4528 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15 EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES LEAVE OF , ABSENCE As in executive session, Mr. SIMPSON of Pennsylvania. Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. IVES TuESDAY, APRIL 15, 1948 Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that in the chair) laid before the Senate mes­ my colleague the gentleman from Illinois sages from the President of the United The House met at 12 o'clock noon. [Mr. TWYMAN] be granted leave of ab· States submitting sundry nominations, Rev. Russell W. Lambert, minister, sence indefinitely on account of impor­ which were referred to th~ appropriate First Methodist Qhurch, De Kalb, lll., tant business. committees. offered the following prayer: The SPEAKER. Is there ·objection to (For nominations this day received, see Mindful of the tasks before us and our the request of the gentleman from Penn­ the end of Senate proceedings.) dependence upon Thee for guidance and sylvania? There was no objection. EXECUTIVE REPORT~ OF A COMMITTEE discernment, we t&.ke this moment for EXTENSION OF REMARKS As in executive session, quiet communion with Thy spirit. · The foilowing . favorable reports of We are thankful for the wisdom we Mr. KEARNEY asked and was given possess; may we be constantly aware of permission to extend his remarks in the nominations were submitted: its source and humbly accept the respon­ By Mr. MILLIKIN, from the Committee on Appendix of the RECORD and include a, Finance: sibility it demands of us. We are grate­ resume of New York veteran laws. Nellie Tayloe Ross, of Wyoming, to be ful for the confidence others have placed Mr. SMITH of Wisconsin asked and Director of the Mint (reappointment); in us; may we benefit . them to the best was given permission to extend his re­ , Walter R. Sturr, of Florida, N. Y., to be of our talent and time by serving the marks in two places in the RECORD and collector of internal revenue for the four­ commonweal. We are mindful of the to include in each extraneous matter. · ,. teenth district of New York, in place of blessings of freedom; may it find con­ Mr. HOFFMAN asked and was given Harry M. Hickey, resigned; and stant and intense witness in us. permission to extend his own remarks in James M. Robertson, of Norfolk,~Va., to be In this day of tired liberty and frus­ th~ Appendix of the RECORD on two dif­ collector of customs for customs collection trated vision, let us become apostles of district No. 14, with headquarters at Norfolk, ferent subjects and include newspaper Va., in place of Alexander H. Bell, resigned. the dynamic heritage that is ours. Let articles. us not be limited to material expression Mr. ELLIS asked and was given per­ RECESS TO 11:30 A. M. MONDAY of that · which is best demonstrated in mission to extend his remarks in the· Mr. KNOWLAND. Under the order spiritual comP'.itment to eternal verities. Appendix of the RECORD and include a previously entered that· when a recess is Rekindle, 0 God, the flame of moral newspaper item. taken today it be as a mark of respect freedom: that the future will have light Mr. MURRAY of Wisconsin. Mr. to the memory of the late President Man­ to guide its venture of faith. From an Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ex­ uel A. Ro~as of the Philippines, I now old world we step into. a new age; for it tend my remarks in the RECORD and in­ move that the Senate take a recess until we need all the vision Thou canst yield. clude a statement entitled ''Reducing 10 .Monday next at 11:30 o'clock a.m. The horizon's dawn of peace and fellow­ Pounds in 18 Days With Oleo in the The motion was unanimously agreed . ship is the prayer of millions of Thy chil­ Diet." to; and UNITED STATES Strategy and Tactics of World Communism"; Mr. ANGELL asked and was given per­ The following-named persons to be judges and mission to extend his remarks in the of the Tax Court of the United States for H. Con. Res. 184. · Concurrent resolution terms of 12 years from June 2, 1948 (reap­ amending House Concurrent Resolution 139, RECORD and include an article from the pointments) : Eightieth Congress. Portland Oregonian entitled "First Water Richard L. Disney, of Oklahoma. for Big Basin." Byron B. Harlan, of Ohio. The message also announced that the Mr. CHURCH asked and was given per-· Miss Marion J. Harron, of California. Senate had passed a bill of the following mission to extend his remarks in the S~muel B. Hill, . of Washington. title, in which the concurrence of the RECORD and include an article appearing IN THE MARINE CORPS House is requested: in the Washington Times-Herald of to­ The below-named officer for appointment S. 2195. An act to amend and extend the day entitled "Taft-Hartley Surprises." to the temporary grade of brigadier general provisions of the District of Columbia Emer­ Mr. MEADE of Kentucky asked and in the Marine Corps: gency Rent Act, approved December 2, 1941, was given permission to extend his re­ Harry B. Liversedge as amended. marks in the Appendix of the RECORD and The following-named officer for appoint­ include extraneous matter. ment to the permanent grade of major gen­ The message also announced that the . eral in the Marine Corps: Senate agrees to the amendment of the Mr. HARLESS of Arizona (at the re­ Louis E. Woods House to a bill of the Senate of the fol­ quest of Mr. BECKWORTH) was given per­ The following-named officer for appoint­ lowing title: mission to extend his remarks in the ment to the. permanent grade of brigadier S. 2038. An act to enable the Secretary of RECORD and include a letter. general in the Marine Corps: Agriculture to conduct research on foot-and­ Mr. MANSFIELD (at the request of William L. McKittrick mouth disease and other diseases of animals Mr. JACKSON of Washington) was given The following-named officer to be a second and to' amend the ~ct of May 29, 1884 (23 permission to extend his remarks in the lieutenant in the Marine Corps: Stat. 31), as amended, by adding another RECORD in two instances and include news Manuel F. Castro section. items. 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4529 Mr. MORRIS asked and was given per­ of the present old-age assistance systems Mr. BREHM asked and was granted - mission to extend his remarks in the can be saved by the enactment of such a permission to extend his remarks in the Appendix of the RECORD and include a program as offered under the provisions Appendix of the RECORD. newspaper · article. of H. R. 16. PRIVILEGE OF THE HOUSE Mr. BARTLETT asked and was given The Townsend bill will save the dread­ ful cost of depression. Let us not forget Mr. EBERHARTER. Mr. Speaker, I permission to extend his remarks in the have been subpenaed to appear before RECORD and include an editorial from the that the unemployment during the last depression cost us, in income loss alone, the District Court of the United States St. Louis Post-Dispatch. for the District of Columbia to give tes­ Mr. KELLEY asked and was given per­ far more than the First World War. T-hat depression of the thirties cost at timony on Ap'ril 15, 1948, at 2 p. m., i.n mission to extend his remarks in the the case of the United States against RECORD · and include an address by Maj. least 70,000,000 man-days of produc­ tion-a loss to the Nation of $250,000,- John Howard Lawson, which i:;; a con­ Gen. Philip Fleming, Administrator of gressional contempt proceeding, Under the PJ.lblic Works Agency, given before 000,00Qt; enough to buy a $5,000 home for each of our 10,000,000 veterans, and the precedents of the House I am un­ the Parent-Teacher Association of Dover, able to comply with this summons with­ N.H. 40,000,000 other people. Who can com­ pute the cost cif depression in lowered out the consent of the House, the privi­ Mr. HART asked and was given per­ morale, broken lives, shatter.ed ideals? leges of the House being involved. I mission to extend his remarks in the such things causes the destruction of therefore submit the matter for the con- ' Appe]1dix of the RECORD and include faith in the American's way of life. sideration of this body, stanzas by the Reverend August F. Mr. Speaker, I send to the Speaker's Bender. \ We must safeguard that.which we hold dear in our American way of life, and see desk a copy of the subpena. Mr. LUCAS asked and was given per- ­ to it that the men and women who as The SPEAKER. The Clerk will read mission to extend his remarks in the citizens helped make this country great, the subpena. Appendix of the RECORD and include an The Clerk· read as follows: editorial tram the· Fort Worth Star­ have real security. TRANSFER OF SURPLUS REAL PROPERTY DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE Telegram. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, CRIMINAL DIVISION Mr. GELLER asked and was given per­ Mr. WELCH. Mr. Speaker, . I ask UNITED STATES OF AMERICA V. JOHN HOWARD mission to extend his remarks in the unanimous consent to take from the LAWSON, NO. 1352-47 RECORD. Speaker's desk the bill

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4532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15 give them intensive and extensive mil­ Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the . Mr. CANNON. The Bureau of the · itary training. In addition, Secr.etary gentleman yield for a consent request? ~udget, of course, was governed by the of Defense Forrestal testified that it Mr. HINSHAW . . I yield. limitations set by the announcement would take 4 years to put this training Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I ask made in the House committee. program into full effect, would cost be­ unanimous · c~msent that debate on this Mr. HINSHAW. Was governed by tween three and four billion dollars each amendment and all amendments there­ what? year, and would require about 100,000 to close in 20 minutes. Mr. CANNON. There has been criti­ additional officers and noncommissioned Mr. BROOKS. Mr. Chairman, reserv­ cism all along that the Bureau of the officers ·to do the training. I think this ing the right to object, will that give Budget has sent up small estimates. , 6 months bill is misleading the people everybody 5 minutes? These curtailed estimates have been in and causing them to think it is a real Mr. TABER. No. response to announcements made by the defense measure, when in fact the plan Mr. BROOKS. Then I object. chairman of the Committee on Appro­ set out in the pending bill would prob­ Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Chairman, reserv­ priations at the beginning of the last ably prove to be no more than.expensive ing the right to object, may I ask, is there two sessions of Congress that the com­ play camps for the boys. I believe a any opposition to this amendment? mittee -would cut the budget from six to sound universal training. program can Mr. TABER. Not as far as I know. seven and a half billion dollars a year. be developed and the House Committee Mr. RANKIN. I will be willing then to The estimates had to be pared in accord­ on Armed Services should promptly give forego my time to speed it up if there is ance with those limitations. The Com­ further consideration to this proposal. no opposition to it. mittee on Appropriations is responsible Twelfth. When we return to the draft Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Chairman, re­ for the lack of adequate funds in this . we must at the same time pass laws to serving the right to objeo-t, it is my un­ bill. The House now proposes to remedy take the profits out of war and to derstanding that there is universal it. . mobilize industry and every man in the agreement, at least overwhelming agree­ Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman,_! de­ Nation if and when the need arises. ment, on the adoption of the pending cline to yield further on this subject. I We must not again let millions make amendment. If we could expedite this merely state that the Department esti­ billions out of war profits while our boys matter we would like to. mate sent up here was for $865,000,000 in are offering their lives in defense of our Mr. THOMAS of Texas. Mr. Chair­ contract ,authorizations. It is quite true country. man, reserving the right to object, I sug­ that the Department of the Air Force And while we are making these gest to the gentleman that all Members testtled it would take an additional $922,- preparations for our defen~e there are be given the privilege to extend their 000,000 to carry put the initial phases of two other things we must do; that is: remarks at this point in the RECORD. the 70-group program. The $822,000,- First. We must work for peace just Mr. TABER. · Mr. Chairman, I ask 000 presented now by the gentleman fron:r. as earnestly and actively as we pr.epare unanimous consent that all Members New York [Mr. TABER] in his amend­ for war. It would .be the greatest crime may have permission to extend their ment I believe will give an excellent start of all time if we fail to do everything in remarks at this point in the RECORD. for a program which must be carried over our power to establish and maintain The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection a number of years in order to completely lasting peace on earth. Peace is the to the request of the gentleman from modernize the Air Force. most precious thing on earth because New York? My reason for not presenting an another war could destroy everything There JWas no objection. amendment which I had placed on the we hold· precious and ·could make the The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection Clerk's desk to make it $922,000,000 is world an unfit place to live in. We must to the request of the gentleman from New because of the language which the com­ support and try to give strength and York that debate close in 20 minutes? mittee has agreed to and which will be power to the United Nations Organiza­ Mr. MAHON. Mr. Chairman, reserv­ presented as an amendment toward the tion, our greatest hope for peace. We ing the right to object, I would like to close of this bill, providing for a renego­ . must try to find some friendly basis for have 3 minutes. tiation. In that case I think we are safe dealing with Russia, to clear up if pos­ Mr. TABER. Mr. •Chairman, I move in going along with the amendment sible all present differences and misun­ that all debate on the pending amend­ offered l;>Y the gentleman from New derstandings with her, in a· ~anner York; therefore, speaking for myself and consistent· with our own national honor . ment and all amendments thereto close I believe for most of the members of the and security. I much prefer a peace in 30 minutes. Congressional Aviation Policy Board, I _ conference .to a war council. The motion was agreed to. will not contest the amendment and Second. And while we strive to stop Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, I am hope it will be agreed to. However, I the march of communism throughout a bit disturbed by the remarks of the do not like to hear people say around the world we must take prompt and ef­ gentleman from Missouri in which he at­ here, after they make an agreement, as fective measures to end the threat of tempts to point out that the majority the gentleman from Missouri has ad­ communism right here in our own side of the House has reduced the appro­ mitted, that it is insufficient. country. Commqnists endanger our priation request of the Air Force by $100,- Mr. CANNON. Mr. Chairman, if the· national safety, they act as spies, they 000,000. Of course, -that is wholly un­ gentleman will yield further, after the seek to create disorder, confusion, and true. The majority side in agreement agreement was made yesterday it was unrest; they are enemies in our midst, with the minority has actually offered denied here on the floor. and strong measures should be taken an amendment to increase the appropri­ Mr. HINSHAW. No; it was not made immediately to corner them, expose ation over that which was re.quested by yesterday. According to my understand­ them, and suppress them. I hope the the President in the amount of $822,- ing it was made this morning, and I am Committee ·on Un-American Activities 000,000. willing to go along, and !'trust the gen­ . will soon report the bill they are pre­ Mr. CANNON. Mr. Chairman, will tleman froni Missouri will do likewise, paring on this subject. the gentleman yield? because he has agreed to it as well. Then there is one thing we must not Mr: HINSHAW. I yield to the gen­ Mr. CANNON, On the contrary, the do. That is, we must not get hysterical. tleman from Missouri. agreement was made yesterday and an­ While we prepare our defenses with all Mr. CANNON. The gentleman knows nounced on the floor here in the exact possible dispatch we must proceed in that the testimony given by the Depart­ terms of the amendment offered by the that calm, deliberate, and determined ment ·and the latest statement by the gentleman from New York [Mr. TABERJ. manner consistent with the dangers we Department is that $922,000,000 is the I have had no understanding this morn­ are facing. · We do not intend to pick a minimum amount for which the pro­ ing with anybody about anything. If fight but we do intend to get ready to gram can be financed. anybody has had any agreement with me meet' any emergency which arises and Mr. HINSHAW. The gentleman is this morning let him stand up and say so. try. to bring this troubled world back to correct in the fact that the testimony I am going along with the bob-tailed the ways and blessings of peace and so stated, but the Bureau of the Budget amendment offered by the gentleman understanding. request and the request of the National from New York, but it is $100,000,000 Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, I rise Defense Department called for $865,­ short of adequate national defense, as in support of the amendment. ooo·,ooo. evidenced· by the following letter just re- 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECQRD-HOUSE 4533 ceived this morning from Secretary York, the chairman of the Committee on Mr. WINSTEAD. Mr. Chairman, I Symington, who is better qualified to ·Appropriations, for having offered ·this rise in support of this amendment. On judge the components of air power quali­ amendment. As you know, I have been March 24, 1948, I introduced the follow­ fied to withstand Russian assaults · than speaking for several days now in sup­ ing bill calling for a 70-group air force: · anybody else. · PQl't of the 70-group , program. Other H. R. 5991 APRIL 15, 1948. Members have . been doing likewise. I A bill to provide for an Air Force capable Hon. JoHN TABER, want to remind the membership that we of preserving and maintaining peace, the Congress of the United States, . have not been talking about the amount security of the United States, and for House of Repr~sentat i ves, of · money during any part of this time; other purposes Washington, D. C. we have been talking about 70 groups. Be it enacted, etc., That it is hereby de­ DEAR MR. TABER: Than~ you for the cour­ The amount of money provided here cer­ clared to be the policy of the Congress that tesy of our discussion last evening. After tainly is not niggardly. The $1 ,687 ,000,- the United States shall have and maintain leaving you I got our people together. We an air force fully capable of preserving at went over the program again in detail, and 000 contract authorization contained all times the security of the United States. are convinced that an addition of $922,000,- under the proposed amendment is a whole SEc. 2. The Secretary of the Air Force is 000 is essential to the minimum 70-group lot of money. Added to that is $608,100,- hereby aut horized and directed to imme­ program. 000 in cash. I have given this question ·diately bring the Air Force to a force-in-be­ • • • • as much study as any· member of the ing capable of instantaneous and effective Kindly note that under this program the Committee on the Armed Services. A action in the defense of the United States total annual number of planes to be pur­ number of us have worked together in whenever and wherever necessary, the mini­ chased in the fiscal year 1950 is just a little connection with it, and I call'" assure 'you mum requirements for which are hereby pre­ more than one-fifth of the monthly peak scribed as follows: during the war. that with this amount of money we do (a) A Regular Establishment organized May I again bring up that if we place this· get 70 groups. We have won our fight into not less than 70 combat groups and 22 business now we will improve our chance of for 70 groups. We may not get them as special squadrons. having an adequate air force by the time the fully equipped as we would have prefer­ (b) An Air National Guard organized into Russians have the bQmb; and I want to red to have them with $922,000,000 addi­ not less than 27 groups. pledge to you in the name of the Air Force tional, bO.t we do get them started. We (c) An Air Reserve organized into not less and me personally that every effort will be do get them organized. We have accom­ than 34 groups. made to purchase these planes to the very (d) The required number of modern types best interest of the Government and the. plished what we set out to do, secure 70 of aircraft to equip the Air Force groups de­ taxpayer. groups. We have accomplished what the scribed above: Sincerely yours, Finletter Commission recommended and (e) . Facilities sufficient to support the Air W. STUART SYMINGTON. what the Congressional Aviation Policy Force wherever necessary. · The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ Board recommended, and what we have (f) Sufficient personnel to adequately always wanted to get. So I hope there maintain and operate the Air Force and prop­ nizes the gentleman from Louisiana [Mr. will be no dissent from the amendment, er and adequate facilities to fully train such BROOKS.]. and that it will be adopted without op­ personnel. Mr. BROOKS. Mr .. Chairman, I rec­ (g) An orderly aircraft replacement pro­ ognize this, that when we came in this position. gram. morning some kind of an agreement had The CHAffiMAN. The 'Chair recog­ (h) A progressive program of research and been made behind closed doors which nizes the gentleman from Connecticut development in all fields of . aerial warfare would cut the Air Force by $100,000,000 [Mr. MILLER]. and the maintenance of an adequate organi­ Mr. MILLER of Connecticut. Mr. zation and facilities for that purpose. so as to prevent the Air Force from hav­ SEc. 3. There is hereby authorized to be ing a full 70-group program. I think Chairman, I have asked for this time more to ask the chairman of the com­ appropriated out of any moneys in the Treas­ the agreement is nothing short of tragic ury of the United States not otherwise ap-· to the country .and to the world. For mittee a question than anything else, propriated, such sums as may be necessary several days the Armed Services Com­ although I do want to say that I whole­ to be expended under the direction of the mittee has been holding hearings on the heartedly support the amendment now Secretary of the Air Force to accomplish the size and strength of the armed forces, presented to us for an additional con­ purposes of this act. and we had estimates from all of the tract authorization of $822,000,000. I ·SEc. 4. This act may be cited as the "Air higher authorities of this Government am confident that with the contract re­ Security Act of 1948." upon whom we rely for the proper de­ negotiation amendment that will be I have no pride in authorship, my only fense and protection and safety of the offered, $822,000,000 will give us the pro­ interest being .in the adequate defense Government as to what we should have gram that was envisioned earlier ·with of this country. However, I appreciate in the way of an air force. Every rep­ $922,000,000. the fa.ct that since this bill was intro­ resentative of the Air Force has testified My question is this; Has the Commit­ duced our distinguished leader the gen­ that we should have a 70-group pro­ tee on Appropriations had an oppor­ tleman from Massachusetts, Speaker gram. This amendment will reduce the tunity to give any thought or study to JoE MARTIN, and outstanding. leaders in amount that they all estimate it will cost the effect this accelerated program will both parties have seen fit to take the by $100,000,000. I think that this Con­ have in the year ahead of us on such floor in interest of this legislation. I gress ought to go the whole length and matters as priorities, getting material, especially appreciate the fact that the give the country the type of protection the effect on other industries, and the chairman of the Appropriations Com­ it needs from the air. We read every­ whole question of controls as they are mittee the gentleman from New York day about the increasing importance of involved in a speeding-up program of · [Mr. TABER] who is known throughout air power. It is the one arm of our · this kind? the country as a very conservative Mem­ defense that is mobile, that can be moved Mr. TABER. We have not been able ber of this House, has today offered an to all parts of the world to protect the to go into that in detail. We were told amendment to appropriate sufficient interests of the United States and pre­ . by the Secretary of Defense that we - funds to make a 70-group air force pos­ serve the integrity of this Government could go through what was originally sible. The fact that the gentleman from and our people. It is the part of our offered, in his opinion, without the ex­ New York [Mr. TABER] has submitted national defense which I think in this tension of priorities or controls beyond this amendment, which appears to have crisis has been most sadly neglected, and what has been done. It is possible that tbe support of practically the entire I think today we should back up the full we will have to do something with this membership of the House, is an indica­ amount necessary to give the Nation · a additional amount. On the other hand, tion to the entire country that this is one 70-group air force. I h()pe that we can .I believe that pressure upon the indus­ of the greatest steps that can be taken put $100,000,000 back into this bill. tries will result in the adoption of this at this time to secure the peace and pro­ The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ program without further controls. tect the interests of this country. . nizes the gentleman from Texas [Mr. Mr. MILLER of Connecticut. I thank The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ KILDAY]. the gentleman. .nizes the gentleman from Texas [Mr. Mr. KILDAY. Mr. Chairman, I rise in The CHAffiMAN. The Chair -recog­ MAHON]. support of the amendment, and I want nizes the gentleman from Mississippi Mr. MAHON. Mr. Chairman, in my to commend the gentleman from New [Mr . WiiNSTEADl. judgment, this is a momentous day in 4534 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-HOUS- 'E APRIL 15

