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The Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680) Is Published Six Times Yearly at the Editorial Offices of the Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, Mars '94 Mission

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The Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680) Is Published Six Times Yearly at the Editorial Offices of the Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, Mars '94 Mission -- ~- ---~-~------------------~~--=--~-------------~-=-=--~--------------~---- A Publication of THE PLANET: rvSOCIETV o ¢ 0 0 o o • 0-e -e- Board of Directors FROIVI THE CARL SAGAN BRUCE MURRAY EDITOR President Vice President Director, Laboratory for Planetary Professor of Planetary Studies, Cornell University Science, California Institute of Technology LOUIS FRIEDMAN Executive Director JOSEPH RYAN Q 'Melveny & Myers MICHAEL COLLINS Apollo 11 astronaut STEVEN SPIELBERG director and producer THOMAS O. PAINE former Administrator, NASA HENRY J. TANNER lanetary missions---each one ranking Aims High-at Mars-The club of plan­ Chairman, National financial consultant Commission on Space P among the most ambitious projects et-exploring nations was once limited to Board of Advisors ever undertaken-begin with a glimmer­ the Soviet Union and the United States. DIANE ACKERMAN JOHN M. LOGSDON ing image of what might be possible. It is Now Japan and the European Space poet and author Director, Space Policy Institute, George Washington University the nature of these undertakings that they Agency have also launched missions to ISAAC ASIMOV author HANS MARK cannot be accomplished by an individual other worlds. And ESA is looking toward Chancel/or. RICHARD BERENDZEN University of Texas System alone, however inspired he or she might that most seductive of planets, Mars. educator and astrophysicist JAMES MICHENER be. The ideas that enable us to explore the Page 16-A Little Warmth Against the JACOUES BLAMONT author Chief Scientist, Centre National d'Etudes Spatia/es, MARVI N MINSKY planets can only be rendered real by enti­ Big Chill-Scientists once conceived of France Toshiba Professor of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts ties we call "space agencies"-such as comets within the Oort Cloud as primor­ RAY BRADBURY Institute of Technology poet and author NASA in the US, Glavkosmos in the dial bodies perfectly preserved since our PHI LIP MORR ISON ARTHUR C. CLARKE {nsfilute Professor, Massachusetts USSR, the Institute of Space and Astro­ solar system's birth. But recent research author Institute of Technology CORNELIS DE JAGER nautical Science in Japan and the Euro­ hints that these comets, under influences PAUL NEWMAN Professor of Space Research, The Astronomical Institute at actor pean Space Agency-bureaucracies creat­ from the galactic environment, may not Utrecht, The Netherlands JUN NISH IMURA ed to turn dreams into reality. In this be pristine. FRANK DRAKE Director-General, Institute of Space Professor of Astronomy and and Astronautical Sciences, Japan Planetary Report we look at ideas soon to Page 18-Can NASA Still Do the Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz BERNARD M. OLIVER Chief, SET! Program, reach fruition, at imaginative concepts for Job?-From the media darling of the LEE A. DUBRIDGE NASNAmes Research Center former presidential the future, and at NASA, the agency that, 1960s and 1970s to the embattled bureau­ science advisor SALLY RIDE Director, California Space Institute, although recently beset with problems, cracy of the 1980s, the American space JOHN GARDNER University of California, San Diego founder, Common Cause and former astronaut still looks forward to an expanding future agency has traveled a difficult road. With MARC GARNEAU ROALD Z. SAGDEEV on the Moon and Mars. perhaps its greatest challenge still before Canadian astronaut former Director, Institute for Space Research, Page 3-Members' Dialogue-The it-the Space Exploration Initiative that GEORGIY GOLITSYN Academy of Sciences of the USSR Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR HARR ISON H. SCHM ITI Planetary Society's position on astronomi­ would send humans back to the Moon and former US Senator, NM THEODORE M. HESBURGH and Apollo 17 astronaut cal observatories on the Moon and how on to Mars-we asked six NASA veter­ President Emeritus, University of Notre Dame S. ROSS TAYLOR storms rotate have caught the attention of ans for their views of the agency's past SH IRLEY M. HUFSTEDLER Professorial Fellow, Australian our members. and future. educator and jurist National University, Canberra GARRY E. HUNT LEWIS THOMAS Page 4-The Mars Balloon Relay­ Page 24-World Watch-Missions to space scientist, Chancellor, Memorial Sloan United Kingdom Kertering Cancer Center NASA's Mars Observer, scheduled to the Moon are engaging the attention of SERGEI KAPITSA JAMES VAN ALLEN reach Mars in 1993, will carry a radio re­ scientists and engineers, and the American Institute for Physical Problems, Professor of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR University of Iowa lay to aid communication with the Sovi­ space community is organizing to plan the et-French Mars Balloon probe on the implementation of President Bush's Space The Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680) is published six times yearly at the editorial offices of The