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Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Ontario
ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Open File Report 5811
Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Moosonee Area
By
Staff of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section
1991
Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this publication be made in the following form: Ontario Geological Survey 1991. Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Moosonee Area; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5811, 52p.
Queen©s Printer for Ontario, 1991
Ontario Geological Survey
OPEN FILE REPORT
Open File Reports are made available to the public subject to the following conditions:
This report is unedited. Discrepancies may occur for which the Ontario Geological Survey does not assume liability. Recommendations and statements of opinions expressed are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statements of government policy. This Open File Report is available for viewing at the following locations: (1) Mines Library Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 8th floor, 77 Grenville Street Toronto, Ontario M7A 1W4
(2) The office of the Regional or Resident Geologist in whose district the area covered by this report is located.
Copies of this report may be obtained at the user©s expense from a commercial printing house. For the address and instructions to order, contact the appropriate Regional or Resident Geologist©s office(s) or the Mines Library. Microfiche copies (42x reduction) of this report are available for $2.00 each plus provincial sales tax at the Mines Library or the Public Information Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, W-1640, 99 Wellesley Street West, Toronto. Handwritten notes and sketches may be made from this report. Check with the Mines Library or Regional/Resident Geologist©s office whether there is a copy of this report that may be borrowed. A copy of this report is available for Inter-Library loan.
This report is available for viewing at the following Regional or Resident Geologist©s offices: Porcupine - 60 Wilson Ave., Timmins P4N 2S7 Cobalt - Box 230, Presley St., Cobalt POJ ICO Sudbury - 2nd Floor, 159 Cedar St., Sudbury P3E 6A5
The right to reproduce this report is reserved by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Permission for other reproductions must be obtained in writing from the Director, Ontario Geological Survey.
V.G. Milne, Director Ontario Geological Survey
111
CONTENTS
Abstract...... vii Introduction...... l Location and Access...... l Physiography and Surficial Geology...... 2 Extractive Activity...... 3 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas...... 4 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area l...... 5 Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area 2...... 6 Resource Areas of Secondary Significance...... 7 Bedrock Geology and Resource Potential...... 7 Selected Bedrock Resource Areas...... 8 Selected Bedrock Resource Area 1...... 9 Selected Bedrock Resource Area 2...... 9 Sample Sites Outside of Report Area...... 10 Summary...... 10 References...... 30 Appendix A - Purpose, Methodology and Data Presentation of the Aggregate Resources Inventory...... 32 Appendix B - Suggested Additional Reading...... 40 Appendix C - Glossary...... 41 Appendix D - Geology of Sand and Gravel Deposits...... 44 Appendix E - Aggregate Quality Test Specifications...... 47
TABLES
1. Total Sand and Gravel Resources, Moosonee Area...... 12 2. Sand and Gravel Pits, Moosonee Area...... 13 3. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Moosonee Area...... 14 4. Quarries, Moosonee Area...... 15 5. Selected Bedrock Resource Areas, Moosonee Area...... 15 6a. Results of Coarse Aggregate Quality Tests, Moosonee Area and Northern Sample Sites...... 16 6b. Results of Fine Aggregate Quality Tests, Moosonee Area and Northern Sample Sites...... 17
FIGURES
1. Key Map Showing the Location of the Moosonee Area, Scale 1:1 584 000.....vii 2a-6b. Aggregate Grading Curves, Moosonee Area...... 18 7a. Mortar Bar Accelerated Expansion Test, Coarse Aggregate, Moosonee Area and Northern Sample Sites...... 28 7b. Mortar Bar Accelerated Expansion Test, Fine Aggregate, Moosonee Area and Northern Sample Sites...... 29
MAPS (Back Pocket)
1. Distribution of Sand and Gravel Deposits, Moosonee Area, Scale 1:50 000. 2. Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Areas, Moosonee Area, Scale 1:50 000. 3. Bedrock Resources, Moosonee Area, Scale 1:50 000.
ABSTRACT
Figure 1. Key map showing the location of the Moosonee area, scale 1:1 584 000.
This report includes an inventory and resources of approximately 72.8 million evaluation of sand and gravel as well tonnes. In addition, numerous river bar as bedrock resources for the Moosonee deposits have been selected at the sec area, northeastern Ontario. The report ondary level of significance. These is based on detailed field assessment river bar deposits provide alternate undertaken during the summer of 1990. sites for extractive development and The investigation was conducted in may add significantly to the resource order to determine the quality and base of the report area. quantity of the sand and gravel and bedrock resources for use in both road- The sand and gravel in the study building and general construction ap area is generally of good quality and plications. This information is re well suited for many road-building and quired for the evaluation of aggregate general construction uses. The mate resources development potential and for rial varies from sandy aggregate, suit land use planning decisions. able for road subbase, to coarse grav el, suitable for crushing. The main In the project area, two areas con sources of crushable gravel are the taining locally significant amounts of beach deposits located within the Rab sand and gravel have been selected as bit Ridge area. The abundance of sand resource areas of primary significance. in sections of these deposits has ne Selected Resource Areas l and 2 consist cessitated the use of selective extrac of beach deposits related to the an tion and sand control measures during cient Tyrrell Sea. These Selected Sand crushing operations. There are also and Gravel Resource Areas occupy large tracts of land within Moose and approximately 2700 ha. Previous extrac Horden geographic townships which con tion reduces the area currently avail tain little or no aggregate resources. able for extraction to 2650 ha, con Consequently, it may be necessary to taining possible sand and gravel transport aggregate lengthy distances
Vll to supply construction requirements in source protection within the report certain areas. area. Possible resources in the two Selected Bedrock Resource Areas are 295 The surficial deposits of this area million tonnes, are underlain by Devonian limestone and dolostone strata of the Stooping River Selected Resource Areas are not and Kwataboahegan formations. The Kwa- intended to be permanent, single land taboahegan Formation is considered the use units. They represent areas in most acceptable for potential extrac- which a major resource is known to tive development and the limestone is exist and such Resource Areas may be generally suitable for a wide range of reserved wholly or partially for ex- crushed stone products. Two areas have tractive development and/or resource been selected for possible bedrock re- protection.
IX
Aggregate Resources Inventory of the Moosonee Area Northern Ontario
By Staff 1 of the Engineering and Terrain Geology Section 1. Field work and report by E.G. Gorman and O.K. Arm strong; compilation and drafting by Staff of the Aggre gate Assessment Office. Assistance with field checking and review of this report was provided by the Moosonee District Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources. Manuscript accepted for publication by Chief, Engineer ing and Terrain Geology Section, June 21, 1991. This report is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey.
INTRODUCTION Crushed bedrock is an alternative source of aggregate in the study area. During the summer of 1990, the sand and The limestone of the Kwataboahegan gravel as well as bedrock resources of Formation is hard, resistant to weath the Moosonee area, northeastern On ering and is being extracted for a tario, were investigated by a two-per variety of aggregate products. son field party. The field party con sisted of a staff member of each of the LOCATION AND ACCESS Aggregate Assessment Office and the Paleozoic/Mesozoic Geology Subsection, The report area occupies approximately Engineering and Terrain Geology Sec 47 000 ha in the District of Cochrane. tion, Ontario Geological Survey. The study area is covered by the Mooso Although the results of this work would nee (42 P/7), Ship Sands Island (42 normally be released in an Aggregate P/8), Bushy Island (42 P/2) and Thyret Resources Inventory Paper, the Open Lake (42 P/l) map sheets of the Nation File Report format is used here in al Topographic System, at a scale of order to make this information avail 1:50 000. The report area encompasses able as quickly as possible. The pur Moose and Horden geographic townships pose and methodology used to prepare and the Rabbit Ridge (Askaskwayau this report are essentially the same as Ridge) area, which is unsurveyed. The those used for an Aggregate Resources islands and bars located in the Moose Inventory Paper, and are presented in River between the mouth of the Kwetabo- Appendix A. The format in which the higan River and James Bay were also information is presented on the maps is included in this study. explained on the map legends and in the appendixes. Population centres in the report area include the communities of Mooso This project was noteworthy in the nee (population of 1800) and Moose degree to which the various components Factory (population of 2000) (Moose of government, the operators and the Development Area Board 1991). Both communities co-operated and supported communities serve as commercial, indus this study. The authors would like to trial and institutional centres on a acknowledge the following organizations regional level. Moosonee not only who supported this project: Moose Band serves as the centre for provincial Development Corporation, Moosonee De governmental services, but acts as the velopment Area Board, James Bay Travel resupply point for the surrounding area Ltd., Ontario Northland Railway, M.J. and the staging point to supply coastal Labelle Co. Ltd., Ontario Ministry of communities further to the north. Moose Natural Resources and Ontario Ministry Factory, located on Moose Factory of Transportation. Island, is the oldest community settle ment in Ontario. The Moose Factory The ancient raised beach deposits General Hospital is located here and are important potential sources of sand serves the health care requirements of and gravel within the report area. the people of the Hudson Bay Lowland in Particularly notable are the raised Ontario. Factory Island Indian Reserve beach deposits located at Rabbit Ridge. l and part of Moose Factory Indian The Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Reserve 68 are located within the Areas discussed later in the text report area. include the deposits which are con sidered the best suited for extractive Rail access to the report area is development. A wide range of aggregate provided by a main line of the Ontario products can be produced from these Northland Railway that terminates at deposits and their continued availabil Moosonee. The Polar Bear Express and ity as sources of aggregate is impor Little Bear train use this track during tant. It is essential that planning the summer months and all year round, strategies recognize the value of these respectively. Summer road access is areas in land-use plans. generally restricted to a grid network on Moose Factory Island and within the community of Moosonee. A gravel-sur- faced road runs parallel to the Moose PHYSIOGRAPHY AND SURFICIAL River in Horden geographic township and GEOLOGY links the Labelle quarry to the commu nity of Moosonee. During the summer The report area is located within the months freighter canoes provide passen Hudson Bay Lowland physiographic region ger services between Moosonee and Moose (Bostock 1969). The Lowland is a flat- Factory Island. The Ontario Northland lying, featureless, swampy plain that Transportation Commission provides a slopes gradually towards James Bay at barge service for bulk freight trans an average gradient of l m/1.5 km (On portation between Moosonee and Moose tario Ministry of the Environment Factory. During the winter months, 1978). The study area generally con traffic between Moosonee and Moose