the history of this Nation. It is certainly anced military force when he appeared War D,epart~ent, the Navy Dapartment, the most significant step that has been before the House Committee on Armed and th~ Marine Corps, the cost next year taken by this Congress since VJ-day with Services a few days ago. His statement in expenditure&· and contrac't authoriza-· respect to our military preparedness. It was as follows: tions will· be approximately $19,300,000,- is further a significant day in that the We · need a strong Afr Force capable of 000; in 1950 the cost will be $21,600,000,- House of ·Representatives, upon its own striking sustained blows far beyond the pe­ 000, and the cost in 1951 will be $22,- volition and without a request from ariy ripheral bases which we now hold; an Air 500,000,000. agency of the Government, is taking this Force cap·able of the air defense of our home­ Before. the Congress grasps at any one action in expanding and modernizing our land and our protective bases and capable of quick and popular solution to the dif­ Air Force~ By our action we are taking seeking out and destroying an enemy that might impose war. Such an Air Force re­ ficult problem of providing for our de­ a far-reaching step in the direction of quires more aircraft and more manpower fense, consideration should be given to national security and world peace. than we have today in readiness to meet thfl the effect of specifying the ultimate This is not so much a matter of money war of tomorrow. In order to speed up the strength of one particular arm or service as it is a matter of policy. · Let it be writ- work of providing such an Air Force, we have on the other forces. Then there is the ten in tlie record today that if we adopt requested the House Appropria:tions Com­ total cost to the Nation to be considered. the amendment offered by the gentleman mittee to make very substantial amounts of Estimated figures for the years 1948 to from New York we are committed to a money immediately availaple for aircraft pro- 1951 for the Army, Navy, and Air Force curement, and in this proposal we have had 70-group air program, which not only the prompt and whole-hearted cooperation are in the neighborhood· of: means the money provided iri this bill, but of Chairman TABER and his committee. [In billions of dollars) will mean additional money in succeed- ' We need ft ground force to protect our air ing years to provide the necessary im- bases from hostile attack, which it takes 1948 1949 1950 1951 plementation for the 70-group program. much more than airplanes to resist. We need . ------1------__ Legislation is a matter of compromise. a ground force to seize and hold distant Army ~ ------6, 400 6, 280 7, 200 7, 200 Like many others, I am not fully satisfied bases-should the . attack fall upon us~in Air Force. •••••••.•.. ------!• 5, 442 6, 500 7, 300 order to take the . war to the enemy. Such Navy______4,100 7, 580 7, 900 7, 900 with t h e b i II b e f ore us. I n my remark s bases, as well as our great cities he.-e at home ------on yesterday I made my position clear. and our key production centers, require anti- TotaL...... 10,500 19, 302 21,600 22, 500 I read to the House.an amendment which aircraft protection, -. vhich is provided by the Cash ______--_- -_--_-- _1_5•_00_0 _1_9·_00_0 _ 21_•5_oo I ~ave drawn and placed on the Clerk's Army. And · a strengthened Air Force will Contractau thori~d------4, 302 2, 600 1, 000 desk and which would provide for addi- require enlargement of those Army elements tiona! funds for the program. aut in which service and support its operations. · 1 d We need a Navy capable of defending the Personnel strength to provide balance tor view of deve opments of to ay and a 1I necessary sea lanes of the world from sub- 70-group program the circumstances I believe that it is in marine attack, of developing antisubmarine the public interest for us to take the joint warfare, of insuring the sea transportation :a~:_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~: · ggg action which. has been agreed upon after of our manpower and our logistical supplies ~arines------108,000 a give-and-take . conference on the sub- and equipment to d-istant points, and of Air Force, 70 groups ------502! 000 ject. assisting both attack and defense through The effect on our national economy Tbe action which we are taking will air-sea power and amphibious operations. · In other words, our action. in the event of such costs are not difficult to foresee. mean a vastly improved air force and that of any future enemy assault upon us will Whether or not such a program effec­ is what we are striving for. employ all members of the combat team-the tively provides for the balanced forces There are other component parts to our Army, the Navy, and the Air Force-a com­ required in military teamwork is easily military force, but air power must not bat team made up of properly proportioned foreseeable. Too many ships ·with few be neglected. It is being irrevocably de- elements from each service, all in readiness ground forces would be as ~neffective as cided today that air power will not be to accomplish assigned .objectives. · too many planes without enough ships to · th' t I thi k th This is the concept of a balanced force to - negI ec t e d In IS coun ry. n e which I have referred on a number of occa- move the heavy material to points where House and the country deserve to be con- sions. Obviously, the word "balance" does the planes require and use that material. gratulated. not mean that there shall be man-for-man, Let us look to the source of these Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman,- will an' equal sized Army, Navy, and Air · Force. recommendations. On the one hand the gentleman yield? Balance means that all three services shall there is the proposal that 70 air groups Mr. MAHON. · I yield. ,. be maintaine-d at such size as will best enable would serve our national security. On Mr. HINSHAW. I should like to say them to assist one another, in the accom­ the other is the recommendation of the that the Committee on Appropriations· is plishment of their assigned objectives-and Secretary of National Defense that on to be highly complimented for bringing this balance rests, in turn, on the strategic plans which the National Security Act directs present estimates 55 groups are required this portion of the regular appropriation the Joint Chiefs of staff to prepare. in the balance with other components of bill in in advance of the regular time in Because of this statutory function of ,the national defense. It would not be wise order that· the program may be expedited Joint Chiefs of staff-and because of the fact for us to seize on the figure of 70 air from 4 to 6 months. that military strategy is both logically and groups as a complete solution. That Mr. MAHON. I thank the gentleman. legally a matter for our top military leaders- proposal is a unilateral recommendation · · d d u 1 th' th t 1 I shall continue to rely heavily on any ree­ It lS m ee a very nusua mg a S ommendations the Joint Chiefs of Staff may unsupported by the Secretary of National being done by the House today. We are make, with regard to the proper composition · Defense and contrary to the joint opinion prompted to do it in view of world con- of a balanced force. · of his principal military' advisers acting ditions and the desire of the House to • .To meet the needs which I have just been within the scope· of their primary func- promote the national interest. describing, we require more manpower than tion. • The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog- we have today. The comfortable assurance The real answer must rest on the mili­ nizes the gentleman from Massachusetts of a push-button war is an illusion. tary effectiveness of any force we provide. [Mr. BATES]. I think the Members of the House If lack of balance reduces military effec­ Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Mr. ought to ·know today, however, what we tiveness, then we should look for balance. Chairman, I rise in support of the are facing not only from the standpoint Recommendations on such balance are amendment offered by the chairman of of our national and international emer­ available. Let us give tliem the proper the Committee on Appropriations. I gency conditions but also perhaps the consideration and not trap ourselves by wish also to say that, along with the 70- cost of a balanced scheme with the so:.. snatching at any one proposal advanced group air force, the Committe~ on Armed called 70-Air Force group. Under the by enthusiastic proponents of one par­ Services has during the past few days appropriations and expenditures for the ticular service. had under consideration the necessity of present fiscal year, and I may say that Editorial corn.ment on this very im­ balancing our other military organiza- I received these figures from the Office portant matter which appeared in the tions . . Steps must be taken by the Joint of the Secretary of Defense yesterday, Washington Post on April 14, 1948, and Chiefs of Staff, which I understand are the -outlay for all the military ·organiza­ which I feel should be read by every . ' now under consideration, to bring these. tions this year will be approximately Member of Cm:;tgress, I 'am inserting in other organizations up to what we call a $10,500,000,000. If we adopt the so.:. the RECORD: balanced military organization. called ·7Q-air group program and balance SEVENTY-GROUP BOOBY TRAP? Secretary of Defense James Forrestal it up with the needs of the other de­ The sole criterion of whether the country had a good deal to say in regard to a bal- partments of the military such as the should undertake to build a 70-group Air • i 1948 CONGRESSIONAL- RECORD-~HOUSE 4535 Force at this juncture is IX).ilitary effective­ Mr. GORE. Mr. Chairman, I offer an era! Members, both Republicans and ness. That zp.eans military effectiveness now, amendment to the L.mendment offered . Democr~ts, recall the tragic history of when the lack of American military power bY the gentleman from New York. the indecision and weakness of free is a critical .factor in Europe, as well as The Clerk read as follows:· countries anq the consequent appease­ effectiv~ness in some futur.e day·when the 70 groups are a reality. We have no doubt that, Amendment offered by Mr. a ·oaE to the ment· of ~0 years ago. When the his­ given the. present state of world affairs and Taber amendment: Strike out the ftg'l,lres torian chronicles that period I . b-elieve the premier role of air power, a 70-group Air "$1,687,000,000" and insert. "$1,787,000,000." one unfortunate· fact about America will Force is desirable. But to achieve this Air · Mr. GORE. Mr. Chairman, I recog­ stand out-we were plagued with dis­ Fo'r<:e at the expense of other necessary and nize that a few of our colleagues have unity and indecision. more immediate military· measures, as now I shall not dwell upon the awfully seems the disposition of Congress, looks to entered into an agreement to support us like a very perilous tack indeed. the amendment of the gentleman from tragic history o.f the last decade. Suf­ The Air Force's part in the present con­ New -York [Mr. TABER], -but it is $100,- fice it to say that there is good r son to gressional reversal is thinly disguised. If 000,000 short of the requested amount believe that had the United Sta es and Air. Force leaders did not plant the sugges­ that 'is said .to be necessary· for a ·w­ the other free nations, which eventually tion that Secretary Forr,estal be overruled group air· force. We have heard state­ joined together in resisting the axis un­ in favor of a larger plane fleet now, at least ments made by some gentlemen, includ:. dertaking to dominate the world awak­ they did not bother to conceal their pleasure ing the distinguished- gentleman from ened earlier and together ma~shaled at the turn events took on Capitol Hill last their strength e~rlier, thereby letting week. What this amounts to, it seems to us, Missouri, that the amount in the amend­ is deliberate scuttling of the balance Mr. ment .offere.d by the gentleman from Hitler and his .Axis partners know un­ Forrestal was seeking to achieve. It makes New York is not sufficient. Others say mistakably that aggression would be re­ interservice unification look ridiculous and that it is. If there is any doubt about sisted, World War II might. never have demonstrates that the recent agreement at it I am one who wants to make it cer­ happened. Perhaps it might not be Key West was only p ~per deep. The vict,im, tain that today the House; of Repre­ amiss to recall, too, that the Kaiser, as of . course, is universal military training, sentatives is not only willing but has be.:. did Hitler, started World War I in the be­ which according to present reports, has been yond doubt provided adequately for a lief that the United States would not or returned to the shelf. could not come to the aid of ·freedom be­ The choice is by no meaus so simple as 70-group air force. that out lined by Air Force Secretary Sym­ That is my purpose in offering the fore he could accomplish his diabolical ington Tuesday when he said: "I think our amendment to increase the funds for the ambitions. The Kaiser and Hitler and national security would be better served by Air Force-to the full amount requested his partners were wrong, but, by leaving a 70-group Air Force than · by a group of by Secretary Symingt-on and which not them in doubt as to what the United 18•year-old boys · betng called 'in for . train­ only he but the House Armed Services States would do, two world wars had to ing." What the air power zealots have failed Committee says is necessary to provide be fought with all . their calamities and to point out, in their rush to grab the gravy, an adequate Air Force. suffering. · is th at a larger Ai.r Force requires larger land Approval of a 70-.group a:ir force will, . Perhaps my colleagues have been as· and sea forces solely for air support. Right I now, for example, 30 percent of the Army perhaps . more eloquently thaQ many disillusioned as have been that so soon overhead is devoted to support of the Air other things we have done and may ao, after a complete victory another aggres­ Force, and nearly 10 percent of the Army's. serve notice not only upon the one-nation sion threatens freedom. Recalling the present meager manpower is engaged in Air . that is striking fear into the hearts of acclaim given former Secretary Hull's Force supply. According to recent testimony people everywhere, but it Will also let successful conference in Moscow and the of Gen. Omar N. Bradley, a major combat other nations, particularly those · who contemporary public approval given air base, consisting of 20 all' groups and may now be teetering on the brink, know Presjdent RDosevelt's negotiations at 125,000 Air F.orce pers

- 4538. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15 - In the· meatttime, sentiment had been · suggest an Invitation to communism to dominated Congress and a good-many of developing ·both in Congress and in the move in-to "Come and get it. The our leaders of national defense. We country for moving into the complete picking's fine.'' But Mr. Chairman, should adopt this amendment increasing . 70-group Air Force program proposed in while ·opinions might differ on some these funds without further delay. the so-called Finletter committee's re- measures, there can hardly be any dif­ Mt. FISHER. Mr. Chairman, I ask port and that of the Joint Congressional ference on this matter now before us. unanimous consent to extend my re­ Aviation Policy Board, of which the gen- This i"s not a bill which now says to Joe marks at this ·point in the RECORD. tleman from California [Mr. HINSHAW] Stalin or anybody else: "Come and get The CHAI~MAN. Is there objection is vice chairman, the gentleman from it." This is a bill which with the in­ to the request of the gentleman from Nebraska [Mr. STEFAN], and the gentle- crease provided by the Tab~r amendment Texas? man from Indiana [Mr. JOHNSON] are will say to Stalinism or communism or There was no objection. members, and the gentleman from Mas- any other man or system that seeks to OUR NATIONAL SECURITY REQUIRES A STRONG AIR sachusetts and myself are advisory mem- infringe upon the liberties of the free . . FORCE \ bers from our respective committees. - people of the world: "Stop, look, and Mr. FISHER. Mr. Chairman, the The Appropriations Subcommittee on listen." United States should have and maintain Deficiencies was cognizant of this senti- . This says to all the worlc!_: "We are the strongest air force in the' world. As ment in the country and in the Congress;. proposing to defend freedom by building the situation now stands, we are lagging So, yesterday, in a series of informal con- a 70-gro~p air force, thoroughly mod­ considerably behind Soviet Russia in air ferences between the chairman and vari- ernized, just as rapidly as procurement power. We have a. chance here today to ous Members. interested.'in this matter, can be obtained." · do something about it. including the gentleman- from Georgia And. it is m,y earnest hope that by this The appropriations bill that is now be­ [Mr. VINSON], an- effort was. made- to. evidence of determination and strength, ing debated carries contract authoriza­ agree upon a· further addition to the au- · that the very need of ever using the tion for $865,000.000 for new aircraft thorizations for the Air Force ' which force in combat will itself vanish and c.onstruction. There are amendments would definitely and indisputably say, that reason and justice may _prevail in pending on the clerk's desk increasing "We are going to have a modern 70- the relations 'Of the nations of the world. that figure by $922,000,000, making the group Air Force.'' · Mr. Chairman, I ask support ·of the total figure $1,787,000,000. I rise in sup­ And that is what. is proposed in the amendment offered by the gentleman port of that increase just presented by amendment offered by the gentleman front New Y0rk [Mr. T:ABERJ : the gentleman from Tennessee [Mr. frotn New York, to increase the contract The CHAI~MAN. The Chair recog­ GOREl. authorizations from $865,000,000 to nizes the gentleman from Texas [Mr. $1,687,000,000, a further increase over THOMAS]. SEVENTY GROUP COMBAT UNITS NEEDED the official request of Secretary Forrestal Mr. THOMAS of Texas. Mr. Chai.r­ Mr. Chairman, this proposed increase and the Bureau of the Budget by $822,- man, I strongly favor the amendment to would provide funds to bring our Air 000,000-to give us a 70-group Al.r Force increase the suppl,emental .estimates of Farce program up to 70 group combat in modern plan~s. . $922,000,000 for aircraft production for units. There can be no serious opposi- · True, it had been estimated by the Air the Air Forces, Navy, and Marine Corps. tion to that goal. We were told on yes­ Force itself that $922,000,000 additional Looking at the matter from a long-range terday by the distinguished gentieman was the figure they would like to have point of view I doubt if even that amount, from Missouri [Mr. CANNON], the rank­ for such a purpose. · It was not a figure plus next year's budget estimates, will do ing Democrat on the Appropriations passed upon by the Bureau of the Budget. what the country expects to be done in Committee which reported this bill, that It was .the asking figure of the Air Force. the way of aircraft procurement. the $865,000,000 is not sufficient even for During our hearings we had asked the It should be pointed out though that the 55-group program. He went on to procurement people if the price did not the total budget estimates for this pur­ say that as a matter of fact this appro­ go down with. larger volume. They as- pose .for the present fiscal year are $3,­ priation is not sufficient to maintain the sured us that it did, and cited lowering of 298 ,100,000 if this amendment is adopted. present strength of the Air Corps. average per pound figures for aircraft Unquestionably, that is a tremendous It is obvious, therefore, that the bill when larger orders were placed or when sum. However, it should be recalled that as now drawn is wholly inadequate if assurance of a steady flow of orders-could this .sum is only a small part of· the cost we are to maintain even a fairly strong be gi:ven. . of our Air Force proc;urement when the air force .. ·So last night we asked Mr. Symington Air Corps· was operating so effectively Now what can we expect if the 70- if we took the 70-group program in one against Germany. The wnole point lin­ group . program is adopted? The' pro­ bite instead of two would there not be der discussion ~ boils itself down ·simply curement requirement for such a pro .. some economies? He said that .in his to· this: We must start building a tre­ gram is not a secret. Our Air Force of .. offhand opinion there could be saved · mendous Air Force now. The longer we ·flcials tell us that for the 70-group force somewhere between $50,000,000 and · wait the more trouble we invite from we need at least 6,869 aircraft, 3,212 for $100,000,000. And upon that basis an communistic Russia. We cannot pick up the National Guard, 2,360 for the Air agreement was reached within the com- a Sears, Roebuck catalog and order these Reserve-comprising a total of at least mittee that an amendment would be - airplanes. From the time the plans are 12,441 airplanes. Then, a strategic re­ offered on that basis, and it has been on the drawing board until the planes serve of 8,100 brings thi~ over-all total offered by the gentleman from New York begin to roll off the assembly lines will · to 20 ,541 aircraft. [Mr. TABER]. The amendment is before require at a minimum about 18 months. What do we have today? We have you. Unity and good faith are at stake We can never hope. to reach perfection in active servic'e about 10,000 aircraft, as well as other things. There ought to in the design of planes, because through mostly trainers. Today, we have only be only one answer on the part of the scientific investigation and research con­ around 500 bombers and· 2,000 fighting membership here today. stant improvement is being made. If planes in service, and many of these are If I were going to do any advertising ·we delay our construction program until obsolescent. of a situation before the world which we think we have the best design of ' We are told further, Mr. Chairman, involves security and national defense, I · planes on earth, we . shall wake up and that our annual procurement require .. would not advertise weakness, I would find ourselves in the same position as we· ment to keep our Air Force up and keep advertise strength. And I would adver- did iii 1940 and 1941-namely, without i-t modern requires 5,200 airplanes an .. tise unity. them. nually. It must be kept in mind that Mr. Chairman, there are many legis- Let us go to work now and work fever- . the 70-group plan is a minimum to meet Iative steps taken.in the name of national ishly to prepare. Later we can .appro­ our present defense needs. To be effec­ defense. There are many taken in the priate more money, which we will un­ tive every unit must, of course,· be fully name of stopping Stalin from engulfing questionably have to do in order to carry trained and equipped. the 'free nations of the world, many steps . out the wishes and the will of the Amer­ Moreover, for·the 70-group program to taken iii the name of stopping commu- ican people. Frankly, I am convinced be effective, it must be supported by nism. Some of those measures, in the that in its thinking on rearmament for civilian reserve components, Well trained opinion of some people have been of un- peace the American people are at least and equipped._ These reserves must be certain results. Some proposals seem to 12 months ahead of the Republic~n- able to leave their ~ivilian jobs; if need 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--HOUSE 4539 be, and step into the cockpits of · our And even with -a-priority that was sec­ with too little next time. if another war modern bombers. ·: ()fld only to the atomic bomb project, should befall mankind. As General At present theNational Air·Guard and it was four more years before the first Eaker has so ably pointed out many . the Air Res-erve program ara··enabled to bombs were dropped on Japan by our times, the United States will undoubtedly train but a small portion of ·available great B-29's. be the first -target if there unhappily personnel, and much of this training is BEFORE PEARL HARBOR ISOLATIONISTS AND should be another full-scale war. We being done in obsolete -airplanes. APPEASERS OPPOSED PREPAREDNESS must be prepared to meet such attack BEST ~UTHORITIES FAVOR 70-GROUP PROGRAM So this aircraft-development program with devastating force. Mr. Chairman, there is much agree­ is a continuous thing.- It calls for Vision, In every war up to the present we have ment in high places for the Imperative for farsightedness. · We cannot afford to had allies to hold the enemy in check need for this 70-group program. Gen­ be caught short again. Only 10 years ago until we could get our production going .eral Eisenhower has advocated it. Gen­ there were men in this Congress who and prepare ourselves. But we will not eral Spaatz, Chief of the Army Air were so completely devoid of vision that have that advantage in the future. No Forces, has advocated it. Former Dep.:.. they voted against the two-ocean naval longer can we expect such good fortune. uty Chief of the Air Forces, Lt. Gen.- Ira expansion bill of 1938. It is fortunate · The best way to have peace today is to Eaker, has been a long-time advocate of for our Nation that despite the short­ be prepared for war. In one short gener­ · a program of this kind. Air Secretary sightedness of this minority the bill was ation we have witnessed two devastating Stuart Symington supports it vigorously. passed and resulted in the building of wars. · And another is now threatened. It will be remembered that last year most of the ships that were instrumental - Despite our victories, despotism and the President appointed a five-man Alr in our victories against Germany and tyranny still prevail in Soviet Russia and Policy Commission to evaluate the course Japan. The distinguished gentleman the countries she· dominates. Let us arm the -Nation sliould take in· order to ob­ from Georgia [Mr. VINSON] was the ourselves with a strong army, navy, and tain "the greatest possible benefits from author of that naval and air force ex­ air force, and continue relentlessly in the aviation." The chairman of that Com­ pansion bill in 1938. He spoke on this • struggle for world peace. That struggle mission was Hoh. Thomas K. Fin1etter. floor yesterday in support of the 70-group will not succeed -if we are weak or if we The Commission of known experts rec­ air force arid his advice of yesterday was appease. Surely history of the past ommended a 70-group combat air force. quite· similar to his advice of 10 years -ago decade has taught us the utter futility as a minimum requirement because when he was pleading with the appeasers of appeasing a dictator. · "world peace and the security of the and isolationists to vote for a two-ocean The late Jan Masaryk, who died a United States are now the same thing." Navy and a stronger Air Force to go martyr to the cause of human freedom The report, in recommending the with it. . _recently in Czechoslovakia, who knew pressing need for a stronger air force It has been charged that this ·increase the Russian mind and the Russian am­ for our national security made·the sol­ in the Air Force will result in the Navy bition, said not long before his tragic emn warning that "even the most opti­ being neglected. That sh01ild not and death: mistic view of the United Nations" does in my judgment will not happen. All America is the only country in the world not assure us "that this wol'ld organiza­ tbe experts agree - that the three that ca~ make Russia go slow. tio.n will develop · in time the necessary branches-Arms, Navy, and Air Force­ He went on to give· us . some good authority to prevent another great war:' ~re interdependent upon each other. advice: The report proposes that we start im­ · Fleet Adm. Chester w. Nimitz, re­ If I were an .American- mediately on this increase and that by tired, ~ho is the greatest authority in 1952 besides the 70 groups with the 6,869 this country, and perhaps in any country, He said- first-line aircraft, an Air National Guara on the role of the Navy in modern war­ I'd -go all out for a tough policy · toward of 27 groups with 3,2~2 firs~-line aircraft, fare, recently wrote me a letter in which Russia. That's the only way for you to keep her in line: get tough. and an adequately equipped ~4-group Air he strongly defended' the part of the Reserve, be provided. . . Navy in our (uture ·:scheme of national Mr. CLASON. Mr. Chairman, I rise In addition tO all this very convincing security. . · in favor of the amendment offered by the evidence for the 70-group program, the It is my conviction,­ gentleman from New York [Mr. TABER], Congressional Aviation Policy Board and The admiral wrote- chairman of the Appropriations Commit­ the Armed Services Committee of the tee. House have stron!tlY recommended ·this that the battleship Is not obsolete, nor is It authorizes the Secretary of the Air increase .for our Air Forces. the time foreseeable now when such ships may be disca-rded as one of the most im­ Force to enter into contracts for airplanes TIME IS VITAL FACTOR IN PLANNING AND portant parts of the sea defense of the United and other items required by his Depart­ BUILDING PLANES States~ ment to an amount of $822,000,000; in Mr. Chairman. before I conclude, I Admiral Nimitz went on to say that if addition to the sum provided in the bill want to talk about tinie for a moment. lt had not been for the battleships such as as it now stands before us. It has often been said that in a naval - were built under the Naval Expansion Yesterday .I introduced H. R. 6247, a building program we could never have a Act of 1938 "we could not" have won the bill which provides that the United States Navy of any value in wartime if it were war."" Air Force shall consist of 70 Regular Air not planned at least 3 to 5 years before­ This distinguished expert on naval Force groups, 22 separate Regular Air hand. That is because it takes from 3 warfare pointed out that land invasions Force squadrons, 27 National Guard air to 5 years to build a warship after con­ groups and 34 Air Reserve groups and struction is begun. The same can very may be necessary in the future in -order their auxiliary units. It also authorizes .nearly be said of planning for the Air to strike at the source of the enemy's an active duty strength of 502,000 in the Forces. weapon centers. Air Force, consisting of 70,500 officers, Germany began bombing England in When men and the weapons are landed in enemy territory, it is the Navy which must 4,800 warrant officers, and 426,700 en­ 1940 and it was not until 1943 that take them there and it is the Navy which listed persons. The need for such an Air Britain and the United States were able makes it possible for such forces to land and Force as our first line of defense in a _to ·successfully bomb Germany in the obtain a beachhead- · future war has been stressed by our mili­ daytime. It took 3 y~ars to get ready tary leaders. Today, any hostile nation to retaliate. He continued. attempting to attack the United States It takes from 5 to 7 years to plan and The admiral concluded by saying that must rely on airplanes, guided missiles, produce a new airplane. All the planes while in the future the composition of and aerial operations. · Our Navy is now that were used in the last war. were on fleets may change radically- larger than all other navies in the world the drawing boards before the outbreak ! am thoroughly convinced that whatever combined. Our Army must be increased of hostilities. Time is indeed a precious the new strategy, t.he battleship will hav~ to render effective service in the occupa­ thing in the aircraft industry. Consider its irreplaceable part in tactics. tion and defense areas. We cannot hope for a moment our famous B-29's. The IF ANOT.HER WAR OCCUllS AMERlCA WILL BE GIVEN to keep as many enlisted men in active preliminary designs for those. bombers NO , TIME TO GET READY service as some possible enemies but our were made in 1938 and 1939 and our Air Mr. Chairman, the future belongs to cmnmittee has been advised that a 70 Forces first contracted for them in 1940. ~hose .who hurry. Let's not be too late combat group Air Force, with its proper. 4540 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ~. APRIL 15 components, can beat back any probable one and dod forbid, will be largely fought of the Air Force necessary to, our victories attack on the United States and imme­ in the air. Airplane development moves of only 3 years ago-has been registered diately start a devastating offei;tsive on so swiftly until some equipment is ob­ by the Secretary of the Navy and the vital enemy targets. The knowledge that solete soon after it leaves the assembly Chief of Naval Operations. The Secre­ we have such an Air Force will be a great line. · tary of Defense has himself requested deterrent to any nation which desires to The law of self-preservation makes it that approptiations be made for attack us. One of its .most important re­ mandatory for ·us to look to our military strengthening our defenses, but it is clear sults will be the maintenance of our avia­ strength without delay. I predict that from his testimony that the appropria­ tion industry on a basis which will permit this measure will pass with but few, if tions he has recommended will not per­ quick expansion to meet war needs. · any, dissenting votes. The news of its mit a 70-group air force. That is why Our only possible enemy now has more passage will cause those nations who are the Secretary of the Air Force has ap­ jet planes than the United States and is disturbing the peace of the world to pealed to Congress, and-through Con­ producing military planes at a far greater stop, look, and listen. The passage of gress-to the American people. rate than we. are. The exQense of this tl].is bill will brii;tg comfort to the hearts Opponents of an increase of strength program· is large but it will be our best of so many parents, although willing for in our Air Force suggest that the fight insurance of peace. It will take from 3 their sons to leave home for military for a stronger air force represents a scut­ to 5 years to put our Air Force on a sound service are praying that such will not tling of the. balanced strength of the basis in accordance with this program. be necessary. I am conscious of the fact armed forces that the Secretary of De­ Following the passage of this bill, I would that we cannot rely solely on air de­ fense is trying to achieve. They claim expect that further legislation may be fenses. Even in this fast moving age, that an increase in air force strength brought before Congress for action which foot soldiers are still required to prose­ would require larger land and sea forces will establish legally a 70-group air force cute a war. I am disappointed more men solely for air support. They claim that for the United States with a personnel have not volunteered for military serv­ an increase in air force strength now de­ limit of 502,000 officers and men. I feel ice, especially in view of the fact that nies the principle of unification of the that this program is sound and should be the pay allowances and other oppor­ armed services that was the intention of carried into effect at an early date. tunities and advantages exceed those the National Security Act of 1947, and Mr. GATHINGS. Mr. Chairman, I ask ever dreamed of by any other nation. violates the Key West agreements, unanimous consent to extend my re- It is my purpose to not only vote for this worked out only a few weeks ago by the marks at this point in the RECORD. · bill but to vote as soon as opportunity is several Secretaries and the Chiefs of The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection given for a revival of selective service. Staff of the National Military Establish­ to the request of the gentleman from Also, I am in favor of universal military ment. Arkansas. training, especially in view of present In the discussions which presently oc­ There was no objection. world conditions. cupy us we have lost sight of the fact Mr: GATHINGS. Mr. Chairman, I Let us speed up the passage of these that plans for a 70-group air force are rise in support of the amendment to the essential measures providing for ade­ not new, and are in fact inherent in all amendment offered by the gentleman quate military strength in all of the postwar planning-for the national mili­ from Tennessee. phases so essential for the preservation - of our free way of life. tary establishment. Even before the vic­ Air power is our first line of defense. tory had been won in World War II, the There is no substitute to being strong. Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Chairman, I 70-group program for the peacetime Air There is no middle ground. think I need take no time to remind the World conditions are uncertain. There Members of the House that these are Force had been evolved. The goal, ac­ exists turmoil in Italy, violence in Co­ times that call for strong ·preparedness cepted then, has been the objective of all lombia, trouble with Red terrorists in measures. Not a day passes that our Air Force planning ever since. Austria, the Scandinavian countries, and public press does not report some event On November the 8th, 1945, represent­ in other parts of the world. that emphasizes the fact. The tension atives of the air force and of the War We can take no chances on a matter over Berlin and Vienna, the open revolt Department General Staff established as vital as our freedom and independ­ in Bogota, the uncertainty over the out­ the 70-group program as the basis for ence. Russia is arming and has been come of the coming elections in italy­ Air Force planning, and allocated 400,- building large quantities of planes, tanks, these are matters to cause us to take 000 men out of the 1,070,000 authorized and submarines for many months past. stock of our military resources, and to by Congress, for Air Force troop basis. In To provide for a 70-group air force ask ourselves, "Are we prepared to meet accepting this figure, the Air Force will cause any would-be aggressor to and defeat an act of aggression such as pointed out that the training and support take stock before attacking us. Nothing that which plunged us into war on of the Air National Guard, the Air Re­ short of an air force of that size and December the 7th, 1941 ?" Are we pre­ serve, the Air ROTC would require an magnitude should be provided at this pared to take such retaliatory action that additional allocation of personnel. The time. the outcome of whatever struggle may Air Force also pointed out that with sep­ We will be flirting with disaster if we ensu will never for one moment be in aration from the Army, and with the do less. doubt? Can we guarantee in another transfer of additional responsibilities Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Chairman, I rise war victory for the United States that from the Army, an increase in personnel in support of the substitute amendment in the 167 years of its existence has been would be necessary. offered by the gentleman from Tennessee. forced te fight many wars but which, Since that time the Air Force has re..: Mr. Chairman, while I am in favor of thank God, has not-up to now-ever _quested further allocation of personnel, the provisions of the pending bill H. R. suffered final defeat in any war. but its request has been consistently re­ 6226, I am more in favor of the bill as An issue of prime importance before fused. The Air Force now feels that 502,- amended by the gentleman from New the House at this moment is the size of­ 000 men are necessary to man a 70-group York [Mr. TABER] and still more in favor the United States Air Force which this air force. The acceleration of the pro­ of the amendment offered to the Taber Congress has established to maintain .the gram, in the face of the increasingly amendment by the gentleman from Ten­ air defense of the United States, and to troubled international situation, requires nessee [Mr. GOREJ. conduct the air operations necessary to an increase in personnel. The achieve­ Our people have a well founded and victory in any war that may take place ment of autonomy for the Air Force has justified feeling, in which I concur, that in this air age of the world's history. The given it responsibility for functions, not our very first line of defense is in avi­ Secretary of the Air Force has asked for taken into consideration under the orig­ ation. It is shocking to know how help­ appropriations large enough to give us a inal estimates, for which additional per­ less we, the richest nation on the face 70-group air force and in the request he sonnel are likewise required. But while of the earth, seem to be as compared with has been seconded by Gen. Carl Spaatz, the estimate of personnel to man the 70- Russia. I believe the passage of this Chief of Staff of our Air Force and dis­ group program has been revised since measure, carrying the maximum amount tinguished air strategist whose knowl­ November 1945, the · number of groups that might be needed, coupled with the edge and whose leadership contributed so needed for a stabilized, peacetime -air fact that we have the atomic bomb, will notably to our victory in World War II. force has never once been revised. In deter any present possible aggressor na­ Opposition to so large an air force-an asking for a 70-group air force, with tion. The next war, if there be another air force that is only one-seventh the size their proper complements of aircraft and

