DOCSLIB.ORG

Annual Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Annual Report The global resource for the Pine Chemicals industry ANNUAL REPORT 2021-2022 Message to PCA Members Dear PCA Members and Industry Colleagues, Sending you greetings from Amelia Island, Florida, along with our Annual Report to keep you up to date on PCA activities. This is my first report to you as President and I want to say what an honor it is to represent our Association and to continue the important work already in progress. I have learned so much from the previous PCA Presidents whom I have been privileged to serve with, and look forward to continuing their efforts and also to contributing new ideas to further PCA’s mission. There is, of course, much that needs to be done as we begin to slowly emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic. But first, some updates. Of immediate interest, it is regrettable that face to face meetings are not feasible for 2021. Recognizing that the vaccine rollout schedules and availability worldwide is not consistent, we want to ensure the participation and availability for future meetings for all who wish to attend. PCA is hopeful that in 2022 we will be able to return to our traditional in-person conference format, with plans being made at this time. The 2022 Spring Meeting is being rescheduled for 27-29 April 2022 at PGA National Resort & Spa in Palm Beach Garden, Florida. The location is easily accessible from West Palm Beach (PBI), Fort Lauderdale (FLL) and Miami (MIA) airports and affords enough space for us to conduct a safe and productive meeting. We are excited to see you all in person again and hope that you will mark this date on your calendar. The 2021 International Conference planned for Dublin in September has been terminated. Unfortunately, the stringent restrictions that have been in place in Ireland throughout this past year made it impossible and inadvisable for us to plan a conference in Ireland again this year. PCA is working with various cities to select the best location to plan an International Conference to be held in mid-late September of next year. Much was learned from the virtual conference format employed in 2020 and other improvements are planned for this year’s virtual programs. The PCA is designing a series of free and low-cost webinars for the community. We are so fortunate and appreciative to have Martha Moore to present and begin the 2021 virtual events series. As with each of our webinars, the recordings from these events are available to you here. Expanding opportunities to include all stakeholders within the pine products industry continues to be an important long-term goal for the PCA and this begins with increasing our outreach and inclusion of all pine related topics that have an environmentally and socially responsible value to our industry. As we finalize the virtual event series calendar, if there is something of particular interest that you would like to share PCA is opening a call for papers to address: The Future of Pine Chemicals in a Time of Crisis. Three presentation formats are available: research papers, presentations, and preorganized panels. Click here to submit an Abstract. We have several highly successful PCA Committees organized and focused on specific industry priorities, issues and initiatives with interested parties and government entities. Increasing international participation on our committees is critical to their outreach efforts and to your organization staying apprised of important regulatory, safety, compliance and industry discussions. Any PCA Member wishing to join the efforts of these committees is encouraged to contact us and request more information. A summary of the important committee activities and work is included in this report. The PCA is currently working on two important projects to publish this year. One of these is a review and revision to the Pine Chemicals Test Methods (PCTM’s) to replace outdated methodologies and ensure a uniform guide of acceptable testing methods. The other is the review and revision of the PCA Books (Naval Stores, Tall Oil & Its Uses, Crude Sulfate Turpentine Recovery, etc.), which were last updated in 1986, and have changed both in terms of available research and innovative technology. We are optimistic that the critical revisions will help keep PCA’s standards updated in terms of being able to provide the best guidance and education to PCA members and the industry. In an effort to fully understand the wants, needs and expectations of the industry, we are conducting the first ever Pine Chemicals Industry Worldwide Opinion Poll. This global analysis will assist in: identifying international trends, issues and topics that are affecting your organizations and industry; to guide the Association’s future monitoring, advocacy and collaborative efforts; and grow the Association into an inclusive, innovative and valuable resource for 75 more years to come. Let your voice be heard- complete the Opinion Poll today! In order for PCA to be the global resource for the pine chemicals industry, we need the most comprehensive business listing available for all industry partners and suppliers. While you are completing your poll, stop by the Industry Directory page and list your organization and the products and services