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Filsafat Islam.Indd pustaka-indo.blogspot.com pustaka-indo.blogspot.com pustaka-indo.blogspot.com pustaka-indo.blogspot.com FILSAFAT ISLAM Dari Klasik Hingga Kontemporer Dr. H. A. Khudori Soleh M.Ag Editor: Aziz Safa Proofreader: Nurhid Desain Cover: Anto Desain Isi: Amin Penerbit: AR-RUZZ MEDIA Jl. Anggrek 126 Sambilegi, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Jogjakarta 55282 Telp./Fax.: (0274) 488132 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN: 978-602-313-056-6 Cetakan I, 2016 Didistribusikan oleh: AR-RUZZ MEDIA Telp./Fax.: (0274) 4332044 E-mail: [email protected] Perwakilan: Jakarta: Telp./Fax.: (021) 7816218 Malang: Telp./Fax.: (0341) 560988 Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Soleh, A. Khudori FILSAFAT ISLAM: Dari Klasik Hingga Kontemporer/A. Khudori Soleh-Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2016 308 hlm, 17x24 cm ISBN: 978-602-313-056-6 1. Filsafat I. Judul II. A. Khudori Soleh pustaka-indo.blogspot.com PENGANTAR PENERBIT ilsafat adalah alat. Sebagai alat, ia tidak saja berfungsi mengantarkan kita Funtuk masuk memahami kehidupan, tetapi juga menemukan kearifan di balik kehidupan itu sendiri. Kearifan adalah puncak berfi lsafat. Kearifan akan muncul jika antara aktualitas teori sebagai entitas fi lsafat dengan realitas perilaku kita berpadu: membumi dan nyata adanya. Untuk itu, sudah seyogianya kita berterima kasih kepada para fi lsuf. Hidup serasa bermakna berkat amal jariah mereka berupa alat-alat berpikir, metode, dan pendekatan yang mereka ciptakan dan temukan sehingga menjadikan kehidupan kita berkualitas. Tanpa fi lsafat, jangan harap kita dapat mengetahui dan menjelaskan siapa kita sebenarnya. Namun demikian, buku ini tidak hanya akan mengajak Anda untuk mengetahui ihwal teknis atau alat apa yang dipergunakan oleh fi lsuf-fi lsuf Muslim untuk berfi lsafat, tetapi juga memperlihatkan bagaimana mereka berpikir dan beberapa informasi epistemologis yang paling bermanfaat dan memungkinkan untuk dipahami oleh kita sebagai pembaca. Dari Ibnu Sina dan Ibnu Rusyd yang peripetatik, Suhrawardi yang ilmuniasionistik, Mulla Sadra yang teosofi transenden, Ibnu Arabi dengan wahdat al-wujûd, hingga Al-Kindi dengan al-falsafah al-ula, semuanya bertujuan 5 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com mengetahui hakikat realitas kehidupan dengan menggabungkan segenap sumber pengetahuan secara integratif: akal, intuisi, dan wahyu. Selamat membaca! Redaksi 6 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com PENGANTAR PENULIS lhamdulillah, segala puji bagi Allah Swt. yang mengajarkan pada hamba- Ahamba-Nya sesuatu yang belum diketahui. Shalawat dan salam semoga tercurahkan kepada manusia agung Muhammad Saw., yang tanpanya tidak akan tersingkap kesempurnaan rahasia-rahasia wujud spiritual-metafi sik; juga kepada para sahabat dan Ahl Al-Baitnya yang tersucikan. Benar sebagaimana kritik Amin Abdullah, Guru Besar Filsafat Islam UIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, bahwa kajian-kajian fi lsafat Islam yang ada sampai saat ini, di PTAIN atau PTAIS, bahkan di tingkat Pascasarjana sekalipun, masih lebih banyak berkutat pada masalah sejarah dan metafi sika.1 Kenyataannya, silabi dan buku-buku daras Filsafat Islam di Perguruan Tinggi