= .' / I

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·-HOUSE 4541 of . personnel, the Secretary of the -Air and it is the choice this Congress has al­ Mr. RICHARDS. Mr. Chairman, it is Force has merely requested fulfillment ready made. We are going to have a my considered opinion that this appro­ now, instead of at some future date, of unified military establishment strong priation should be increased so as to the goal established 3 years ago .. enough to discourage acts of aggression provide for a 70-group air fqrce to con­ I want to speak for a moment about against · our ind~pendence, • our sov- . sist of about 20,000 up-to-date planes. the reasons why we have not already at­ ereignty, and our democracy. And it It seems that rivalry between the dif­ tained that go~ - 1. Until March 1947- -seems clear tl'fat Congress has already ferent branches of the services has ob­ just 1 year ago-the Air Force progressed decided what the first-line striking pow­ scured the issues involved. Too many steadily toward the goal of the '70-group er of that establishment is going to be. admirals and generals cannot 'see the program. At . that time notice of re­ It is going to be a modern air force, woods for the trees. duction in funds caused the Air Force to capable of striking anywhere in the world I have always favored a well-rounded reconsider. ·The' air staff determined from the United States, supported by a defense program. In this program that on its new financial basis the Air program of scientific research and devel­ proper consideration must be given to Force could support only 55 groups. opment; of industrial readiness, and by the Army, the Navy, and the Air .Force. Since the budget reduction was not ac- adequate manpower. There are no in­ ·primarily we must have adequate man­ . cempanied by any change whatsoever in surmountable obstacles between us and power for our armed forces. We are the commitments which generated the security. We have the best scieBtists, not now getting that adequate . man­ requirement for the 70-group program, the best airmen, designers, facilities, ma­ power through the volunteer system and, it was decided that rather than abandon terials, and the most money of any na­ for that reason, I am ready to support the program, the Air Force would pro­ tion in the world. There is no insurance the draft of men from 18 to 25 years of ceed on the assumption that the 55 we can buy which would be cheaper, or as age, and also universal military train­ groups would represent a phase of the cheap, as real air power. · ing to provide a reservoi'r of partly ultimate 70-group program. In July Neither an army nor a navy can op­ trained men in the event war comes. 1947, General Spaatz directed that all erate on a surface over which a hostile But, Mr. Chairman, what is proper groups of the 55-group phase would be air force has control of the air. An air balance between the branches of our activated, organized, and in place with force can operate in 'the air over a sur­ armed service? When we speak of bal­ some degree of operating mobility by face controlled by a hostile army or ance, we should not approach the sub­ J anuary 1, 1948. General Spaatz' order navy, and can operate at tremendous ject from the standpoint of desire · to was carried out. We now have our 55 speed, from great distance, and with the provide equal appropriations for each groups. · No one dare say th!:l.t the Air most disastrous effectiveness the world branch of the service. The best bal­ Force has ever agreed, or assumed, that has yet seen. Obstacles of distance and anced defense force is that force which there would not eventually be 15 groups terrain have been overcome by the Air can best meet the challenge of potential more. Force; the barriers to ever-increasing enemies. There is only one powerful - The Air Force has made its plans, from speed is giving way before the attacks of nation in the world today which could the time it undertook the necessary de- · aeronautical scientists and engineers. be considered a potential enemy on the mobilization of men who had served in An · adequate air force will permit us to battlefield in the immediate , years to World War II, for a 70-group air force. strike at an enemy over any terrain that come. he. controls. ·An air force adequate to Its planes were not secret. They were That nation has unlimited manpower announced to the world. It is reason­ give us this power is essential if our and an active army five times the size able to assume that the Army and the Army and our Navy are to be effectively of ours. That nation is building 12 Navy made plans consistent with an Air used -in those operations for which, ad­ times as many war planes today as is Force of the size agreed upon and sought mittedly' a strong army and a strong our own country. That nation has no after.' The Army strength goal was s_et navy are still required. Navy to speak of, except submarines, in at 669,000, and remains there. The · An adequate air force is the key to our which field the United States is far out- Navy has an authorized strength of national security, and for one very sig­ . numbered. 552,000 men. When the Key West agree­ nificant reason, aside from the reasons ments were reached, ofily a few weeks I have just suggested. We have three It would seem, therefore, that we ago, in an atmosphere of what we were national defense forces, the Army, the - should cut our pattern of defense to · led to assume was complete harmony, 1'favy, and the Air Force, and one very meet the danger confronting us. We the assignment of functions and mis­ powerful, possibly decisive, weapon, the have not an adequate air force now, sions of the armed services contemplated - atomic bomb. Of our three national de­ and the first essential is to build one. · a 70-group air force. The 55-group fense forces; only one has the means of A program to build and to keep up to ~ phase for which volunteer enlistment was delivering our decisive weapon to the date an Air Force of at least 20,000 planes providing more personnel than the Air · target· where it can be used with most '. in the face of world conditions today Force could support or employ, was and effectiveness. A crew of only a dozen seems essential. is but a temporary phase of a program men, flying one Air .Force bomber, can We have the atom bomb; Russia soon that in itself will be expanded greatly in carry an atomic bomb to the industrial may have it. In any event, we must have the event of war. heart land of an aggressor nation. One an Air Force large enough and strong No citizen of the United States might such crew dropped one atomic bomb on· enough to protect this country and, if at any time during the last 3 years have Nagasak;i, another such crew dropped a necessary, carry the fight to the enemy. been in ignorance as to the proposed size single atomic bomb. on Hiroshima. The It seems stupid to me for admirals to of the United States Air Force. No cit­ rest is history. · talk about a 70-group air force unbalanc­ izen needed ever to ask "How large an When some future historian writes ing our defense system. The thing for air force?" what happened as a result of decisions this Congress to do, in my opinion, is to What the thoughtful citizen might well being made here today, is he to record provide money for this 70-group force have asked, and what the citizens of this that we would not provide an air force and then balance our Army and naval democracy are asking now, in the face capable of defending the United States, power on this basis. There was a day of increasing evidence of totalitarian ready for immediate retaliatory action, when manpower and fire power on land aggression, is not - "How large?" but and prepared to use the weapon created were the dominant factors in any war. "When?'' When-how soon-axe we to by American science and American in-· Later on sea power came into its own. have the Air Force that we so earnestly dustry? Is he to . record that we were · For centuries Great Britain dominated need? unwilling to provide for ourselves the the sea lanes of the world with sea Until an internatwnal organization­ assurance of victory? Or will that his­ power. During World War II, our Navy by s'ome miracle-gives us an interna­ torian write that with a proud navy pa­ was our first line of defense.· In another tional police force for the prevention of trolling our shores and a mighty army war our first line of denfense will be our war, we have the choice of building a ready to meet the invader, we still went Air Force. protect1ve machine strong enough to dis­ down in defeat for lack of an air force This is no time to allow petty jealousies courage any possible aggressor or of re­ strong enough to protect us in the one to obscure the needs of the day. Neither maining .unprepared and defenseless and element through which a twentieth-ceo• time nor the national interest will permit hoping that war will not occur. The tury enemy will first move-the element neglect of the welfare of the Nation in first choice.is the only intelligent choice, of the air? order to preserve outmoded- tradition 4542 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE . APRIL 15 I and the status of commanders who have Scientific skill and technical advance­ ing of the people throughout the United eyes only for their own show. ment equal to that of any nation in the States. I reiterate there is a place in our de­ world, with a superior ability to use them, I was horrified and very much discour­ fense system for every branch of the serv­ is unquestionably a formula for peace. aged when I was in Germany last fall and ice, and a proper place. We would be · How cheaply we can purchase peace, advised by our military authorities that blind indeed, however, if we did not learn no one knows. The development of first­ they had instructions to reduce the air from the last war that in the next our line aircrait is expe11sive• and requires force j;here from 25,000 by July 1 this first line of defense, as well as the first constant research and improvement. year to 10,000. Conditions now are much wave of offense, will be our Air Force. Looking forward, however, ·in the un­ more acute than they were then and such I congratulate the Armed Services limited field of aerial possibilities, we action on our part is whollY indefensible. Committee on their unanimous backing would not be realistic if we failed .to keep · It is gratifying to know that policy has of a 70-group air force. old weapons ready, manned and in a . changed. and additional air strength is Mr. HAVENNER. Mr. Chairman, I position to defend our country. being provided for our\occupation forces: will vote for the pending amendment be­ A balanced air force includes a strong The fleet that has just been sent to Ber­ cause it will provide the full measure of and effective naval air arm. We have lin and Frankfurt will in my opinion Air Force which our military experts not progressed to the point that the air­ have a tremendous influence on the con .. have recommended for the national de­ craft carrier is outmoded. It can be stant threat of the Communist aggres- defense of the United States in time of truthfully said, I believe, that it is one· sion. · peace. I want to stress the fact that Sec­ of the strongest components of our de­ Only yesterday, Mr. Chairman, did the retary of Defense Forrestal, Secretary of fense program. The strength and further chief publiCity agent for the Communists the Air Forces Symington, and the Chief development of the naval air arm com­ in Berlin say that the Marshall aid and of Staff of the Air Forces General Spaatz plements the program of the United the strengthening of our forces meant have all assured the House Armed Serv­ States Air Forces. The roles and mis­ war. This to me means that Russia in­ ices Committee, of which I am a member, sions of the naval air arm are unique, tends to press her aggression even if it that the 70-group air force, which this and in ability to accomplish its mission, means war. They have their program amendment will underwrite, is designed it is unequalled in the world. well planned and it is their policy to con­ to preserve peace and not to wage war. Our present weapons have not become · tinue to absorb nations making them Secretary Symington, testifying before obsolete as rapidly as we feared. Rockets their satellites and if such a program as our committee this week in support of that can be .shot around the world are we have provided and are providing in­ the 70-group program, made the follow­ not presently imminent, so we must still terferes that they will go to war if neces­ ing statement: "This is not a wartime concern ourselves with aircraft of known sary to accomplish their objectives. program on anr basis." The Chief of use. Until airplanes have been developed Only today is it reported that 100 Staff, General Spaatz, in his testimony that can fly very swiftly with tons of Stalin tan}{s have been sent to Berlin. before the committee said: ·bombs 10,000 miles or more, we must rely · This obviously is to enfor\!e their present The 70-group program is a peacetime air upon land bases and carriers suffiCiently method and the only way that it can be force necessary to give us the proper air pos­ close to the target to permit operations met is by the program provided in this ture. This program gives us a basis ·1or ex­ in force against the enemy. legislation. pansion in case of an emergency-a plat­ As we look to the future, Mr. Chair­ I cannot urge too strongly the adop­ form to build on. tion of this amendment increasing the man, we must not be unmindful of the funds for our Air Force and passing the I am convinced, Mr. Chairman, that if present, for upon a realistic use of pres­ legislation as expeditiously as possible in America had possessed a 70-group air ent strength may depend what is to come. order that this program may continue to force of the kind which is here contem­ Mr. HARRIS. Mr .. Chairman, I am get under way. _ plated, together with the atomic bomb, at supporting this appropriation to supple­ Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Chairman, I the time when the dastardly sneak attack ment our national defense. In view of rise in support of t_he amendment·intro­ was made on Pearl Harbor, we could have recent events, the turmoil, and uncer­ duced .by the gentleman from New York knocked Japan out of the war within tainties that have been increasing over a [Mr. TABER] for an increase in the size a very brief time. I am further con­ period of time makes it imperative that of our Air Force. vinced that if Japan had known that we we provide and maintain an adequate · Until we have an effectively organized had such an air force and such a weapon preparedness program to meet any emer­ world with a functioning police force, we she would not have made any attack gency. must be strong enough to insure our upon us. I believe that the knowledge I am intensely intel'ested in the national self-preservation. . of American air strength will deter any amendment offered by the chairman of At the same time we must not fall into nation from waging war upon us in ·the the committee for the increase of funds the grave danger of relying on military future. · over that reported by the committee for might to insure the future. We should So, Mr. Chairman, I regard this vote our Air Force. It think it is highly ap­ accelerate our efforts to revitalize and as a vote for the preservation of peace propriate that this action be taken to in­ reorganize the United Nations to give .it and for the prevention of war. crease our Air Force to the required and the power with which to meet' future To those who contend that any meas­ authorized ·strength of 70 groups. In threats to peace. ure for the adequate military defense of fact, I have advocated this for months, The CHAIRMAN. All time has ex­ this Nation is a gesture towarq war, I can Mr. Chairman, and it is unfortunate - pired. only reply that to leave ourselves defense- · there has been some eontroversy in high The question is on the amendment less while every other nation in the world places of our Government that has de­ offered by the gentleman from Tennes­ is arming at a feverish pace would be layed this program. see [Mr. GoRE] to the amendment offered the equivalent of national suicide. We This amendment would increase the by the gentleman from New Yorl~ [Mr. know that the Russians are building, as authorization for the procurement of air­ TABER ~ . . fast as they can, what they hope will be craft contracts, and so forth, to the.ex­ The question was·taken; and on a di­ the greatest air force in the world. Sec­ tent of $1 ,687,000,000. This money and vision

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOU-SE 4543 Mr. POWELL. Mr. Chairman, I offer It is time for all colored citizens-parents, further and .further and further. Are sisters, wives, and the men in danger of be• you going to cripple our. Air Force in an amendment. ' ing drafted-to let Congress, the Nation, and order to carry out the demagoguery of The Clerk read as follows~ the world know in unmistakable terms that somebody who does not have any inter­ Amendment offered by Mi'. PowELL: On they will not accept this would-be perma- est at all in the masses of the Negro.peo- page 2, line 25, insert "Provided .further, That none of the funds herein . appropriated nent curse. pie of. the country? shall be used in the branches of the Depart­ This is from an outstanding Repub- Go down South where I live, where ment of the Air Fore~ in_ which there exists lican, an outstanding citizen of our land. more Negroes · are employed than any­ racial segregation." . May I also point out that I have cor.. where else in the country, where they Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Chairman, a point respondence from the Navy which came enjoy more happiness, more peace, more of order. to the gentleman from New York [Mr. prosperity, more security and protec­ The CHAlRMAN. Tbe gentleman will ANDREwsl, chairman of the Committee tion than they have ever enjoyed in all state it. on Armed Services, in which the Navy, history. They are not asking for this Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Chairman, 1 make over the signature of its Judge Advocate amendment. the point of order that this amendment General, Rear Admiral Colclough, said Do you want us to cripple our Air Force is not germane and it is, therefore, not they had no objection to such an·amend- in order to gratify some Negra politician? in order ·on this bill; that it is legislation ment as I am now proposing. The Navy If you adopt this amendment you will on an appropriation bill; that imposes Department interposes no objection to cripple our Air Force at a time when it additional burdens and restrictions that the enactment of the bill H. R. 279, now will -do our country the most harm and are entirely out of place. . H. R. 4952, which is my bill, ahd-which the Negroes the least good. . This is an aircraft procurement bill. is the exact language of this amendment, so I submit that this amendment be that is, complete abolition Qf segregation voted cown-unanimouslY. This is not a labor bill. I submit that in the armed forces. The Navy supports the amendment is out of order from thiS amendment. , ABOLISH RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE AIR FORCES practicall;v every standpoint. I have a letter which was also sent to Mr. ISACSON. Mr. Chairman, I rise The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman the gentleman from New YOrk [Mr. AN- in support of the amendment proposed from New York desire to be heard on the DREWS] over the signature of the Acting by the gentleman from New York, Con­ point of order? . . Secretary' of the Treasury, E. H. Foley, gressman ADAM CLAYTON PowELL, to ter­ Mr. POWELL. Yes, Mr. ChalrJ:?a~. Jr., also saying that the Treasury has minate by congressional mandate the This is an amendment which has llmi­ no objection to the enactment of H. R. practice of racial discrimination and tations; it is negative; it is the t~pe that 279, now H. R. 4952, which is the amend- segregation of Jim Crow in the Air Force has been ruled in order on prevwus ap­ ment. . of the United States. propriation bills. Mr. Chairman, I bring this befo.;e you The policy now in force of segregation The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is ready as an American citizen who wants to. see and discrimination for reasons of race to rule. The gentleman from New York our ranks closed now, in peacetime. We or for any reason whatsoever is repug­ has offered an amendment against which did this during wartime. We had ships nant to our basic democratic principles. the gentleman from Mississippi has ma¢te in our service during wartime, in the The policy of Jim ' Crow is unfair, in a ·point of order. The Chair is con­ Coast Guard, in the Navy, and in the that it withholds equality of opportunity strained to rule that the amendment is merchant marine with mixed crews. and advantage from the Negro people germane and is in order and consequently Why. not do it. now, before war comes, who must nevertheless share equally in overrules the point of order. so we will be prepared at home? the cost of all activities and branches of Mr. POWELL. Mr. Chairman, I just American democracy practiced at Government on a share and share alike voted for the amendment to the. amend­ home is the first line of defense. Planes, basis. In other words, a· policy of dis­ ment offered by the gentleman from Ten• guns, and ships come next. Unless those crimination in any activity supported out nessee. I have just voted for the amend­ planes, guns, and ships are manned in of general taxes in effect forces that por­ ment offered by the gentleman from New accordance with the democratic spirit of tion of the taxpayers to foot the bill for York which was passed. I did this b~­ our Constitution and Bill of Rights, they discrimination against themselves. caus~ I believe that this bill before us IS will not be the type of weapon that will A policy of discrimination and segre­ a defensive measure and, as a loyal Amer­ successfully bring our Nation ta the pin- gation is uneconomicaL It deprives any ican citizen, I would support any -meas­ nacle of victory. . enterprise upon which we may launch of ure aimed at defending our borde~s .. I I make no excuse ~ when I present this the full and unlimited use of all the skills believe that with the passage of this bill amendment, for the patriotism of · my and talents which are available . . as amended all arguments for UMT ~r people, the Negro people. Back in the be- ·Obviously, the best results in any en­ selective service will not be nee~ed. This ginning of this Republic, the fust blood terprise will be obtained if eligibility is establishes our Nation now with 22,000 that was shed that America might be _free determined solely on the bases of citizen­ first-line planes, and I do not see the was shed on March 5, 1773, on Boston ship and qualification. It is clear, fur­ need of the draft or the UMT in such a Common by a black man, Prispus thermore, that any system of selection situation. However, I serve notice now Attucks. From the days of then until the of manpower by quota defeats itself in · that I will vote against this bill and any days of now Negro people have been the the light of this fact. bill in connection with our armed serv­ most loyal minority in this democracy. I am cognizant of the often-advanced ices which does not includ~ definite and The Negro people will stand ready at all theory-heard most recently in tpe hear­ specific language abolishing Jim Crow of times to defend this Nation, but they are ings on universal military training­ all types. . . . saying, "We want some of the tlemocracy that legislation is the wrong way to ad­ I do, hewever, believe that It lS_ time, here now at home that· you are trying to vance . the · cause of integration of our because this is a "dire emergency," as the sell abroad to ·other people and that you society in any of its endeavors. ·Educa­ gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] ask us to go ahead and fight for. 'W_e tion and evolution will bring about the has pointed out, to close ranks, an~ I am have proven our loyalty. We are asking necessary changes, the proponents of offering this amendment to the b~ll be­ for democracy now." this theory say. cause this amendment will .close ranks. · I ask you to support this amendment. This theory is inadequate in general; it If it is passed, I will support th~ bill. I have a cable from an outstandmg Re­ Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Chairman, I rise in is particularly inadequate when applied opposition to the amendment. to the practices of our armed forces. publican, probably the outstandi~g ~eg~o Republican, Joe Louis. Joe Loms 11_1 his Mr. Chairman, this amendment is not We have only to witaess the recent in the interest of the Negroes of the dispute between the State of New Jersey cable, printed in AprillO Afro-Amencan, country. It would only tend to stir up says: , friction~ and at the same time it would and the War Department on the subject It is time that we veterans who suffered embarrass and handicap the Air Force of segregation and discrimination to be the humiliation of Jim Crow trains, Jim in carrying out the program we are assured that, without legislation, the crow restaurants, Jim Crow railroad stations, trying to provide. Army will not relinquish its tradition of Jim Crow Army barracks, and even Jim Crow telephone booths, rise in every corner, of the If you are going to try to inject this race discrimination. land and say, '.'This shal~ not happen to our kind of amendment into your appro-' · The State of New Jersey by legisla­ younger broth_ers." priations, the next one will probably go tive action abolished segregation in its 4544 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ·) APRIL 15 State guard units. The Vlar Depart­ ter word-that if Joe Louis -would stay The CHAIRMAN. . The question is on ment demanded that standard Army home where he belongs, and I have al­ the amendment offerE~,d by the gentle­ practices of segregation prevail. The ways admired Joe Louis, I think he is a man from New York [Mr. PoWELL J. · State of New Jersey eventually won the fine outstanding-that is I thought he The question was taken; and on a argument, and segregation has ended in was a fine outstanding-American citi­ division (demanded by Mr. MARCANTONIO) the armed forces mobilized by that State. zen. I never heard anything against him ther~ were-ayes 14, noes 103. But it was over the objections of the until this recent love-balm suit or what­ Sq the amendment was rejected. Army ·and not with the Army's coopera­ ever it may be. He has been known as a The Clerk read as follows: tion. sober, churchgoing· American, a credit to This legislative safeguard must be in­ his race and our Nation. Joe Louis spends DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY cluded. in order to insure the rights of his summers and is going to do his train­ BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS all eligible citizens that they will not be ing in Bloomingdale, Van Buren County, Construction of ai rcraft and related denied equal opportunity and civil rights Mich., which is in my own district, so procurement " in a branch of our Nation's defenses in I am happy to tell you that I am a fellow For new construction and procurement of which they may be required to · sacrifice citizen of .1o{ Louis. If he would quit aircraft and equipment, spare parts and ac­ their very lives in defense of democratic wandering around in Europe and else­ cessories therefore, including expansion of public plants, and government-owned equip­ principles-which still include, I am sure, where he would be treated all right. He ment and installation thereof in public or our hopes for equal rights and oppor­ was never discriminated against in the priv ~te plants, and for the employment of tunities for all. Fourth Cong:ressional District in Michi­ group IVb personnel in the Bureau of Aero­ I am going to oppose this bill and all gan. We have a law in Michigan which nautics necessary for the purposes of this other bills providing for military appro­ makes open to all on equal terms our appropriation, to remain available until ex­ priations until Jim Crow is ended-until transportation facilities-we do not have pended, $315,000,000, of which $150,000,000 is bias and bigotrY, and discrimination are any Jim Crow cars, do we? You know for liquidation of obligations incurred under wiped from the face of America. that. You have traveled in my terri­ authority heretofore granted to enter into Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Speaker, I rise tory from Chicago to Detroit, I will say contracts for the. foregoing purposes; and in in support of the amendment introduced to the gentleman from New York. They addition, the Secretary of the Navy is au­ _thorized, 'until June 30, 1949, to enter into by the gentleman from New. York [Mr. all, regardless of race or color or religion, con tracts for the purposes of this appropria­ PowELL]. It is a matter of simple justice go in where they like. I know this, .that tion in an amount not to exceed $588,000,000: to abolish segregation in all the branches the last time I came down from Kalama­ Provided, That the unexpended ~ alances of ' of the armed forces. zoo to Detroit on the Century I noticed the ·appropriations of $310,000,000 and $90,- We should be especially mindful of the that, although I got in ahead of two Negro 000,000 which were made available until ex­ Negro soldier, remembering that he gentlemen and a Negro lady with a lit­ pended for the foregoing purposes by the fought and shed his blood for a freedom tle girl, I was served after they were. Navy Department Appropriation Act, 1947, which he -has not as yet been permitted The discrimination was against me. I and the Navy Department Appropriation Act, fully to share. He made his contribu­ did not care anything about it, made 1948, respectively, shall be consolidated with tion in World War II as be has in every no protest, did not feel hurt, it amused this appropriation, to be disbursed and ac­ counted for as one fund: Provided further, other war in which we, a free people, me somewhat 'to see the colored waiters · That any obligation incurred hereunder shall have fought. It should never be forgot­ forget "first come, first served." And be subject to the general provisions. of the ten that Negro heroes in that war then when I went back to my seat in the Navy Department Appropriation Act for the. achieved their proud records under hand­ car, being a little ill and having some fiscal year in which such obligation is in- icaps that did not have to be overcome little stomach disorder after the meal, curred. • by most of their white fellow citizens. I went in there, and right ahead of me To ask them again to bear arms in the was a bowler, a colored gentleman who Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. face of continued discrimination would was going down to New York to bowl in Chairman, I offer an amendment, which add to those handicaps and go beyond a tournament. The gentleman was is at the desk. the bounds of common decency. smoking. I said to him, "Do you see that The Clerk read as follows: It is always my fervent hope that we no-smoking sign?" · He said, "I do not Amendment offered by Mr. CASE of South will have the wisdom to look upon citi­ like your criticism. I do not like your Dakota. zens as citizens, and soldiers as soldiers­ talk, your tone." I said, "I apolo­ On page 4, after line 1, insert: neither white ·nor black nor yellow-but gize for the tone." I said, "I do not like "S:Ec. 2. (a) The Secretary of Defense shall simply as citizens of a working democracy report to the Committees on Appropriations your cigarette smoke." Then , I said, and Armed Services of the Congress not ~ and a world communitY .. "You see that sign?'' And then I told later than .June 30, 1948, and quarterly there­ Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, I him, "I cannot understand just why you after, the amounts obligated under the con­ move to strike out the last word. are ~II the time yelling about discrimi­ tract. authorizations provided for in this act Mr. Chairman, the gentleman from nation and then when you get into this and such reports shall include a statement New York has kindly loaned me this cable car, into this pullman with the rest of of finding by the President that the contracts from Joe Louis. I read the first sen­ us, everything is all right and everything let are necessary in the interests of the na­ tence: is nice but you are the only fellow in the tional defense and that the contract specifi­ It is time that we veterans who suffered the cations insure the maximum utilization. of car who is smoking, who is violating improvement s in aircraft and equipment humiliation of Jim Crow trains, Jim Crow the rule." There was a smoking room · restaurants, Jim Crow railroad stations, Jim consistent with the defense needs of the Crow Army barracks, and even Jim Crow tele­ in the car. No doubt the case was ex- United States. · phone booths, rise in every corner of the land . ceptional.-but there it was-a clear case "(b) All contracts entered into under this and say "T~at shall not happen to our of discrimination by the one gentleman act shall include a clause providing for final younger brothers." against all the rest. of the occupants of settlement in accord with the provisions of the Renegotiation Act as it was in effect But I understood from the gentleman's the car. So if you will come to Michi­ gan into the Fourth Congressional Dis­ July 1, 1945." remarks that during the war there had And in line 2 strike out "Section 2" and been little if any discrimination. Per­ trict and make your home there you will insert in lieu thereof "Section 3." haps I am mistaken. be happy there and I will welcome you Mr. POWELL. Mr. Chairman, will providing you do not run against me for Mr. CASE of South Dakota. Mr. the gentleman yield? office, because I do not want you to do Chairman, this amendment may be Mr. HOFFMAN. I yield. that. If you will come up there you called a committee amendment. It has Mr. POWE:tL. In the Coast Guard will be treated just the same as the rest been approved by members of the De­ none; in the merchant marine none; and of our folks, there is no discrimination. ficiency Subcommittee, and is the in the Navy.some. I repeat, my advice to Joe is . to come amendment for which the gentleman Mr. HOFFMAN. Some, but very little? home to western Michigan and he will · from New York [Mr. TABER] obtained Mr. POWELL. That 1s right. see no discrimination. The truth is you consent yesterday that it might be in Mr. HOFFMAN. So the situation has will find there has never been discrimi­ order on this appropriation bill. been gradually growing better. My nation there-in the Fourth District­ The amendment do.es three things. point was that I would like to advise· none at all in Michigan and very little First, it requires that the Secretary of you-or inform you, perhaps is the bet- in this count ry. Defense shall mal\e quarterly reports •