sists of a mosaic of different wetland Factory Island is served by an ice types including fens, bogs and marshes. road. A winter road provides a trans Extensive peatlands overlie much of the portation route across frozen muskeg area. Stunted black spruce is the domi from Moosonee to the more northerly nant tree cover, with the best growth coastal settlements of Fort Albany, along stream, creek and river levees. Kashechewan and Attawapiskat. This Dense stands of white spruce, balsam route is passable by tractor train fir and balsam poplar also exist in which is effective in moving large well-drained areas. This area is part quantities of supplies and heavy equip of one of the largest wetlands in the ment. The Moosonee Airport, the only world. commercial airfield in the report area, enables another transport route to the Glacial deposits in the study area area. Float-equipped aircraft provides are related to the last major advance additional air access to the area. and melting of a continental ice sheet During fall freeze-up and spring break during the Wisconsinan stage of the up, helicopters are used to transport Pleistocene Epoch (informally known as passengers across the Moose River. the "Great Ice Age"). Reconnaissance level geological studies by Lee (1968), There are several features which Craig (1969), McDonald (1969), Skinner help to attract people north to the (1973), Martini et al. (1980), Shilts Moosonee area. Visitor attractions in (1986) and Prest (1990) cover all or the area include a variety of museums, parts of the study area. An aggregate churches, Native handicraft and cul resource assessment in the area of tural, educational and interpretive Moose Factory Island was prepared by centres. The old Hudson©s Bay Post and Marshall, Macklin and Monaghan Limited the historic Hudson©s Bay Company Staff (1986). House are located on Moose Factory Island. Tidewater Provincial Park (ap Within the project area, a discon proximately 900 ha), which consists of tinuous cover of till was deposited by four islands in the Moose River, is a ice that advanced in a southwesterly Natural Environment Park. Kwetabohigan direction during the most recent degla River Provincial Park Candidate occu ciation (Prest 1990). Exposures of this pies approximately 94 ha and is located stony, silty sand till are generally in the southwestern part of the report scarce. Where found, the till exists as area. The Ministry of Natural Resources a thin veneer over bedrock. Till is has proposed this park to meet specific usually not well suited for aggregate targets for recreation, tourism, pro use because it often contains excess tection and heritage appreciation. Ship fines and abundant oversize clasts. Sands Island, located at the mouth of Till may, however, be a suitable source the Moose River, is a Federal Waterfowl of fill in some localities. Sanctuary that is a natural attraction to both birdwatchers and naturalists. Once free of the Pleistocene glacial In the autumn, many sportsmen are ice, the Hudson Bay Lowland was inun attracted to the area for world-famous dated by marine waters (Skinner 1973; goose hunting. Martini et al. 1980). This sea, known as the Tyrrell Sea, covered the report area approximately 8000 years BP (Lee 1960, 1968; Skinner 1973). In the bars and islands. Some of the more deeper waters of this sea, horizontally recently formed river bars located bedded clay and silt were deposited. between Moosonee and Moose Factory Thick sections of this glaciomarine Island have been traditional suppliers clay and silt underlie most of the of silty, sandy aggregate. The shape report area, except for local bedrock and size of many of the recent river highs. During the recession of the bars are constantly changing because of Tyrrell Sea, prominent sand and gravel the Moose River©s ongoing deposition beach ridges were formed. These beach and erosion of materials. The thickness deposits are considered to be important of these recent river bars tends to be sand and gravel resources. Particularly greater than that of the older river notable in the study area are the bars because of this addition of raised beach deposits located at Rabbit material by the Moose River. The recent Ridge which generally consist of fine river bars located in the Moose River to coarse gravel interstratified with are more attractive as aggregate medium to coarse sand. These deposits sources than the older river bars for represent the most significant aggre the following reasons: 1) the accumula gate resources within the study area. tion of sand and gravel is greater, 2) there is less overburden, 3) there is Postglacial depositional and ero less established vegetation, and 4) sional processes have been of some im they are closer to the market, Mooso portance in changing the land surface nee. of the project area. Since deglacia tion, the land surface of the report EXTRACTIVE ACTIVITY area has been subjected to active iso static rebound. The ground surface is Nine sand and gravel pits and two still rising at a rate of 70 to 120 quarries are present in the Moosonee centimetres per century (Barnett 1966; area. During field investigations, the Webber et al. 1970; Martini et al. pits were observed at various stages of 1980). development since they are worked on a demand basis. One of the pits had been Tides along the James Bay coastline worked recently but several sites had are of the semi-diurnal form and range been inactive for a considerable period from 2 to 3 m in height at the mouth of of time. The discovery of other aggre the Moose River (Environment Canada gate deposits, identified during field 1977). Tides affect the Moose River as investigation, may lead to further pit far south as the mouth of the North development within the report area. The French River (B. Hunter, Ministry of location of the sand and gravel pits Natural Resources, personal communica and quarries are plotted on the maps tion, 1990). Extensive, low-lying, fea which accompany this report, and are tureless tidal flat deposits, consis described in Tables 2 and 4. ting primarily of fine-grained sedi ments, occur near the mouth of the In general, the sand and gravel Moose River. Ship Sands Island is an resources in Moose and Horden geo example of one such tidal flat deposit. graphic townships are considered to be limited. The Rabbit Ridge area, how Numerous river bars and islands ever, contains locally significant occur in the Moose River between the deposits of sand and gravel. The mouth of the Kwetabohigan River and material extracted from these deposits James Bay. These river bars have been has been used for a wide range of ag deposited by the Moose River as it gregate products including, with appro progressively incised the glaciomarine priate processing, crushed gravel. The clay and silt plain. Due to rebound of extraction of aggregate from these the land surface, the older river bars deposits only occurs during the winter have been stranded above the present because access to pit sites in the river water elevation and are locally summer is restricted by the surrounding found capping islands or riverbanks. swampy terrain. Thin accumulations of ice-rafted coarse gravel commonly occur on many of the Although numerous river bars are Selective extraction measures are rec located in the Moose River, extractive ommended to avoid sections containing activity has been concentrated on those abundant clay, silt and/or very fine that have been recently formed and are sand lenses. located between Moosonee and Moose Factory Island. Fine to coarse sand and Many river bar deposits have also fine gravel is dredged from these bars been selected at the secondary level of during winter months. significance. These deposits provide alternate sites for extractive develop Two quarries have been opened in the ment and may add significantly to the report area in response to a lack of resource base of the report area. crushable gravel in Moose and Horden geographic townships. These quarries The deposits selected at the primary operate mainly on a demand basis during and secondary levels of significance the winter months to produce a wide are generally thinner than selected range of crushed stone products. deposits in many other areas of Ontario. Average thicknesses of the Currently, stone and sand for high selected deposits in this project area specification concrete are imported by generally range from 1.5 to 2 m. rail from Cochrane, to supply ready-mix Bedrock and/or the water table are operations in Moosonee. likely to be encountered within 2 m of the surface at many locations in the SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL selected deposits. The presence of RESOURCE AREAS bedrock close to the surface limits the depth of sand and gravel extraction in Map l indicates the deposits which parts of the selected areas. contain granular material within the Moosonee area. These deposits occupy a Information used in order to deter total of approximately 4700 ha and mine the significance level of a sand contain an original resource tonnage of and gravel deposit include observations 120.3 million tonnes. Many of the on geological origin, topographic ex deposits have limited potential for pression and subsurface materials as extraction because of the restricted well as sample analysis. Pits, roadcut amount of resources available for ex exposures, riverbank exposures and traction, predominance of silt, fine river bar exposures constitute the main sand, and/or poor accessibility. sources of subsurface information in Consequently, only the most significant the report area. Because of the remote resources have been suggested for pos location of many of the deposits, sible resource protection. subsurface investigation was usually restricted to manual procedures of soil The sand and gravel deposits selec augering and test pitting, to a depth ted for possible resource protection in of l m, using a mattock and shovel. As the study area are shown on Map 2. Nine detailed information is usually un beach deposits related to the Tyrrell available at greater depths, resource Sea have been selected as sand and estimates for the selected deposits gravel resource areas of primary sig should not be treated as proven nificance. The beach material is gen resources but as possible resources erally well suited for extractive ac (see Glossary, Appendix C). Detailed tivity. The deposits consist predomi subsurface investigation using power nantly of subangular, fine to coarse equipment is recommended prior to gravel interstratified with medium to extractive development to determine the coarse sand. Varying amounts of fines quality of the aggregate at depth and were noted in some pit sections. These to delineate specific areas best suited primary resource areas occupy a total for extractive development within the area of 2700 ha. Previous extraction deposits. reduces the area currently available for extraction to 2650 ha, containing During field investigations, numer possible sand and gravel resources of ous samples were taken from pit faces, approximately 72.8 million tonnes. test pits and other exposures. All of the samples were tested in the labora Aggregate samples were also sub tories of the Soils and Aggregates jected to alkali-aggregate reactivity Section, Engineering Materials Office, testing to identify potentially reac Ontario Ministry of Transportation tive aggregates. When subjected to the (MTO), Downsview. In addition to grain Mortar Bar Accelerated Expansion test, size analysis (Figures 2a to 6b), nine the coarse fraction of the aggregate aggregate quality tests were performed samples generally exhibited low expan on the coarse and fine aggregate sion limits, however, the fine fraction samples. The results of these tests are of the aggregate samples showed slight portrayed in Tables 6a and 6b. The ly higher results. tests included petrographic analysis, percent crushed, Magnesium Sulphate The corrosion of reinforcing steel Soundness, Los Angeles Abrasion and in concrete is a major cause of the Impact, Absorption, Mortar Bar Acceler deterioration of concrete bridge decks ated Expansion and Water Soluble Chlo in Ontario. The concentration of chlo ride Ion Content. Micro-Deval Abrasion ride ions in concrete is one of the testing was carried out on many of the controlling factors of corrosion (Rog fine aggregate samples. The Mortar Bar ers and Woda 1977). Excellent Water Accelerated Expansion test results for Soluble Chloride Ion Content test the coarse and fine aggregate samples results were obtained for the coarse are also presented in Figures 7a and and fine fractions of the aggregate 7b. Results from the detailed coarse samples. The test data indicates that aggregate petrographic analysis of the it is