Mulberry Harbours That Were Assembled As Part of the Follow-Up to the Normandy Landings During World War II

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Mulberry Harbours That Were Assembled As Part of the Follow-Up to the Normandy Landings During World War II Proyecto y Construcci´onde Obras Mar´ıtimas Pr´acticaI: Discusi´onT´ecnica AMF, RBM Grupo de Din´amicade Flujos Ambientales, Universidad de Granada Curso 2016-2017 Planteamiento Los diques Phoenix fueron una tipolog´ıaespec´ıficade dique en caj´on,uti- lizada durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial como parte de toda la infraestruc- tura destinada al Desembarco de Normand´ıa.El objetivo era poder construir puertos temporales con el fin de facilitar las tareas de suministro a las tropas aliadas. La tipolog´ıaen cuesti´onfue espec´ıficamenteutilizada en los denomi- nados Puertos de Mulberry, consistentes en un conjunto de diques en caj´on construidos en la zona de Arromanches, en la regi´onde Normand´ıaal NO de Francia. Con el paso del tiempo cayeron en desuso y todav´ıaalgunos de sus elementos pueden ser observados en la regi´on. Objetivo Ante la presi´onde diversos agentes sociales, econ´omicosy t´ecnicos(ges- tores gubernamentales, representantes de intereses econ´omicosen sectores de comercio mar´ıtimo,hosteler´ıay pesca, observadores de la gesti´ondel medio ambiente y representantes de la comunidad cient´ıficay t´ecnica),se abre el debate sobre: 1. La viabilidad para reparar y en su caso ampliar las infraestrcutras Pheonix existentes. 2. Los posibles usos (en caso de que pudiesen satisfacerse varias demandas a la vez) que se podr´ıadar a las estructuras recuperadas. 1 Discusi´on Grupo 1: Gesti´on. • Plantear un inter´esrealista en la recuperaci´onde la fiabilidad, funcionalidad y operatividad del proyecto, desde el punto de vista pol´ıticoy de gesti´oninstitucional. • Analizar el conjunto de factores que pueden influir, tanto a favor como en contra, sobre la decisi´onde recuperaci´ony sus repercusio- nes. Nota: en la medida de lo posible, tener en cuenta factores tales como el efecto NIMBY (Not In My BackYard). Grupo 2: Intereses econ´omicos. • Analizar los beneficiones que para la econom´ıa local y regional podr´ıatener el proyecto de recuperaci´onplanteado. Nota: tener en cuenta posibles factores concernientes a tr´aficomar´ıtimo, comercio, industria, turismo, pesca, etc. Grupo 3: Intereses medioambientales. • Valorar las repercusiones ambientales del proyecto como obra en ser- vicio. • Discutir y cuantificar en la medida de lo posible, las repercusiones sociales, econ´omicasy ambientales de la reducci´ono p´erdidadel servicio prestado por el proyecto. Nota: se puede hacer un primer tanteo con los ´ındicesIRE, ISA, IREO, ISAO. 2 Grupo 4: Asistencia t´ecnicay cient´ıfica. • Delimitar los objetivos de proyecto. • Discutir la viabilidad t´ecnicadel mismo. Nota: tomar en consideraci´onfactores limitantes en t´erminos de clima mar´ıtimoy geot´ecnicos. Orientaci´onpara la preparaci´ondel debate 1. El objetivo del debate es justificar las soluciones y propuestas plan- teadas para la obra mar´ıtimadesde un punto de vista t´enico,pero sin entrar en detalles espec´ıficos.Para la realizaci´ondeber´ıaser sufi- ciente el conocimiento de algunos datos generales concernientes a los diversos enfoques planteados. 2. Se proporciona informaci´onrelevante relativa a ´ındicesde repercu- si´onconforme al criterio de las Recomendaciones de Obras Mar´ıtimas (ROM 0.0). Si bien todav´ıano han sido formalmente introducidos en clase, los contenidos que ahora se presentan son suficientes para una familiarizaci´oncon su significado, as´ıcomo para una estimaci´onpre- liminar en caso de que se considere necesaria. 3. El desarrollo del debate consiste en: • Un turno de 5 minutos para presentaci´onde propuestas por parte de cada grupo. • Un turno de alegaciones de hasta 5 minutos para cada grupo. • Un turno de discusi´ony conclusiones de hasta 20 minutos en el que todos participan. 4. Es suficiente con la presentaci´onoral de datos y referencias. Se deja al libre criterio de los participantes la preparaci´onde cualquier otro tipo de presentaci´onen un formato espec´ıfico. 3 Ap´endices:Informaci´onComplementaria A. Car´acter de la obra Con frecuencia el proyecto de una obra mar´ıtimase decide a partir de estu- dios externos previos, en los que se analizan las repercusiones econ´omicas, sociales y ambientales. En funci´onde dichas repercusiones es posible de- finir los caracteres general y operativo de la obra mar´ıtima. A.1. Car´actergeneral. Indices´ IRE e ISA El car´actergeneral de la obra sirve para caracterizar la importancia de un tramo de obra mar´ıtima, as´ı como la repercusi´on econ´omica, social y ambiental en caso de destrucci´ono p´erdidade funcionalidad. El car´actergeneral se determina considerando un modo principal de fallo adscrito a un estado l´ımite ´ultimo que proporcione el ´ındice m´as alto, encontr´andoseasociado a la