1948 _.) CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 4545 upon· the progress of letting contracts The CHAIRMAN. The question is on In spite of the vital service this in­ under the authorizations created by this the amendment offered by the gentle­ . dustry rendered in the First World War, act. ' man from South Dakota [Mr. CASE]. -it was forgotten soon after the armistice The second thing is ' to require that The amendment was agreed to. and allowed to wither and nearly die. these reports shall include a statement Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, I move Fortunately for America a few patri­ of finding by the President that·the con­ to strike out the last word and ask unani­ otic and farsighted men kept the spark tracts let are necessary in the interest mous consent to proceed for five addi­ alive in Wisconsin, · maintaining five of the national defense, and-this latter tional minutes. small mills. They did so practically part is more significant-that the con- The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection without profit to themselves. They were . tract specifications insure the maximum to the request of the gentleman from barren years, but the skills necessary to utilization of improvements in aircraft Wisconsin? t}\e production and processing of hemp and equipment consistent with the de­ There was no objection. were kept alive. . fense needs of the United States. At .The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman When America was plunged into World_ that point I want to inject just this coll!.­ from Wisconsin is recognized for 10 War II we again faced a critical shortage ment: . of the fibers which are so essential to minutes. our national economy and our national In our aircraft procurement, probably Mr. KEEFE. Mr. Chairman, this bill security. more than in any other phase of national provides vast sums for aircraft procure­ In December of 1941 Germany · had defense procurement, it is important ment for the Air Corps and for the Navy. overrun all of Europe and Japan ap­ that we get the latest gadget on the ma­ I am in complete accord with that pro­ peared likely to cut off our supply of fiber _ chine when it rolls off at the time we gram. I want to see it carried out from India and the South Pacific. . need it: We do not want to be building promptly in order to realize the estab­ It immediately became apparent that some flying coffins and get loaded up lishment of the 70-group air force. I our policy of neglect with respect to the • with them. We want to be sure that we want to call the attention of the Con­ hemp industry has been short-sighted have the very latest thing at the time of gress to a situation that. is developing, and we were facing a serious shortage of maximum need. The language here is that I hope the .proper departments of fibers neederl to wage a global war. designed to insure that that point is kep_t government can take cognizance of to­ The Government turned to the op­ in mind in the timing and specifications, day, that is a very vital and necessary erators of the mills in Wisconsin for help so that the maximum utilization of im­ component and essential in connection in a desperate hour of need. provements in .aircraft and equipment with any over-all national defense pro­ Government engineers went into these will be made, consistent with the prob­ gram. plants and made drawings of the special able defense needs of the United States I have causet.: to be placed in the lobby equipment needed to process hemp. at time of delivery. out here an exhibit relating to the pro­ They enlisted the aid of the men who had The third part of the amendment pro­ duction and processing of hemp and retained the know-how of growin~ the vides that all contracts entered into un­ hemp fiber, You may think that is of plant, treating the stalks after the har­ der this act shall include a clause pro­ little importance, but let me call your vest, removing the precious -fiber -from viding for final settlement in accord with attention to the fact that when we got the stems, and processing it into the the provisions of the Renegotiation Act into this last war we suddenly discovered rope, twine, yb.rns, and threads so vitally as it was in effect July 1, 1945. that due to the interception and inter­ needed by our armed forces. vention of the German submarine the The operators gave freely of their At that point today I merely wish to normal supply of foreign fibers that pro­ say that this gives us the benefit of the knowledge and skills and rallied the duced the cordage so necessary for our farmers of the area ..to grow hemp and renegotiation procedure, as worked out national defense program was cut off. in the experience of World War II. The more hemp. The possible threat of a similar situation The Government ordered the· immedi­ final amendment to the . Renegotiation prompts me to make this statement. Act was in effect on July 1, 1945, the date ate construction of an additional 42 I rise to discuss the need for a sup­ hemp-processing plants. Crops were cited in this amendment, which, in effect, port-price program for American hemp. picks up the provisions of that act. grown in Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Hemp is an annual crop that can be Iowa, Kentucky, and Minnesota. · As I indicated yesterday, with the grown successfully in many sections of In 1939 less than 3,000 acres of hemp . prospect of_entering upon the large pro- the United States for the production of . was being raised. By 1943 a total of r_- gram which'will be involved in effectuat­ fiber. The fiber is obtained from the 185,000 acres were planted to hemp .. ing a modern 70-group airplane pro­ stalks of the plant. · It was never possible during the years gram, it seemed to m~ that we should It is the only proven cordage fiber the Government hemp program was ·op­ have the benefit of the renegotiation pro­ that has been produced on a large scale erating to meet War Production Board cedure which was initiated by an amend­ in continental United States. Prior to directives as to the amount of hemp ment which I offered to the sixth supple­ the Civil War it was our principal that should be produced. mental defense bill in the spring of 1942. . cordage fiber and all rope was made It took two full years to get into pro­ The members of the subcommittee all from hemp. In the 1850's the tropical duction on a sizable scale. heartily agreed. And this morning the fibers, abaca, sisal, hennequen, and Had it not been for the small industry chairman of the committee received a jute, which ·could be imported more operating in Wisconsin the situation letter from Secretary of the Air Force cheaply, began to supplant hemp. From would have been much more difficult' if Symington which said, in part: 1860 on hemp production declined rapidly not impossible of achievement. Thanks for the wise move we understand and from then to about 1915 all hemp When the emergency ended Govern­ you made with respect to installation of a grown in the United States was-produced ment interest in the product again renegotiation clause. • • • We .believe in Kentucky. In 1915 hemp growing lapsed. • • • your action will result in millions shifted largely to Wisconsin. The 42 plants were declared surplus · of dollars being saved for the Governm~nt. In each of three recent wars in which and 32 have been sold to private users In the final wind-up following World the United States engaged, the planting for repair shops, laundries, and ware­ War II, I might say· that former Secre­ of hemp expanded to meet our needs for houses. Only one of the plants sold is tary of War Patterson estimated that fiber. Hemp-fiber was in demand during now being used for the processing of the Spanish-American War and played hemp. over $10,000,000,000 was recovered or an important role in World War I. This saved through the renegotiation pro­ The vast surplus of fiber built up in war was chiefly responsible for the de­ accordance with War Production Board cedure and more than that in forward velopment of the hemp mill and the mov­ pricing. We are hoping by this amend­ directives was dumped after the war into ing of the industry to Wisconsin, where commercial channels where it became a ment to take advantage of that pro­ conditions were favorable to the use of glut on the market and a serious threat cedure again in this large program of­ mills. German ·raiders greatly inter­ to the very existence of the original hemp procurement which is being launched. fered with our normal supply of tropical companies that had come to the assist­ Mr. Chairman, I ask for the adoption fibers and we turned to hemp to aug­ ance of the Government so loyally dur­ of the amendment. ment the reduced supply of hard fiber. ing the war. •

4546 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR·D-HOUSE APRIL 15 Commodity Credit Corporation turned . security justifies support but they also .. the Third Congressional District, ,which the fiber over to the former customers .feel that experiments being conducted I have the honor to represent. The of the hemp mills. Some of the spin- in the degumming of hemp fiber, so that growing of hemp was an entirely new ners purchased the fiber in such great it can be used in textiles, will soon enable . undertaking to us. The~e plants were · quantities at, prices so far below the cost the industry to compete in the domestic built at. an expense of over $300 000 of production that they are now sellers bast fiber market without benefit of a apiece. The agents of the Government instead of buyers. support price. went to the farmers and sold them the The market for fiber now being pro- In these experiments hemp fibers are . idea as a patriotic thing that they should duced in the original companies in my being mixed with synthetic fibers such as take some of their land out of corn and district in Wisconsin has virtually dis- rayon to give cloth now made from these put it into hemp.. They did, and we dis­ appeared. Farmers have become hisi-· fibers greater strength, better wearing cov..ered th.at we could grow hemp there tant about further plantings and the quality, and less shrinkage. Textile men in accordance with the desires of the plant operators are faced with bank- are now referring to hemp as the "won- Navy Department. Now, when the sub­ ruptcy. der fiber." marine menace was ended, we found that The operators of these companies are · · But regardless o·f these bright prospects these hemp plants could not compete · now pleading with the ·Department of for hemp there are a number of impor­ with foreign products. Many people Agriculture to do something to save the tant reasons why it is desirable that the suggested that, as a · war measure, if for industry.. They believe that so long as Government take steps now to insure the no other reason, we should work out some other crops are given support prices that · maintenance of at least a small hemp ~ kind of a · program which would enable this industry, because of its importance industry in order to guarantee the United hemp to be produced in this c~untry in in times of emergency, merits support. States'. ability to increase production time of peace, as well as in time of war. In addition to being a valuable product rapidly should it ever again become ne~­ The college at Ames, Iowa, has carried in times. of war, hemp is an excellent essary. on some experiments to demonstrate that crop for the farmers, especially ih the We all know that the international if given the proper support ·bY the Gov­ dairy State of Wisconsin. Hemp does outlook is alarming. In the event of the ernment the growing of hemp could be not exhaust the soil and is one of the United States becoming involved in an­ undertaken in many places in the Mid- best crops for smothering weeds. Hemp other war· it would very probably be . west. I regret to s~y that, unfortunate­ provides the kind of diversion that is necessary to again produce cordage fibers ly, we did not have too much cooperation neened to balance the profitable opera- within the United States in Order.to have from the proper agencies of the Govern­ tion of. a dairy farm. an assured supply o~ long fiber for rope. ment, and these hemp plants have been The farmers who have participated in India now supplies about 98 percent sold at a very ·low price of about $30,000 this hemp program are definitely of the of our jute. That country is severing apiece, and hemp growing :~; out of the opinion that hemp to theni is just as es- its ties with Great Britain and for months window during peacetime. With the sen\ial as· other crops now covered by the bitter Civil strife raged in various parts situation existing. as it now exists, with agricultural support program instituted of India. Civil war in India could seri­ - the threat of another submarine warfare in 1943. ously curtail our supply of jute. Loss which might be more effective against The mills are operateQ, .on a coopera- of our source of jute would probably our shipping than anything we have en­ tive plan but are not cooperative in law. make necessary an increase in the pro­ countered heretofore, I suggest that the The mills are valuable to the communi- duction of hemp. proper committees should now consider ties in which they are located in that The gentleman from Wisconsin is in the advisability of a program which will they afford winter work for a considera- complete accord with the position taken enable the hemp production in this coun­ ble number of persons in localities where by the hemp growers and processors. try to survive in times of peace. such winter. work is often scarce. The Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will period.of operation is from November to The importance of the industry has been proven in the· last two wars. With for­ the gentleman yie1d? late spring, making available a supply of eign relations· as· strained as they are, Mr. GWYNNE of Iowa. I yield to the farm labor during the season when in we believe it would be good policy to gentleman from Michigan. greatest demand. Mr. CRAWFORD. Would the gentle­ From 1942 to 1945 Commodity Credit classify hemp as a critical material. The man go so far, in addition to what he has Corporation was the principal purchaser Government is stock piling fibers that said, and emphasize the necessity of our of hemp fiber at support prices estab-· are imported for emergency use. Why should not hemp, . grown in our own getti-ng into this country from the Philip­ lished by Commodity. In 1946 there was country, be included in· such a program pines high-quality fiber so that good rope a support price for the fiber but the in- so that our farmers could have this ben­ for American.._.agriculture plus our de­ dustry was able to sell at better prices fense forces could ~be obtained? than the support price and no fiber was efit. · A stock-piling and support-price Mr. GWYNNE of Iowa. I am not sold to the Government. The support program could be coordinated so that all . familiar with that, I may say. All I know prices established by Commodity Credit fiber \vhich the domestic program could is that we had difficulty in getting any Corporation were as follows: not use could be stock piled for emergency kind of fiber from any place on account Line: Prime 28 cents; grade I, 25 cents; use. of. the submarines. . Therefore, during grade II, 22 cents; grade III, 18 cents; Mr. Chairman, I have arranged to have the war we had to produce hemp our- grade IV, 12 cents. a case of hemp and hemp products placed selves. · Tow: Grade I, 12 cents; grade II, 10V2 on display in the Speaker's lobby. I hope Mr. CRAWFORD. know the gentle- cents; and grade III, 6¥2 cents. that the Members will take the time to man is from a great agricultural State, The Hemp · Producers Association has inspect this material. 'Iowa·, and represents a very distinguished requested that a price-support program .Mr. GWYNNE of Iowa. · Mr. Chair­ district of farmers . . You cannot get be established for American hemp grown man, I move to strike out the. last two rope that is worth carrying home unless in 1948 and milled in 1948-49, at mills words. it is made of the strong fibers from the operated in 1947. In view of the in- Mr. Chairman, I was very much im- . Philippine Islands. You can buy a piece creased cost of growing and milling help, pressed by the remarks of the gentleman of rope, but when.you put a 1,500-pound the association believes higher support from Wisconsin [Mr. KEEFE]. My only steer or a 1,500-pound horse on the other prices are warranted on tlie 1948 crop. purpose in rising is to suggest that the end of a cheap rope you do not have a They suggest the following: proper committees of this House give . rope worth throwing toward the animal. Line: Prime, 29 cents; grade I, 27 consideration to what he sa.id and the Mr. GWYNNE of Iowa. That may aU cents; grade II, 25 cents; grade III, 22 suggestions he made. When the war be­ be true; may I say to the gentleman, cents; grade IV, 15 cents. gan and we discovered that we needed to nevertheless, when we could not get that Tow: Grade I, 14 cents; grade II, 12 grow hemp in this country to provide rope kind of rope th.e Navy was glad to get cents; and grade III, 8 cents. for the Navy, because of the fact that the rope made of hemp grown in the Mid- In requesting that a floor price be · raw product from which rope is made ­ west. · placed on domestic fiber for 1948, the could no longer be brought in because of Mr. CRAWFORD. That is the reason producers are not asking for an indefi- · the German submarines, the Government I say, in addition to what the gentleman nite program. They believe 'that the representatives came out to Iowa and said, let us not. become dependent, be­ importance of the industry to national established six or seven hemp plants in cause we will take care of the Philippines, 1948 -'. CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-HOUSE 4547 :whether war or p·eace, and we might just curacy of this claim, but I am inclined to fact i-t will give some shade to the. ground as well let them produce some raw ma­ give it credence. :H it is true, the Na­ floor below. terial and ship it· to the United States. tion's need for fiber for almost all indus­ I am very happy to make this little Mr MURDOCK. Mr. Chairman, the trial uses, including agricultural uses, statement today on behalf the President's gentleman fom Wisconsin [Mr. KEEFE] may be .taken f:r:om the desert areas of so-called project and compliment him on and the gentleman from Iowa [Mr. Arizona, California, New Mexico, Nevada, his good judgment in the architectural GWYNNE] have just called our attention and Texas. design approved and the nerve to go to a wartime substitute for the fiber Since only the foliage of the yucca ahead and nave the balcony built. - which we have formerly imported from plant is used, and the plant itself is not I am very glad .to . have this opportu­ the tropics. In the Speaker's lobby, I cut or harmed, and since the foliage re­ nity, on behalf of those of my constitu­ · have just examined the interesting and produces itself at short intervals, the ents who were here, all Republicans, to instructive display of hemp and the fiber yucca leaves can be harvested _from a say that we thoroughly approve it. As · processed therefrom under the program given area on a sustained-yield basis. they said, "What a mountain they made · which was adopted during the recent This would make possible the location of out of a molehill." · war. It seems a -shame that so much processing plants in .the center of a suffi­ The Clerk read as follows: money was invested during the war in ciently large area to furnish the raw ma­ SEc. 2. This act may be cited as the "Sup­ these processing plants which afterward terial on that basis. plemental National Defense Appropriation · sold for so little. It is another illustra­ The yucca plant 'is a very remarkable Act, 1948." tion of the wastefulness of war. How­ desert growth. It has mighty little util­ Mr. . TABER. Mr. Chairman, I move ever we must have such fiber, and if it is ity'for livestock men; but it has a variety that the Committee.do now iise.and re­ no l~nger to be gotten from abroad; then of uses for supplying huma9- needs. At port the bill back to the House with sun­ we must-as in time of war-provide it the present moment' we think of fiber as dry amendments, with the recommenda­ · at home, even at· ·great expense. I have being the chief product, but there are tion that the amendments be agreed to asked for this time that I may call to several known byproducts which might and that the bill as amended do pass. the attention of my colleagues another ultimately become more valuable than The motion was agreed to. fiber possibility which we used slightly the main product . . The fiber has·a great Accordingly the Committee rose; and · in wartime and which we may again want. variety of .uses, such as in rope,' binder the Speaker having resumed the Chait, to use either in peace or in war . . twine, cordage, and the li_ke, but it has Mr. O'HARA, Cha-irman of the Committee I am thinking ·now of yucca fiber. even more uses for packing, padding, and of the Whole Rouse on the State of the Most of this is a hard strong fiber ob­ uphoistering, to say nothing of being Union, reported that that Committee .. tained from the leaves of the yucca woven into fabric. It is thought that the having had under consideration the bill plant, especially that known as Spanish soft fiher of the be.argrass might be used (H. R. · 6226) making supplemental-"ap­ bayonet, which grows over a vast area in for burlap for certain use in the manu­ propriations for the national defense for the Southwest. There-are various kinds facture of rugs and linoleum, ·and cer­ the fiscal year ending June 30, 1948, and of yucca, and one known as beargrass tainly f.or the use of bags and such con­ for other purposes, had directed him to produces_a soft fiber very much like the tainers. This . is all . dependent _upon report the bill back to the House with · fiber used in making burlap. Since I man's ingenuity and inventive ability to sundry amendments, with the recom­ became Congressman from Arizona, I extract the fiber by machine.ry in mass mendation that the amendments be have asked the Bureau of Standards to production in a labor- sav:ing way. agreed to and that the bill as amended · give us tests and measurements on rope, Whether this great need is to be supplied do pass. · cord, twine, and the like made from both from this new industry from the desert Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, I move the hard fiber and soft fiber obtained from areas of the Southwest ought to be a previous question on the bill and amend­ desert vegetation. These · tests were matter of easy answer. I am glad to call ments thereto to final pa,ssage. found to be remarkably good in compari­ it to the attention of the House· today as The previous question was ordered. son. Therefore, I ·cannot feel that any­ a significant possibtlity at this critical The SPEAKER. Is a separate vote de­ one may properly speak of such fiber as time o( shortage, · manded on any amendment? If not, the inferior in quality or strength . . There is · Mr. ANDREWS . of New York. Mr. Chair will put them en bloc. no question about the utility of the :@er, Chairman, I move to strike out· the last The amendments were agreed to. nor is there any question about the us­ .word, and .ask unanimous.consent to pro­ The SPEAKER. The question is on ·able quantity which may be obtained. ceed out of order for 2 minutes. the engrossment and third reading of the The chief question is about the process­ The CHAIRMA:U. Is there objection bill. ing of it. to .the request of the gentleman from The bill was ordered to be engrossed During the First World _war, large New York? and read a third time and was read the quantities of yucca foliage were har­ third time. vested from the desert areas of Arizona · There was no objection. and shipped to East St. Louis for proc­ Mr. ANDREWS of New York. Mr. Mr. KERR. Mr . .Speaker, 1 offer a essing. So great was the need at that Chairman, I had little expectation that I motion to recommit. time, with foreign supplies shut off, that would ever take the ftoor on this sub­ The SPEAKER. Is the gentleman op­ the high cost did not prevent the proc­ ject. I refer to the new balcony at the posed to the bill? essing of this fiber. The method-used for White House. · I speak at the .suggestion Mr. KERR. I am opposed to some decortication was rather crude, and left of a number of citizens and constituents features of it. much to be desired;, but it did enable a who have visited Washington this spring, Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, a considerable production to be had during during the last 2 months, and all Repub­ point of order. The gentleman says that the First World War. However, when licans. I assume that all of you likewise he 'is opposed to some features of the bill. the war was over and something like have constituents who visit here, and they My understanding of the rules is that the normal trade was resumed, the imported all seem 'to want to see the White House gentleman must be opposed to the bill. article could be obtained at much less from the rear so they can see the bal­ The SPEAKER. The gentleman has cost than this home-made article. Dur­ cony, of which they have heard so much. stated that he is opposed to some features ing the Second World War, certain men It was the unanimous opinion of my of the bill, and the Chair must interpret attempted to promote this industry, friends, and I jon with them now that that to mean that he is opposed to the basing it on improved machinery and the balcony is finished, that it is a fine bill. • processes; however, very little was done job. One of these constituents was an The gentleman from North Carolina in spite· of the serious need. One in- architect. I think. without any question qualifies. The Clerk will report the mo­ it improves the general appearance of the tion to recommit. , ventor claims that he now has a cheap The Clerk read as follows: and effective method to process yucca White House from the south. It adds to leaves in . mass production on what the picture. It fills out a certain vacuum Mr. KERR moves that the bill be recom­ amounts to an assembly-line basis, and that was there with the columns alone. mitted to the Committee on Appropriations. can produce it as cheaply as the foreign Furthermore, I understand it Will save Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, I move the article can be had even in peacetime. I something through the years in money in . previous question. . am not prepared to vouch for the ac- the purchase of -awnings, in view of the The previous question was ordered. XCIV-287 4548' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15