unlikely that the chloride ions full fraction of the samples are por contained within the aggregates would trayed in table format (Table E2) in contribute significantly to the cor Appendix E. rosion of reinforcing steel in Portland cement concrete. In general, the aggregate in the project area is considered hard and Petrographic analysis of the fine durable and is generally of sufficient aggregate was carried out on 7 samples quality for most local applications, and the test results are generally where sufficient quantities of crush- excellent (see Table 6b) . Only minor able gravel are available. Granular amounts of undesirable lithologies such petrographic numbers ranged from 134 to as chert and shale, were noted in the 208, indicating that the gravel quality samples and in the field. Borderline is generally good and petrographically test results were obtained for Organic suitable for use in Granular A and Impurity testing and further testing of Granular M crushed stone products. The the sand would be recommended before hot-mix and concrete petrographic num being used in cement mortar or conc bers ranged from 196 to 257, all unac rete. Only one test result (MO-SS-5) ceptable values. These unacceptable failed, and excessive organic impur values are largely attributed to the ities are indicated. presence of undesirable lithologies such as chert and shaly carbonates Selected Sand and Gravel originating from the underlying shale- Resource Area l and chert-bearing Devonian bedrock formations. Magnesium Sulphate Sound Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area ness test results on the coarse frac l consists of three Tyrrell sea beach tion of the samples also indicate a deposits located at Rabbit Ridge. wide range of readings. Unacceptable Resource Area l is subdivided into losses may also be attributed to the Areas la and Ib. presence of deleterious lithologies from the underlying bedrock. When ag Pit no. l has been opened in gregate samples were subjected to Resource Area la. At the time of field Micro-Deval Abrasion testing, the fine investigation, faces in the pit ranged fraction of the aggregate experienced in height from 1.5 to 3 m. The esti acceptable to borderline weight loss mated gravel content in the pit faces results. ranged from 30 to 50^. A sample of the material taken from the pit contained 427. gravel, 562 sand and 22 fines (Fig Pit nos. 2 to 9 have been opened in ure 2a). The faces primarily exposed Resource Area 2a. Faces in these pits horizontally stratified fine to coarse were generally less than 1.5 m in gravel and medium to coarse sand. The height and contained fine to coarse material appears well suited for the gravel with a fine to coarse sand production of a variety of aggregate matrix. Silt seams were noted in some products including crusher-run gravel of the pits and should be avoided dur with appropriate processing. The abun ing extraction. Many of these pits were dance of sand in sections of the pit extensively used in the past and faces necessitates the use of selection and were slumped and overgrown. Bedrock was sand control measures during crushing observed in the floor of pit nos. 5 and operations. Granular A, 19 mm concrete 9. Estimated gravel contents were as stone and Granular B Type l have been high as 502. A sample taken from pit produced from pit no. l by the Moose no. 3 contained 462 gravel, 472 sand Band Development Corporation. These and 72 fines (Figure 2a). Overall, the aggregate products have been used deposit is considered to be well suited locally on Moose Factory Island for as a local source of road-building and road-building and general construction construction aggregate. Limited amounts uses. The 19 mm concrete stone has been of crushable gravel may be available used in basement foundations on the from localized pockets in the deposit. Island. The depth to bedrock may be variable in the undeveloped parts of Area 2a. The two beach deposits that consti Consequently, subsurface investigation tute Resource Area Ib are also poten is recommended prior to further extrac tial gravel sources. Test pitting and tive development. soil augering in these features uncov ered fine to coarse gravel and fine to Resource Area 2b is also a potential coarse sand. The gravel content of this source of gravel. Road cuts, along the material was estimated to range from 40 winter road which traverses this to 507.. Coarse granular material is deposit, exposed sandy fine to coarse common on the surfaces of these depos gravel. The gravel content of this its. The deposits appear to have sig material ranged from 30 to 502. Several nificant potential for extraction of l m deep test pits were also excavated both pit-run and crusher-run products, in this deposit. The test pits gen but detailed subsurface testing is erally uncovered fine to coarse gravel re©commended prior to extractive devel and fine to medium sand. The deposit opment. appears to be well suited for the ex traction of a variety of aggregate The three beach deposits that con products and may also be a potential stitute Resource Area l occupy approxi source of crushable gravel with appro mately 260 ha, of which 249 ha are priate processing. The resource poten considered available for extraction. tial of Area 2b appears to be similar Assuming an average deposit thickness to that of Area 2a, however, subsurface of 2 m for Areas la and Ib, aggregate investigation is strongly recommended resources are estimated to be 8.8 mil to assess the quality of the aggregate lion tonnes. The area is accessible at depth. during the winter months by a winter road that traverses the Rabbit Ridge Areas 2c to 2f are deposits that are area. also considered as potential sources of gravel. The deposit boundaries have Selected Sand and Gravel been delineated largely through aerial Resource Area 2 photograph interpretation. Although no pits have been established in any of Selected Sand and Gravel Resource Area the deposits, the areas are expected to 2 includes 6 Tyrrell Sea beach deposits contain materials similar to that found located in the Rabbit Ridge area. in Areas 2a and 2b and thus may have a Resource Area 2 has been subdivided comparable resource potential. Material into Areas 2a to 2f, of which Area 2a exposed at the surface of the deposits is the most extensive. and in a series of test pits ranged from fine to coarse sand to coarse MO-SS-2 and MO-SS-5). In general, the gravel. aggregate in these deposits is con sidered best suited for pit-run uses Resource Area 2 totals approximately and SSM. 2430 ha, of which 2410 ha are con sidered available for extraction. As The future development of these suming an average thickness of 1.5 m secondary areas will involve mitigative for both Areas 2a and 2b, aggregate measures with respect to the potential resources are estimated to be 64 mil loss of fisheries habitat. lion tonnes. A winter road provides access to Resource Area 2. BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND RESOURCE POTENTIAL Resource Areas of Secondary Significance Recent and glacial sediments in the project area are underlain by Devonian Several recent and older river bars limestone and dolostone strata of the have been selected at the secondary Stooping River and Kwataboahegan for level of significance. Extractive acti mations. The distribution of, and the vity has been concentrated in three contacts between, the formations are recently formed river bars located portrayed on Map 3. The bedrock surface between Moosonee and Moose Factory is relatively flat and the formations Island. Winter dredging operations have a gentle regional dip to the established in these bars have encoun southwest, towards the centre of the tered fine to coarse sand and fine Moose River sedimentary basin. The gravel. Samples of the dredged material general Paleozoic geology of the Moose contained 14 and 8ft gravel (Figure 4a, River Basin has been described by San MO-SS-3 and MO-SS-4). Results of the ford et al. (1968), and the Devonian analysis of the samples indicate that strata in the basin are described by the aggregate may be best suited for Telford (1988), Stoakes (1978) and use as Granular B Type l and Select Sanford and Norris (1975a, 1975b). Subgrade Material (SSM). Blending would likely be required to produce asphaltic The Lower Devonian Stooping River sand products. Historical MTO data on Formation underlies surficial sediments file indicates that dredged aggregate in the northern third of the project from these bars has been used for Gran area. Although not exposed in the pro ular B Type l and SSM. Sandy aggregate ject area, this formation was encoun from these river bars was utilized for tered in the Moose Factory Drill Hole the granular subbase during the con No. l, drilled on Moose Factory Island struction of the Moosonee Airport. by the Canadian Department of Public Blending sands have also been produced Works in 1949 (Sanford and Norris from the dredged aggregate and have 1975b). In this drill hole, the Stoop been used in conjunction with the ing River Formation occurs between 35. l quarried limestone for the production and 95.5 m below the normal high tide of Granular A. elevation, and consists predominantly of grey, variably argillaceous, fossil- The remaining river bars selected at iferous and cherty limestone, dolomitic the secondary level are older bars. The limestone, minor dolostone and calcar older river bars are generally less eous sandstone. The siliciclastic and attractive as aggregate sources because cherty constituents of this formation the sand and gravel found within them could severely restrict the use of the is not as thick as that found in the rock for the production of crushed recent bars. Exposures in these river stone products. The formation has not bars were generally less than 3 m high been selected for possible resource and revealed material ranging from fine protection because it is covered by sand to fine gravel. Occasional thick thick drift and the availability of lenses of silt were also observed. The better quality bedrock resources in the materials from three of these bars were Kwataboahegan Formation. sampled and found to contain less than 157. gravel (Figures 3a and 4a, MO-SS-1, In the southern two-thirds of the samples are borderline to unacceptable project area, the Stooping River Forma for asphalt paving and structural con tion is conformably overlain by the crete use. Unacceptable values may be Middle Devonian Kwataboahegan Forma attributed to the presence of undesir tion. This formation is generally able lithologies such as shaly partings covered by more than 3 m of drift, and chert within the Kwataboahegan although exposures can be found in and Formation. The presence of excessively around the Labelle quarry, in the high quantities of chert locally may floors of pit nos. 5 and 9 (Maps l and restrict high specification uses of the 2) located at Rabbit Ridge, and at limestone. various locations along the Moose and Kwetabohigan rivers and Maidmans Creek. The average weight loss during the The Kwataboahegan Formation consists of Magnesium Sulphate Soundness test for thin- to thick-bedded, light grey to the limestone samples was 2 to 9, which tan-brown, fine- to coarse-grained, is within the ranges for most products. very fossiliferous limestone with sub Los Angeles Abrasion test data for ordinate intervals of sparsely to mod limestone sample MO-SS-7 also indicates erately fossiliferous bituminous dolo an acceptable percent loss for most stone. Minor amounts of chert occur in products. Absorption test results for some scattered beds. The thickness of the limestone samples exceed the allow the unit varies from 24 to 77 m (Tel able limits for most high specification ford 1988). uses. However, the limestone could potentially be used in concrete if it During field investigations, 4 proves to have a satisfactory field bedrock samples from the Kwataboahegan performance, and if it is not deleteri- Formation were obtained for aggregate ously reactive. Excellent test results quality testing (Table 6a, MO-SS-6 to were obtained for all bedrock samples MO-SS-9). Limestone samples were taken when subjected to both the Mortar Bar from: 1) the floor of pit no. 5 at Accelerated Expansion test and the Rabbit Ridge (MO-SS-6), 2) the Labelle Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content quarry (MO-SS-7), and 3) an outcrop test. along the Kwetabohigan River (MO-SS-8). An interval of dolostone was also The bedrock within the report area sampled near the Ontario Northland may exhibit wide variations with Railway crossing at the Kwetabohigan respect to aggregate quality over rela River (MO-SS-9). The reader is referred tively short distances. Consequently, to Table E3, in Appendix E, for the any site