offered so we can include your organizational information in the Global Pine Chemicals Industry Directory that will be published this year. Member listings are always free! As 2021 progresses, so much is happening at a rapid pace worldwide. We will continue to keep you informed regarding PCA plans, activities and important industry news. YOU mean so much to PCA’s success and we are committed to being YOUR global resource for the pine chemicals industry. Be Safe, Be Happy, Keep Growing! Warm regards, Amanda Young President & CEO Pine Chemicals Association International PCA VISION The Pine Chemicals Association International (PCA) is recognized as a global leader representing, supporting and advocating for the value of Pine Chemicals as bio-renewable and sustainable products. The association is a non-profit entity with members who are producers, processors, traders, and consumers of chemicals derived from pine trees, a renewable resource. PCA MISSION AND VALUES The PCA is: • Valued by the industry for its unique “user-friendly” Pine Chemicals conferences and symposiums, which provide exceptional networking opportunities and current industry informational presentations. • The monitor of regulatory and legislative issues impacting the global Pine Chemicals industry acting independently or in collaboration with other associations and groups to address critical issues. • The global resource for developing and maintaining ASTM, ISO and PCA test standards required for Pine Chemicals international commerce. • Recognized as an educational and informational source for Pine Chemicals raw material production technology, industry statistics and process safety guidelines. • Known and recognized for its culture of strict adherence to the code of ethics and policies of anti-trust compliance. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PINE CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION The following statement of ethical principles is established for the purpose of guiding the conduct of all PCA members and supporting the PCA’s commitment to fairness in business relationships. Membership in the PCA constitutes a commitment by each member to use its best efforts: • To support the purposes of the PCA as set forth in its Mission and Vision Statements. • To observe the highest level of integrity when acting on behalf of the PCA, representing the best interests of the association over individual interests. • To respect and comply with applicable local laws and regulations where such member organization operates (as well as international treaties and agreements to which the country of operation is a signatory). • To maintain and enhance the safety and well-being of workers. • To encourage environmental stewardship and sustainable forestry practices. • To comply with applicable antitrust and competition laws at all PCA-related meetings and events, refraining from any discussions of competitively sensitive topics, including but not limited to, local, regional or international prices or pricing strategies. Adopted by PCA Board of Directors, April 2016 2021/2022 Board of Directors and Officers Pine Chemicals Association International Board of Directors: Board Chairman Board Vice Chairman Greg McLean Dale Hobson Director - Strategic Raw Materials VP Strategic Materials & Business Development Kraton Chemical LLC Symrise Directors: Greg Adams Jamie Kubat Category Manager Director - Chemical Sales International Flavors and Fragrances GP Cellulose Michel Baumassy John Pflasterer Sales Manager South Europe Director, Sourcing and Logistics Respol/Forchem Kraton Chemical LLC Scott Braun Alan Phillips President President & COO Plasmine Technology Arboris, LLC Daniel Dunleavy Corey Schneider Energy & Climate Market Strategy & Advocacy Senior Consultant Ingevity DRT and DRT America Mariana Jorge Ferreira Ananth Sundaram International Department Market Development Manager Socer Brasil Ind e Com LTDA Eastman Chemical Company Mikio Katayama Director, Global Business Development Lawter, Inc. Pine Chemicals Association International Officers: Amanda Young , President & CEO; Treasurer & Secretary Pine Chemicals Association International Staff and Support Directory PCA Executive Team: Amanda Young, President & CEO Wendi Kidd, Office Administrator Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Mobile: +1 904-207-2181 Mobile: +1 904-955-2455 Anthony MacLeod, Legal Counsel
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determination of Lead Content in Pyrotechnics Used for Fireworks And