The SPEAKER. The question 1~ on Potts Sasscer Thomas, N.J. The res:ult of the ·v~te was announced Poulson Schwabe, Mo. Thomas, Tex. as above recorded. the motion to recommit. Preston Schwabe, Okla. Tibbott The motion was rejected. Ramey Scoblick Tollefson A motion 'to reconsider wa.:; laid on the The SPEaKER. The question is on Rankin Scrivner Towe table. Rayburn Seely-Brown Trimble . WE ARE' ENTITLED TO KNOW the passage of the bill. Redden Shafer Van Zandt Mr. TABER. Mr. Speaker, I demand Reed,N. Y. Sheppard Vinson Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Speaker, it has Rees Short Vorys the yeas · and nays. Reeves Simpson, Ill. Vursell been well said that 1948 is America's year The yeas and nays were ordered. Regan Simpson, Pa. Wadsworth of decision. In this year will be decided The question was taken; and there Rich Smathers Walter the question of leadership which may Richards Smith, Kans. Weichel were-yeas 343, nays 3, not voting 84, Riley Smith, Ohio · Wel ch. affect our· national future in a vital meas­ as follows: Rizley Smith, Va. Wheeler ure. '"'Leadership to be· chqsen this year Smith, Wis. Whittington [Roll No. •5) Robertson may well determine whether the United Rockwell Snyder Wigglesworth YEAS-343 Rogers, Fla. Somers W1lliams States of America, as we now know it, Abbitt Donohue Kearney Rogers, Mass. Spence Wilson, Ind. will continue to live as a nation of free Abernethy Dorn Kearns Rohrbough St anley Wilson, Tex. men. Albert Daughton Keating Ross Stefan Winstead With that somber thought before us, I Allen, Calif. Douglas Kee Russell ..... Stevenson Wolcott Allen, Ill. Durham Keefe Sabath Stockman Wolverton urge attention of every Member of Con­ Allen, La. Ellis Kelley Sadlak Sundstrom Wood gress, every Representative of a congres­ Almond Ellsworth Kennedy St. George Taber Woodruff sional district in each one of the sov­ Andersen, Elsaesser Kerr Sanborn Talle Youngblood Sarb ~cher Teague ereign States, to the need of knowing not H. Carl Elston Kilburn only the candidate who seeks elevation to Anderson, Calif. Engel, Mich. Kilday NAYS-S Andresen, Engle, Calif. King leadership, but the backers of each can­ August H. Fallon Kirwan Isacson Marcantonio Ppwell Andrews, Ala. Fellows Klein didate, what motivates them, and him. Andrews, N.Y. Fenton Knutson NOT VOTING-84 Today we are viewing the returns from Angell Fernandez Kunkel Bakewell Gallagher O'Toole the second of two State-wide Presidential Arends Fisher Landis Battle G1llie Pfeifer preference primaries in which major Arnold Fletcher Lane Bell Gordon P~oeser Auchincloss Fogarty Lanham Bishop Gorski Plumley candidates for the nomination of the Re­ Banta Folger Latham Boggs, La. Gross Price, Fla. publican Party for President went before Barden Foote Lea Bolton Harless, Ariz. Price, Ill. the people. Barrett Forand LeCompte Boykin Harris Priest Bates, Ky. Fuller LeFevre Buckley Harrison Rains The first was that in Wisconsin on Bates, Mass, Fulton Lemke Bulwinkle Hartley Reed, Ill. April6. As you all know, Ha-rold Stassen, Beall · Gamble Lesinski Byrne, N. Y. Heffernan Riehlman former Gov.ernor of Minnesota, won 19 Beckworth Garmatz Lewis . Carroll Holifield Rivers Bender Gary Lichtenwalter Chiperfield Jackson, Calif. Rooney delegates to the Republican NationaJ Bennett, Mich. Gathings Lodge Clark Jarman Sadowski Convention, and Gen. Douglas MacAr­ Bennett, Mo. Gavin Love Cole, N.Y. Javits Scott, Hardie thur 8. Gov. Thomas E. Dewey, of New Blackney Gearhart Lucas Colmer Jenkins, Ohio . Scott, Bland G1llette Ludlow Cox Kefauver Hugh D., Jr. York, third competing candidate, won Blatnik Goff Lyle Crow Keogh Sikes no delegates. Bloom Goodwin Lynch Cunningham Itersten, Wis.- Smith, Maine Examination of that primary's figures Boggs, Del, Gore McConnell Dawson, Ill. Larcade Stigler · Bonner Gossett McCormack Delaney Lusk · Stratton reveals that a change of from two to five Bradley Grah am McCowen Devitt McMillen, Dl. Taylor votes in each of the election precincts Bramblett Granger McCulloch Dingell Macy Thompson in the State would have changed the en­ Br~m Grant, Ala. McDonough Dirksen Manasco Twyman Brooks Grant, Ind. McDowell Eaton Mansfield Vail tire picture. Brophy Gregory McGarvey Eberharter MiUer, Nebr. West The Nebraska primary- of April 13 Brown, Ga. Gr.i1llths McGregor Elliott Morgan Whitten shows that Stassen, competing in a seven­ Brown, Ohio Gwinn, N.Y. McMahon Evins Morton Worley man primary race, polled approximately Bryson Gwynne, Iowa McMillan, B. C. Feighan Norrell Buchanan Hagen MacKinnon Flannagan O'Konski 43 percent of the total vote cast as against Buck Hale Mack approximately 35 percent polled by the Buffett Hall, Madden So the bill was passed. se.c"ond high man, Governor Dewey, of Burke Edwin Arthur Mahon The Clerk announced the following Burleson Hall, Maloney New York. Approxim~tely 22 percent of Busbey Leonard W. Martin, Iowa pairs: the vote was spread among the five other Butler Halleck Mason General pairs until further notice: candidates-Senator Robert A. Taft of Byrnes, Wis. Hand Mathews Mr. Cole of New York with Mr. Gordon. Camp Hardy Meade, Ky. Ohio; · Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Canfield Harness, Ind. Meade, Md. Mr .. Eaton with Mr. Gorski. Michigan; General MacArthur; Gov­ Cannon Hart Merrow Mr. Hartley with Mr. Price of Illinois. Earl Warren of California, and Speaker Carson Harvey Meyer Mr. Dirksen with Mr. Colmer. Case, N.J. Havenner Michener Mr. McMillen of Dlinois with Mr. Keogh. Joseph W. Martin, Jr., of Massachu­ case, S.Dak. · Hays Miller, Calif. Mr. Jenkins of Ohio with Mr . .Carroll. setts-in that order of finish. Celler Hebert Miller, Conn. Mr. Hardie. Scott with Mr. Boggs of Louisi- In that 22 percent of the total vote cast Chadwick Hedrick Miller, Md. Chapman Hendricks Mills ana. for other than the first two candidates Chelf Herter · Mitcb,ell Mr. Macy with Mr. Larcade. in the Nebraska voting is the vote which Chenoweth Heselton Monroney Mr. Jackson of California with Mr. Whitten. may determine which of the seven-can­ Church Hess Morris Mr. Bakewell with Mr. Heffernan. Clason Hill Morrison didates is the real choice of the people of Mr. Chiperfield with Mr. Rains. It Clevenger Hinshaw Muhlenberg Mr. Crow with Mr. Stigler. Nebraska. could elect either. Clippinger· Hobbs Multer In both primaries the most cogent ob­ Comn Hoeven Mundt · Mr. Gallagher with Mr. Harrison. Cole, Kans. Hoffman Murdock Mr. Miller of Nebraska with Mr. Richards. servation made is that .a well organized, Cole, Mo. Holmes Murray, Tenn. Mr. Scoblick with Mr. Dingell. smoothly functioning political organiza­ Combs Hope Murray, Wis. Mrs. Smith of Maine with Mr. Cox. tion, working down to the level of the pre­ Cooley Horan Nicholson Mr. Taylor with Mr. Harris. cinct, produced the narrow margin of cooper Huber Nixon Mr. Riehlman with Mr. R ivers. Corbett Hull Nodar victory-a 5-percent switch would more Cotton Jackson, Wash. Norblad Mr. Ploeser with Mr. Byrne of New York. than cover a change of .top rating. Coudert Jenison Norton Mr. Reed of Illinois with Mr. Delaney, This evidence of the results of ·a well­ Courtney Jenkins, Pa. O'Brien Mrs. Bolton with Mr. Sikes. Cravens Jennings O'Hara Mr. Cunningham with Mrs. Lusk. organized machine's ability to win.is par.. Crawford Jensen Owens Mr. Bishop with Mr. Mansfield. ticularly true of primary elections where Crosser Johnson, Cal1f. Pace Mr. Ross with Mr. Pfeifer. a comparatively small portion of the vote ; Curtis Johnson, Dl. Passman Dague Johnson, Ind. Patman Mr. Hugh D. Scott, Jr., with Mr. Battle. at the general Presidential elections in Davis, Ga. Johnson, Okla. Patterson Mr. Stratton with Mr. Morgan. November turn out. Obviously, the fewer Davis, Tenn. Johnson, Tex. Peden Mr. Devitt with Mr. Rooney. the total number of voters, the .more ef­ Davis, Wis. Jones, Ala. Peterson Mr. Twyman with Mr. Eberharter._ Dawson, l{tah Jones, N.C. Philbin Mr. Morton with Mr. Holifield. fective is the voting of the organized body Deane Jones, Wash, Phillips, Calif. Mr. Plumley with Mr. Feighan. of voters in the working force of a ma­ D'Ewart Jonkman Phillips, Tenn. chine. Dolliver Judd Pickett Mr. Vall with Mr. Evins. Domengeaux Karsten, Mo. Poage Mr. Gillie with Mr. Manasco. Only the naive will say that political ~ondero Kean Potter Mr. Gross with Mr. Harless of Arizona, machines are not exp~nsive. '

1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4549 Headquarters niust be established and This figure is used bepause it is .the figure obligations. Everyone knows that a man manned. · on which treasurers of political commit­ is influenced by those who assist him. Vast quantities of campaign 'literature tees are required to report to the Clerk , And because Mr. Stassen-should he· win · must be printed and distributed. of the House on contributions and ex­ the Presidential nomination and elec­ Radio time must be scheduled-and penditures in general elections. tion-will ·undoubtedly be influenced by paid for. Question 3: How many of the men ac­ those who contribute to his campaign, Newspaper advertising must he pro­ tive financially or politically in further­ either · financially or in other ways, be­ vided-and paid for. ing your aspirations for the Republican cause he will undoubtedly surround him­ Halls must be provided for meetings. Presidential nomination were active in self, as do all su~cessful candidates, with Transportation must be provided, and the 1940 and 1944 campaigns of Wendell those who assisted him, the people, as a housing accommodations, for speakers Willkie? · matter of right and fairness, should be and their staffs. Question 4: How many financial con­ advised by Stassen of the answers to the · The more extensive the organized po­ tributors to your campaign for . Presi­ questions which are here most respect­ litical campaign, the greater the amount dential nomination are connected with fully subnlitted. of money which must be spent~ international banking Interests, or wl.th EXTENSION OF REMARKS It· is no political secret that some men the so-called big business groups, and Mr. JENSEN asked and was g~ven per­ and certain groups of men, for various with what groups? mission· to ext"end his remarks in the reasons, some selfish, some good, some I ha-ve heard reports, Mr. Speaker, that RECORD and include a speech by Maj. Gen. bad, intensely interested in the election the aggregate of funds, contributed to Ulysses S. Grant, III. of Government leaders, contribute, di- National and State committees backing Mr. CROSSER asked · and was given ·rectly or indirectly, to the campaigns of the Stassen campaign, may be as high as. permission to extend his remarks in the b'oth major political parties. Under this $750,000. I do not know that this is so, RECORD on the subject of a world govern:­ system, no matter which party wins, but if it should be as much as. half ·of ment. these individuals or groups see a man that amount I believe the voters of Mr. GOODWIN asked and was given elevated with whom they have favorable America should know it, and the names permission: to extend his remarks in the contact. and business connection of those who RECORD and include an address by the Existing laws provide means by which provided the money. Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. the voting public may be informed of . ~he There ·is no charge that it is illegal, or Mr. SARBACHER asked and was given amounts of money spent for candidates that ·t is wrong for individuals or groups permission to extend his remarks in the for national office by all parties in the seeking the election of a .man they be­ RECORD and include an address recently general elections. . lieve is a proper man, to provide that delivered by Congressman PATTERSON, of No law provides any means by which man with the necessary funds to put his Connecticut. the voting public may be informed of the qualifications before the voters. Mr. McMAHON asked and was given amounts of money spent by candidates But, Mr. Speaker, I contend that the permission to extend his remarks in the seeking party nomination at primaries or same public accounting for contributions RECORD and includes a resolution adopted at State conventions, at higher than and expenditures for nominated candi­ by the Queens County Council of the State level-.. No publication is required dates at general elections should also ap­ Veterans of Foreign Wars. under existing law of the amounts spent ply to the contributions and exp~nditures Mr. SADLAK asked and was given per­ nationally by candidates seeking party on behalf of candidates seeking nomina;. mission to extend his remarks in· the nomination for the office of President, tion. The time for full publicity about RECORD and include -a radio address. Vice President, or Presidential elector. backers and motivation is before two Mr. BEALL asked and was given per­ Mr. Speaker, I believe that this ques­ men are named by national conventions mission to extend his remarks in the tion of financing of candidates for nom­ to go before the people. The time for RECORD and include an editorial from the ination to national or State office is publicity is not after nomination when Baltimore Sun. something that every voter is entitled to the grass-roots voters may only make a Mr. GAMBLE. Mr. Speaker, I ask lmow before that candidate is nominated: choice between two. unanimous consent to extend my- re­ The financing of a candidate may well Some members of the press, and some marks in the RECORD and include an ad­ indicate the motivation of his backers. professional politicians, seem .amazed at dress by Henry T. Stichman. I am in­ Mr. Stassen, the winner in the Wiscon­ the strength shown by Mr. Stassen in formed by the Public Printer that this sin and the Nebraska primaries, in each Wisconsin and Nebraska. To those of us will exceed two pages of the RECORD and of which the smoothly functioning po"" who are not politicians, there is nothing will cost $337, but I ask that it be printed litical machine backing Mr. Stassen has startling nor amazing in the result of notwithstanding that fact. been a matter of press comment, has the primary vote. While other candi­ The SPEAKER. Without objection, made a practice in his political meetings dates.. have been. attending to their o:qi­ notwithstanding the cost, the extension of opening up the closing periods of those cial duties, Mr. Stassen, footloose and may be made. ·meetings to questions from his audience. fancy free, has been personally meeting There was .no objection. I would like to ask Mr. Stassen, not the voters. To them he is a real indi­ ADJOURNMENT OVER from the floor of one of his meetings, but vidual. They have seen him; they have from this floor, a few pertinent, relevant heard him; many of them have shaken Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask questions. I hope that he will answer his hand·. They have listened to his unanimous consent that when the House them as freely and as openly as he has pleasing generalities, and naturally, as adjourns today it adjourn to meet at answered other political questions during every candidate for office knows, personal 11 o'clock on Monday next. the last 2 years. · contact with the individual voter is the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Question 1: In view of reports of the way to get his support. The.people, how­ the request of the gentleman from In- high cost of the Stassen campaign for ever, are entitled to know just who, what diana? : · Presidential nomination-some estimates interests, are back of Mr. Stassen·. Some, There was no objection. ranging as high as $750,000-are you before they vote for the selection of a CONSENT CALEND4R willing to state the aggregate amount Republican caindidate for the Presidency, Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask made available to your campaign, and would like to know whether he is an in­ unanimous consent that the Consent either spent or remaining available to be ternationalist, whether the candidate Calendar be called on Tuesday next. spent prior to the Republican National thinks more of the interests of other · The SPEAKER. Is there objection convention? You, or your headquarters, countries than he does of those of our to the request of the gentleman from presumably know these amounts on both country. They would like to kpow Indiana? . a national basis and on the basis of funds whether he is supported by or is under There was no objection. raised and used in your behalf by State obligation to so-called one-worlders or organizations. internationalists. CALENDAR WEDNESDAY BUSINESS Question 2: Are you willing to name Mr. Stassen appears to be the ·kind of Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask the contributors to your campaign funds, a young man who would not forget or unanimous consent that the call of the National or State, individual or groUp, ignore his friends and · supporters. committees in order on Calendar whose contributions have exceeded $100? Everyone realizes that friendship creates Wednesday next be dispensed with. 4550 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15

The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Judge, whose wisdQm, scholarship, and Mr. GEAR~T asked and was given the request of the gentleman from Indi­ fairness for over a third of a century in permission to extend his remarks in the ana? State and Federal courts dealt even­ REcoRD and to incl,ude extraneous matter. There was no objection. handed justice in hundreds of cases and Mr. NORBLAD asked and was given PROGRAM FOR NEXT WEEK helped to form and improve the prin­ permission to extend his remarks in the ciples of American law. RECORD and include an editorial from the Mr. HALLECK. Mr.- Speaker, I ask Tilamook News. unanimous consent to address the House AIR DEFENSE for 1 minute. Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, I ask THE ITALIAN ELECTIONS The SPEAKER. Is there objection to unanimous consent to address the House Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, I the request of the gentleman from for 1 minute. ask unanimous com;ent to address the Indiana? · The SPEAKER. Is there objection to House for 1 minute. There was no objection. the request of the gentleman from Cali­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I have fornia? the request of the gentleman from New asked for this t"ime to announce the There was no objection. York? program for next week. As has been Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Speaker, the There was no objection. . indicated, we will .meet at 11 o'clock on gentlemen on the Committee on Appro­ Mr~ MARCANTONIO. Mr. Speaker, I Monday. On Monday, as fixed by order, priation1?, as well as on the Aviation hold in my hand a copy of the Boston there will tie a joint session commem':' Policy Board, and the House in general Herald of April 8, 1948. The headline orating the fiftieth anniversary of Cuban will be glad to know that in a long dis­ says "United States to buy Italian elec­ independence. tance telephone call I have just received tion." Now, nobody can ever accuse the On Tuesday the Consent and Private from Mr. Thomas K. Finletter,. who was Boston Herald of being either prolabor Calendars will be called. chairman of the President's Commission or even slightly liberal. Yet we have On Wednesday we expect to take up on Air Policy, he congratulated the com- · here an open and a vowed admission and the bill S. 1641, known as the WAC-· mittee and the House for providing the confession of what certain elements in WAVE bill. additional amount of money for the Air these United States are trying to do On Thursday the Condon resolution Force. I am sure the House will agree under the name of preserving democracy of inquiry will be considered. with us, as well as with the President's in Europe. The program for Friday is undeter­ Commission and the Congressional Avia­ I would like to know just what kind of mined. tion Policy Board that prope_r action was democracy this is. I think I should point out that addi­ taken today to insure the United States of an adequate air defense. May I call attention also to a sentence tional rules which may be reported out in this-same article, which reads as fol­ of the Committee on Rules may be .called -EXTENSION OF REMARKS lows: ~ up. Mr. LICHTENWALTER asked and was Political methods similar to those once EXTENSION OF REMARKS given permission to extend his remarks in employed by the old Pendergast machine in Mr. JUDD asked and was given per­ the RECORD and include an editorial from Kansas City are to be .used by the Truman the Allentown Chronicle. administration in an effort fo sway the April mission to extend his remarks in the 18 elections in Italy away frt>m the Com­ RECORD in three instances, in one to in­ Mr. McCULLOCH asked and was given munists. clude a radio sp.eech and in the others permission to extend his remarks in the This is not limited to just Truman and some e~traneous material. RECORD and include the winning essay in the contest sponsored by the American the Democrats. It also says: THE LATE GEORGE EWING MARTIN Legion of Ohio. , Dulles master-minds new "cold war" plan Mr. VORYS. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. BVSBEY asked and was given per­ under secret agents. unanimous consent to address the House mission to extend his remarks in the So the bipartisan policy of war and for 1 minute. RECORD and include an article from the depression for Wall Street monopoly is The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Chicago Herald-American of April 15: showing the CommUnist domination of being carried out to an extent which our the request of the gentleman from Ohio? children and our children's children will There was no objection. the CIO Packing House Workers Union. look upon as a disgrace and a blot on Mr. VORYS. Mr. Speaker, I rise to Mr. JOHNSON- of California. Mr. Speaker, on yesterday I. obtained permis­ the history of the great American peo­ announce· the passing of Judge George ple. And I am confident that the Ameri- Ewing Martin, late. Chief Justice of the sion to extend my remarks in the RECORD . can people will respect the Italian people United States Court of Appeals for the and include some e.xtraneous matter. who refuse to be bribed. District of Columbia. He died last night I am informed by the Public Printer that here in Washington, at the age of 90. the extraneous matter exceeds the EXTENSION OF REMARKS •, Born in Lancaster, Ohio, . in 1857, he amount allowed under the rules and will Mrs. DOUGLAS asked and was granted served 33 years on the bench, first as a cost $189.34. Notwithstanding, I ·ask permission to extend her remarks in the common-pleas judge of the old seventh unanimous consent that the extension · Appendix of the RECORD in five instances judicial district of Ohio, then, by ap­ may be made. and to include certain extraneous matter. pointment of three Presidents, as a Fed­ The SPEAKER. Notwithstanding the Mr. DORN asked and was granted per­ eral judge. He was appointed by Presi­ cost, and without objection, the extension mission to extend his remarks in the Ap­ dent Taft to the Court of. Customs Ap­ may be made. pendix of the RECORD and include a letter peals in 1911; appointed by President There was no objection. from the city clerk and treasurer of Harding as Chief Justice of that court PERSONAL ANNOUNCEMENT Greenwood. in 1923, and appointed by President Mr. HOPE. Mr. Speaker, the gentle­ Mr. HAYS asked and was granted per­ Coolidge in "1924 as Chief Justice of the man from Indiana, [Mr. GILLIE], the gen­ mission to extend hiS' own remarks in United States Court of Appeals, serving tleman from Nebraska [Mr. MILLER], the RECORD. for 13 years until ~ :. is retirement in 1937. the gentleman from Texas [Mr. WoR­ Mr. McDONOUGH asked and was He was of a distinguished line of lawyers LEY], and the gentleman from Missis­ granted permission to exterid his re..; who have carried on for over 100 years in sippi [Mr. WHITTEN] are absent today marks in the Appendix of the RECORD. Lancaster, Ohio. His father, John D. on official business in connection with the P~SSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE Martin, was a lawyer, beginning 'in the investigation of the foot-and-mouth forties of the last century; his son, Wil­ disease, and for that reason ·were not Mr. ALMOND. Mr. Speaker, I ask liam K. Martin, now deceased, practiced present to vote on the appropriation bill unanimous consent to address the House in Lancaster, and his grandson, George which was just passed. for 1 minute and to revise and extend my Denman Martin, still carries on the great remarks. family tradition'' in Lancaster. EXTENSION OF REMARKS The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Judge Martin was my great-uncle, but Mr. GAVIN asked and was given per­ the request of the gentleman from Vir­ the courtly, kindly man known always to mission to extend his remarks in the ginia? me as Uncle George will go down fn the RECORD and 'include a statement by Gen. There was no objection. history of this country's jurisprudence O:Qlai: N. BradleY •. Chief of Staff of the Mr. ALMOND: Mr. Spe~ker, it is not as an able, intelligent, and industrious United States Army. - an easy thing to voluntarily dissociate