tidak banyak yang keluar dari dua kajian pokok tersebut. Bahasannya pun berkisar masalah sejarah perkembangan fi lsafat, aliran-aliran fi lsafat, dan pemikiran metafsika masing-masing tokoh. Akibatnya, kajian fi lsafat Islam menjadi tidak mengalami kemajuan yang berarti, apalagi memberikan kontribusi yang signifi kan bagi perkembangan pemikiran Islam. Padahal, kajian fi lsafat sesungguhnya bukan sekadar sejarah dan metafi sika, melainkan juga epistemologi, etika, dan estetika; epistemologi adalah kajian tentang metodologi dan logika penalaran sehingga fi lsafat berarti kajian tentang cara berpikir, yaitu berpikir kritis-analisis dan 1 Amin Abdullah, “Filsafat Islam Bukan Sekadar Kajian Sejarah: Kata Pengantar” dalam A Khudori Soleh, Wacana Baru Filsafat Islam (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004), hlm. vii. 7 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com sistematis. Artinya, fi lsafat lebih merupakan kajian tentang proses berpikir dan bukan sekadar kajian tentang sejarah dan produk pemikiran.2 Namun, kecenderungan yang lebih memerhatikan aspek sejarah dan produk pemikiran daripada aspek metodologi tersebut ternyata tidak hanya terjadi dalam kajian fi lsafat, tetapi juga pada ilmu-ilmu keagamaan lainnya; tidak hanya di perguruan tinggi tetapi juga di pesantren. Kenyataannya, di pesantren maupun di perguruan tinggi Islam porsi kajian produk pemikiran lebih banyak atau lebih diprioritaskan dibanding ilmu-ilmu metodologi; kajian tentang tafsir, hadis, fi qh, dan tasawuf lebih diutamakan daripada ulûm al-tafsîr, ulûm al-hadîts, ushûl al-fi qh, dan seterusnya sehingga perguruan tinggi dan pesantren menjadi lebih mirip dengan lembaga pelatihan yang melahirkan tenaga teknis daripada lembaga pendidikan yang berfungsi sebagai agen perubahan. Salah satu faktor utama kelesuan berpikir dan berijtihad di kalangan umat Islam sampai saat ini, menurut penulis, adalah disebabkan mereka tidak mau melihat dan memerhatikan persoalan fi lsafat (metodologi) ini. Sebaliknya, seperti ditulis Al-Jabiri (1936–2010 M), sejak pertengahan abad ke-12 M, pascaserangan Al-Ghazali (1058–1111 M) terhadap fi lsafat, hampir semua khazanah intelektual Islam justru selalu menyerang dan memojokkan fi lsafat, tanpa memedulikan posisinya sebagai produk, pendekatan, atau metodologi.3 Padahal, Al-Ghazali sendiri tidak pernah menyerang atau menyalahkan fi lsafat secara keseluruhan, tetapi hanya pada aspek metafi sikanya yang merupakan produk pemikiran, yang dinilai dapat menyeret pada kekufuran. Namun, fi lsafat sebagai sebuah proses penalaran dan metodologi justru tetap dinilai penting dan harus dikuasai.4 Oleh karena itu, dalam upaya pengembangan dan kajian keilmuan Islam saat ini, kita tidak bisa berpaling dan meninggalkan fi lsafat. Tanpa sentuhan fi lsafat, pemikiran dan kekuatan spiritual Islam akan sulit menjelaskan jati dirinya dalam era global. Namun, sekali lagi, apa yang dimaksud fi lsafat di sini bukan sekadar uraian sejarah dan metafi sikanya yang notabene merupakan produk pemikiran, melainkan lebih pada sebuah metodologi atau epistemologi. Karena itulah, Fazlur Rahman (1919–1988 M) menyatakan bahwa fi lsafat adalah ruh atau ibu pengetahuan (mother of science) dan metode utama dalam berpikir, bukan 2 Amin Abdullah, “Kajian Ilmu Kalam”, dalam Komaruddin Hidayat & Hendro Prasetyo (ed.), Problem dan Prospek IAIN: Antologi Pendidikan Tinggi Islam (Jakarta: Dirjen Binbaga Depag RI, 2000), hlm. 241. 