that may be proposed for results of a detailed chemical analysis quarry development should be carefully of the 4 bedrock samples. The Mortar investigated before extraction oper Bar Accelerated Expansion test results ations commence. Selective coring and are portrayed in Figures 7a and 7b and testing would be necessary to ensure Table 6a. Results from the detailed successful and economic crushed stone petrographic analysis of the full frac production. tion of the bedrock samples are por trayed in Table E2, in Appendix E. SELECTED BEDROCK RESOURCE AREAS With the exception of the dolostone Two areas have been selected for pos sample (MO-SS-9), the samples from the sible bedrock resource protection with Kwataboahegan Formation appear suitable in the report area. One is located in for a wide range of aggregate products. the eastern part of Horden geographic Granular petrographic numbers for the township, near Barkers Island, and the limestone samples ranged from 100 to other is within the Rabbit Ridge area. 118, indicating that the bedrock qual The bedrock in these areas consists of ity is good and petrographically suit the Kwataboahegan Formation which is able for use in Granular A and Granular generally overlain by less than 3 m of M crushed stone products. Hot-mix and drift. The boundaries that form these concrete petrographic numbers ranged bedrock areas have been based largely from 112 to 147. These petrographic on aerial photographic interpretation numbers indicate that some of the supported by a limited number of field data stations. The Selected Bedrock available from these quarries include Resource Areas occupy a total available Granular A, 100 mm crusher-run, armour area of approximately 630 ha and con stone and asphalt stone. The armour tain resources of approximately 295 stone was recently used to stabilize million tonnes. Additional bedrock the slope of a riverbank in Moosonee resources may be available from areas and the asphalt stone has been produced of drift-covered Kwataboahegan Forma for use in a cold-mix application for tion located along the Kwetabohigan the Moosonee airport runway. Extensive River. These areas have not been washing of the stone was necessary in selected for resource protection order to remove the contaminating fines because of the presence of the proposed that originated from the overlying Kwetabohigan River provincial park. The glaciomarine clay and silt. Field per presence of this candidate provincial formance of this cold-mix application park may inhibit extractive develop is generally good. ment. Selected Resource Area l occupies Selected Bedrock Resource Area l approximately 180 ha, of which 162 ha are considered to be presently avail Selected Bedrock Resource Area l con able for extraction. Assuming a work sists of bedrock of the Kwataboahegan able thickness of 18 m, total available Formation which is generally overlain resources of stone in Area l are esti by less than 3 m of overburden. The mated to be 76 million tonnes. Access drift overlying the formation consists to this resource area is provided by a of glaciomarine clay and silt, which gravel-surfaced road. could be stripped. Surface outcrops of the Kwataboahegan Formation are common Selected Bedrock Resource Area 2 along the bed of Maidmans Creek. Quarries la and Ib have been developed Selected Bedrock Resource Area 2 is in Resource Area 1. Quarry no. la, located in the Rabbit Ridge area. The operated by M.J. Labelle Co. Ltd., was Resource Area consists of bedrock of opened in 1970 in response to a short the Kwataboahegan Formation which is age of surficial deposits containing overlain by less than 3 m of overbur crushable gravel in Moose and Horden den. The drift overlying the Kwataboa geographic townships (M. Labelle, M.J. hegan limestone consists of beach Labelle Co. Ltd., personal communicat deposits that have also been selected ion, 1990). The total face height of for resource protection. The bedrock is quarry la is approximately 10.7 m, and exposed in the floor of two sand and during field investigation approximate gravel pits developed in the beach ly 3.3 to 3.9 m of light grey to tan- deposits. No quarries have been devel brown fossiliferous limestone was oped in the resource area, however, a exposed above the water table. The sample of this bedrock, taken from the strippings from quarry Ib have been floor of pit no. 5, produced acceptable dumped onto the floor of quarry la. At aggregate quality test results. Also, the time of field investigation, ap rock from the same formation is being proximately 2 to 2.6 m of Kwataboahegan extracted from Resource Area l for a Formation was exposed in quarry Ib wide range of aggregate products. For above the water table. The total face these reasons, this resource area may height of quarry Ib was approximately prove to be suited for bedrock extrac 4.25 to 5.4 m. Due to a high water tion. Detailed testing is strongly rec table, all overburden stripping, dril ommended before extraction begins. ling, blasting and primary crushing operations are performed during the Resource Area 2 occupies an avail winter months (Derry Michener Booth and able area of 470 ha. Assuming a work Wahl and Ontario Geological Survey able thickness of 18 m, available 1989). A wide range of crushed stone bedrock resources are estimated to be products suitable for a variety of 220 million tonnes. A winter road, local road-building and general con which traverses the Rabbit Ridge area, struction requirements, are produced allows access to this resource area. from both of these quarries. Products SAMPLE SITES OUTSIDE OF REPORT sion is actually because of alkali AREA reactivity. If confirmed deleteriously reactive, the material should not be While in the Moosonee area, a recon used for Portland cement concrete naissance flight was organized by the unless corrective measures are under Ministry of Natural Resources to obtain taken such as the use of low or reduced additional information on the aggregate alkali cement. quality of materials used in several northern communities outside the report One sample tested for Chloride Ion area. Samples were obtained from the Content showed a very low result indi aggregate stockpiles at the airports of cating that the chloride ions present Fort Albany, Attawapiskat and Peawa would not contribute significantly to nuck. A sample was also taken from a the corrosion of reinforcing steel in raised beach deposit located near Cape Portland cement concrete. Petrographic Lookout in Polar Bear Provincial Park. examination of the fine aggregate showed minor amounts of chert and shale Aggregate testing included gradation present. Borderline results were analysis, the results of which are obtained for Organic Impurity testing shown in Figures 5a, 5b, 6a and 6b. and further testing of the sand would Test results from the aggregate quality be recommended before using it in testing are shown in Tables 6a and 6b cement mortar or concrete. and indicate that the aggregate is generally hard and durable and suitable SUMMARY for a range of aggregate products. Good granular petrographic numbers indicate The Tyrrell Sea beach deposits repre that the aggregate appears suitable for sent the most significant surficial a variety of granular products. The hot aggregate resources within the study mix and concrete petrographic numbers area. A number of these beach deposits ranged from 110 to 172. These petro contain locally significant resources graphic numbers indicate that some of of sand and gravel and have been the samples are borderline to unaccept grouped into two Selected Sand and able for asphalt paving and structural Gravel Resource Areas. In addition, concrete use. The high values obtained numerous river bars have been selected from the Fort Albany Airport may be at the secondary level of significance. attributed to the underlying shale- and These deposits may add considerably to chert-bearing Devonian bedrock forma the project area©s resource base. tions. This bedrock may also be respon sible for the high MgS04 loss and high The sand and gravel in the project absorption gain for the aggregate area is generally hard, durable and sample from Fort Albany Airport. Test suitable for a variety of local road- results from the Micro-Deval Abrasion building and general construction ap test are acceptable to borderline. plications. The deposits contain material which varies from sand, suit The test results from the Mortar Bar able for pit-run uses, to coarse Accelerated Expansion test showed a crushable gravel. In general, it is range of values from acceptable to considered that the selected areas borderline to unacceptable (Tables 6a contain sufficient sand and gravel and 6b). This information is also pres resources to meet most anticipated ented on Figures la and 7b. The fine local demands in the area. fraction of the Attawapiskat and Peawa nuck Airport samples both exceeded The surficial sediments in the pro Q.20% and should be considered poten ject area are underlain by Devonian tially deleteriously reactive. The high limestone and dolostone strata of the concentration of argillite and grey Stooping River and Kwataboahegan for wacke lithologies within these samples mations. Two areas of the Kwataboahegan may be responsible for these high ex Formation have been selected for pos pansion limits. It is, however, recom sible bedrock resource protection with mended that supplementary information in the report area. The Kwataboahegan be developed to confirm that the expan
10 Formation is generally capable of sup- Ontario, M7A 1W4, [Tel. (416) 965-1183] plying a range of aggregate products. or to the Resident Geologist, Porcupine District, Ministry of Northern Develop- Enquiries regarding the Aggregate ment and Mines, 60 Wilson Avenue, Tim- Resources Inventory of the Moosonee mins, Ontario, P4N 2S7, [Tel. (705) Area, Northeastern Ontario should be 267-1401] or to the Moosonee District directed to the Aggregate Assessment Office, Ministry of Natural Resources, Office, Engineering and Terrain Geology P.O. Box 190, Ontario Government Build- Section, Ontario Geological Survey, 7th ing, Revillion Road, Moosonee, Ontario, Floor, 77 Grenville St., Toronto, POL 1YO, [Tel. (705) 336-2987].
11 TABLE 1. TOTAL SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES, MOOSONEE AREA1 .
Class No. Deposit Type Areal Extent Original Tonnage2 (see Appendix D) Hectares Millions of Tonnes Moose Geographic Township 4 S-LB 11 0.3 Horden Geographic Township 3 S-RB 17 0.9 4 S-RB 28 0.7 45 1.6 Moose River Bars3 2 S-RB 31 2.6 3 S-RB 96 3.4 4 S-RB 1710 35.4 1840 41.4 Rabbit Ridge Area 3 G-LB 260 9.2 G-LB 2550 67.7 2800 77.0
ssssss:
TOTAL FOR STUDY AREA: 4700 120.3
1. Identified deposit areas within Tidewater Provincial Park, the communities of Moosonee and Moose Factory, Factory Island Indian Reserve l and Moose Factory Indian Reserve 68, have been omitted on all tables.
2. For practical purposes, the Original Tonnage figures for this project area have been shown to the nearest decimal place, because of the small amounts of material present in some deposits.
3. Geological boundaries for many of the river bars are constantly changing because of the Moose River©s ongoing deposition and erosion of materials.
N.B. Minor variations in all tables are caused by rounding of data.
12 TABLE 2. SAND AND GRAVEL PITS, MOOSONEE AREA. 1234 5 NO. MTO NO. LOT CONC. FACE HEIGHT X GRAVEL REMARKS Metres Rabbit Ridge Area 1.5-3 30-50 water on pit floor, partially overgrown 30-50 overgrown, variable largely depleted O.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown, largely depleted, lenses of silt 30-50 partially variable overgrown a.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor, largely depleted a.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown a.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown a.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown, lenses of silt a.5 30-50 partially variable overgrown, bedrock exposed in pit floor, lenses of silt
13 TABLE 3. SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCE AREAS, MOOSONEE AREA. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEPOSIT AREA CULTURAL EXTRACTED AVAILABLE ESTIMATED AVAILABLE NO. Hectares SETBACKS AREA AREA DEPOSIT AGGREGATE1 Hectares Hectares Hectares THICKNESS Millions of Metres tonnes la 248 0 8 240 2 8.5 Ib 9 0 0 9 2 0.3 260 0 8 249 8.8 2a 1600 0 15 1580 1.5 42.0 2b 730 0 0 730 1.5 19.4 2c 15 0 0 15 1.5 0.4 2d 42 0 0 42 1.5 1. 1 2e 30 0 0 30 1.5 0.8 2f 11 0 0 11 1.5 0.3 2430 15 2410 64.0 TOTAL FOR STUDY AREA:
2700 23 2650 72.8
1. For practical purposes, the Available Aggregate figures for this project area have been shown to the nearest decimal place, because of the small amounts of material present in some deposits.