-·~ 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4551 yourself from membership in this tne that it was my privilege to speak in his clerks, performing necessary duties in greatest parliamentary body on the face home city. I learned there that he ·had the functioning of the House, should not of the earth. However; I had rather go endeared himself to the people of Vir• and cannot be required to respond to sub­ as a matter of volition than to 'be re­ ginia and to the district he represents penas issuing from the courts at a time called, even though I have entertained just as he has endeared himself to the and in such manner as will interfere with no fear as to the latter in view of the membership of this House on both sides the functioning of the Congress. The overwhelming reassurance from · my of the aisle. Constitution and the precedents hereto­ district. Mr. ALMOND. I thank the gentle­ fore established confirm this conclusion. I have enjoyed my brief service here. man from Michigan. After consultation with the Parlia­ I have tried in my humble way, with Mr. REES. Mr. Speaker, will the gen­ mentarian and the Speaker, I p~ esent what I considered becoming modesty, to tleman yield? three privileged resolutions and I a~ k for represent a great district and to make Mr. ALMOND. I yield to the gentle- their immediate consideration. my feeble contribution within the limi­ man from Kansas. , The Clerk read as follows: tations of my meager talents to the Mr. REES. I, as chairman of the House Resolut ion 540 cause of the greatest Nation on the face great Committee on the Post .Office and IN. THE HousE -OF R EPRESENTATIVES, U.S. of the earth. Civil Service, wish to acknowledge the Whereas in the case of the Uni ted States This is a great fraternity of men. At very splendid, outstanding, patriotic v. George . Marshall (No. 376-47, Criminal times we do not know Democrats from service on that committee by the distin­ Docket) pending in the District Court of the Republicans, because all of us, I am sure, guished gentleman from Virginia who United States for the District of Columbia, subpena duce tecum was issued by the Chief endeavor to the best of our ability to has the floor. Justice of said court and addressed to Robert represent that which is for the best in­ Mr. ALMOND. I thank the gentle­ E. Stripling, clerk of the Committee on Un­ terests of this Nation in a critical hour man from Kansas. American Activities of the House of Repre­ in world history. I go back to Vir­ Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, will the sentatives, directing him to appear as a wit­ ginia to serve my State as attorney gen­ gentleman yield? ness before the said court on the 8th day of eral. No Virginian can be heedless to March 1948, at 10 a. m., and to bring with Mr. ALMOND. I yield to the gentle­ him certain and sundry papers in the pos­ the call of his native State. I shall man from Oklahoma. never forget and ·I shall ever treasure session and under the control of the House Mr. ALBERT. I have had the privi­ of Representatives: Therefore be it as a tender spot in the garden of mem­ lege of sitting on the gentleman's right . Resolved, That by the privileges of this ory the friendships I have made, the in the great Committee on the Post Of­ House no evidence of a documentary char­ help and the cooperation I have received fice and the. Civil Service, and I want to acter under the control and in the possession from both sides of the aisle; and if I tell him that in my heart the chair will of the House of Representatives can, by the had my way, although this statement mandate of process of the ordinary courts of may be considered as political heresy, always be vacant on the left. justice, be t aken from such control or posses­ with rare exception I would reelect so Mr. ALMOND. Mr. Speaker, in clos­ sion but by its permission; be it further many in this body now to serve in the ing J;nay . I quote thos.e words from ·the Resolved, That when it appears by the King'S Message: order of the court or of the judge thereof, or I next Congress of the United States. of any legal officer charged with the admin­ Let me say, Mr. Speaker, that your And I said to the man who stood at the istration of the orders of such court or judge, fairness, your devotion to duty, your im­ gate of the year: "Give me a light that I may that documentary evidence in the possession partiality, your determination to preside tre~d safely into the unknown." and under the control of the House is needful over this great body in keeping with the And he replied: "Go out into the darkness for use in any court of justice or before any and put thine hand into the hand of God. judge or such legal officer, for the promotion fine and high traditions which have That shall be to thee better than light and been established by your predecessors of justice, this House will take such order safer than a known way." thereon as will promote the ends of justice have not only endeared you to both sides PRIVILEGES OF THE HOUSE consistently with the privileges and rights of the House but have endeared you to of this House; be it further the American people. It has been an Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Speaker, as R esolved, That Robert E. Stripling, clerk honor and a privilege to serve under the shown on pages 2266-2269 of the CoN­ of the Committee on Un-American Activities leadership of the present distinguished GRESSIONAL RECORD, of March 5, 1948, Mr. of the House of Representa~ives, be author­ Speaker and an equal honor and privi­ John Andrews, Clerk of the House, and ized to appear at the place and before the lege to serve under the leadership of Mr. Robert E. Stripling, clerk and chief court named in the subpena duces tecum investigator for the Committee on Un­ befo.e-mentioned, but shall not take with the great statesman from Texas, the him any papers or documents on file in his Honorable SAM RAYBURN. American Activities, advised the Speaker office or under his control or in his posses­ Mr. HOBBS. Mr. Speaker, will the in writing that each had been served with sion as clerk of the Committee on Un­ gentleman yield? • a subpena duces tecum issuing out of the American Activities of the House of Repte­ Mr. ALMOND. I am delighted to District· Court of the United States for sentatives; be it further yield to my friend from Alabama. the District of Columbia. These sub­ Resolved, That when said court determines Mr. HOBBS. Just a word to let you - penas required each to appear before that upon the materiality and the relevancy of court on the day named in the subpenas the papers and documents called for in the know that we respect to the full the subpena duces tecum then the said court sentiments that you have expressed. We and to bring with them certain files, pa­ t hrough any of its officers or agents have full love you, we love the district from which pers, and documents which are the :Prop­ permission to attend with all proper parties you come, not only because it sent us erty of the House and in the custody of, to the proceeding and then always at any you but your predecessor, Cliff Wood­ and under the control of, said Clerk of place under the orders and .control of this rum, whom we knew so well, and there­ the House of Representatives and said House and take copies of any documents or fore we loved your district even before clerk of the Committee on Un-American papers in possession or control of said clerk you· came, and we love it more now. We Activities. of the Committee on Un-American Activities of the House of Representatives that the are so regretful that the good fortune Each of these clerks, recognizing. the court has found to be material and relevant, of Virginia is made in having you to privileges of the House as established by except minutes and transcripts of executive ascend the throne with single responsi­ rule and precedent, asked the Speaker sessions, and any · evidence of witnesses in bility as her attorney general. for instruction as to what his action respect thereto which the 'court or other We wish you all Godspeed and the should be in the premises. proper officer thereof shall desire, so as, how- best of luck in everything wherever i1 Said subpenas were returnable on may take you, and as long life as it March 8, 1948. However, the said court 1 ~:~~r:h~y p~~!e~~~n c~!r~a~~ ~~~u~~~-i~~~ on Un-American Activities of the House of makes you happy. proceedings were adjourned until a fu­ Representatives shall not be disturbed, or the Mr. ALMOND. I thank the gentle­ ture date and said clerks now ask for . _same shall not be removed from their place of man from Alabama. specific instruction concerning their re-­ file or. custody. under said clerk o.f the . Com­ Mr. DONDERO. Mr. Speaker; will sponding to said subpenas duces tecum. mittee on Un-American Activities of the the gentleman yield? I am sure it is the ·purpose- of the House of Representatives; and be it further Mr. ALMOND. I yield to my distin­ Speaker as well as the House to cooperate Resolved, That a copy of these ·resolutions guished friend from Michigan. at·all times with the courts of the land to be transmitted to the said court as a respect­ Mr. DONDERO. I wish to echo the the end that justice shall prevail. At ful answer to the subpena afore-mentioned. sentiment expressed by the gentleman the same time the privilege and the dig­ Mr. MICHENER. Mr. Sper>..ker, I note from Roanoke, Va., and say to the House nity of the House are involved, and these that in the re'solution reference is made 4552 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15 to the 8th day of March. That was The Clerk read the resolution, as fol­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the date these gentlemen were sub­ lows: the request of the gentleman from Penn- penaed to appear but the case, by agree­ Whereas in the case of the United States sylvania? · · · ment, was adjourned. until a subsequent v. John Howard Lawson (No. 1352-47, Crimi­ There was no objection. date. This resolution will permit these nal Docket) , pending in the District Court Mr. BUCHANAN. Mr. Speaker, in be­ Representatives of the House to appear of the United States for the District of Co­ half of the gentleman from California· at such times as not interfere with lumbia, subpenas duces tecum were issued [Mr. -HoLIFIELD], who has been unavoid­ will by the Chief Justice of said court and ad­ the work of the House. dressed to John Andrews, Clerk of the House ably detained en route from his district The SPEAKER. The question is on of Representatives, direc;ting him to appear to the Capitol, may I say that he has the resolution. as a witness before the said court on the wired me that he is in favor of an air The resolution was agreed to. 13th day of April 1948, at 10 a. m ., and -to force which in number and power should A motion to reconsider was laid on the bring with him certain and sundry papers be superior to any air force in the world, table. in the possession and under the control of and that if it were possible for him to Mr. MICHENER. ~r ..Speaker, I offer the House of Representatives: Theref6re be it be present at this time he would vote Resolved, That by the privileges of this another privileged resolution·

