABLE IN 10 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND anyone who needs to keep up with the important people in the field. (if not satisfactory)

Each computer professional has a capsule biography Name detailing: last name; first name and middle initial (if any); occupation; year of birth; university education Title and degrces; year entered the computer field; main Organization interests; job title; organization and its address; pub­ lications, honors and memberships; home address. Address City State & Zip

Your Signature P.O. No. (if company order)

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