Secrets American History
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
smithsonian.com November 2015 Secrets OF American History EXCLUSIVES AND REVELATIONS SPIES LIKE US An inside look at the FBI’s desperate mole hunt CUSTER’S HEIST The theft that steered him toward Little Big Horn RECOVERED TREASURE The greatest haul of Native American artifacts ever THE WITCHIEST WITCH The bizarre confession that ignited Salem hysteria SLAVE TRAIL OF TEARS The forgotten story of the 1,000-mile march SHOOTDOWN The pilot who came in from the cold war Contents NOVEMBER 2015 • Volume 46, Number 7 ARE YOU The Phantom Menace Was there another, as yet unidentifi ed IN TOO MANY double agent inside the CIA in 1985, when top intelligence assets were spectacularly betrayed? BY DAVID WISE RELATIONSHIPS? Contributors 4 26 Discussion 6 Phenomena 9 American Icon: Mickey Grows Up If you have a handful of fi nancial relationships at Art: Fresh Produce different companies, it could cost you time and Tribute: Parts Unkwnown money. The better solution? TIAA-CREF. We can Small Talk: Mary Beard Conservation: Rhinoplasticity simplify your fi nancial life at every stage. That’s just Artifact: Early Bloomers what you’d expect from a company that’s created Behold the Blobfi sh 19 to serve and built to perform. We can advise you on: The jiggly, glum-faced ocean dweller is challenging our ideas of beauty Q Checking and savings BY FRANZ LIDZ Ask Smithsonian 104 Q Mortgages and home equity Q Life insurance Q IRAs Learn all the ways we can help you grow fi nancially at TIAA.org/Simplify COVER: George Washington illustration by Mark Ulriksen BUILT TO PERFORM. INSIDE : Secrets of American History icon illustration CREATED TO SERVE. by Jon Reinfurt THIS PAGE: The mailbox on which spy Aldrich Ames drew chalk lines to signal a meeting with the KGB 40 5034 56 58 The Devil’s The Rescue The Horse Skyfall Slavery’s In the “secret” 1 Tongue Mission Thief Trail of Tears The Lipper Award is given to the group with the lowest average decile ranking of three years’ The Salem witch An exclusive fi rst The untold story journal he kept In the 50 years Consistent Return for eligible funds over the three-year period ended 11/30/12, 11/30/13, and 11/30/14 respectively. TIAA-CREF was ranked among 36 fund companies in 2012 and 48 fund trials are indel- peek into a ware- of how George in prison, U-2 before the Civil companies in 2013 and 2014 with at least fi ve equity, fi ve bond, or three mixed-asset portfolios. ibly burned into house in Utah Armstrong pilot Gary Powers War, about a mil- Past performance does not guarantee future results. For current performance and rankings, the American where federal Custer acquired recounts his lion enslaved Af- please visit the Research and Performance section on tiaa-cref.org. TIAA-CREF Individual & imagination. agents are storing a famous stallion harrowing shoot- rican-Americans Institutional Services, LLC, Teachers Personal Investors Services, Inc., and Nuveen Securities, New scholarship tens of thousands named Don Juan down in 1960— were marched to LLC, members FINRA and SIPC, distribute securities products. ©2015 Teachers Insurance and probes the mys- of looted Native casts new light on an event that the Deep South Annuity Association of America–College Retirement Equities Fund (TIAA-CREF), 730 Third Avenue, terious “witness” American arti- the gallant young escalated U.S.