l948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 4553 to elect him to the highest post in their with certain diplomatic representatives of The SPEAKER. Under previous order Poland and other eastern European countries; of the House, the gentlewoman from Cal­ possession," continued the Herald Trib­ that he belongs to a certain American-Soviet ifornia [Mrs. DouGLAS] is recognized for une, the American Physical Society ad­ Science Society; that he has made friendly 30 minutes. dressed the following open letter to the speeches regarding Russian scientists; and DR. CONDON President of the Senate, Senator ARTHUR that he has encouraged the interchange of H. VANDENBERG, and the Speaker of the scientific reports with Russia. They omit .to Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Speaker, there­ House, Hon. JosEPH W. MARTIN: state that the diplomatic representative most action of the press to the attacks made Dr. Edward'Condon, whose loyalty has been discussed was a member of the United Na­ by the Special Subcommittee of the attacked by a public report of the Subcom­ tions Atomic Energy Commission, and a House Committee on un.:.American Ac­ mittee of the House Committee on Un­ fellow physicist, with whom Condon would tivities against Dr. E. U. Condon, direc­ American Activities, is a colleague of ours. naturally have scientific dealings; that the tor of the National Bureau of Standards, That we have every confidence in him as American-Soviet Science Society is an or• is one of the most striking occurrences a scientist and as a man is shown by his ganization, sponsored by the Rockefeller in my congressional experience. Irre­ election 2 years ago to the presidency of Foundation, for the purpose of making re­ spective of political leanings, the news­ the American Physical Society. He has held ports · of Soviet research available in this positions of great responsibility and trust country; that the friendly speeches were papers of this CQUntry, from East to in industry, in ·universities, in several vital made soon after the war, when a resumption West and North to South, have de­ phases of the war effort, and in several of scientific ·relations between this country nounced the procedures and tactics used branches of the Federal Government. All and the Soviet Union was desired generally by this committee. Typical of the opin­ of these positions are marks of confidence on by American scientists. One gets the im­ ions expressed are these few phrases: the part of people whose judgment cannot pression, from reading the attack, that the "Punishment by publicity," "Trial by be ignored. House committee is interpreting a natural headline," "Government by suspicion," We are, of course, not qualified to evaluate desire to share the results of scientific re­ "Masterpiece of unfair innuendo," from the incidents which have been adduced as a. search internationally as ·evidence of dis­ cause for doubt of his loyalty. Should these loyalty. such reputable journals as the New York incidents provide ground for such doubt Such persecution of Government scientists Times, the . Christian Science Monitor, they should be most carefully evaluated. can only result in a reluctance on the part and the New York Herald Tribune. Yet it is clear that the action of the sub­ of reputable scientists to take Government . · But the press of the Nation was not committee of the House Committee on Un­ positions, at a time when effective Govern­ alone in its condemnation of the tactics American Activities was not to evaluate such ment science is of the greatest importance and procedures in the attacks on Dr. incidents or to resolve such doubt but to to the welfare of the country. We believe Condon. A great body of citizens-lead­ create a situation in which this would be that the academy should go on record as most ~ifficult. We have grave fear that their opposing such methods. We propose the fol­ ers throughout the Nation-has ex­ action will tend to frustrate efforts of the lowing statement of our position: pressed profound indignation at the Government to avail itself of our scientific "The fellows of the American Academy of treatment accorded this honored and resources and will make dUficurt the collab­ Arts and Sciences condemn the un-American distinguished scientist and American. oration between scientists and the Govern­ procedure of the House Committee on Un­ Eminent individuals and important or­ ment, on which so much of our future de­ American Activities in publishing in the pub­ ganizations have voiced their distaste pends. lic press charges -of disloyalty against Dr. for and censure of the conduct of the Respectfully submitted by the officers and E. U. Condon, on evidence which clearly Hotise Committee on Un-American Ac­ council of the American Physical Society. appears inadequate, and without giving him tivities. Organizations and societies, in­ J. R. Oppenheimer, President; Karl K. an adequate opportunity to present his case." Darrow, Secretary; George B. Pegram, P. W. BRIDGMAN, dividuals, and spontaneous meetings re· Treasurer; J. A. Bearden; J. W. Buchta; Professor of Mathematics and sponded almost instantaneously and Karl T. Compton; Henry Crew; Lee A. Natural Philosophy, Harvard University. electrically to this unsubstantiated in­ Dubridge; Harvey Fletcher; F. W. E. M. MORGAN, dictment and judgment of Dr. Condon. Loomis; Theodore Lyman; Ernest Professor of Law, REACTION OF NOTED SOCIETIES Merritt; R. A. Millikan; P. M. Morse; Harvard University. I. I. Robi; Frederick Seitz; W. F. G. J. C. SLATER, Foremost among the organizations to Swann; John T. Tate; Louis A. Ttir­ Chairman, Professor of Physi cs, express confidence in the integrity of ner; Merle A. Tuve; George E. Uhlen­ Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dr. Condon and speak out in protest beck. against the action of the Committee on Meanwhile the American Academy of In a statement signed by Dr. Albert Un-American Activities was the. Ameri­ Arts and Sciences, one of the most dis­ Einstein and Nobel prize winner Dr. can Physical Society, which had never in tinguished and venerable groups of schol­ Harold Urey, the Emergency Committee its long and distinguished history com­ ars and professional men, with a history of Atomic Scientists charged the Com­ mented upon any public issue. The New extending back to colonial times, studied mittee on Un'-American Activities with a York Herald Tribune, commenting on the attacks and advised its members as disservice to the United States in its at­ this action,_reported on March 5, 1948: follows: tack upon Dr. Condon. The New York The American Physical Society, in a move To the Fellows of the American Academy of Herald Tribune summarized the state­ unprecedented for an organization devoted Arts and Sciences: ment of the group as follows: exclusively to the affairs of pure science, The attack can have as a result only the entered the field of politics yesterday with GENTLEMEN: A committee consisting of the undersigned has been appointed by the effect of making it increasingly difficult for a letter vigorously assailing the actions of tr ' United States Government to obtain the the House Committee on Un-American council of the academy to report to the fellows regarding the attack on Dr. E. U. services of able scientists, the statement said. Activities in reference to Dr. Edward U. The committee asserted also that the clear­ Condon. Condon, fellow of the academy, and Director The 1ett£'r was addressed to the President of the National Bureau of Standards, by the ance issued by the Department of Commerce and to Representative JOSEPH W. MARTIN, Jr., House Committee on Un-American Activities. • after an investigation of Dr ..Condon's loyal­ Speaker of the House. In content it was We have looked.into the published informa­ ty has made it unnecessary for us to enter similar to others sent by organizations of tion, consisting of the report to the full into a discussion of the merits of the case. committee of the Special Subcommittee on scientists, such as a letter sent yesterday to On March 20, 1948, the 3,000 members the President by the American Association of National Security, of the Committee on Un­ Scientific Workers. Tljle distinction between American Affairs; correspondence and press of the American Societies for Experimen ~ this message and those from other organiza­ releases from the committee anti the Depart­ tal Biology, consisting of five leading tions lies in the ·fact that the American ment of Commerce; and an address and re­ scientific societies-the American Physi­ Physical Society prides itself on its aloofness lease to t;tle press and radio by Congressman ological Society, the American Society of from all matters except the intricacies of CHET HOLIFIELD, of California. These dOCU• ments leave in our minds no doubt but that Biological Chemists, the American Soci­ pure physics. ety for Pharmacology and Experimental The letter was signed by the council of the committee has attacked Dr. Condon in the society, headed by Dr. J. Robert Oppen­ the press, by the use of insinuation and· in­ Therapeutics, the American Institute of heimer, director of the Institute of Advanced nuendo, without producing valid evidence of Nutrition, the American Association of Study in Princeton, N. J., and president, a·s disloyalty. The Secretary of Commerce takes Immunologists-adopted resolutions de­ Dr. condon was before him, of the American the same view, and supports Dr. Condofi's loyalty, as have the investigating agencies ploring the actions and procedures of the Physical Society. which have looked into his record. _ Congressional Committee on Un-Ameri- "Stressing the confidence in Dr. Con­ The charges against Dr. Condon consist . can Activities as inimical to the Nation's don that led 6,000 of his fellow physicists ·largely of statements that he has associated good. Typicat of these resolutions was 4554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL .15 that of the American Physiological Soci­ subcorpmittee's evidence as specious and In ~hese times there· is a paramount need for able sci~ntists in Government service, and ety which stated: unfair to a true representative of Ameri­ we cannot afford the penalty which will result 'Publicity given to accusations and insinua­ can Svientists, who during World War ll from a continuation of the methods employed tions against the loyalty of scientists and ·played a prominent role. in the develop­ by the Thomas committee in the case of Dr. other citizens before full coll_ection and ment of ·radar and the atomic bomb, Condon: evaluation of the evidence not only does which contributed so materially to Allied great personal injustice, but also defeats the victory. Dr. Frank B. Jewett, recently retired very purpose for which that House commit­ president of the Bell Telephone Labora­ These are only a few of the societie~ ·tee was established; for the effect of such at­ tories of the American Telephone & Tele­ tacks is to discourage loyal scientists and and established organizations which pro­ tested the attacks. There were many graph Co .• past president of the National other citizens from entering Government Academy of Sciences, "'and one of the service, to distract and intimidate many now others, including church groups, l~gal in service and to interfere with the effec­ associations, civil liberties groups, and leading Republicans in the State of New tiveness of their work. other public-interest organizations. Jersey, wired the emergency meeting: Meanwhile many spontaneous meetings Cannot attend Condon meeting tonight. In the city of Pittsburgh, two out­ Without regard to merits of this case, I standing organizations-the Association of ·protest, by unorganized individuals, strongly object tci measures of House Com­ of Pittsburgh Scientists and the Physical took place. mittee on On-American Activities in pub­ Society of Pittsburgh joined-in protest. SPONTANEOUS MEETINGS OF PROTEST licly.- condemning reputable Am,erican cit- The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette summar­ On March 11, 1948, 200 leading scien­ . izens without affording them opportunity to know specific charges or disloyalty and ized their protest on March 5, 1948: tists met in the city of New York to dis­ to answer same. Y9u may record my vie.ws. The Association of Pittsburgh Scientists cuss the attacks on Dr. Condon. They sharply criticized the House Committee on unanimously adopted the following reso­ Archibald McLeish, famed writer and Un-American Activities Thursday for pub­ iution: former Assistant Secretary of State, ad­ licly questioning the loyalty of Dr. Edward 0. 1. Our protest arises from proceedings in­ dressed the emergency meeting, de­ Condon, noted atomic scientist and head of claring: the National Bureau of Standards. stituted by the so-called Thomas Committee in the case of Dr. Edward U. Condon, Chief The action of the House of Representa­ Joining with the assoc.iation, the Physical of the Bureau of 'Standards of the Depart­ Society of Pittsburgh alsa verbally spanked tives in·· doubling the appropriation of its ment of Comm~rce, . formally cleared by the the congressional investigating committee Committee on Un-American Activities in Department's loyalty board. Thls irrespon­ the face of damaging and unanswered criti­ and asked Pres.ident Truman to rebuke the sible attack has injured the reputation of a cism of the committee in the press, on the House group. foremost scientist by innuendoes, rumor, and floor of Congress, and among the citizens of • • half truths. It has thereby adversely affect­ the coun~ry, is a challenge to American Dr. R. H. McCoy, chairman of the associa­ ed the natio11al welfare by demonstrating to opinion which will have to be m6t. It must tion's executive committee and a. University scientists that employment in vital £Cien­ be met, however, seriously and soberly and of Pittsburgh bioche~ist, added this com.­ tific activities of the Government may expose without the recourse ~o personal disparage­ ment: "Dr. Condon is· an outstanding scien­ them· to similar intimidation and abuse. ment which ha,s c'haracterized the commit­ tist of unquestioned loyalty." The Commit­ _ 2. Dr. Condon enjoys a reputatioJ;l of such tee's public statements. It is not the per­ tee on On-American Activities has no evi­ high standing among all hls scientific col­ sonality of Congressman THOMAs-or the dence to the contrary. leagues and the general public that any sug­ personality of Congressman RANKIN or' the The Physical Society's message to President gestion .of disloyalty coming from any source personality of Congressman Dies-which Truman, drafted at a meeting in the Mellon should be indignantly repudiated. The at­ makes the comm.ittee an object of concern Institute Thursday_ night, said that as col- , tack upon'1lim illustrates the utter ignorance to all who know the American past and be­ leagues of Dr. Condon, a former president of and the irre§Ponsibility of the Thomas Com­ lieve in ·the American future. It is the dam­ our society,. we know how absurd are the mittee. aging effect of the committee's methods on (committee's) charges. * · American institutions and the American 4. We commend Secretary of Commerce form of society. Specifically, it is the dan­ At the annual conference of the Amer­ Harriman 's decision not to surrender the con­ ger-the very real and present danger-that ican Society for Public Administration, fidential documents on which the depart­ the committee'.s conduct will undermine the Dr. Charles E. Merriam, professor emeri­ mental loyalty board's conClusion was based. defenses of individual liberty in the last tus of political science at the University 5. The recent performances of the House great stronghold of that liberty-the United of Chicago, denounced the ".stream of Committee on Un-American Activities forces States-and · betray the American cause, the conclusion among fair-minded people whether knowingly or not, to its most bitter, smearing att~cks, which do not formidable enemy. tend either to improve the morale of the either that its irresponsible procedures should be curtailed, or failing that, the com­ The essential struggle of our time is ob­ service or promote attachment to the · mittee should-be abolished as a thr-eat to the vious to all of us. It is the struggle between Government. Indiscriininate baiting of Uberties of the American people. the police state and the ·citizen state, be­ public servants stands across the way of tween government by terror and government the finest type of service and the liveli­ At this meeting Dr. Wendell Stanley, under law. The reason why the American est forms of allegiance to the common noted for his research on virus and win­ people fear Russia and ·detest communism ner of the Nobel prize, made the following is that Russia is a. police state and com­ good. It tends to drive men away from munism, wherever communism has come to the public service without which the Na­ statement: power, is government by terror. The rea­ tion cannot live." It is a tragic and 'horrible specta-cle when son why the American-people believe in the · The executive committee of the Atomic a group of men are engaged industriously Unit-ed States, and trust the American form and almost savagely in the destruction of of government, is that the United States is a Scientists of Chicago asserted on March the very thing that they shout from the citizen state, and the American Government 2, 1948, that "attacks of this nature on housetops they ate seeking to defend. Every a government under law. a distinguished scientist will increase the • right-thinking American favors effective and To maintain the citizen state a,gainst the Government's difficulty in obtaining the vigorous measures, especially in this· time of police state, which is its present, and often services of able scientists. If, as a result tension, to protect the securlty of the Nation, successful, rival, it is essential at any cost of such attacks,·Dr. Condon should per­ whether by Congress or by other departments and by every means to maintain the prin­ of Government, and most scientists are will­ ciple and practice of government under law. chance resign his directorship of the Bu­ ing to work under such measures, but the Only through goverm,nent under law can the reau of Standards in disgust, it is un­ methods of the Thomas committee, involving citizen be free to rule himself. The mo­ likely that the Governnient could find a public smeal's and character assassinations ment government by terror is substituted in successor of comparable talent and by means of insinuation and the principle any form or over any area, the wooden horse, standing." of association, do not aid the security of this has been introduced. into the walls, and the Another distinguished organization, Nation, fOl' such m-ethods will drive des­ city is in danger. Government by terror is perately needed scientists from Government an insidious and deadly thing. It infiltrates the Federation of American Scientists, service. The Thomas committee is actually a society, house by house, and street after . according to the New York Times on destroying the very thing it profess·es to de­ street, as the men f.tom the wooden horse March 4, 1948, accused the Committee fend, and it should be abolished or its meth­ took Troy. It silences those who oppose it·. on Un-American Activities of destroying ods modified drastically. Let the adminis;. It closes their mouths, either through force - the good name of a distinguished Amer­ tration a,nd Congress work out the best pos­ or fear. And in the end, as we ourselves sible security measure, and let there be an have seen in Russia and in Bulgaria and now ican physiCist of demonst1ated integrity end to this public demonstration of conflict, in Czechoslovakia and Greece and before in and patriotism. Prof. I!'obert E. Mar­ and above all- let us in this country see no Italy and Germany, it has- no· opponents. shak, who issued the statement on be­ more use made of the methods which have They have disappeared. They are silent-­ half of the federation, denounced the pecome the mark of the Thomas committee. silent or dead but in any case silent. 1948' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE · 4555 There are many forms, moreover, of terrori on the preceding evening, sponsored by nology rather than the mere deployment of not all of them v-isible to tre eye in auto­ the Washington Association of Scientists, vast bodies of infantry. matic rifles, lengths of rubber hose and the devoted to an examination of the attacks Therefore, if Congress and the Govern­ more refined instruments of the secret po­ ment are aware of this real meaning of mili­ lice. Men can be silenced, silenced or dis­ on Dr. Condon and their implications. tary strength, Congress ani the Government creq~ted but in any case silenced, by defama­ Dr. D. R. Inglis, professor of physics at should take prompt steps to remedy this tion. They can be driven out of the public Johns Hopkins University, addressed the situation which is driving and threatens to service, or rendered useless to the public group on the subject The Present Crisis . drive· scientists from its service. service, not by constitutional processes and in American Science: Very often the scientist has been looked upon as a gabby, garrulous creature anxious procedure, but by the publication of· dis­ ! do not think it necessary for me to dis creditable and unverified innuendoes about to spill the beans: this is nonsense. Scien­ cuss the absurd charges which have been tists recognize that security measures are them in the press·, or in that part of the press leveled at Dr. Condon during the last year: which is willing to print material of this inevitably necessary; what they often com­ These ridiculous attacks have already been plain of is an unnecessary amount of such kind. They can even be driven out of pri­ ably and keenly dissected by Congressman vate employment by vilification and dis­ measures in those zones where it is, first, CHET HOLIFIELD in his addre~;ses to the House meaningless and, second, actually harmful paragement without hearing or proof and of Representatives on July 22, 1947, and their means of livelihood destroyed. They to use. March 9, 1948, while editorials and radio Congress and the public must recognize can be disposed of, to all intents and pur­ programs like the ore we have heard tonight poses, as completely, and quite. as brutally, that the truths of science, the laws o'f na­ have aptly summed the story. , ture, are accessible to scient-ists the world by defamation as by force. Indeed, to the There are, however, far-reaching implica­ man who respects himself and his good name over; it · .only requires time and diligence. tions to these attacks, implications of which Now, we can handicap our own research by and the opinions of his fellow citizens, to the Nation should be aware: First, those the man of honor, that is to say, and the insisting on such security regulations in the pertaining to science and scientists and the dissemination of information that are un­ man of sensibility, liquidation by calumny contributions of scientists to the national is far more deadly than any other form of realistic. Moreover, we can hamper our ap:. public injury. welfare, and, second, those pertaining to the plication of the discoveries of research if constitutiona-l liberties of all citizens. ·As those results are not incorporated into our Let there be no doubt about it-to use a scientist and as one who has spent his life public vilification as an instrument of gov­ technology. For these reasons, scientists have ernment is to use terror as an instrument of with scientists, I propose to consider those been properly zealous of the needs of the government, and to use terror as an instru­ implications with respect to science, and the Nation in pointing out the dangers of mean­ ment of govermnent is to strike directly at crisis which public misunderstanding and ingless restrictions on the dissemination of the fundamental American institution-the abuse bring to American science. information. liberty of the individual under law. What Let us consider what these attacks mean The remarkable phenomenon of this pe­ troubles men who have studied the Govern­ to the · Government and its enormous sci­ riod is the unwarranted suspicion of scien­ ment of this Republic and who know the entific research program at the present time. tists. I would like to make two comments tradition out of which it came and who be­ I do not think it·an exaggeration to say that on this subject. First, the scientists have lieve that the great American dream of indi­ the · very possibility of such attacks, such demonstrated that they know how to keep vidual liberty can even yet be realized in this techniques of character assassination, such secrets. You may remember that long before world-what troubles men of this kind as procedures of "Punishment by publicity" the scientists were able to interest the Gov­ they watch the conduct of the House Com­ (as the New York Times puts it), mean that ernment in the atomic bomb, they imposed mittee on qn-American Affairs is the growing scientists and engineers are going to be very of their own accord a successful program of suspicion that that committee has little reluctant to enter Federal research age~cies. secrecy on their developments in this field. understanding of the American tradition and This will be particularly true of the abler Nothing leaked during that period, and at no conception whatever of the disastrous men. . , · . last the scientists, led by two foreign refugees, consequences of a policy of government by Enormous harm in this respect ha~ been convinced the President of the importance disparaging publicity. inflicted by this one attack. Further un;. of the program, and nothing has leaked from Certainly the committee has -little under­ warranted attacks can stifle Government re­ our scientists since then either. standing of government under law. Neither search completely. · Unfortunately, there is Second, I would like to point out that it is the law which shapes the legislative bra.nch no evidence that the committee which has , not only scientific matters that are important of the Government to which the committee attacked Dr. Condon is going to be content from 'the secrecy-of-information point of belongs, nor the law which shapes the judicial with him as the only sacrificial lamb. On view. . Since the discoveries of science can branch, the powers of which the committee the contrary, the witch hunt might even be be made by scientists anywhere-and usually sometimes . usurps, is respected in its hear­ extended to embrace all scientists as a class. are in different parts of the world within ings. As a committee of the legislative I do not. b'eHeve, therefore, that even the short periods-:the unenlightened public has branch, the Thomas group exists to advise direct implications of these attacks extend been goaded into an undue apprehension the House on legislation-which is the only to scientists in Government. The Gov­ over such matters. On the other hand, po­ House's business. There is little evidence In ernment is now engaged in extensive re­ litical decisions and secrets, whether national its hearings that this duty has ever suggested search programs carried on under contract or international, can in principle be con­ itself to the committee's membership. As a by universities and industry. The scientists trolled, and these are in some ways more committee arrogating to itself the functions here too will inherit the conditions imposed important. Yet very few days pass by with­ of the FBI an,d judicial functions which the on those actually in Federal service; and, out the disclosure-! should say leak--of House-with limited exceptions named in the again, scientists will be reluctant to risk some such matter from some statesman to Constitution-does not possess, the commit­ their reputations in such situations. It is some columnist. · tee might be expected to observe the basic only a reasonable inference that in the end One of the cardinal difficulties in the re­ safeguards of individual liberty which are even those scientists not engaged in Federal lationship of scientists to the Government respected by the American police and by research, whether in the Government or and Congress lies in the fact that the latter, American courts at all levels. These safe­ under some contractual relationship, will as well as the public, do not understand the guards the committee does not respect. It be enmeshed. nature of research or the methods of the acts regularly as prosecutor and judge, in The net effect will be simply this: . The scientist. These are ma,tters that are ex­ some cases announcing its judgments even Government will find it impossible to attract ceedingly di~cult to people without scientific in advance of prosecutions, in articles writ­ good men· for Federal work, whether the training. Witness the difficulty of obtain­ ten by committee members for popular maga­ relationship is direct or indirect. ing appropriations for Federal research-in zines. It has denied those summoned before Let us, for the sake of a working hypothe­ contrast to, say, the relative ease with which 1-t the right to be confronted by their ac­ sis, accept the premise that short-range na­ the House Committee on Un-American Ac­ ct:sers, to call witnesses or to be represented tional security depends on military strength. tivities obtained a doubling of its appropri­ by counsel. And it has taken full advantage That, and even more than that, is the con­ ation. The latter was simple: the smearing of the parliamentary immunity of its mem­ tention of the Government; and its present of Dr. Condon got the committee headlines. bers to deprive those whose reputations it policies are based on this . assumption. The Research is a quiet working of trained minds attacks of rel1ef through suits for libel, while question then becomes: what do we mean and its problems are difficult to formulate in at the same time spreading its allegations by military strength? With each succeeding one-syllable headline words; such stuti and innuendoes over the less self-respecting war we have seen that the percentage of doesn't hit the headlines. sections of the press. In brief, it has used our forces actually engaged in combat has It is unfortunately easier to convince an the fiction that it is acting as a legislative decreased. Thus, in the last war only a very American that a scientist is a valuable in~:U­ committee-though it does not act as a small portion of our total forces ever saw vidual to have around in war than in peace. legislative committee-to justify its failure actual combat. At the same time, the prod­ The contributions of science to war are well to observe t¥ most primitive decencies of a ucts of science and technology have played known. To see that science is valuable in judicial body-which, in fact, and certainly increasingly greater roles . . I need only men­ peace, you must consider that our industrial in effect, it presumes to be. tion radar, the proximity fuze, the atomic technology is nothing more than an appli­ bomb and its role in the submarine war as cation of science; obvious though this is, I In Washington, the Evening Star of recent decisive contributions of science. So do not believe that Congress knows this, March 20, 1948; reported that an audi.! it is apparent that mil1tary strength now judging by its conduct. Most Congressmen ence of 600 persons attended a meeting means the applications of science and tech- might agree that the pure research of fifty 4556 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUS·E APRIL 15 or a hundred years ago was a. fine thing­ young men the country can produce, now summed up ·his opini-ons on the subject it runs our industry today. That pure re­ that we can no longer count on continuing in the final paragraph -of a letter to the search was done because scientists then loved to import brilliant Europeans to fill our sci- knowledge for its own sake. entific ranks. · editor of the New York 'Times on March Think of Michael ·Faraday, for example, Consider again the objectives and policies 3, 1948: one Of dozens of natural philosophers of his of our Government. The present program The conclusion to which most sensible peo­ day. Faraday was impelled by his cut:iosi:ty of opposing Soviet expansion involves mm.:. ple must come after reading of the attack on to find out more about the strange behavior tary developments, and these bring with Dr. Condon is that the Committee on On­ of wires with electric currents in them, them a very real problem of minimizing American Activities must be restrained or w·ith no idea that there would be electric Soviet espionage. The problem is one that abolished before lt does irreparable harm not locomotives and cities lighted by electric must be faced soberly and solved by genuine only to the reputation of a fine scientist who currents as a result of his findings. It is diligence and patience. It seems inevitable is serving his country well but to the whole just as important that we let the present that this means some limitations on the free­ future o~ science in the United States. scientists seek knowledge for its own sake. dom of those working on these military de· Without that incentive, ideas important to velopments. Reasonable limitations need Dr. Walter Rautenstrauch, professor our future mat"erial welfare would be missed. not interfere seriously with the work to be emeritus of industrial engineering at Scientists have developed powerful Intel.:. done nor with the q~ality nf the worker who Columbia University and former vice lectual procedures for seeking answers about can be obtained. But" attacks of the kind president and general manager of /the · how nature works. And they take the mac~e on Dr. Condon serve only to make Liberty Yeast Corp., and vice president of trouble to do it because they are curious much more difficult the real proQlem. In the J. G. White Management Corp., de­ about how nature works. They develop ma­ those attacks there is no evidence; there is scribed, on March 11, 1948, Dr. Condon chines, they develop mathematical methods. nothing but name-calling by innuendo and But I think it is much more important that association. • • • This amounts· to a as "very far from being anything but a they develop a peculiar sort of imagination sabotage of the real problem, by an unwar­ real, loyal American. I don't think necessary for this thing called science and ranted and unjustified smearing of a loyal there's any conviction on the part of the research. A man .who is not curious about and honored scientist. Tliis has served to Thomas committee that Condon is a sub­ nature but wants only to solve a technical delay our Nation's military preparations, by versive person," Dr. ·Rautenstrauch said. problem _pan learn about the machines or demoralizing the bulk of our scientists-not In the April issue of the Bulletin of the devices after they have been invented; he only those in Government, but throughout can learn the mathematical methods. But the Nation. Even more important in the Atomic Scientists, Dr. S. K. Allison, pro­ I believe that only a scientist curious long run, it· has served to undermine the fessor of physics,' consultant to the Na­ about the secrets of nature ever develops the prestige of science and will serve to destroy tional Defense Research Committee, and kind of imagination necessary to lead on the quality of our scientific work and reduce director of the institute for nuclear into new fields of investigation with the general welfare in the coming years. studies at the University of Chicago, peculiar agility that has characterized the wrote: contributions of great scientists in the past­ PROMINENT INDIVIDUALS PROTEST haphazard contributions to the knowledge Such meetings of groups as those As this issue of the Bulletin goes to press, and happiness and comfort and scope of above were typical of many throughout the latest denunciation by the House Com­ mankind. And, by the way, Dr. Condon is the Nation. Meanwhile, nationally mittee on On-American Activities is a lead­ one of these rare and unusual, imaginative, ing feature of the news. A subcommittee known citizens registered their indigna­ has branded Dr. E. U. Condon, head of the and inspiring scientists. tion publicly. It is possible through formal training to National Bureau of Standards, as "one of the provide men capable of using the techniques In Princeton, a group of leading Scien­ weakest links in our atomic security," and of science. and capable of talking the lan­ tists met and formulated their opinions demanded that W. Averill Harriman, Secre­ guage of science. It may always be possible in a telegram to the Secretary of Com­ tary of Commerce, either call for his resig­ for the Government to hire enough trained merce on March 3, 1948: · nation or present a statement "setting forth men to d.o routine scientific work and to ad­ the reasons'' why he is kept in office. In a We are profoundly disturbed by the recent preliminary reply, Mr. W. C. Foster, Under minister routine projects-perhaps even in charges made against Condon as reported in spite of witch hunts. But the man ,who is Secretary of Commerce, has pointed out. that the press. Condon was a respected member only recently the loyalty board of the De­ hard to find is the man with imagination...:.. of the department of physics here at Pril;l.ce­ the man who will do a superlative job leading partment considered Dr.. Condon's case and ton from 1928 to 1929 and from 1930 to 1937, found that "no reasonable grounds exist for to something new. These are the men we and we considered his departure a serious loss won't have if the smearing continues. believing that Dr. Condon is disloyal to the to our staff. Neither in th!).t period nor in the Government of the United States." How is. it possible to get scie:qtists to work years since have we had any reason to ques­ on developments needed by our Government? tion his loyalty or to lower our opinion of The charges brought against Dr. Condon First, scientists must be developed-and this him as a scientist or as a man. From long in the subcommittee's report seem to me, a means serious attention to our educational association with him, both personal and pro­ layman in legal matters, to constitute defa­ system from the grade schools and the high fessional, we are convinced that he is com­ mation of character by innuendo. The re­ schools, through the college and university pletely loyal to the United States, and we be· port contains reckless statements such as the levels. This must mean less emphasis on lieve that the Government is fortunate in following one concerning the activities of play and more incentive for hard work and having such an able and public-spirited phys­ Communists in this country: "They have really deep study, at least for some selected icist as Dil ector of the Bureau of Standards. gotten pretty far, because they got a man as young people. This would provide a future We hope that you will welcome this expres­ Vice President of the United States, and he is supply. But how about now? How do we sion of our opinion. now their candidate ' for President." This get first-rate mature scientists to work for Luther P. Eisenhart, Emeritus Professor suggestion that the handful of Communists the Government? Well, paying them more of Mathematics; Henry D. Smyth, in this country planned and accomplished adequately would help some. But the best Chairman, Department of Physics; the election of Mr. Wallace to the Vice Presi· scientists cannot be merely purchased: They · Solomon Lefschetz, Chairman, Depart­ dency is more suitable to a campaign speech are too curious about the way nature works tllent of Mathematics; Walker Bleak· than a written committee reporJ;. to sacrifice all scientific opportunities for ney, Professor of Physics;· Rudolf W. In the same vein, Dr. Condon by inference research for salary alone. They must be Ladenburg, Professor of Physics; Allen ls accused of a crime which carries the death given opportunities to do interesting re­ G. Shenstone, Professor of Physics; Al­ penalty if transmission of atomic "secrets'' search under conditions suitable for re­ bert W. Tucker, Professor of Mathe­ is involved. It is recommended that the at· search. Perhaps this is the crux of the mat­ matics; John A. Wheeler, Professor of tention of the President be called "to the fact ter: the other factors are necessary, but even Physics; Milton G. White, Professor of that the situation of Dr. Condon is not an with them . the lack of proper conditions Physics; Samuel S. Wilks, Professor ot isolated one, but that there are other Gov­ dooms the Government to failure. The Mathematics; Eugene P. Wigner, Pro­ ernment officials in strategic positions who proper cqnditions include freedom from sus­ fessor of Mathematical Physics. are playing Stalin's game to the detriment picion; freedom from mistrust; freedom from the insecurity that follows on the heels of of the United States." Dr. A. N. Richards, dean of the Uni­ Nothing in the evidence presented, con­ slander from Congressmen interested only in versity of Pennsylvania Medical School headlines and forgetful of the Nation's gen­ sisting of items such as alleged associa­ uine welfare. and president of the National Academy tion witl;l personnel of the Polish Embas~y. Should we then slap the scientists down of Sciences, declared on March 3:- 1948: conferences with foreign scientists, applica­ with unpr.oved and malicious sla11der as soon The colleagues of Dr. Condon in the Na­ tion for a passport to visit Russia, and mem­ as they attain positions of public · promi­ tional Academy of Sciences have the. utmost bership in the Rockefeller Fo"Qndation spon­ nence? Mr. THOMAS and his committee must confidence in his complete integrity and h1s sored American-Soviet Friendship Society learn that this is not the way to keep good loyalty. could possibly support so grave a charge, and, scientists working for the Government. It · assuming good faith, one could only con­ is not the way to attract our able young· men Dr. L. C. Dunn, professor of zoolo~y at clude that the subcommittee report WJ'lS into tne ranks of science for the future great­ Columbia University and a member of written in a state of hysterical irresponsi­ ness of America. America needs the ablest the National Academy of Sciences, bility. 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOl!SE 4557 To'me, having·known Dr. Condon for many tific information (something scientists appear that there is something hidden and years, his. simple statement that the charges everywhere favor)·, particularly by making reprehensible in what Condon has done and are untrue 1s sufficient. His alert and criti­ Russian scientific papers available in 1s doing. cal intelligence, his appreciation of wit and English. good conversation, lead him to associate with lV.Lr. THOMAS furtherm,ore plainly implies Dr. Jewett concluded: people of similar tastes, 'with no considera­ that Dr. Condon is dodging testifying be­ I have written you thus at length merely tion given to social or class distinctions. All fore the Thomas committee. Dr. Condon, with the. thought that you and others of our of us have recently met and enjoy.ed conver­ however, can h ardly be an unwilling wit­ New . Jersey Republican comll?-and should sation and discussion with foreign scientists ness. since he has never .been invited to • know that soMe of us good GOP boys disap­ visit ing us. In my experiences, it has been testi.fy, although he was visited in March prove strongly of · the type of publicity invariably true that the visitor realized that by two of the committee's investigators, Thomas is emitting. certain questions could not be answered, and with whom he cooperated completely. carefully avoided embarrassing me by asking One of the most distinguished and I have already included, earlier, Dr. them. . Jewett's recent comments on the March The Japanese were amateurs at supervising famed Americans,. a scientist, an engi­ neer, a business executive, and a prom­ 1, 1948, attacks on Dr. Condon. On the lives of their citizens. There the terror 1948, consisted · in denunciation of persons for inent Republican, is Dr. Frank B. Jewett. March 11, Dr. Jewett,- sensitive to dangerous thoughts. We have, in addition, It is worth noting some of the positions the destructive implications of the at­ dangerous acquaintances and dangerous din­ which Dr. Jewett has held in his long tacks on the future of science and gov­ ner parties. and brilliant career in American science, ernment, addressed a statement on Sci­ Treason is a crime abhorrent to everyone. business, and engineering: entists in Government at Work to the It is specially reprehensible in a . democracy editor of the New York Times: where there can be criticism of the Govern­ Transmission engineer, American Tel­ ment by those who believe its policies are ephone & Telegraph Co., 1904-12. An experience of 8 years as president of . wrong, and public . opposition may be con­ Assistant chief engineer, Western Elec­ the National Academy of Sciences and as a ducted without fear of reprisal or question tric Co., 1912-16. member of the National Defense Research of loyalty. Charges that such a crime has Chief engineer, Western Elect':ric Co., Committee throughout its life makes me been committed should not be made . in the conscious of the difficulty of getting many of 1916-21. our ablest scientists to undertake work for manner we are now witnessing. Vice president and chief engine·er, Dr. Condon should obtain legal counsel the Govunment under the best of condi­ and, under the law, seek what redreSfi. he may Western · Electric Co,, 1921-22. tions and enables me to confirm the opinion for the harm that has been done him. Vice president, Western Electric Co., expressed in your editorial of March 8 on 1922-25. tl!e Condon case. The attacks on Dr. Condon were recog­ Vice president in charge of develop­ In wartime scientists will volunteer, as all nized by distinguished Americans as long ment research, American Telephone & good citizens will, and put up with necessary ago as last year. Six of the Nation's Telegraph Co., 1925 until his recent re­ restraints and irritations. In peacetime, best-known leaders in science--four of tirement. however, the conditions of Government serv­ them ·winners of the coveted Nobel President of the Bell Telephone Lab­ ice are not attractive to many if not most prize-protested to the New York Times & of our ablest scientists. The restraints ·on oratories of the American Telephone freedom of operation and the petty an­ and to Science, official publication of the Telegraph Co., 1925-=40. American Association for the Advance­ noyances of bureaucracy are repugnant to Chairman of the board, Bell Telephone them. Hence they are not attracted by Gov­ ment of Science, which has a member­ Laboratories, 1940 to the present. ernment service, even though they know that ship of approximately 50,000. These, Vice chairman of the Engineering the problems presented for solution are im­ Dr. Irving Langmuir, associate director Foundation, 1921-25. portant. of the General Electric Corp.'s Research Chairman, Division of Engineering and If to these normal drawbacks is added the Laboratories; Dr. Wendell M. Stanley Industrial Research, National Research constant threat of being publicly pilloried as and Dr. Duncan Macinnes, of the Rocke­ Council, 1923-27. traitors without opportunity to learn the feller Institute for Medical Research; Dr. specific charges made against them and to I. I. Rabi and Dr. George B. Pegram, of Member, National Defense Research have their day in court in a public hearing, Columbia University; and Dr. Harold C. Committee, Office of Scientific Research scientists would be less than human if they Urey, of the University of Chicago, and Development, 1941-47. Qeclined to assume the risk. Those of us Trustee, Carnegie Institution. who spend a lifetime in science know the wrote: Trustee, Princeton University. extent and intensity of this feeling and the We wish to register a protest against two Member of the Corporation, Massa­ price the Nation will pay if the feeling recent articles by Representative J. PARNELL chusetts Institute of Technology. persists. THOMAS, of New· Jersey, chairman of the Irrespective of the .outcome of the charges Congressional Committee on Un-American President, National Academy of Sci­ which, without giving him an opportunity Activities. These are: Russia Grabs Our ences, 1939-47. to defend himself, have been made against Inventions (American Magazine, June) and I will not add other positions, nor will Dr. Condon, it is high time that Mr. THOMAS Reds in Our Atom Plants (Liberty, June 21). I mention awards and distinctions that and his associates changed their methods. Mr. THOMAS' articles are inaccurate to the have been conferred upon him. As long Even if the promptings of common· decency point of absurdity. Thus, in one, he says did not bring about ·a change there is a very that the National Bureau of Standards tests ago as last June 24, 1947, shortly after two articles by Congressman THOMAS ap­ practical reaso11 why they should, and the patents, which will be news to the Bureau reason is that they are endangering the and the Pat ent Office. Nevertheless, his at­ peared in popular magazines, attacking safety of the Nation at a crucial moment in · tacks on the patriotism and honesty of Dr. Condon, Dr. Jewett took cognizance Illistory. American scientists . are bound to be taken of the situation and recognized not only seriously by m any people and will do harm. the injustice to Dr. Condon but the grave Still another indication of the reaction We are particularly aroused at the treat­ implications to science and tl:e national of the Nation is the dinner held on April ment accorded Dr. Edward U. Condon, Di­ 12, at the Biltmore Hotel in New York rector of the Bureau of Standards, who, by welfare. On June 24, 1947, Dr. Jewett inference and innuendo, is made to appear wrote to a prominent fellow-Republican City, by scientists from every part of the engaged in reprehensible anq subversive of New Jersey in the following vein, re­ Nation as an expression of confidence activities. ferring to Congressman THOMAs' articles: in Dr. Condon. Dr. Harold C. Urey, pro­ Dr. Condon is a distinguished scientist, fessor of chemistry at the University of While I know that no one can· restrain r the director of a great national institution, Members of Congress from writing what Chicago, Nobel prize winner, and chair­ a former president of the America!l Physi­ they wish, I think it htgh time that some man of the dinner committee, had this cal Society, sometimes adviser to the Sen­ ate on matt ers concerning atomic energy, of you in the New Jersey Republican high to say of the attacks on Dr. Condon in and a former associate director of the command let Thomas know that articles announcing the dinner: Westinghouse laboratories. By no stretch like these are harmful and do neither the The undocumented and irresponsible at­ of the imaginat ipn is he a Communist or Nation nor the· Republican Party, and par­ tacks made by the House Committee on Un­ an unloyal American. ticularly those of us here in New Jersey, any American Activities on Dr. Edward U. Con­ Mr. THoMAS especially . attacks Dr. Con­ good. They are in the ·pattern of the worst don, Chief of the United States Bureau of don for h is membership on the board of di­ that t he Dies committee members put out. Standards, have disgusted all fair-minded rectors of the American-Soviet Science So­ Referring to Dr. Condon, Dr. Jewett Ame'rican·s. Conservatives and liberals alike ciety. 'This organization, which has received have united in condemning the methods of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, saic!, in this letter: Congressman THOMAS an d his associates, is in no way connected with any pro-Soviet By no stretch of the imagination. is he a who have it in their power to destroy the agency. It exists solely for the purpose of Commun jst or an unloyal American ·and yet reputation of any citizen by vague insinua­ ' furthering international exchange of scien- THOMAS h ad used his position to -make it tions.