    Advances in Engineering Research (AER), volume 130 5th International Conference on Frontiers of Manufacturing Science and Measuring Technology (FMSMT 2017) Determination of lead content in pyrotechnics used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach (ICP-OES） 1, a Wu Jun-yi 1Technical Center for Dangerous Goods Testing of Guangxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beihai, Guangxi, China [email protected] Keywords: fireworks and firecrackers; pyrotechnics; lead content; determination; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach; ICP-OES. Abstract. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach(ICP-OES) is used to determine the lead content in pyrotechnics used for fireworks and firecrackers. Element of lead is commonly found as impurity in chemical materials used for pyrotechnics in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that lead content in pyrotechnics is below 5%.Concept of this method: considering the weight of the sample is 400mg,constant volume is 0.5L and the concentration of lead is below 40mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for the lead content would be between 5%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of lead calibration curve is 0.9997 or higher, recovery is 92.53%‒115.63%.The allowable differential value is 0.4% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision. Introduction In China, fireworks and firecrackers are very important consumer recreational products in people’s everyday life since ancient times. Gorgeous colors produced by fireworks and firecrackers are even the leading role of foiling festal atmosphere in every grand holiday celebrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation in the Japanese Chemical Industry, Which Supports World Electronics Industry
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Innovation in the Japanese Chemical Industry, Which Supports World Electronics Industry So Hirano I. Introduction This article focuses on innovation by outlining the history of medium- sized chemical companies in Japan and analyzes the factors that resulted in their success１）. Industrialized countries always face attempts to keep pace with the economic challenges of emerging countries, which have recently entered the industrialization phase, irrespective of era or region. The development of technology standards in emerging countries allows them to enter product areas that were initially monopolized by industrialized countries. Such competitive situations result in industrialized countries losing their competitive advantage to emerging countries, which often have lower labor and production costs. In the1980s, Japan demonstrated enormous competitive strength on an international level in the electronics industry. However, in recent years, with the emergence and growth of companies based in Taiwan, China, and Korea, the market share of Japan’s electron- ics companies have fallen into a slump. Sony’s FY2012 ending deficit balance was recorded at its worst. Similarly, Panasonic and Sharp recorded large-scale deficits for the same fiscal year. Evidently, the future of Japan’s electronic industry is in jeopardy. １） The content of this paper is largely based on Kikkawa and Hirano (2011). ――９７ 成城・経済研究 第２０４号 （２０１４年３月） To ensure that the decline of specific industries does not cause the overall decline of the economy, industrialized countries face the necessity of perpetually fostering new pivotal industries. However, the development of these industries is rather difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalization in Chemical Distribution Download Brochure
    Digitalization in Chemical Distribution Winners & Losers f f Digitalization in Chemical Distribution | Winners & Losers The Chemical Industry moves in line with general industry trends 04 Operational Excellence 06 Profitable Growth 10 Commercial Excellence 16 Digital Trends 28 Why Deloitte 30 Your contact 34 03 The Chemical Industry moves in line with general industry trends Digitalization and Circular Economy are the Chemistry 4.0 issues Industry 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Driver Mechanization Industrialization Automation Digitalization Time 1784 1870 1969 2012 Game Steam Engine, Conveyor Belt, Electronics, Big Data, Changer Water Power Electricity Computer Internet of Things Chemistry 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Digitalization, Circular Driver Industrialization Substitution Globalization Economy Time 1865 1950 1980 2010 Synthetic Dyes,Fertilizers, Synthetic Fibres, Tailored Chemical Solutions, Hybrid materials, Products Soaps,Pharmaceuticals Plastics, Rubbers New Material Mixes spin electronics Large scale, Large scale, con-tinuous Scale economies, On purpose, Technology batch production production Gene Technology additive production Raw Sugar, cellulosics, Coal, tar, fat based Crude Oil Natural Gas, Renewables Materials C-cont. waste, CO2 Peer Vertically integrated, Internal and external Horizontal M&A, New eco-systems, Structure national companies Verbund structures global segment leaders Circular Economy 04 Source: VCI-Deloitte study on Digitalization & Circular economy (9/2017) Digitalization in Chemical Distribution | Winners & Losers Digitalization in Chemicals is the usage of data to boost „Operational Excellence“, „Profitable Growth“ and/or „Commercial Excellence“ Coman nternal Coman ternal erating normation echnolog echnolog Collect Analyze, interpret, Collect internal data network, visualize external data (ig data (Analytics Apply algorithms to take decisions and hsical initiate actions igital 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Feedstocks in Chemicals Manufacturing