- in a tragic, largely New York, NY 10017. C25853B who sparked the facts recovered in cavalry offi cer Soviet tensions forgotten episode Consider investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses carefully before persecution a massive sting and frontiersman to new heights in U.S. history BY STACY SCHIFF BY KATHLEEN SHARP BY T.J. STILES BY MICHAEL DOBBS BY EDWARD BALL investing. Go to tiaa-cref.org for product and fund prospectuses that contain (DETAIL) COLLINS MATT FBI / TIME LIFE PICTURES / GETTY IMAGES; this and other information. Read carefully before investing. TIAA-CREF funds are subject to market and other risk factors. November 2015 | SMITHSONIAN.COM 1 Smithsonian Smithsonian.com EDITOR IN CHIEF Michael Caruso CHIEF PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR Molly Roberts SECRETARY ART DIRECTOR Maria G. Keehan COPY CHIEF Karen Larkins David J. Skorton DEPUTY EDITOR Terence Monmaney DIGITAL EDITOR, MUSEUMS Beth Py-Lieberman BOARD OF REGENTS DIRECTOR OF EDITORIAL OPERATIONS ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Erik K. Washam CHANCELLOR Debra Rosenberg PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR Brendan McCabe The Chief Justice of the United States SENIOR EDITORS Kathleen M. Burke, T. A. Frail, ASSOCIATE PHOTOGRAPHY EDITOR CHAIR Arik Gabbai, Elizabeth Quill Jeff Campagna Mr. John W. McCarter, Jr. NATIONAL CORRESPONDENT Ron Rosenbaum DESIGNER Heather Palmateer VICE CHAIR STAFF WRITER Matthew Shaer Dr. Shirley Ann Jackson DIGITAL EDITOR, SMITHSONIAN.COM Brian Wolly STAFF REPORTER Katie Nodjimbadem MEMBERS COPY EDITOR Jeanne Maglaty COLUMNISTS Amanda Foreman, Brian Greene, The Vice President of the United States Smooth Water ASSOCIATE WEB EDITORS Megan Gambino, Sue Halpern, Bill McKibben, Clive Thompson Hon. John Boozman Victoria Jaggard CORRESPONDENT Jeff MacGregor Hon. Patrick J. Leahy ASSISTANT WEB EDITORS Chris Heller, Maya Wei-Haas CONTRIBUTORS Jerry Adler, Richard Conniff , Hon. David Perdue ART SERVICES COORDINATOR Tiff any Y. Ates Joshua Hammer, Tony Horwitz, Franz Lidz, Michelle Nijhuis, Hon. Xavier Becerra Tony Perrottet, Elizabeth Royte, Ariel Sabar , Paul Theroux, EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Naomi Shavin, Michelle Strange Hon. Tom Cole Abigail Tucker READER SERVICES Carolyn McGhee Hon. Sam Johnson Hon. Barbara M. Barrett SMITHSONIAN ENTERPRISES CONSUMER MARKETING Mr. Steve Case Southern Charm PRESIDENT Christopher A. Liedel CONSUMER MARKETING DIRECTOR Lisa Dunham Mr. John Fahey CHIEF CONTENT OFFICER Barbara Rehm PLANNING DIRECTOR Timothy M. Smith Mr. Robert P. Kogod Dr. Risa J. Lavizzo-Mourey SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, MEDIA GROUP Alan Chu RENEWALS AND GIFT DIRECTOR Susan Warner Mr. Michael M. Lynton CHIEF REVENUE OFFICER NEW BUSINESS DIRECTOR Lori Paldino The historic cities of the Southeast United States are Stephen P. Giannetti Mr. David M. Rubenstein CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER Bruce Dauer RENEWALS & INTERNET MANAGER Michael Ivler Charleston SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL BOARD GIFT MANAGER linked by a network of rivers and bays known as the SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, RETAIL GROUP Ed Howell Jonathan Balangon SOUTH Mr. Robert D. MacDonald, CHAIR CAROLINA MARKETING MANAGER, NEW BUSINESS David Lloyd SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, CONSUMER Ms. Brenda J. Gaines, VICE CHAIR Intracoastal Waterway. Experience Southern charm at its & EDUCATION PRODUCTS MARKETING COORDINATOR, NEW BUSINESS Carol LeBlanc Mr. Allan R. Landon, VICE CHAIR N Rose Drayton SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT Mark Bauman Mr. Philip K. Ryan, VICE CHAIR fi nest on an 8-day cruise to the iconic cities of Charleston, RENEWAL MARKETING COORDINATOR Beaufort CHIEF DIGITAL OFFICER Bill Allman Kevin Romano NATIONAL