Planetary Society, 65 North Catalina Avenue, Mars '94 mission. (The Mars Balloon will Exploration Initiative. Pasadena, CA 91106, (818) 793-5100. It is available to members of The Planetary Society. Annual dues in the US or Canada are $25 US dollars fly with a guide-rope designed by The Page 25-The Planetary Society's Fam­ or $30 Canadian . Dues outside the US or Canada are $35 (US). Planetary Society.) This small step in in­ ily Grows-We welcome distinguished Editor, CHARLENE M. ANDERSON Technical Editor, JAMES D . BURKE ternational cooperation began as a brain­ new additions to the Society'S -Boards of Assistant Editor, DONNA STEVENS Copy Editor, KARL STULL storm in the mind of Jacques Blamont, Directors and Advisors. Art Director, BARBARA SMITH Society Advisor. Page 26-News & Reviews-This Au­ Viewpoints expressed in columns or editorials are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent positions of The Planetary Society, its officers Page 9-The Key to Mars, Titan and gust, Magellan will enter orbit about or advisors. © 1990 by The Planetary Society. In Canada: Second Class Mail Registration Number 9567 Beyond?--Our exploration of the planets Venus. Clark Chapman comments on is limited primarily by our skills in what we expect to learn from it. COVER: The Space Race ofthe 1960s spawned a robust, propulsion. With bigger rockets, better Page 27-Society Notes-Honors, match­ energetic agency to conduct the American space pro­ gram. NASA launched a series of human missions, work­ fuels and faster spacecraft, humans and ing gifts and tips on correspondence with ing its way, step by step, to the Moon. On June 3, 1965, Gemini astronaut Edward H. White II became the first their robots could range throughout the the Society are among this issue's topics. American to "walk" in space, while his orbital compan­ solar system. Engineer Robert Zubrin de­ Page 28-Q & A-Can we predict aster­ ion, James A. McDivitt, remained inside the two-man cap­ sule. (Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the first human to scribes a type of propulsion-almost oid impacts? Why is there an asteroid "walk" in space.) The Gemini program served as a bridge within our grasp-that could enormously belt? How did the dinosaurs die? Find between the Mercury program, which sent the original seven American astronauts into space, and the Apollo advance our exploratory capabilities. some possible answers in this column. program, which would send three-man crews to their lu­ Page 14-European Space Agency - Charlene M. Anderson, Editor nar des.tination. Photograph: Johnson Space Center, NASA NEWS BRIEFS During the International Space Year of 1992 (an international effort to focus As administrators of a membership organization, The Planetary Society's Directors space studies on global change), Canada and staff care about and are influenced by our members' opinions, suggestions will produce the Global Change Ency­ and ideas about the future of the space program and of our Society. We encourage clopedia. The encyclopedia will not be a members to write us and create a dialogue on topics such as the space station, the book but will consist of computer disks, lunar outpost, the exploration of Mars and the search for extraterrestrial life. designed for personal computers with Send your letters to: Members' Dialogue, The Planetary Society, 65 N. Catalina color monitors. The encyclopedia will Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91106. combine and correlate diverse sets of measurements-global and regional­ The NASA photo on page four of the January/February Planetary Report is radically from a variety of satellite and ground­ wrong. The spiral rain bands feeding the tropical stonn are spiralling the opposite based studies, updating and adding to way for a low pressure system in the northern hemisphere. I suspect that the photo the data on a regular basis. was reproduced from a slide that was copied backwards or perhaps this stonn was in "This will be the first atlas of the the southern hemisphere. world to show animated land and sea You are correct in stating that cyclones (or low pressure systems) occur in all plan­ changes over an extended period of etary atmospheres. What makes these photos so interesting is that similar atmospheric time," says Wesley T. Huntress Jr. of fluid dynamics can be deduced from such photos of different atmospheres. By study­ NASA's Earth Science and Applications ing planet Earth, we can extend our knowledge of distant planets by correlation, Division. because many of the same physical concepts are applicable. The really exciting aspect -from Science News of such comparisons is the awesome magnitudes of planetary atmospheric motions. What you call a stonn in the caption of this photo would be a howling vortex of sev­ eral greater orders of magnitude on a larger and faster rotating planet. The real beauty In late February, Pioneer 11 crossed the here is that good estimates can be made of those fierce winds by the connections used orbit of Neptune and became the fourth by atmospheric scientists who study planetary atmospheres. spacecraft (along with Pioneer 10 and The thrust of this particular issue is quite practical-study Earth to gather the facts Voyagers 1 and 2) to leave the solar on planets and study planets to reinforce the lessons needed for living on Earth.
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