    Alternative Feedstocks in Chemicals Manufacturing Joanna McFarlane and Sharon Robinson Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Conference American Chemical Society Washington DC June 27, 2006 High Feedstock Prices Negatively Impact the Chemical Industry • The high cost of natural gas has eliminated the competitive advantage for U.S. chemical production • As fuel prices rise, chemical manufacturers are shutting down domestic production and moving plants to Asia & Middle East − 50% of methanol, 45% of ammonia, and 15% of ethylene capacities have been shut down in U.S. since 2000 − U.S. import of fertilizers increased to 45% from 10% in 1990 − In 2005 8,400 jobs were lost in the chemical industry − Industry went from an 80-yr trade surplus ($20B in 1995) to trade deficits beginning in 2002 Sources: Guide to the Business of Chemistry 2005 Chemicals IOF Annual Report 2004 June 27, 2006 Energy Independence Issue: Industrial Use of Petroleum & Natural Gas 30 25 20 15 Quads/yr 10 Petroleum 5 Natural Gas Feedstock Energy Usage 0 4% of Total U.S. Energy Consumption 3% of Total U.S. Natural Gas Consumption Petrochem Ind Other Industry Electric June 27, 2006 Residential Commercial Transportation Alternative Feedstock Options for Producing Large-Volume Chemicals • Coal – gasification and liquefaction • Biomass – thermochemical, biological processes, pyrolysis • Methane – stranded, unconventional, and hydrates • Unconventional petroleum – oil shale, tar sands, heavy oil • Novel pathways – CO2/H2O, methane, hydrogen to hydrocarbons June 27, 2006 Selected
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 Chemical Industry Outlook Download the Report
    Chemicals 2021 chemical industry outlook 2021 chemical industry outlook Entering a period of profound transition The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented companies end up neglecting long-term opportunities, impact on the US economy and the chemical industry, including investing in innovation, emerging applications, which experienced a significant demand decline over and adopting new business models that generate the past eight months. While the industry was already sustained growth. facing cyclical pressures such as overcapacity, pricing pressures, and trade uncertainty before 2020, many A critical aspect of dealing with this disruption in 2021 postpandemic changes have a structural or disruptive could be understanding customer behaviors that are character. But chemical companies in the United States temporary versus permanent, as recovery will likely be have responded to the crisis by focusing on operational uneven across end markets and geographies. Companies efficiency, asset optimization, and cost management. can address this uncertainty by revisiting their product portfolio and conducting robust scenario planning that As the industry moves into 2021, the changed economic, includes the unknowns. social, environmental, and political expectations are expected to play an even more important role in shaping its future. To succeed in this shifting industry landscape, chemical companies should consider implementing a series of targeted, strategic initiatives across major functional areas such as R&D and technology. But too much focus on the short term could mean that About the study: Deloitte postelection survey To understand the outlook and perspectives of organizations across the energy, resources, and industrials industries, Deloitte fielded a survey of more than 350 US executives and other senior leaders in November 2020 following the 2020 US presidential election.
    [Show full text]
  • Determination of Arsenic Content in Pyrotechnics Used for Fireworks And
    Advances in Engineering Research (AER), volume 130 5th International Conference on Frontiers of Manufacturing Science and Measuring Technology (FMSMT 2017) Determination of arsenic content in pyrotechnics used for fireworks and firecrackers based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach (ICP-OES） 1, a Wu Jun-yi 1Technical Center for Dangerous Goods Testing of Guangxi Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beihai, Guangxi, China [email protected] Keywords: fireworks and firecrackers; pyrotechnics; arsenic content; determination; inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach; ICP-OES. Abstract. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric approach(ICP-OES) is used to determine the arsenic content in pyrotechnics used for fireworks and firecrackers. Element of arsenic is commonly found as impurity in chemical materials used for pyrotechnics in fireworks and firecrackers. Statistical analysis shows that arsenic content in pyrotechnics is below 2%.Concept of this method: considering the weight of the sample is 400mg,constant volume is 250mL and the concentration of arsenic is below 40mg/L in sample solution, the determination scope of the method for the arsenic content would be below 2%.Further experiments proved that the fitting correlation coefficient of arsenic calibration curve is 0.995 or higher, recovery is 89.33%-94.95%.The allowable differential value is 0.5% between two single tests under repeatable conditions. This method can completely satisfy the requirements of the fireworks and firecrackers industry with high accuracy and good precision. Introduction In China, fireworks and firecrackers are very important consumer recreational products in people’s everyday life since ancient times. Gorgeous colors produced by fireworks and firecrackers are even the leading role of foiling festal atmosphere in every grand holiday celebrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Sector Profile