14 TABLE 4. QUARRIES, MOOSONEE AREA, 1 2 3 4 5 6 NO. MTO NO. LOT GONG. FACE HEIGHT REMARKS Metres Horden Geographic Township la B21-1 Sl/2 66e7 10.7 limestone, partially water filled, winter extraction Ib B21-1 Sl/2 647 4.25-5.4 limestone, partially water filled, winter extraction
TABLE 5. SELECTED BEDROCK RESOURCE AREAS, MOOSONEE AREA. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DEPOSIT AREA CULTURAL EXTRACTED AVAILABLE ESTIMATED AVAILABLE NO. Hectares SETBACKS AREA AREA QUARRIABLE RESOURCES Hectares Hectares Hectares THICKNESS Millions Metres of tonnes 1 180 16 2 162 18 76 2 470 0 0 470 18 220 TOTAL FOR STUDY AREA:
650 16 630 295
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UJ LL c/5 liH UJ C/)i w< a z LU w a H UJ C *!UJ O O < ^ m 5^ h- O) h. 3 O) E lN3OH3d Nl NOISNVdX3 REFERENCES Barnett, D. M. 1966. A re-examination McDonald, B.C. 1969. Glacial and and re-interpretation of tide gauge interglacial stratigraphy, Hudson data for Churchill, Manitoba; Cana Bay Lowland; in Earth Science Sym dian Journal of Earth Sciences, posium on Hudson Bay, Geological v.3, p.77-88. Survey of Canada, Paper 68-53, p.78-98. Bostock, H. S. 1969. Physiographic regions of Canada; Geological Sur Moosonee Development Area Board 1991. vey of Canada, Map 1254A, scale Moosonee community profile; Mooso 1:5 000 000. nee Development Area Board, 3p. Craig, B.G. 1969. Late-glacial and Ontario Ministry of Environment 1978. post-glacial history of the Hudson Northern Ontario water resources Bay region; in Earth Science Sympo studies, ground-water resources; sium on Hudson Bay, Geological Ministry of Environment, Water Survey of Canada, Paper 68-53, Resources Report lib, 121p. p.63-77. Prest, V.K. 1990. Laurentide ice-flow Derry Michener Booth and Wahl and patterns: a historical review and Ontario Geological Survey 1989. implications of the dispersal of Limestone industries of Ontario, Belcher Island erratics; Geogra volume II - Limestone industries phic physique et Quaternaire, v.44, and resources of eastern and north no.2, p.113-136. ern Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Management Rogers, C. and Woda, G. 1977. The chlo Branch, 196p. ride ion content of concrete aggre gates from southern Ontario; Environment Canada 1977. Canadian tide Ontario Ministry of Transportation and current tables; Arctic and and Communications, Engineering Hudson Bay, v.4, 71p. Materials Office, Report EM-17, 22p. Lee, H.A. 1960. Late glacial and post glacial Hudson Bay Sea episode; Sanford, B.V., Norris, A.W. and Bos Science, v.131, p.1609-1611. tock, H. H. 1968. Geology of the Hudson Bay Lowlands (Operation 1968. Quaternary geology; ini,. Winisk); Geological Survey of Science, History and Hudson Bay, Canada, Paper 67-60, p.1-45. Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, v.2, chapter 9, pt. l, Sanford, B.V. and Norris, A.W. 1975a. p.503-543. Devonian stratigraphy of the Hudson Platform, part 1: stratigraphy and Marshall Macklin Monaghan Limited 1986. economic geology; Geological Survey Aggregate resources assessment in of Canada, Memoir 379, 124p. the area of Moose Factory Island, Ontario; unpublished report, 1975b. Devonian stratigraphy of the Marshall Macklin Monaghan Limited, "Hudson Platform, part 2: outcrop Toronto, Ontario, lOlp. and subsurface sections; Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 379, 248p. Martini, I.P., Cowell, D.W. and Wick- ware, G.M. 1980. Geomorphology of Shilts, W.W. 1986. Glaciation of the southwestern James Bay: a low Hudson Bay region; in Canadian energy emergent coast; in The Inland Seas, Elsevier Oceanography Coastline of Canada, Geological Series, p.55-77. Survey of Canada, Paper 80-10, p.293-301. Skinner, R.G. 1973. Quaternary strati graphy of the Moose River Basin, 30 Ontario; Geological Survey of James Bay Lowland, Ontario, Canada; Canada, Bulletin 225, 77p. in Proceedings of the Second Inter national Symposium on the Devonian Stoakes, F.A. 1978. Lower and Middle System, v.l, p.123-132. Devonian strata in the Moose River Basin, Ontario; in Proceedings 17th Webber, P.J., Richardson, J.W. and Annual Conference, Ontario Petro- Andrew, J.T. 1970. Post-glacial leum Institute Inc., v.17, paper 4, uplift and substrate age at Cape 29p. Henrietta Maria, southeastern Hudson Bay, Canada; Canadian Jour- Telford, P. G. 1988. Devonian strati- nal of Earth Sciences, v.7, p.317- graphy of the Moose River Basin, 325. 31 APPENDIX A - PURPOSE, METHODOLOGY AND DATA PRESENTATION OF THE AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY INTRODUCTION This report is a technical back ground document, based for the most Mineral aggregates, which include part on geological information and bedrock-derived crushed stone as well interpretation. It has been designed as as naturally formed sand and gravel, a component of the total planning pro constitute the major raw material in cess and should be used in conjunction Ontario©s road-building and construc with other planning considerations, to tion industries. Very large amounts of ensure the best use of an area©s these materials are used each year resources. throughout the Province. For example, in 1987, the total tonnage of mineral This report presents an assessment aggregates extracted was 142 million of sand and gravel resources as well as tonnes, greater than that of any other a discussion on the potential for metallic or nonmetallic commodity mined bedrock-derived aggregate. The most in the Province (Ontario Ministry of recent information available has been Northern Development and Mines 1989). used to prepare the report. As new information becomes available, Although mineral aggregate deposits revisions may be necessary. are plentiful in Ontario, they are fixed-location, nonrenewable resources PART l - INVENTORY METHODS______which can be exploited only in those areas where they occur. Mineral aggre FIELD AND OFFICE METHODS gates are characterized by their high bulk and low unit value so that the The methods used to prepare the report economic value of a deposit is a func primarily involve the interpretation of tion of its proximity to a market area published geological data such as sur as well as its quality and size. The ficial geology maps and reports as well potential for extractive development is as field examination of potential usually greatest in areas where land resource areas. Field methods include use competition is extreme. For these the examination of natural and man-made reasons the availability of adequate exposures of granular material. Most resources for future development is now observations are made at quarries and being threatened in some areas. sand and gravel pits located from records held by the Ontario Ministry of Comprehensive planning and resource Transportation, the Ontario Geological management strategies are required to Survey, and by Regional and District make the best use of available offices of the Ontario Ministry of resources, especially in those areas Natural Resources. Observations made at experiencing rapid development. Such pit sites include estimates of the strategies must be based on sound know total face height and the proportion of ledge of the total mineral aggregate gravel- and sand-sized fragments in the resource base at both local and deposit. Observations are also made of regional levels. The purpose of the the shape and lithology of the parti Aggregate Resources Inventory is to cles. These characteristics are impor provide the basic geological informa tant in estimating the quality and tion required to include potential quantity of the aggregate. In areas of mineral aggregate resource areas in limited exposure, subsurface materials planning strategies. The reports should may be assessed by hand augering and form the basis for discussion on those test pitting, supplemented by test hole areas best suited for possible extract excavation. The symbols for and loca ion. The aim is to assist decision- tions of sample sites and test hole makers in protecting the public well- sites are noted on Map 1. being by ensuring that adequate resources of mineral aggregate remain Deposits with potential for further available for future use. extractive development or those where existing data are scarce, are studied 32 in greater detail. Representative sec Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing tions in these deposits are sampled in Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural 11 to 45 kg units from existing pit Resources with information taken from faces or from test pits. The samples maps of the National Topographic System are analyzed for grain size distribut by permission of Energy, Mines and ion, and in some cases petrographic Resources Canada, for presentation in analyses and the following tests are the report. carried out: Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact, absorption, Mortar Bar Acceler RESOURCE TONNAGE CALCULATION ated Expansion, Water Soluble Chloride TECHNIQUES Ion Content, Micro-Deval Abrasion, Organic Impurities and Magnesium Sul SAND AND GRAVEL RESOURCES phate Soundness. Analyses are performed either in the laboratories of the Soils Once the interpretative boundaries of and Aggregates Section, Engineering the aggregate units have been estab Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of lished, quantitative estimates of the Transportation, or in the Geoscience possible resources available can be Laboratory, Ontario Geological Survey. made. Generally, the volume of a deposit can be calculated if its areal The field data are supplemented by extent and average thickness are known pit information on file with the Soils or can be estimated. The computation and Aggregates Section of the Ontario methods used are as follows. First, the Ministry of Transportation. Data con area of the deposit, as outlined on the tained in these files include field final base map, is calculated in hect estimates of the depth, composition and ares. The thickness values used are an "workability" of deposits as well as approximation of the deposit thickness, laboratory analyses of the physical based on the face heights of pits de properties and chemical suitability of veloped in the deposit or on subsurface the aggregate. Information concerning data such as test holes and water well the development history of the pits and logs. Original tonnage values can then acceptable uses of the aggregate is be calculated by multiplying the volume also recorded. The locations of addi of the deposit by 17 700 (the mass tional aggregate sources were obtained density factor). This factor is approx from records held by Regional and Dis imately the number of tonnes in a l m trict offices of the Ontario Ministry thick layer of sand and gravel, l ha in of Natural Resources. The cooperation extent, assuming an average density of of the above-named groups in the compi 1766 kg/m3 . lation of inventory data is gratefully acknowledged. Tonnage * Area x Thickness x Density Factor Aerial photographs at various scales Tonnage calculated in this manner are used to determine the continuity of must be considered only as an estimate. deposits, especially in areas where Furthermore, such tonnages represent information is limited. Water well amounts that existed prior to any records, held by the Ontario Ministry extraction of material (i.e., original of the Environment, are used in some tonnage) (Table l, Column 4). areas to corroborate deposit thickness estimates or to indicate the presence The Selected Sand and Gravel of buried granular material. These Resource Areas in Table 3 are calcu records are used in conjunction with lated in the following way. Two suc other evidence. cessive subtractions are made from the total area. Column 3 accounts for the Topographic maps of the National number of hectares unavailable because Topographic System, at a scale of of the presence of permanent cultural 1:50 000, are used as a compilation features and their associated setback base for the field and office data. The requirements. Column 4 accounts for information is then transferred to a those areas that have previously been base map, also at a scale of 1:50 000. extracted (e.g., wayside and abandoned These base maps are prepared by the pits are included in this category). 