• 45~8 CONGRESSIONAL RECORP-HOUSE APRIL 15 The scientific community h a&. reason to Thor:fin R. Hogness, University of Frederick Seitz, Carnegie Institute of feel a special sense of outrage at the un­ Chicago. · Technology. warranted attacks on the loyalty 'Of 'OUil' col­ Ernest A. Hooton, Harvard University, league. Many of us who have been closely Henry Semat, College of the City of associated with Dr. Condon over a long pe­ J. C. Hunsaker, Massachusetts Insti­ New York. riod-during h1s years of university teach­ tute of Technology and chairman of the Robert Serber, University of Cali­ ing, his associate directorsl).ip of the West- National Advisory Committee for Aero­ fornia. '-inghouse research laboratory, and especially nautics. Harlow Shapley, Harvard University, his period of invaluable service ·to his coun­ ' D. R. Inglis, Johns Hopkins University. John C. Slater, Massachusetts Insti­ try on the Manhattan District proj.ect--have Edwin G. Kemble, Harvard University. tute of Technology. good reason to place full confidence in his complete integrity and loyalty to American Earle H. Kennard, Cornell University. · Homer W. Smith, New York Univer­ institutions. · M.S. Khat asch, University of Chicago. sity. John G. Kirkwoc j, Cornell UniversitY. Lloyd P. Smith, Cornell University. The sponsor~123 in number-repre­ P. Gerald Kurger, Unive.rsity of Illinois . . Tracy M. Sonneborn, Indiana Univer- sent a veritable galaxy of scientific K. S. Lashley, Yerkes Laboratories. sity. stars, N9bel prize winners, heads of de­ Charles C. Laurit&en, California ~sti- Otto Stern, University of California. partments in leading universities, presi­ tut e of Technology, Otto Struve. Yerkes Observatory. dents of universities, national leaders in Andrew c. Lawson, University of Cali­ Richard M. Sutton, Haverford College. almost every· fteld of the sciences. The fornia. Leo Szilard, University of Chicago. sponsors are: . Solomon Lefschetz, Princeton Univer:. Edward Teller, University of Chicago . Dr. S. K. Allison, University of Chicage. sity. Edward L. Thorndike, Columbia Uni- Carl D. Anderson, California Institute Leo Loeb, Washington UniversitY. versity. - · of Technology. - ·. Ralph Linton, Columbia University. · M. A. Tuve, Carnegie Institute of Kenneth T. Bainbridge, Harvard Uni- M. s .. Livingston, Brookhaven Na- Washington. versity. . · · tional Laborat.ory. Harold C. Urey, University of Chicago. E. T. Bell, California Institute of Tech­ F. W. Loomis; University of Illinois. C. B. Van Niel. Stanford University. nology. Irving Lowen; New York University., J. H. Van Vleck, Harvard University. Hans A. Bethe. Cornell University. Robert H. Lowie, University of Cali- Oswald Veblen. The Institute for Ad.:. Raymond T. Birge, University of Cali- fornia. vanced Study. fornia. • Duncan A. Macinnes, Rockefeller In- Selman A. Waksman, New JerseyAgri~ FranCis Bitter, Massachusetts Institute stitute for Medical Research. . cultural Experiment Station. of Technology. Julian Mack, University of Wisconsin. Wiliiam W. Watson, Yale University. Lyle Borst, Brookhaven National Lab­ Henry Margenau, Yale University. D. L. Webster, Stanford University. oratory. Robert ·Marshak, University of Roch- VictorS. Weisskopf, Massachusetts In- Gregory Breit, Yale Univer~ity. ester.· · stit,ute of Technology. F. G. Brickwedde, National Bureau of Joseph E. Mayer, University of Chi- Herman Weyl. Institute for Advanced Standards. cago.· · .. Study. P. w. Bridgman, Harvard University. Richard L. Meier, Federation of Amer­ George H. Whipple, University of Harrison Brown, Universit}l of Chi- ican Scientists. · Rochesfer. cago. K. F. Meyer, University of California. J. B. Whitehead, Johns Hopkins Uni­ Perry Byerly, Universi~y of California. Leonor Michaelis, Rockefeller Institute versity. A. J. Carlson, University of Chicago. for Medical Research. Eugene P. Wigner, Princeton Univer- Robert F. Christy, California Institute Alan C. G. Mitchell, University of· In- sity. · · of Technology. diana. · L. A. Wills, College of the City of New Karl ·T, Compton, Massachusetts Insti­ Philip Morrison, Cornell University. York. tute of Technelogy. H . .Marston Morse, Institute for Ad­ R. R. Wilson, Cornell. University. Richard Courant, New York Univer- vanced Study. Hugh c: Wolfe, College of the City of ·Sity. - ·Philip .MC'rse.. Brookhaven National New York. Wheeler P. Daved, Pennsylvania State 'Laboratory. ~ . Jerrold Zacharias, Massachusetts In­ University. . F. R. Moulton, Smithsonian Institute. stitute of Technology. Peter J~ W. Debye, COrnell University. H; J . .Muller, University of Indiana. Oscar Zariski, Harvard University. Milislav Demerec, Carnegie Institute RobertS. Mulliken, University of Chi- M. W. Zema'QSky, College of the City of of Washington. cago. New York. David M. Dennison, University of F. D. Murnaghan, Johns Hopkins Uni­ Clarence Zener, University of Chicago. Michigan. versity. - These illustrations of the reaction of TheodQsius Dol:izhansky, Columbia . Harold H. Nielsen, Ohio State Univer­ important organizations, groups, and in­ University. sity. dividuals to the unwarranted and unfair L. C. Dunn, Columbia University. W. Albert Noyes, Jr., University of attacks on Dr. E. U. Condon are merely Vincent du Bigneaud, Cornell Univer­ Rochester. · representative. Neither time nor space sity. Linus Pauling, ·california Institute of permit the presentation of the full re­ Albert Einstein, Institute for Advanced Technology. sponse. 1 Startling though this response Study, Ernest Pollard, Yale University. is, it is even more significant, for this is Paul s. Epstein, California Institute of Daniel. Q. Posin, North Dakota State a period when we are all seriously con­ Technology. · Agricultural College. · cerned .with grave national and interna­ R. D. Evans, Massachusetts Institute of James Rainwater, Columbia Univer­ tional issues. In spite of these issues, the Technology. sity. best minds of the Nation were so out­ James Franck, University of Chicago. H. M. Randall, University of Michi- raged at the attacks that they have re­ W. H. Furry, Harvard University. gan. acted....;.._and reacted ~n no uncertain Paul Gross, Duke University. Williain Barita, Brooklyn College. terms. R. G. Gustavson, University of Ne- M. M. Rhoades, Columbia University. Those distinguished Americans who braska. . ·w. H; Rodenbush, University of Illi- know Dr. Condon-and there are many W. D. Harkins·, University of Chicago. nois. hundreds of these-have left no do~1bt Ross G. Harrison, Yale University. Vladimir Rojansky, Union College. about their knowledge of the integrity, William Havens, Columbia University. Henry Morris Russell, Princeton Uni­ the loyalty, the utter reliability, and de­ Michael Heidelberger, Columbia Uni- versity. pendability of this famed scientist,.whom versity. Edward 0. Salant, Brookhaven Na­ Fortune ranked as one of the 10 scien .. Karl F. Herzfeld, Catholic University. tional Laboratory. ttsts of top rank which this. Nation has W. A. Higinbotham, Brookhaven Na­ R. A. Sawyer, University of Michigan. developed in 200 years. - tional Laboratory. George Scatchard, Massachusetts In-. Both those who know Dr. Condon and Joel H. Hildebrand, University of Cali­ stitute of Technology. those who db not, . have left- no doubt fornia. G. ~· s~~borg, Unive~sit}' of 9_a.!~1~_!_~j~ · about their grave concern over the tac- 1948 , ,, CONGR-ESSIONAL RECOR~-HOUSE _ 4559 tics and proced1,1res of the .House Com­ Yet the same forces of obstruction­ not he will be master of tbe situation mittee on Un-American Activities. · the agents of world chaos-the planners when he embarks upon his project. One All have realized the appalling signifi­ of a world proletariat state-the inter­ finds strange bedfellows in world po~itics cance of these tactics and attacks in national Communists, whose god is today. terms of the future of the -progress of Lenin and whose prophet is Stalin, were S.o it was . with Colombia. I hold no science in this country' in terms of the determined that this new move in the brief for or against the Perez govern­ future of the relation of. scientists to the direction of world order and stability ment. Although unpopular with many Government·, in terms of the future of must be blocked at any cost. Sound thousands of Colo:r_nbians, it had been the national security and welfare which economies, public order, juridical proc­ duly · elected and constitutionally in­ rest on uninterrupted progress in science. esses, constitutional forms, and the ex­ stalled. Neither do I feel that the pressions of majority opinion have al­ Liberal PartY sanctions or endorses the PERSONAL ANNOUNCEM~NT ways been and will ever continue to be actions of the mobs undeJ their anarchist Mr. HARRIS. Mr. Speaker, on roll the greatest road blocks on the path to leaders. call 45 I am not recorded because I was a Red world. But the fact remains that the Red tide absent from the Chamber on official The Colombian Communist, like his last week touched the shores of the West­ business. · Had I been present I would counterpart here in America and in every ern Hemisphere, and with the sword and · have voted "aye.'' land, owes no loyalty to his native soil. torch the agents of international aggres­ Mr. COX; Mr. Speaker, on roll call His only allegiance is paid to the Krem­ sion have laid waste a capital city of one No. 45 I am not recorded because I was lin and he has long since lost the habit of the American Republics. For the first absent from the chamber on official of' original thought. He parrots his " time organized Red leadership has bared business. Had I been pre·sent I would Marxian philosophy like a ventriloquist's its teeth in an expression of riot, pillage, have voted "aye." dummy, and his devotion to civil liberties and slaughter that cannot go unnoticed · Mr. JACKSON of California. Mr. fs a touching thing to behold-until he by the other nations whose interest and Speaker, on roll call No. 45 I am notre­ obtains the whip han.d. He is an agent independence have been sq vitally af­ corded· because I was absent from the of a police state such as the world has fected by the uprising at Bogota, 'Colom­ chamber on official business. Had I been never seen, and his hatred of property bia, on the afternoon of Friday, April 9. present, I would have voted "aye." and those who hold it is second only to Whether or not the assassination of The SPEAKER. Under previous order his desire to personally acquire some­ the Liberal leader and idol, Jorge Gaitan, of the House, the gentleman from Cali­ thing for nothi~g. ·Lacking shoes, he de­ was an act of the Communists, a dis­ fornia [Mr. JACKSON] is recognized for tests those who wear them, and his ideol­ gruntled Liberal, or the Conservative ad­ 30 minutes. ogy leads him to set the torch to the shoe ministration itself will probably never be REPORT ON BOGOTA · factory in order that his innate infe­ known, so rapid was the action by which riority complex may better be disguised the assassin was hauled through milling Mr. JACKSON of California. Mr. in a shoeless world. The cold fact that mobs and lynched within the sight of Spe11ker, to begin with, may I say that he has never tried to earn a pair of shoes, thousands. But, sincere patriot or paid never has this great chamber looked as a suit of clothes, an automobile, or a ­ hireling, the lips that might have told welcome to my eyes as it does at the home never .infringes upon a mentality the world of the true story of his motiva­ present moment, nor has the warm feel­ better suited to looting, rapacity, and tion or his purpose have been sealed for­ ing I hold for the Members of this body murder. . ever. It is enough to k_now that the ever seemed quite as cordial. The old The rise of communism offered an in­ shots fired by his hand not only gave the adage that "Absence makes the heart ternational• sanctuary · for the mass signal for one of the most violent upris­ grow fonder" is most certainly applicable diseased minds of the earth. The inter­ ings in the history of th'e Western Hemi­ in the present instance. national paranolcs, under· the cloak of sphere, but, what is more important, gave Scarcely more than 2 weeks ago, I humanity long ago set forth to chart the United States and the other Repub­ left Washington as your observer for the a course of world ·conquest. Using the lics of the Continent a close-up view of Ninth Conference of American States at tools of fear, famine, and disease, these what any country can expect in the face Bogota, Colombia. Here it was hoped to parasites on the social body early dis­ of organized mob violence. draft an organic pact in cooperation covered that any promise, made often The proportion of Communists and with the other American Republics, a enough and fervently enough would serve Communist sympathizers in the mad­ pact which would act as a guide post in to list recruits for any cause, and there dened throngs which for 3 days looted our future relations with each other. were many people ready to listen' at the and burned their own national institu­ The conference was to · climax many beginning. Peasants who had toiled on tions and -facilities in Colombia, .prob­ previous discussions which had contrib­ fuedal land for centuries were happy to ably did not exceed 5 percent of the pop­ uted so much .to a better understanding rid themselves of landlords, who had de­ ulation, but under the prodding and · between the countries in this hemisphere. manded 50 percent of all the crops t~ey harangues of the Red leaders, they lost It was to be a pact within the framework raised. However, the tumult of joy·sub­ their sense of direction and purpose, and of the United Nations and was intended sided quickly under the new masters turned from a possibly legitimate expres­ to lend an added measure of strength and when from 65 percent to 80 percent of sion of national dissatisfaction with the stability to our relationships, not only the annual crops disappeared down the Conservative government to violence, with Latin-America, but with all of the red maw of the new master. bloodshed, arson, and looting. Grief for other countries of the earth. But Colombia is a peaceful land. For the untimely death of Gaitan turned in The opening sessions of the conference many years the sounds of war· had not a single hour to unrestricted mob vio­ were disposed of without untoward inci­ been heard.· Two generations of Colom­ lence, which spared neither shop, church. dents, and agreement was early reached bians had grown up in an era of tran- - public utility or institution of public which assigned the V.elegation members quillity. Some of the governments we~e service. Inflamed by initial success the to six committees, the duties of which good, some were bad, but none had been mobs milled in the streets, armed with were clearly set forth and whose func­ so corrupt as to render it nece~sary to whatever weapons they could obtain, tions were designed to facilitate consid­ bring it down with the sword. smashing windows and doors, overturn­ eration of the many questions of mutual There was a general dissatisfaction ing streetcars and busses, looting shops, self-interest, the resolution of which with the government of Ospina Perez, markets, and stores, and then setting the might contribute to a peaceful and pros­ the conservative. The Liberal Party, perous hemisphere. There was no and it should here be emphasized that torch to the shambles remaining, What thought expressed in any United States the Liberal Party is. by no means an agemt could be carried was taken, what could delegation meeting which I attended, of communism in Colombia, was deter­ not be lifted was smashed. Bolts of tex­ and I was present at most of them, that mined to change the administration, tiles were carried into the streets to be might have been interpreted by anyone There is nothing to indicate that ·the hauled their entire lengths through the as ·representing selfish interest on the party, as such, had in mind any othe~ gutters. Wanton and useless destruc­ part of the United States or which could course of action than that provi.ded con­ tion was the order of the day. conceivably indicate anything resem­ stitutionally. But when one considers -Foreigners sought refuge where they bling a design for hemispheric imperial­ courses of action in a world such as ours could find it, and it ·must be said that ism.- today, he must also consider wheth~r ~r many found their sanctuary under the 4560 CONGRES.SIONAL RECORD-HOUSE APRIL 15 roofs of the sincere and hospitable Co­ smoke which were to characterize this devotion to duty of the United States lombian people, upon whom the shame city for the next 3 days were rolling sky­ group was an inspiration to all who wit­ of these hours will long lay as a heavy ward. In every group there appeared to nessed the tragedy at Bogota. blight. Nor was the open repugnance be a leader with a plan. Orators ha­ Not one American was armed and con­ at the action of the mobs restricted to rangued the mobs and the most fre­ stant attempts were made by the rioters the upper or small middle class. It is quently heard phrase was "Abajo," which to enter any and all buildings. In spite shared by thousands and thousands of means "down with." After the first few o~ this continuous turmoil on Friday ordinary Colombian men and women, senseless minutes of apparent confusion, mght, the personnel remained orderly men and women who work for low wages the movement gained added impetus and and calm and did whatever they could to and for long hours but in whom love of a new sense of organization. Looting help facilitate the general welfare. . God, country, and human decency are broke out and the first fires in the busi­ Frequently we are prone to criticize the inherent. All of us who were in Bogota ness district were started. Firing, which work of those who serve us abroad in the during the first few hours of the upris­ was rare in the .first several hours be­ various delegations or the Foreign Serv­ ing wer_e st.ruck by the loyalty of the came more general as night approached. ice. I think I know something of war men and women who served in the most Considering that another attack on the and I believe that these were excellent menial positions, but who had come to Capitol was likely four of us decided on United States soldiers on a dangerous look upon us as friends and guests within an attempt to reach our hotel at about assignment if any ever were. their country. I can best illustrate this 3:30 p. m. The crowds were concen­ point by referring to our fiight from the Later, when evacuations commenced trated in the front of the Capitol, so it was found necessary to order some of -capital building, which was the· first of we left by the back street. We passed the personnel to leave their post of duty the ·national structures to feel the im­ through a great many grou~s being ha­ pact of the mobs bent on destruction. rangued by speakers. One of our num-: to return to Panama and the United The national capitol of Colombia, like ber, Edward Hidalgo, who speaks fiuent States. I, for one, am proud and happv the building in which this Congress sits, Spanish interpreted some of the phrases to have gone through the Bogota trageC:~ is a beautiful structure. Its parquet overheard in pass"ing. They consisted with the men and women who comprised fioors, its great chandeliers, its ceiling­ principally of "imperialism," "arise . our task fo.rce at the Conference . . They high mirrors, and the extreme good workers," and the usual Communist pat­ are splendid Americans and all should taste of its furnishing would have done ter familiar to the members of this body. know of their labors and their courage. justice to a much greater state than What might have occurred had we not Upon orders of Secretary of State Mar­ Colombia. The nation had spared no come upon a friendly Colombian is diffi­ shall, evacuations of all but vitally needed expense in making what it considered cult to state. In any event, he exposed personnel commenced on Saturday. suitable preparations for the Ninth Con­ himself to no little danger in offering us · Communications were still out of order ference of American states. Modern the use of his ancient car which was one but armed convoys were able to mov~ translation equipment was installed and of the very few to be seen intact on Bo­ from :Place to place under heavy sniper the complete building was refinished and gota streets last Friday. By a circuitous fire. A high priority for evacuations was repaired for what was to be a great and route through the looting and ugly assigned to delegates from all republics satisfying moment in the history of the crowds he finally brought us to our hotel and many other men, women, and chil­ country, that moment in ·which a free where we found a number of other mem­ dren of the Latin-American countries and independent Colombia would play bers of the United States delegation. were flown o~t of Bogota by the Twen~ proud host to her sister republics. Be­ Friday night found the United States tieth Troop Transport Command, based qecked with the fiags of the conference, group isolated in three principal loca­ in Panama. Incoming planes carried the capitol was a sight of splendor domi­ tions, although some iew others were rations in case of food shortages, and as­ n."ating the open square on which it faces. elsewhere in the city. At the United surances were given all delegations that Flanked by a magnificent cathedral on States Embassy approximately 65 per­ such rations would be made available to one side and shops and stores on the sons under the direction of Assistant them as needed. other two sides, the Plaza, during the Secretary of .State Norman Atmour, were What then, Mr. Speaker, are the por­ first day~ of the conference, gave little completely isolated from the American tents for America? What relation does indication of the bloody rioting that was delegation headquarters group directly an uprising in such a remote and inac­ to center around its fountains within across the street in the Edifico Ameri­ cessible place as Bogota mean in terms such a short few days. cano. · The delegation members were of the future welfare and security of the On Friday last your observer, togetl}er headed by Mr. Paul Daniels, Chief of United States? To me, the implications with three other members of the United American Republic Affairs in the De­ are clear. T1le uprising in Colombia is States delegation was having lunch in partment of State. Secretary Marshall not something that just happened, a the fine restaurant located in the Capi­ and others of the United States group chance meeting place for opposing forces tol ba~ement. Gaitan was murdered were isolated in their residences else- in basic confiict with each other. The shortly after 1 p. m. on Friday and with­ where in the city. - events of the past week, Mr. Speaker, in minutes the mobs were surging Communications on Friday night, save are but additional stitches in the cloth through the Plaza. The unarmed police for the raqio in the Embassy building, of violence, which will, when completed, . were powerless to cope with the situation were nonexistent. Fires almost com­ represent the triumph of brute force and were brushed aside by the rioters as pletely circled the two buildings and a over law and freedom. they streamed into the building. Red small blaze in the basement of the Em­ What has happened in Bogota can and fiags were in profusion and I personally bassy building was taken under control will happen. again in such places as New saw hammer-and-sickle flags. Using before it could seriously damage the York City, Chicago, and San Francisco stones, bricks, machetes, and boards, the structure. There was no food available unless we, wpo still remain free and un­ mob commenced a methodical tour of for the Americans in either building, al­ fettered gird ourselves for all-out battle destruction which was to render the first though" others of us at the delegation with the enemy. This . is war as truly fioor of the capitol building a shambles hotel were more fortunate in this respect. as-if we were opposed by armed might within a matter of minutes. The police During Friday night a crude bomb was and a physical enemy. What is more, reorganized and in a short while man­ thrown into the United States delega­ it is riot an enemy who shows quarter to ageq to eject the rioters from the build­ tion headquarters, but no casualties re­ the vanquished or mercy to the noncom­ ing. Delegates were herded to the upper sulted. batants. It is a foe unlike any monstros­ fioors and were told that they would be I feel that I would be remiss in my ity produced in all history, an adversary evacuated by army convoy within an duty as your observer if I did not mention to whom any means justify the end. hour. at this point the courage and high morale This body is presently considering In the meanwhile, the surging mobs of all of the United States delegation legislation to cope with the tragedy of turned their attention to automobiles, members during the entire course of the atheist_ic communism. It is my fervent streetcars, and buses in the Plaza square uprising. Thousands of miles from hope, and I know that this hope is shared and within 2 hours after the initial out­ home, with flame on three sides, with by millions of people throughout this break much of Bogota's transportation looting and marauding mobs howling country, that the finished measure will was in fiames, and the columns of black thr~mgh the streets, the courage and bear as many fangs- as the creature with

_, 1948 CONGRESSIONAL RECOHD-HOUSE 4561 which we have to contend; that it will and acts amendatory thereof and supple­ The Committee on un-American Activi­ match blow for blow and lash for lash; mentary thereto, and concur in the Sen­ ties is doing its best to protect this coun­ that it will guarantee at least one place ate amendment. try from the enemies within our gates on the face of the earth where a man The Clerk read the title of the bill. and I protest against these vicious at­ . can walk upright in h'!lman dignity and The Clerk read the Senate amendment, tacks on the committee by a Member ) freedom without fear of the sword, the as follows: whose record has been one of open an­ scourge, or the lash. Page 1, line 7, strike out "1948" and insert tagonism toward that committee from There can be no peace in a world di­ "1949." . the ·very beginning. vided between these two basic philoso­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS phies, and he who contends that there The SPEAKER. Is there objection to can be speaks out of the sheerest folly or the request of the gentleman from North ·Mr. CURTIS asked and was given per­ the deepest malice. We could not do Dakota? . . mission to extend his remarks . in the business with .Hitler and we cannot do There was no objection. . RECORD . . business with Stalin. The basic con­ The Senate amendment was concurred Mr. PATTERSON asked and was given cepts of America with respect to the fun­ in. permission to extend his remarks in the damental rights ,of man are entirely and A motion to reconsider was laid on the RECORD and include an article from the completely incompatible with any police table. Waterbury American. COMMITTEE ON UN -AMERICAN state order, no matter how disguised by SENATE BILL REFERRED its apologists and its advocates. ACTIVITIES Colombia is a milepost on the road of Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask A bill of the Senate of the following aggression. Its warning is clear to all title was taken from the Speaker's table unanimous consent to address the House and, under the rule, referred as follows: who witnessed the violence and -the for 5 minutes. bloodshed in Colombia. It will be fol­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to S. 2195. An act to amend and extend the lowed by other warnings, whose mean­ provisions of the District of Columbia Emer­ the request of the gentleman from Mis~ gency Rent Act, approved December 2, 1941, ings will not lend themselves to misin­ · sissippi? as amended; to the Committee on the District terpretation. The clamor, the tumult There was no objection. of Columbia. and the shouting will doubtless continue Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, on yes­ in the Kremlin, on the sad streets and terday, and I presume again today, the SENATE ENROLLED BILL SIGNED boulevards of an enslaved world, yes Mr. Member from California [Mrs. DouGLAS] The SPEAKER ·announced his signa­ Speaker, here on the floor of this House. proceeded to malign the Committee on ture to an enrolled bill of the Senate of There will be those who will proclaim the Un-American Activities and to put in the following title: · sins of omission and commission perpe­ the RECORD attacks on the chairman of 8 . 2038. An act to enable the Secretary of trated by Wall Street bankers, imperial­ that committee that should be stricken Agriculture to conduct research on,foot-and­ ists and all the rest of the nauseuous from the RECORD, and to quote from mouth disease and other diseases of animals tommyrot with·which our ears are daily various papers over the Nation state­ and to amend the act of May 29, 18.84 (23 filled by the front organizations, and the ments on a subject with which they are Stat. 31), as amended, by adding another Communist world press. In the mean­ not familiar, attacking the committee section. while, force, brutal and undisguised will because of the so-called Condon case. BILLS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT continue to ride roughshod over the I was not on the subcommittee that Mr. LECOMPTE, from the Committee home, the church, and the popular will. handled that case in the beginning. on House Administration, reported that Fortunately, sound counsel from lib­ But I know something of the facts in the that committee did on this day present erals and conservatives alike appears to case. prevail for the moment in the Colombian to the President for his approval bills of Mr. J. Edgar Hoover, the head of the the House of the following titles: Government. The delegations, proceed­ ' FBI, a great and patriotic American, H . R . 358. An act for relief of Hilario' A. ing again to their work, have received wrote a three-page letter on this Con­ guaranties of sufficient physical pro­ Goitia; · don case, and the Committee on Un­ H. R. 387. An act for relief of Hayato Harris tection to permit the resumption of the American Activities has'asked to' see that Ozawa; discussions. Although foiled temporar­ letter. H. R. 388. An act for relief of Bert Harring­ ily in their efforts to seize the nation for Because of our request, and because of ton, Jr.; their own purpose, there is no guaranty the information the Committee on Un­ ·H. R. 420. An act for relief of Esther Ringel; that the Communist agents will not American Activities has uncovered this . H. R. 421. An act for relief of Betty Isabel make early and renewed efforts to seize campaign of malicious attacks on the Schunke; power-not in the name. of the Co­ Committee on tin-American Activities is H. R. 560. An act for relief of Wilhemina lombian people, but in the name of being carried on. Piper Enz; bloodshed and carnage. The atomic bomb is the most danger­ H. R. 899. An act for relief of Mrs. Keum It is an hour of moment for the United Nyu Park; States. It is the hour of decision. To ous weapon the world has ever known. H. R. 927. An act for relief of the estate of block the Communists in their quest for A few of them would, almost destroy Mary D. Briggs, deceased; power here at home may conceivably in- · America if properly placed. This com­ H. R. 990. An act for relief of William B. fringe upon· some s:r;nall measure of the mittee has some information which we Moore; propose for the House to have. All we H. R . 1859. An act for relief of Philip Lee individual rights of those who are not are asking now is that this letter be Sjoerdt Huizenga; themselves Communists, but whose ac­ submitted to a committee of the House H. R. 1912. An act for relief of John A. tions lend every aid and comfort to the of Representatives. Dilboy; enemy. In the interest of the vast H . R. 1927. An act for relief of Margaret majority of the American people this I submit that no head of a department Katherine Hume; becomes our solemn and sworn duty. If has the right to pull down an iron cur­ H. R. 2213. An act for relief of A. J . there is one thing certain it is the fact tain between the Congress and those in­ Sprouffske; · that failing to take action in the near dividuals on the Federal pay roll whom H . R. 2250. An act for relief of Mrs. Daisy future will mean the permanent loss of we have a right to investigate. A. T. Jaegers; an even greater number of our own I have no ax to grind in this matter. I H. R. 2303. An act for relief of Mitsu M. American rights. have said time and again on this floor Kobayashi; It is better and easier to retain liberty that my country comes first. If it were H. R. 2425. An act for relief of August Dane not for the serious questions that are Tetuaearo; than it will ~e to regain it, once lost. H . R. 2427. An act for relief of Jose Cabral involved I would not serve on this com­ 1 . UNIFORM SYSTEM OF BANKRUPTCY mittee for another day. But I realize Lorenzo; H. R. 2557. An act for relief of Mable Gladys Mr. LEMKE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan- we are confronted wi-th some of the most Viducich; · . imous consent to take from the Speaker's ·serious problems that have ever come H. R. 2633. An act for relief of Claude T. desk the bill