BOARD: Mr. Rodney C. Adkins, VICE PRESIDENT, GLOBAL BUSINESS MANUFACTURING Mr. Gordon M. Ambach, Ms. Valerie Anders, Savannah, and Jekyll Island. You will receive the fi nest DEVELOPMENT Nicholas Namba Mr. William H. Bohnett, Mrs. Peggy P. Burnet, Hilton Head Island DIRECTOR Sarah Kingsley CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER Grace Clark Mrs. Suzi Cordish, Mr. Roger W. Crandall, Savannah of everything aboard your 100-guest small ship PREPRESS DIRECTOR Katherine Balch DIRECTOR OF AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT Mrs. Wendy W. Dayton, Mr. Vincent J. Di Bona, PREPRESS MANAGER Frank Matthew Hale II Jacqueline Moen Mr. Trevor Fetter, Mrs. Julie A. Flynn, ATLANTIC as we explore the beauty and diverse PREPRESS SYSTEMS MANAGER Penie Atherton-Hunt ADVERTISING Mr. William J. Galloway, Mrs. Shelby M. Gans, OCEAN COLOR AND QUALITY MANAGER Bill Whitcher GEORGIA PUBLISHER, MEDIA/BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT Mr. Ronald Gidwitz, Mr. Rick Goings, wildlife of the magnifi cent Lori Erdos ONLINE PUBLISHING GROUP Ms. Bonnie W. Gwin, Ms. Myra M. Hart, Sapelo Island ACCOUNT MANAGERS DIRECTOR, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Todd Stowell Mr. Edward R. Hintz, Mrs. Nancy Hogan, St. Simons Island Old South. DIRECTOR, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Perrin Doniger NEW YORK: Jaime Duff y, Meryle Lowenthal, Walker Mason Mrs. Emily Zug Huebner,* Ms. Judy S. Huret, MARKETING MANAGER Jekyll Island NORTHEAST: Alex Shumway Lynette Mong Ms. Jennifer Walston Johnson, SENIOR DIGITAL DESIGNER MIDWEST: Lorna Phillips Shaylyn Esposito Mr. Dennis J. Keller, Mr. Jonathan M. Kemper, Amelia Island DIGITAL PRODUCERS Melissa Wiley, Caroline Williams DETROIT: Lisa Steele Mr. Paul G. Koontz, Mrs. Betsy Lawer, Jacksonville WEB DEVELOPER Sean Henderson SOUTHWEST: Nuala Berrells Ms. Cheryl Winter Lewy, Mr. David M. Love, FLORIDA BUSINESS OFFICE WEST: Steve Thompson, William G. Smith, Molly Balantine, Mr. Kevin M. McGovern, Ms. Sarah E. Nash, Mediacentric, Inc. DIRECTOR, CORPORATE BUDGET & ANALYSIS Dr. Jorge G. Puente, Mr. G. Jeff rey Records, Jr., Ed Dequina CANADA: Allan J. Bedard Mrs. Kristin M. Richardson, Mr. John Cutler Ryan, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Shola Akinrolabu UNITED KINGDOM: Will Nicholson, The Vision Network Ms. Deborah Sara Santana, Mrs. Marna Schnabel, ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT MANAGER James A. Babcock JAPAN: Yoshinori Ikeda, Mayumi Kai Dr. Elisa Stephens, Ms. Fredericka Stevenson, ACCOUNTANT Joanne Hubbard KOREA: B.J. Kim Mr. Michael E. Tennenbaum, Mr. John K. Tsui, HUMAN RESOURCES DIRECT RESPONSE: MI Media Services, LLC, Marie Isabelle Mr. L. John Wilkerson, Ph.D., DIRECTOR Dana S. Moreland Ms. Deborah L. Wince-Smith ADVERTISING REVENUE ANALYST: Jim Ly BUSINESS PARTNER Jennifer N. Alexander MARKETING/RESEARCH HONORARY MEMBERS: Mr. Robert McC. Adams, HR COORDINATOR Sibyl A. Williams-Green ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER, MARKETING Judy Glassman Mr. William S. Anderson, Hon. Max N. Berry, RECRUITER Jay Sharp Mr. L. Hardwick Caldwell III, Mr. Frank A. Daniels, MARKETING DIRECTOR Ellyn L. Hurwitz EDITORIAL OFFICES: Jr., Mrs. Patricia Frost, Mr. James M. Kemper, Jr., ART DIRECTOR Annie K. Sullivan MRC 513, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, (202) 633-6090 Mrs. Jean B. Mahoney, Mr. Paul Neely, Justice ASSOCIATE MARKETING MANAGER Kate Kerley Toll-free SUBSCRIPTIONS: (800) 766-2149 Sandra Day O’Connor, Mr. William M. Ragland, Jr., ASSOCIATE RESEARCH MANAGER Linda Lawrence P.O. Box 62170, Tampa, FL 33662-2170 Smithsonian.com Mr.