3 M. Abid Al-Jabiri, Bunyah al-’Aql al-Arabi: Dirâsah Tahlîliyah Naqdiyah li al-Nudzûm al-Ma`rifah fî al-Tsaqâfah al-Arâbiyah (Beirut: al-Markaz al-Tsaqafi al-Arabi, 1990), hlm. 497-8. 4 A. Khudori Soleh (Terj. & Pengantar), Skeptisme al-Ghazali (Malang: UIN Press, 2009), hlm. 63. 8 pustaka-indo.blogspot.com produk pemikiran. Tanpa fi lsafat, seseorang tidak akan mampu mengembangkan ilmunya, bahkan tanpa fi lsafat ia berarti telah melakukan bunuh diri intelektual. “Philosophy is, however, a perennial intellectual need and has to be allowed to fl ourish both for its own sake and for the sake of other disciplines, since it inculcates a much-needed analytical-critical spirit and generates new ideas that became important intellectual tools for other sciences not least for religion and theology. Th erefore person that deprives itself of philosophy necessarily exposes itself to starvation in term of fresh ideas–in fact it commits intellectual suicide”.5 Berdasarkan alasan itulah, maka kajian buku ini tidak hanya menyajikan sejarah dan metafi sika, tetapi juga epistemologi, etika, dan estetika. Dalam kajian metafi sika, konsep-konsep metodologi atau pemikiran epistemologi masing- masing tokoh tetap disampaikan. Subbagian epistemologinya sendiri menjelaskan tiga model epistemologi yang dikenal dalam Islam: bayânî, irfânî, dan burhânî. Ketiga model tersebut, dalam sejarahnya, telah menunjukkan keberhasilannya masing-masing. Nalar bayânî telah membesarkan disiplin fi qh (yurisprudensi) dan teologi (‘ilm al-kalâm), irfânî telah menghasilkan teori-teori besar dalam sufi sme di samping kelebihannya dalam wilayah praktis kehidupan, dan burhânî telah mengantarkan fi lsafat Islam dalam puncak pencapaiannya. Namun, hal itu bukan berarti tanpa kelemahan. Mengikuti analisis Amin Abdullah, kelemahan mencolok pada bayani adalah ketika ia harus berhadapan dengan teks-teks “suci” yang berbeda milik komunitas, masyarakat, atau bangsa lain. Karena otoritas ada pada teks sedangkan rasio hanya berfungsi sebagai pengawal teks, sementara sebuah teks tertentu belum tentu diterima oleh golongan pemilik teks yang lain, maka pada saat berhadapan tersebut, nalar bayânî biasanya lantas mengambil sikap mental yang bersifat dogmatik, defensif, dan apologetik, dengan semboyan yang kurang lebih semakna dengan right or wrong is my country. Nalar bayânî menjadi tertutup sehingga sulit diharapkan munculnya dialog yang sehat demi tercapainya sikap saling memahami seperti yang dituntut dalam kehidupan modern. Kelemahan irfânî adalah adanya kenyataan bahwa term-term intelektualnya, seperti ilhâm dan kasyf telah telanjur “baku” dalam organisasi tarekat-tarekat dengan wirid- wirid tertentu yang menyertainya.6 Tidak mudah dan butuh kemampuan serta 5 Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity: Transformations of an Intellectual Tradition (Chicago and London: Th e University of Chicago Press, 1982), hlm. 157-9. 6 Kritik yang cukup tajam pada irfânî ini diberikan oleh Fazlur Rahman. Ia menyebutnya sebagai “religion within religion”. Fazlur Rahman, Islam (Chicago: Th e University of Chicago Press, 1979),
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