seguridad. No obstante, hay casos en los que el car´acter se establece en base a un modo principal de fallo adscrito a un estado l´ımitede servicio, y por tanto se encontrar´aasociado a la funcionalidad. El car´acter general de la obra se determina a trav´es del ´ındice de repercusi´onecon´omicaIRE, y del ´ındicede repercusi´onsocial y ambiental ISA: • El IRE valora cuantitativamente las repercusiones econ´omicas CRD por reconstrucci´onde la obra, y por cese o afecci´onde las actividades econ´omicas CRI directamente relacionadas con ellas y previsibles en caso de producirse la destrucci´ono p´erdidade la operatividad total de la misma. El IRE se calcula como: CRD + CRI IRE = (1) C0 siendo C0 un par´ametroecon´omicode adimensionalizaci´on.En funci´on del valor del IRE las obras mar´ıtimasse clasifican conforme a los subintervalos R indicados en la tabla1. • El ISA estima cualitativamente el impacto social y ambiental esperable en caso de producirse la destrucci´ono la p´erdidade operatividad total de la obra mar´ıtima,valorando la posibilidad y alcance de la p´erdida de vidas humanas, da~nosal medio ambiente y al patrimonio hist´orico, y alarma social generada, toda vez que el fallo ocurre una vez que las actividades econ´omicas directamente vinculadas a la obra se hallen consolidadas. El ISA se calcula como: 4 subintervalo repercusion´ IRE economica´ R1 baja IRE 6 5 R2 media 5 < IRE 6 20 R3 alta IRE > 20 Tabla 1: Clasificaci´onde obras mar´ıtimasen funci´ondel IRE. 3 X ISA = ISAi (2) i=1 en la cual ISA1 valora la posibilidad y alcance de vidas humanas, ISA2 valora los da~nosal medio ambiente y al patrimonio hist´orico,e ISA3 valora la alarma social. En funci´ondel ISA las obras mar´ıtimasse clasifican conforme a los subintervalos S indicados en la tabla2. subintervalo repercusion´ ISA social S1 sin repercusi´on ISA < 5 S2 baja 5 6 ISA < 20 S3 media 20 6 ISA < 30 S4 alta ISA > 20 Tabla 2: Clasificaci´onde obras mar´ıtimasen funci´ondel ISA. A.2. Car´acteroperativo. Indices´ IREO e ISAO El car´acteroperativo valora las repercusiones econ´omicasy los impactos social y ambiental que se producen cuando una obra mar´ıtimadeja de estar operativa o reduce el nivel de operatividad. El car´acter operativo de la obra mar´ıtima se otorga a todos los tramos cuya reducci´ono cancelaci´onde la explotaci´on,d´elugar a repercusiones, econ´omicas,sociales y ambientales similares. A los tramos de obra cuya parada operativa implique repercusiones diferentes, se les podr´aasigna un car´acterespec´ıfico. A falta de otra determinaci´onm´asespec´ıfica,el car´acteroperativo de una obra se establece a trav´esdel ´ındicede repercusi´onecon´omicaoperativo IREO, y del ´ındicede repercusi´onsocial y ambiental operativo ISAO: 5 • El IREO valora cuantitativamente los costes asociados a a la parada operativa de un tramo de obra. En funci´ondel valor del IREO las obras mar´ıtimasse clasifican seg´unlos subintervalos RO indicados en la tabla3. subintervalo repercusion´ IREO economica´ operativa RO 1 baja IREO 6 5 RO 2 media 5 < IREO 6 20 RO 3 alta IREO > 20 Tabla 3: Clasificaci´onde obras mar´ıtimasen funci´ondel IREO. • El ISAO estima de manera cualitativa la repercusi´onsocial y ambiental esperable, en caso de producirse un modo de parada operativa de la obra mar´ıtima,valorando la posibilidad y alcance de la p´erdidade vidas humanas, da~nosal medio ambiente y al patrimonio hist´orico,y alarma social generada. El ISAO se calcula como: 3 X ISAO = ISAOi (3) i=1 en la cual ISAO1 valora la posibilidad y alcance de vidas humanas, ISAO2 valora los da~nosal medio ambiente y al patrimonio hist´orico,e ISAO3 valora la alarma social. En funci´ondel ISAO las obras mar´ıtimas se clasifican conforme a los subintervalos SO indicados en la tabla 4. En la mayor´ıade obras mar´ıtimasel ISAO es nulo dado que si hubiese im- pacto ambiental, ´estecesar´ıacon la parada operativa. No obstante, en el caso de emisarios submarinos, centrales t´ermicas,plantas desala- doras, etc., la repercusi´onpor parada operativa puede ser importante, en cuyo caso ISAO 6= 0. 6 subintervalo repercusion´ ISAO social SO 1 sin repercusi´on ISAO < 5 SO 2 baja 5 6 ISAO < 20 SO 3 media 20 6 ISAO < 30 SO 4 alta ISAO > 20 Tabla 4: Clasificaci´onde obras mar´ıtimasen funci´ondel ISAO. 7 B. C´alculo de los ´ındicesde repercusi´on Corresponde al promotor de la obra mar´ıtima---p´ublicoo privado---, especificar el car´acterdel tramo de obra ---caracteres general y opera- tivo de la obra. Cuando no se proporciona una definici´onespec´ıfica,el car´acterse determinar´aen funci´onde ´ındicesde repercusi´oncuyos valores se calculan de manera aproximada. B.1. C´alculo aproximado del IRE CRD + CRI IRE = (4) C0 • CRD ! Valora las repercusiones econ´omicaspor reconstrucci´onde la obra. Coste de las obras de reconstrucci´ona su estado previo. A falta de otros datos se considerar´anlos costes de construcci´oninicial, debidamente actualizados.
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