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African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967

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African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2013 African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967 Lorena B. Whipple University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Educational Sociology Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Law and Society Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education Commons, Sociology of Culture Commons, and the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons Recommended Citation Whipple, Lorena B., "African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2626 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lorena B. Whipple entitled "African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955 – 1967." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Education. Barbara J. Thayer-Bacon, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Cynthia G. Fleming, Diana Moyer, Jeannine R. Studer Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) African American Oral Histories of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Public Schools During the Early Days of Desegregation, 1955–1967 A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Lorena B. Whipple December 2013 Copyright © by Lorena B. Whipple All rights reserved ii Dedication My Dissertation is dedicated to my husband Donald Curtis Whipple for his steadfast unwavering commitment to our marriage, me and our children Vida Renee, Eric Armon, Alys Nicole; granddaughter Kailyn Renee; son-in-law Adam. You complete me. My dissertation is also dedicated to my mother, Shirley Ellen Cunningham (Brown) Jackson for instilling in me a love of learning. Thank you. I love you all immensely. This dissertation happened because seven African American griot trailblazers gifted me their time and their stories: Ms. Ann, Mr. Archie, Ms. Cassandra, Mr. Fred, Ms. Helen, Mr. L. C., and Mr. Willie Jr. Thank you so very much. iii Acknowledgements I am immensely thankful to God, my Heavenly Father. Thank you Dr. Barbara J. Thayer-Bacon, my dissertation chair who encouraged and pushed me through to completion, something I would not have achieved without you. Your continual support and tremendous care helped me grow in my ability to think critically and strive to be the best scholar I can be. Your relational epistemology is lived in your life. Thank you to my committee, whose exceptional commitment to scholarship and integrity guided my path: Dr. Cynthia Griggs Fleming, a member of an elite group of ground breaking scholars who designed one of the first multiracial oral history programs in the U.S.; Dr. Diana Moyer whose vast knowledge of historical research provided invaluable resources and suggestions; and Dr. Jeannine Studer counselor educator extraordinaire whose support and high standards of scholarship nurtured the school counselor in me. I am so thankful and blessed to have my sisters Hollis Williams and Myrtle Pond, who are a bulwark of support, kindness and love. I pray that you too continue to get the desires of your heart. Also special love and thanks to my brothers Joseph Brown , Jr., and Victor Keith; brother – in-law Chris Pond, and all of my nieces and nephews, your children and grandchildren. Thank you Cousin Tony, Uncle Billy, Aunt Dottie, Aunt Glennye, and all of Gramma’s diaspora: my cousins who were my best friends growing up. To my Cunningham cousins and my inherited brothers and sisters Hattie and Terry, Walker Lee and Janice, Jean, Lisa, Amanda, your husbands and your children, grandchildren, my nieces and nephews who I feel are my own. I am so abundantly blessed and thankful to my special sisters in Christ, Dr. Brenda White Wright, (my sine qua non dissertation confidante), Doris J. Frazier, my iv morning inspiration, Carolyn T. Cox, my Bible Concordance, Sharon Bass who lives The Way Corps principles daily, and Dr. Deirdre A. White, Stacy Donald, and to your children and grandchildren. Thank you all for continually reminding me of God’s Love. To my longtime for a lifetime sisters and best friends Phyllis H. Bell, Dawnella Ellis, Karen M. May, Dr. Pamela L. Pearce, Anne W. Price, and Carolyn Reed, and to your children and grandchildren, my goddaughters Taggi Price and Tasha McNeil. To Keanna, my adopted daughter and her family. Also thanks to my Household Fellowships both in the Knoxville and Kingsport areas: thank you Rev. Roberts and Patty Fay, Rod and Alicia, Eileen and Dave, and Daniel and Lori now in Texas. Thank you to the members of the Oak Ridge Alumnae Chapter, you ladies are so awesome and so supportive, thank you especially Sorors: Dean, my KC sister, Arnetha and the Oak Valley Baptist Church quarterly “Daily Words for You Today”; also to Soror Mac, who steadily pushed me to complete Chapter Five and confront any semblance toward procrastination or distractions, Victoria, Sylvia, Rose, Ashley (now in Atlanta), Deloris, Yolanda, Karen, Bessie, and Z. Also thank you to the greatest middle school in the world with the best counseling staff in the world, Jefferson Middle School, especially Phil, Christy, Amy, Heather, Amy P, Rosa, Janie, Judy, Flea, and Mike. Also to Steve who was a cheerleader and local historian, Alan and to Bruce, who is now at RMS. I’m thankful for tremendous support from Johnny and Dorothy Fairs, and Mt. Zion Missionary Baptist Church, the friendly church. To Oak Ridge Public Library reference librarians Teresa, Karrah, Suzanne, and Virginia. I have to acknowledge my Chicago friends and classmates, Drs. Jerrold Smith and Michael Parks and Brenda McKinney. Thank you to UTK Julie Harden my graduation coach, also to my friend Christine Tidwell, Dr. Bowie for introducing me to the topic of sankofa, Dr. M. v Rudolph for helping me find an African American committee member at UTK, to Carrie, a UTK facilities engineer in whichever building you work, you are always friendly and positive, and Dr. Elizabeth Ralston for her erudite eagle eye and boundless support. Thanks to my Senior Editor, Nicole L. Gill, Editor Brenda Rusch, transcriber Anita Fannon, and Maureen and Robert at the National Archives in Atlanta, GA. Lastly to you my Miller-Perry and Dobyns-Bennett friends. In Memoriam In memory of the people whose lives strengthened mine and affect the person I am today and who I wish were here to share this time with me: my father Joseph H. Brown Sr., sister Yvette Michele Brown Allen, Gramma Beatrice Brown, Nana Myrtle Cunningham, Nan Elorena Watson, Uncle Dewey, Uncle Donald, Aunt Beulah, Aunt Dorothy and Mother-In-Law Annie Lou Whipple. Also to Ms. Mayola Strong (Dotie Keith) who introduced me to Knoxville College. I miss you and look forward to seeing all of you at The Return. vi ABSTRACT Many traditional historical texts of the United States are missing the voiced presence of African Americans. Existing historical texts concerning desegregation in the South, and particularly in Tennessee, are missing African Americans’ experienced perspectives during racial desegregation in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The intention of this dissertation is to use oral history as a methodology to document the memories of seven African Americans who participated in the racial desegregation of Oak Ridge, Tennessee public schools. Critical race theory is the interpretive lens used to analyze the interviews. The oral historical accounts contained in this study suggest African Americans have a unique perspective that enhances existing historical accounts. Oak Ridge maintains a unique place in U.S. history. It was both the home of one of the United States government’s secret site for the Manhattan Project which led to the country’s World War II victory, as well as the first public school system in the state of Tennessee to racially desegregate in 1955. After May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court pronouncement that racially segregated public schools were inherently unequal, Oak Ridge public schools voluntarily complied and racially desegregated Robertsville Junior High and Oak Ridge High Schools. The resulting action required the transfer of all seventh through twelfth grade African American students from Oak Ridge’s all “Colored” Scarboro School. The remaining enrollment of African American elementary school students continued until after the second-wave of racial desegregation laws took effect after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The complex history of African
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