    Chemical Sector Profile The U.S. Chemical Sector converts raw materials into more than 70,000 diverse products essential to modern life and distributes those products to more than 750,000 end users throughout the Nation. Several hundred thousand U.S. chemical facilities—ranging from petrochemical manufacturers to chemical distributors—use, manufacture, store, transport, or deliver chemicals along a complex, global supply chain. End users include critical infrastructure sectors, making the uninterrupted production and transportation of chemicals essential for national and economic security. Impact on U.S. Economy The U.S. chemical industry is responsible for more than a quarter of the U.S. GDP, supports the production of almost all commercial and household goods, and is essential to economic growth. Generation of U.S. Employment From research and development to manufacturing, the U.S. chemical industry employs nearly 800,000 people, while creating jobs in the many other industries it touches. Contribution to U.S. Exports The business of chemistry is America’s largest exporting sector, supplying an eighth of the world’s chemical needs. Components of the Chemical Sector The U.S. Chemical Sector is made up of five distinct components: agricultural chemicals, basic chemicals, specialty chemicals, consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. Each component supports a specific and integral part of America’s chemical needs. The Chemical Sector: Integral to Everyday Life Nearly all goods in use every day in the U.S. are manufactured using Chemical Sector products. These goods are found in homes, offices, drug stores, and farms across the Nation. Page 1: American Chemistry Council (ACC), Elements of the Business of Chemistry, 2017; DHS, Chemical SSP, 2015; National Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD), 2019, NACD Responsible Distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Transformation in the Chemical Industry Are You Ready?
    Business Transformation in the Chemical Industry Are you ready? Business Transformation in the Chemical Industry | Are you ready? The chemical industry – proud of the past 04 The chemical industry going forward – mind the gap 06 Business transformation in the chemical industry 12 Deloitte – The partner for a successful business transformation 17 Contact 18 03 The chemical industry – proud of the past Today's chemical industry is a €3,347bn and grow in excess of 4.5 percent p.a., market with growth rates exceeding 5 well ahead of its supplier and customer percent per annum, a value 1.8 times that industries. Consequently, we are seeing of Germany's GDP as well as considerable increasing investment in global chemical profitability and stability. It has created capacity and new process technology to more value for shareholders, employees transform natural resources directly into and customers than most other industries. chemicals, avoiding the stagnating refinery value chain step. And it has the unique ability to transform natural resources into formulated products Unlike high tech and other industries and materials that provide better solutions, witnessing above-average growth, the differentiation and innovation to both cus- chemical industry has also been enjoying tomers and consumers. considerable profitability due to high entry barriers such as physical dependencies Better solutions create additional growth (pipelines, economies of scope, transport by substituting other materials, such as and storage access), favorable access to glass,
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet: 40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
    40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to make light, crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called but strong alloys used by the aircraft industry. alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source of Beryllium salts are used in fluorescent lamps, aluminum and is imported from Jamaica, Brazil, X-ray tubes and as a deoxidizer in bronze metal- Guinea, Guyana, etc. It’s used in transportation lurgy. It is used in computers, telecommunication (automobiles), packaging, building/construction, and electronics products, aerospace and de- electrical, machinery and other applications. The fense applications, appliances, automotive and U.S. was 49 percent import reliant for aluminum consumer electronics, and medical applications. in 2020. The U.S. was 17 percent import reliant. Antimony Chromite A native element, antimony metal is extracted The U.S. consumes about 5 percent of world from stibnite ore and other minerals. It is used chromite ore production in various forms of im- as a hardening alloy for lead, especially storage ported materials, such as chromite ore, chromite batteries and cable sheaths. It’s also used in chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, chromium bearing metal, type metal, solder, collapsible metal and stainless steel. It’s used as an alloy in tubes and foil, sheet and pipes and semiconduc- stainless and heat resisting steel products. It’s tor technology. Antimony is used as a flame re- also used in chemical and metallurgical indus- tardant, in fireworks and in antimony salts, which tries (chrome fixtures, etc.). Superalloys require are used in the rubber, chemical and textile chromium.