33 The remaining figure is the area of the (Robertson 1975) and with the Associ deposit currently available for extrac ation of Professional Engineers of tion (Column 5). The available area is Ontario (1976). then multiplied by the estimated deposit thickness and the mass density FART II - DATA PRESENTATION AND factor (Column 5 x Column 6 x 17 700) INTERPRETATION^ - , to give an estimate of the sand and gravel tonnage (Column 7) presently Three maps each portraying a different available for extractive development aspect of the aggregate resources in and/or resource protection. the area, accompany the report. Map l, "Distribution of Sand and Gravel Reserve estimates are calculated for Deposits", gives a comprehensive inven deposits of primary significance. tory of the sand and gravel resources Reserve estimates for deposits of sec in the report area. Map 2, "Selected ondary and tertiary significance are Sand and Gravel Resource Areas", shows not calculated in Table 3, however, the those deposits which are considered to aggregate potential of these deposits represent the largest and/or highest is discussed in the report. quality resources in the area. Map 3, "Bedrock Resources" shows the distribu BEDROCK RESOURCES tion of bedrock formations and ident ifies the Selected Bedrock Resource The method used to calculate resources Areas. of bedrock-derived aggregate is much the same as that described above. The MAP Is DISTRIBUTION OP SAND AND measured extent of an area is multi GRAVEL DEPOSITS plied by the estimated quarriable thickness of the formation, based on Map l is derived from existing surfi stratigraphic analyses and on estimates cial geology maps of the area and from of existing quarry faces in the unit. aerial photograph interpretation in In some cases a standardized estimate areas where surficial mapping is incom of 18 m is used for thickness. Volume plete. The map shows the extent and estimates are then multiplied by the quality of sand and gravel deposits density factor (the estimated weight in within the study area and the present tonnes of a l m thick section of rock, level of extractive activity. l ha in extent). On the map, all sand and gravel Resources of dolostone are calcu deposits are outlined and shaded. The lated using a density factor of 2649 present level of extractive activity is kg/m3 or 8070 t/ha. Sandstone resources also indicated. Sand and gravel pits are calculated using a density estimate are identified by a numbered dot on Map of 2344 kg/m3 and shale resources are l and described in Table 2. Each de calculated with a factor of 2408 kg/m3 . scription notes the location and esti mated face height of the pit as well as UNITS AND DEFINITIONS the estimated percentage gravel it contains. The measurements and other primary data available for resource tonnage calcula Map l also presents a summary of tions are given in Metric units in the available information related to the text and on the table which accompany quality of aggregate contained in all the report. Data are generally rounded the known aggregate deposits in the off in accordance with the Ontario study area. Much of this information is Metric Practice Guide (Metric Committee contained in two symbols which are 1975). found on the map. The Deposit Symbol appears for each mapped deposit and The tonnage estimates made for sand summarizes important genetic and and gravel deposits are termed possible textural data. The Texture Symbol is a resources (see Glossary, Appendix C) in circular proportional diagram which accordance with terminology of the displays the grain size distribution of Ontario Resource Classification Scheme 34 the aggregate in areas where bulk TEXTURE SYMBOL samples were taken. The Texture Symbol provides a more DEPOSIT SYMBOL detailed assessment of the grain size distribution of material sampled during The Deposit Symbol is similar to those field study. These symbols are derived used in soil mapping and land classifi from the information plotted on the cation systems commonly in use in North aggregate grading curves found in the America. The components of the symbol report. The relative amounts of gravel, indicate the gravel content, thickness sand and silt and clay in the sampled of material, origin (type) and quality material are shown graphically in the limitations for every deposit shown on Texture Symbol by the subdivision of a Map 1. These components are illustrated circle into proportional segments. The by the following example: following example shows a hypothetical sample consisting of 307. gravel, 607. Gravel Content Geological Type sand and 107, silt and clay: Thickness Class Quality This symbol identifies an outwash deposit 3 to 6 m thick containing more MAP 2: SELECTED SAND AND GRAVEL than 35% gravel. Excess silt and clay RESOURCE AREAS may limit uses of the aggregate in the deposit. Map 2 is an interpretative map derived from an evaluation of the deposits The "gravel content" and "thickness shown on Map 1. The deposits identified class" are basic criteria for distin on Map 2 are those which are considered guishing different deposits. The to be important in ensuring an adequate "gravel content" symbol is an upper resource base for the future. case "S" or "G". The "S" indicates that the deposit is generally "sandy" and All the selected sand and gravel the gravel-sized aggregate (greater resource areas are first delineated by than 4.75 mm) makes up less than 357. of geological boundaries and then clas the whole deposit. "G" indicates that sified into three levels of signifi the deposit contains more than 35% cance: primary, secondary and tertiary. gravel. Each area of primary significance is given a deposit number and all such The "thickness class" indicates a deposits are shown by an intricate depth range which is related to the pattern on Map 2. potential resource tonnage for each deposit. Four thickness class divisions Selected Sand and Gravel Resource have been established as shown in the Areas of primary significance are not legend for Map 1. permanent, single land use units. They represent areas in which a major Two smaller sets of letters, divided resource is known to exist, and may be from each other by a horizontal line, reserved wholly or partially for follow the thickness class number. The extractive development and/or resource upper series of letters identifies the protection. geologic deposit type (the types are summarized with respect to their main Deposits of secondary significance geologic and extractive characteristics are indicated by a dotted pattern on in Appendix D) and the lower series of Map 2. Such deposits are believed to letters identifies the main quality contain significant amounts of sand and limitations that may be present in the gravel. Although deposits of secondary deposit as discussed in the next sec significance are not considered to be tion. the "best" resources in the report area, they may contain large quantities of sand and gravel and should be con- 35 sidered part of the aggregate supply of in the size distribution of these par the area. ticles. Areas of tertiary significance are Four indicators of the quality of outlined on the map by a solid line but aggregate may be included in the have no pattern. They are not con deposit symbols on Map 1. They are: sidered to be important resources areas gravel content (G or S), fines (C), because of their low available oversize (O) and lithology (L). resources, or because of possible dif ficulties in extraction. Such areas may Three of the quality indicators deal be useful for local needs but are un with grain size distribution. The likely to support large-scale develop gravel content (G or S) indicates the ment. suitability of aggregate for various uses. Deposits containing at least 357, The process by which deposits are gravel in addition to a minimum of 207. evaluated and selected involves the material greater than the 26.5 mm sieve consideration of two sets of criteria. are considered to be the most favour The main selection criteria are site able extractive sites, since this con specific, related to the characteris tent is the minimum from which crushed tics of individual deposits. Factors products can be economically produced. such as deposit size, aggregate quality and deposit location and setting are Excess fines (high silt and clay considered in the selection of those content) may severely limit the poten deposits best suited for extractive tial use of a deposit. Fines content in development. A second set of criteria excess of 107. may impede drainage in involves the assessment of local aggre road subbase aggregate and render it gate resources in the region in which more susceptible to the effects of the report area is located. The intent frost action. In asphalt aggregate, of such a process of evaluation is to excess fines hinder the bonding of ensure the continuing availability of particles. Deposits known to have a sufficient resources to meet possible high fines content are indicated by a future demands. "C" in the quality portion of the Deposit Symbol. SITE SPECIFIC CRITERIA Deposits containing more than 207. DEPOSIT SIZE oversize material (greater than 10 cm in diameter) may also have use limita Ideally, selected deposits should con tions. The oversize component is unac tain available sand and gravel ceptable for all concrete aggregate and resources large enough to support a for road-building aggregate, so it must commercial pit operation using a sta be either crushed or removed during tionary or portable processing plant. processing. Deposits known to have an In practice, much smaller deposits may appreciable oversize component are be of significant value depending on indicated by an "O" in the quality the overall reserves in the rest of the portion of the Deposit Symbol. project area. Generally, deposits in Class l (greater than 6 m thick) and Another indicator of the quality of containing more than 35ft gravel are an aggregate is lithology. Just as the considered to be most favourable for unique physical and chemical properties commercial development. Thinner of bedrock types determine their value deposits may be valuable in areas with for use as crushed rock, so do various low total resources. lithologies of particles in a sand and gravel deposit determine its suitabil AGGREGATE QUALITY ity for various uses. The presence of objectionable lithologies such as The limitations of natural aggregates chert, siltstone and shale, even in for various uses result from variations relatively small amounts, can result in in the lithology of the particles com a reduction in the quality of an aggre posing the deposit, arid from variations gate, especially for high quality uses 36 such as concrete and asphalt. Similar First, the physical context of the ly, highly weathered, very porous and deposit is considered. Deposits with friable rock can restrict the quality some physical constraint on extractive of an aggregate. Deposits known to development, such as thick overburden contain objectionable lithologies are or high water table, are less valuable indicated by an "L" in the quality resource areas because of the diffi component of the Deposit Symbol. culties involved in resource recovery. Second, permanent man-made features, If the Deposit Symbol shows either such as roads, railways, power lines "C", "O" or "L" or any combination of and housing developments, which are these indicators, the quality of the built on a deposit, may prohibit its deposit is considered to be reduced for extraction. The constraining effect of some uses of the aggregate. No attempt legally required setbacks surrounding is made to quantify the degree of limi such features is included in the evalu tation imposed. Assessment of the four ation. A quantitative assessment of indicators is made from published data, these constraints can be made by mea from data contained in files of both surement of their areal extent directly the Ontario Ministry of Transportation from the topographic maps. The area (MTO) and the Engineering and Terrain rendered unavailable by these features Geology Section of the Ontario Geologi is shown for each resource area in cal Survey, and from field observat Table 3 (Column 3). ions. The assessment of sand and gravel Quality data may also appear in deposits with respect to local land use Table 6, where the results of MTO qual and to private land ownership is an ity tests are listed by test type and important component of the general sample location. The types of tests evaluation process. These aspects of conducted and the test specifications the evaluation process are not con are explained in Appendixes C and E, sidered further in this report, but respectively. readers are encouraged to discuss them with personnel of the pertinent Dis Analyses of unprocessed samples trict Office of the Ministry of Natural obtained from test holes, pits or Resources. sample sites are plotted on grain size distribution graphs. On the graphs are REGIONAL CONSIDERATIONS the Ontario Ministry of Transportation gradation specification envelopes for In selecting sufficient areas for aggregate products: Granular A and resource development, it is important Granular B Type l, Hot-Laid Asphaltic to assess both the local and the Sand Nos. 1,2,3,4 and 8, and concrete regional resource base, and to forecast sand. By plotting the gradation curves future production and demand patterns. with respect to the specification en velopes, it can be determined how well Some appreciation of future aggre the unprocessed sampled material meets gate requirements in an area may be the criteria for each product. These gained by assessing its present produc graphs, called Aggregate Grading tion levels and by forecasting future Curves, follow the tables in the production trends. Such an approach is report. based on the assumptions that produc tion levels in an area closely reflect LOCATION AND SETTING the demand and that the present produc tion "market share" of an area will The location and setting of a resource remain roughly at the same level. area has a direct influence on its value for possible extraction. The The aggregate resources in the evaluation of a deposit©s setting is region surrounding a project area made on the basis of natural and man- should be assessed in order to properly made features which may limit or pro evaluate specific resource areas and to hibit extractive development. adopt optimum resource management plans. For example, an area that has 37 large resources in comparison to its The evaluation of bedrock resources surrounding region constitutes a is primarily on the basis of perfor regionally significant resource area. mance and suitability data established Areas with high resources in proximity by laboratory testing at the Ontario to large demand centres, such as metro Ministry of Transportation. politan areas, are special cases. Deposit "size" is related directly Although an appreciation of the to the areal extent of thin drift cover regional context is required to develop overlying favourable bedrock format comprehensive resource management tech ions. Since vertical and lateral vari niques, such detailed evaluation is ations in bedrock units are much more beyond the scope of this report. The gradual than in sand and gravel selection of resource areas made in deposits, the quality and quantity of this study is based primarily on geo the resource are usually consistent logical data or on considerations out over large areas. However, in this case lined in preceding sections. limited sampling was done and no gener alizations were made due to the remote MAP 3: BEDROCK RESOURCES ness of this area. The areas delineated on Map 3 are covered by less than 3 m Map 3 is an interpretative map derived of drift. Quarrying is possible in less from bedrock geology and topography than 3 m of drift and thus these zones maps, as well as on site and test pit represent potential resource areas. investigations. Map 3 is based on con Outside of these delineated areas, the cepts similar to those outlined for bedrock potential was not explored due Maps l and 2, but displays both the to time constraints. inventory and evaluation on the one map. SELECTED RESOURCE AREAS The geological boundary of the Selection of Bedrock Resource Areas has bedrock units are shown by a thin been restricted to a single level of dashed line. Isolated outcrops are significance. Three factors support indicated by an "X". Other inventory this approach. First, quality and quan information presented on Map 3 is tity variations are gradual. Second, designed to give an indication of the the areal extent of a given quarry present level of extractive activity in operation is much smaller than that of the report area. Quarries are ident a sand and gravel pit producing an ified by a numbered dot on Map 3 and equivalent tonnage of material and are described in Table 4. Each descrip third, since crushed bedrock has a tion notes the location and estimated higher unit value than sand and gravel, face height. Two additional symbols may longer haul distances can be con appear on the map. An open dot indi sidered. These factors allow the iden cates the location of a selected water tification of alternative sites having well which penetrates bedrock. The similar development potential. The overburden thickness is shown in metres Selected Areas, if present, are shown beside the open dot. Sample sites are on Map 3 by dark shading and the calcu indicated by a square and test results lated available tonnages are given in from these samples are shown in Tables Table 5. 6a and 6b. Selected Bedrock Resource Areas SELECTION CRITERIA shown on Map 3 are not permanent, single land use units. They represent Criteria equivalent to those used for areas in which a major bedrock resource sand and gravel deposits are used to is known to exist. Such Resource Areas select bedrock areas most favourable may be reserved wholly or partially for for extractive development. extractive development and/or resource protection. 38 REFERENCES Association of Professional Engineers Ontario Ministry of Northern Develop- of Ontario 1976. Performance stan- ment and Mines 1989. 1988 Ontario dards for professional engineers mineral score; Ontario Ministry of advising on and reporting on oil, Northern Development and Mines, gas and mineral properties; Associ- 218p. ation of Professional Engineers of Ontario, lip. Robertson, J.A. 1975. Mineral deposit studies, mineral potential evalu- Ontario Interministerial Committee on ation and regional planning in National Standards and Specifica- Ontario; Ontario Division of Mines, tions (Metric Committee) 1975. Met- Miscellaneous Paper 61, 42p. ric practice guide; 67p. 39 APPENDIX B - SUGGESTED ADDITIONAL READING Antevs, E. 1928. The last glacia Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 34, tion, with special reference to 21p. the ice retreat in northeastern North America; American Geography Lowe, S. B. 1980. Trees and shrubs for Society, Research Series No. 17, the improvement and rehabilitation 292p. of pits and quarries in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Banerjee, I. and McDonald, B.C. 1975. Resources, 71p. Nature of esker sedimentation; in Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine McLellan, A.G., Yundt, S.E. and Dorf Sedimentation, Society of Economic man, M. L. 1979. Abandoned pits and Paleontologists and Mineralogists, quarries in Ontario; Ontario Geo Special Paper No. 23, p.132-154. logical Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 79, 36p. Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A. 1987. Glossary of geology, 3rd ed.; Ameri Michalski, M.F.P., Gregory, D. R. and can Geological Institute, Alexan Usher, A.J. 1987. Rehabilitation of dria, 788p. pits and quarries for fish and wild life; Ontario Ministry of Natural Bauer, A.M. 1970. A guide to site de Resources, Land Management Branch, velopment and rehabilitation of pits 59p. and quarries; Ontario Department of Mines, Industrial Mineral Report 33, Ontario 1980. The mining act; Revised 62p. Statutes of Ontario, 1980, Chapter 268, Queen©s Printer for Ontario. Cowan, W.R. 1977. Toward the inventory of Ontario©s mineral aggregates; Ontario Mineral Aggregate Working Party Ontario Geological Survey, Miscel 1977. A policy for mineral aggregate laneous Paper 73, 19p. resources management in Ontario; Ontario Ministry of Natural Fairbridge, R.W. ed. 1968. The encyclo Resources, 232p. pedia of geomorphology; Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences, v.3, Reinhold Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Book Corp., New York, 1295p. 1975. Vegetation for the rehabilita tion of pits and quarries; Forest Flint, R. F. 1971. Glacial and Quater Management Branch, Division of For nary geology; John Wiley and Sons ests, 38p. Inc., New York, 892p. Rogers, C.A. 1985. Evaluation of the Hewitt, D.F. and Vos, M.A. 1970. Urban potential for expansion and cracking ization and rehabilitation of pits due to the alkali-carbonate reac and quarries; Ontario Department of tion; in Cement, Concrete and Aggre gates, CCAGDP, v.8, no.l, p.13-23. 40 APPENDIX C - GLOSSARY Abrasion resistance: Tests such as the as routine crushing, screening, washing Los Angeles Abrasion test are used to or classification. Heavy media separa measure the ability of aggregate to tion, jigging or application of special resist crushing and pulverizing under crushers (e.g., "cage mill") are usu conditions similar to those encountered ally considered processes of benefi in processing and use. Measuring resis ciation. tance is an important component in the evaluation of the quality and prospec Blending: Required in cases of extreme tive uses of aggregate. Hard, durable coarseness, fineness or other irregu material is preferred for road build larities in the gradation of unpro ing. cessed aggregate. Blending is done with approved sand-sized aggregate in order Absorption capacity: Related to the to satisfy the gradation requirements porosity of the rock type of which an of the material. aggregate is composed. Porous rocks are subject to disintegration when absorbed Bulk Relative Density. An aggregate liquids freeze and thaw, thus decreas with low relative density is lighter in ing the strength of the aggregate. weight than one with a high relative density. Low relative density aggre Aggregate: Any hard, inert, construc gates (less than about 2.5) are often tion material (sand, gravel, shells, non-durable for many aggregate uses. slag, crushed stone or other mineral material) used for mixing in various- Cambrian: The first period of the Pa sized fragments with a cement or bit leozoic Era, thought to have covered uminous material to form concrete, the time between 570 and 500 million mortar, etc. , or used alone for road years ago. The Cambrian preceded the building or other construction. Syn Ordovician Period. onyms include mineral aggregate and granular material. Clast: An individual constituent, grain or fragment of a sediment or rock, Aggregate Abrasion Value: This test produced by the mechanical weathering directly measures the resistance of of a larger rock mass. Synonyms include aggregate to abrasion with silica sand particle and fragment. and a steel disk. The higher the value, the lower the resistance to abrasion. Crushable aggregate: Unprocessed gravel For high quality asphalt surface course containing a minimum of 357, coarse uses, values of less than 6 are desir aggregate larger than the No. 4 sieve able. (4.75 mm) as well as a minimum of 207. greater than the 26.5 mm sieve. Alkali-aggregate reaction: A chemical reaction between the alkalies of Port Deleterious lithology: A general term land cement and certain minerals found used to designate those rock types in rocks used for aggregate. Alkali- which are chemically or physically aggregate reactions are undesirable unsuited for use as construction or because they can cause expansion and road-building aggregates. Such litholo- cracking of concrete. Although perfect gies as chert, shale, siltstone and ly suitable for building stone and sandstone may deteriorate rapidly when asphalt applications, alkali-reactive exposed to traffic and other environ aggregates should be avoided for struc mental conditions. tural concrete uses. Devonian: A period of the Paleozoic Era Beneficiation: Beneficiation of aggre thought to have covered the span of gates is a process or combination of time between 395 and 345 million years processes which improves the quality ago, following the Silurian Period. (physical properties) of a mineral Rocks formed in the Devonian Period are aggregate and is not part of the normal among the youngest found in Ontario. processing for a particular use, such 41 Dolostone: A carbonate sedimentary rock Fine Gravel 4.75-26.5 mm consisting chiefly of the mineral Coarse Sand 2-4.75 mm dolomite and containing relatively Medium Sand 0.425-2 mm little calcite (dolostone is also known Fine Sand 0.075-0.425 mm as dolomite). Silt, Clay less than 0.075 mm Drift: A general term for all Granular base and subbase: Components unconsolidated rock debris transported of the pavement structure of a road, from one place and deposited in which are placed on the subgrade and another, distinguished from underlying are designed to provide strength, sta bedrock. In North America, glacial bility and drainage, as well as support activity has been the dominant mode of for surfacing materials. Four types transport and deposition of drift. have been defined: Granular A consists Synonyms include overburden and surfi of crushed and processed aggregate and cial deposit. has relatively stringent quality stan dards in comparison to Granular B which Drumlin: A low, smoothly rounded, elon is usually pit-run or other unprocessed gate hill, mound or ridge composed of aggregate, Granular M is a shouldering glacial materials. These landforms were and surface dressing material with formed beneath an advancing ice sheet, quality requirements similar to Granu and were shaped by its flow. lar A, and Select Subgrade Material has similar quality requirements to Granu Eolian: Pertaining to the wind, espe lar B and it provides a stable platform cially with respect to landforms whose for the overlying pavement structure. constituents were transported and (For more specific information the deposited by wind activity. Sand dunes reader is referred to Ontario Provin are an example of an eolian landform. cial Standard Specification OPSS 1010). Fines: A general term used to describe Hot-laid (or asphaltic) aggregate: the size fraction of an aggregate which Bituminous, cemented aggregates used in passes (is finer than) the No. 200 mesh the construction of pavements either as screen (0.075 mm). Also described in surface or bearing course (HL l, 3 and formally as "dirt", these particles are 4), or as binder course (HL 2 and 8) in the silt and clay size range. used to bind the surface course to the underlying granular base. Glacial lobe: A tongue-like projection from the margin of the main mass of the Lithology: The description of rocks on ice cap or ice sheet. During the Pleis the basis of such characteristics as tocene Epoch several lobes of the Laur- colour, structure, mineralogic composi entide continental ice sheet occupied tion and grain size. Generally, the the Great Lakes basins. These lobes description of the physical character advanced then melted back numerous of a rock. times during the Pleistocene, producing the complex arrangement of glacial Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact test: material and landforms found in This test measures the resistance to Ontario. abrasion and the impact strength of aggregate. This gives an idea of the Gradation: The proportion of material breakdown that can be expected to occur of each particle size, or the frequency when an aggregate is stockpiled, trans distribution of the various sizes which ported and placed. Values less than constitute a sediment. The strength, about 357. indicate potentially satis durability, permeability and stability factory performance for most concrete of an aggregate depend to a great and asphalt uses. Values of more than extent on its gradation. The size 457. indicate that the aggregate may be limits for different particles are as susceptible to excessive breakdown follows: during handling and placing. Boulder more than 200 mm Cobbles 75-200 mm Magnesium Sulphate Soundness test: This Coarse Gravel 26.5-75 mm test is designed to simulate the action 42 of freezing and thawing on aggregates. Possible resource: Reserve estimates Those aggregates which are susceptible based largely on broad knowledge of the to freezing and thawing will usually geological character of the deposit and break down and give high losses in this for which there are few, if any, test. Values greater than about 12 to samples or measurements. The estimates 157. indicate potential problems for are based on assumed continuity or concrete and asphalt coarse aggregate. repetition for which there are reason able geological indications. Meltwater channel: A drainage way, often terraced, produced by water flow Precambrian: The earliest geological ing away from a melting glacier margin. period extending from the consolidation of the earth©s crust to the beginning Ordovician: An early period of the of the Cambrian. Paleozoic Era thought to have covered the span of time between 500 and 435 Shale: A fine-grained, sedimentary rock million years ago. formed by the consolidation of clay, silt or mud and characterized by well Paleozoic Era: One of the major divi developed bedding planes, along which sions of the geologic time scale the rock breaks readily into thin lay thought to have covered the time ers. The term shale is also commonly between 570 and 230 million years ago. used for fissile claystone, siltstone The Paleozoic Era (or Ancient Life Era) and mudstone. is subdivided into six geologic periods, of which only four (Cambrian, Silurian: An early period of the Paleo Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian) can zoic Era thought to have covered the be recognized in Ontario. time between 435 and 395 million years ago. The Silurian follows the Petrographic examination: Individual Ordovician Period and precedes the aggregate particles in a sample are Devonian Period. divided into categories good, fair, poor and deleterious, based on their Soundness: The ability of the compo rock type (petrography) and knowledge nents of an aggregate to withstand the of past field performance. A effects of various weathering processes petrographic number (PN) is calculated. and agents. Unsound lithologies are The higher the PN, the lower the qual subject to disintegration caused by the ity of the aggregate. expansion of absorbed solutions. This may seriously impair the performance of Pleistocene: An epoch of the recent road-building and construction aggre geological past including the time from gates. approximately 2 million years ago to 7000 years ago. Much of the Pleistocene Till: Unsorted and unstratified rock was characterized by extensive glacial debris, deposited directly by glaciers, activity and is popularly referred to and ranging in size from clay to large as the "Great Ice Age". boulders. Polished Stone Value: This test Wisconsinan: Pertaining to the last measures the frictional properties of glacial period of the Pleistocene Epoch aggregates after 6 hours of abrasion in North America. The Wisconsinan began and polishing with an emery abrasive. approximately 100 000 years ago and The higher the PSV, the higher the ended approximately 7000 years ago. The frictional properties of the aggregate. glacial deposits and landforms of Values less than 45 indicate marginal Ontario are predominantly the result of frictional properties, while values glacial activity during the Wisconsinan greater than 55 indicate excellent Stage. frictional properties. 