    [Show full text]
  • Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin
    - z NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS ~-> 2 Gum naval stores:stores: turpentine and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations N\O\ON- -WOODWOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 22 Gum navalnaval stores:stores: turpentine• and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin J.J.W.J.J.W. Coppen andand G.A.G.A. HoneHone Mi(Mf' NANATURALTURAL RESRESOURCESOURCES INSTITUTEIN STITUTE FFOODOOD ANDAN D AGRICULTUREAGRIC ULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETH E UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The designationsdesignations employedemployed andand thethe presentationpresentation of of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinionopinion whatsoever onon thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concernconcerninging thethe legal status of any countrycountry,, territory, city or areaareaorofits or of its auauthorities,thorities, orconcerningor concerning the delimitationdelirnitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37M-37 IISBNSBN 92-5-103684-5 AAllll rights reserved.reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrretrievalieval systemsystem,, oror transmitted inin any form or byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechanicai,cal, photocphotocopyingopying oror otherwise, withoutwithout thethe prior permission ofof the copyright owner. AppApplicationslications forfor such permission,permission, with a statementstatement
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Engineering
    PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM NON-EDIBLE OILS Thesis Submitted In partial fulfillment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BY SAROJ KUMAR PADHI Under the esteemed guidance of DR. RAGHUBANSH KUMAR SINGH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROURKELA-769008 ORISSA, INDIA. APRIL, 2010 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work presented in the Thesis, entitled “Preparation and Characterization of Biodiesel from Non-Edible oils” being submitted to National Institute of Technology , Rourkela ,in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy(Ph.D.),is an authentic work carried out under our supervision and guidance. To the best of our knowledge, the content of this Thesis does not form a basis for the award of any previous Degree to any one else. Dr.M.R.Panigrahi Dr. R. K. Singh Co Supervisor Supervisor Dept. of Chemical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela – 769008 , Orissa India Dedicated To MY BELOVED PARENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With all reverence I take the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and wholehearted indebtedness to my respected guide, Dr. R. K. Singh, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela . From the day of conception of this project his active involvement and motivating guidance on day-to-day basis has made it possible for me to complete this challenging work in time. Constant appraisal of working techniques was one of the key support with I do not want to miss to Acknowledge as far as Dr. Singh is concerned. It was he who expressed faith in me and tolerated my shortcomings with all benevolence and made this work a cherishing treatise with engineering science.
    [Show full text]
  • Gum Resin Pinewoods of France, Spain and United States in the 19 Th and 20 Th Centuries
    Juan Luis Delgado. Industrialization and landscape: gum resin pinewoods of France, Spain and United States in the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Estudios Rurales, Vol 6, N° 11, ISSN 2250-4001, CEAR-UNQ, Buenos Aires, segundo semestre de 2016, pp., 48-69 Industrialization and landscape: gum resin pinewoods of France, Spain and United States in the 19 th and 20 th centuries Abstract Gum resin as natural resource has a long history. In regard to landscape transformation has been quite decisive in numerous pinewoods, however, it is barely known outside places of production and consumption. In the last two centuries the demand of its main by-products, spirit of turpentine and rosin, grew exponentially while chemical industries such as paint and varnish, paper, rubber, soap, etcetera, were increasing its production. Considering that was necessary to keep the forest standing in order to get the gum resin I am going to compare the situation of pinewoods in France, Spain and United States, to show the consequences in the landscape of this industrial activity in different contexts and backgrounds. The most important cause in pinewoods transformation into «organic machines» was forestry, and politics; nevertheless, its application depended upon regional and national trajectories. The case of gum resin pinewoods is a good example of how industrialization had to deal with nature to obtain organic chemical products, studying intensely the mechanisms of the forest and the pine with the economical and ecological idea that preserve them was the aim, and so, transforming them into a crop of pines with its socio-environmental consequences.
    [Show full text]