43 APPENDIX D - GEOLOGY OF SAND AND GRAVEL DEPOSITS The type, distribution and extent of ice-contact stratified drift" (1C) when sand and gravel deposits in Ontario are detailed subsurface information is the result of extensive glacial and unavailable. Since kames commonly con glacially influenced activity in Wis tain large amounts of fine-grained consinan time during the Pleistocene material and are characterized by con Epoch, approximately 100 000 to 7000 siderable variability, there is gen years ago. The deposit types reflect erally a low to moderate probability of the different depositional environments discovering large amounts of good qual that existed during the melting and ity, crushable aggregate. Extractive retreat of the continental ice masses, problems encountered in these deposits and can readily be differentiated on are mainly the excessive variability of the basis of their morphology, struc the aggregate and the rare presence of ture and texture. The deposit types are excess fines (silt- and clay-sized described below. particles). GLACIOFLUVIAL DEPOSITS Eskers (E): Eskers are narrow, sinuous ridges of sand and gravel deposited by These deposits can be divided into two meltwaters flowing in tunnels within or broad categories: those that were at the base of glaciers, or in channels formed in contact with (or in close on the ice surface. Eskers vary greatly proximity to) glacial ice, and those in size. Many, though not all eskers, that were deposited by meltwaters car consist of a central core of poorly rying materials beyond the ice margin. sorted and stratified gravel character ized by a wide range in grain size. The Ice-Contact Terraces (ICT): These are core material is often draped on its glaciofluvial features deposited flanks by better sorted and stratified between the glacial margin and a con sand and gravel. The deposits have a fining topographic high, such as the high probability of containing a large side of a valley. The structure of the proportion of crushable aggregate, and deposits may be similar to that of since they are generally built above outwash deposits, but in most cases the the surrounding ground surface, are sorting and grading of the material is convenient extraction sites. For these more variable and the bedding is dis reasons esker deposits have been tradi continuous because of extensive slump tional aggregate sources throughout ing. The probability of locating large Ontario, and are significant components amounts of crushable aggregate is mod of the total resources of many areas. erate, and extraction may be expensive Some planning constraints and oppor because of the variability of the tunities are inherent in the nature of deposits both in terms of quality and the deposits. Because of their linear grain size distribution. nature, the deposits commonly extend across several property boundaries Kames (K): Kames are defined as mounds leading to unorganized extractive de of poorly sorted sand and gravel velopment at numerous small pits. On deposited by meltwater in depressions the other hand, because of their form, or fissures on the ice surface or at eskers can be easily and inexpensively its margin. During glacial retreat, the extracted and are amenable to rehabili melting of supporting ice causes col tation and sequential land use. lapse of the deposits, producing inter nal structures characterized by bedding Undif f erentiated Ice-Contact Stratified discontinuities. The deposits consist Drift (1C): This designation may mainly of irregularly bedded and cross- include deposits from several ice-con bedded, poorly sorted sand and gravel. tact, depositional environments which The present forms of the deposits usually form extensive, complex land include single mounds, linear ridges forms. It is not feasible to identify (crevasse fillings) or complex groups individual areas of coarse-grained of landforms. The latter are occa material within such deposits because sionally described as "undifferentiated of their lack of continuity and grain 44 size variability. They are given a deposited during postglacial time by a qualitative rating based on existing stream as sorted or semi-sorted sedi pit and other subsurface data. ment, on its bed or on its floodplain. The probability of locating large Outwash (OW): Outwash deposits consist amounts of crushable aggregate in allu of sand and gravel laid down by meltwa vial deposits is low, and they have ters beyond the margin of the ice generally low value because of the lobes. The deposits occur as sheets or presence of excess silt- and clay-sized as terraced valley fills (valley material. There are few large trains) and may be very large in extent postglacial alluvium deposits in and thickness. Well developed outwash Ontario. deposits have good horizontal bedding and are uniform in grain size dis GLACIOLACUSTRINE DEPOSITS tribution. Outwash deposited near the glacier©s margin is much more variable Glaciolacustrine and Marine Beach in texture and structure. The probabil Deposits (LB): These are relatively ity of locating useful crushable aggre narrow, linear features formed by wave gates in outwash deposits is moderate action at the shores of glacial lakes to high depending on how much informa or seas that existed at various times tion on size, distribution and thick during the deglaciation of Ontario. ness is available. Well developed lacustrine or marine beaches are usually less than 6 m Subaqueous Fans (SF): Subaqueous fans thick. The aggregate is well sorted and are formed within or near the mouths of stratified and sand-sized material meltwater conduits when sediment-laden commonly predominates. The composition meltwaters are discharged into a stand and size distribution of the deposit ing body of water. The geometry of the depends on the nature of the source resulting deposit is fan or lobe- material. The probability of obtaining shaped. Several of these lobes may be crushable aggregate is high when the joined together to form a larger, con material is developed from coarse- tinuous sedimentary body. Internally, grained materials such as a stony till, subaqueous fans consist of stratified and low when developed from fine sands and gravels which may exhibit grained materials. Beaches are rela wide variations in grain size dis tively narrow, linear deposits, so that tribution. As these features were extractive operations are often numer deposited under glacial lake waters, ous and extensive. silt and clay which settled out of these lakes may be associated in vary Glaciolacustrine Deltas (LD): These ing amounts with these deposits. The features were formed where streams or variability of the sediments and pres rivers of glacial meltwater flowed into ence of fines are the main extractive lakes and deposited their suspended problems associated with these sediment. In Ontario such deposits tend deposits. to consist mainly of sand and abundant silt. However, in near-ice and ice- River Bar (RB): A river bar is an accu contact positions, coarse material may mulation of sand or gravel, which is be present. Although deltaic deposits formed in a channel, along a bank or at may be large, the probability of ob the mouth of the river. River bars in taining coarse material is generally general, lack silt and clay and are low. commonly well sorted. A decrease in the velocity of the river causes these Glaciolacustrine Plains (LP): The near ridge-like features to form and when ly level surface marking the floor of the water is low, bars commonly emerge. an extinct glacial lake. The sediments In some aggregate poor areas these are which form the plain are predominantly used as sandy aggregate sources. fine to medium sand, silt and clay, and were deposited in relatively deep Alluvium (AL): Alluvium is a general water. Lacustrine deposits are gen term for clay, silt, sand, gravel or erally of low value as aggregate similar unconsolidated material sources because of their fine grain 45 size and lack of crushable material. In Moraines may be very large and contain some aggregate-poor areas, lacustrine vast aggregate resources, but the loca deposits may constitute valuable tion of the best areas within the sources of fill and some granular moraine is usually poorly defined. subbase aggregate. EOLIAN DEPOSITS GLACIAL DEPOSITS Windblown Deposits (WD): Windblown End Moraines (EM): These are belts of deposits are those formed by the trans glacial drift deposited at, and par port and deposition of sand by winds. allel to, glacial margins. End moraines The form of the deposits ranges from commonly consist of ice-contact strat extensive, thin layers to well devel ified drift and in such instances are oped linear and crescentic ridges known usually called kame moraines. Kame as dunes. Most windblown deposits in moraines commonly result from deposi Ontario are derived from, and deposited tion between two glacial lobes (inter on, pre-existing lacustrine sand plain lobate moraines). The probability of deposits. Windblown sediments almost locating aggregates within such fea always consist of fine to coarse sand tures is moderate to low. Exploration and are usually well sorted. The prob and development costs are high. ability of locating crushable aggregate in windblown deposits is very low. 46 APPENDIX E - AGGREGATE QUALITY TEST SPECIFICATIONS Numerous types of aggregate quality tests are often performed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation on sampled material. A description and the specifica tion limits for each test are included in this appendix. Although a specific sample meets or does not meet the specification limits for a certain product, it may or may not be acceptable for that use based on field performance. Absorption Capacity: Related to the measure of the amount of hard, durable porosity of the rock types of which an materials in sand-sized particles. This aggregate is composed. Porous rocks are is a new abrasion loss test that is subject to disintegration when absorbed quick, cheap and more precise than the liquids freeze and thaw, thus decreas fine aggregate Magnesium Sulphate ing the strength of the aggregate. This Soundness test which suffers from a test is conducted in conjunction with wide multi-laboratory variation. The the determination of the sample©s rela maximum loss for HL 1/HL 3 is 207., for tive density. HL 2 and HL 4/HL 8 it is 257. and for structural and pavement concrete it is Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content: The 20/1. It is anticipated that this test corrosion of reinforcing steel in con will replace the fine aggregate Mag crete is a major cause of the deterio nesium Sulphate Soundness test. ration of concrete bridge decks in Ontario. The concentration of chloride Mortar Bar Accelerated Expansion Test: ions in concrete is one of the control This a new rapid test for detecting ling factors of this corrosion. There alkali-silica reactive aggregates. It are no specifications in Ontario for involves the crushing of the aggregate maximum water soluble chloride ion and the creation of standard mortar content of aggregates, however, cor bars. For coarse and fine aggregates, rosion will not occur if the chloride suggested expansion limits of 0. 107. to content is below the threshold value of 0. 15ft are indicated for innocuous ag about Q.04% chloride ion by weight of gregates, greater than 0.1(^ but less concrete. than 0.207. indicates that it is unknown whether a potentially deleterious reac Los Angeles Abrasion and Impact Test: tion will occur, and greater than 0.207. This test measures the resistance to indicates that the aggregate is prob abrasion and the impact strength of ably reactive and should not be used aggregate. This gives an idea of the for Portland cement concrete. If the breakdown that can be expected to occur expansion limit exceeds 0. 107. for when an aggregate is stockpiled, trans coarse and fine aggregates, it is rec ported and placed. Values less than ommended that supplementary information about 357. indicate potentially satis be developed to confirm that the expan factory performance for most concrete sion is actually because of alkali- and asphalt uses. Values of more than reactivity. If confirmed deleteriously 45X indicate that the aggregate may be reactive, the material should not be susceptible to excessive breakdown used for Portland cement concrete during handling and placing. unless corrective measures are under taken such as the use of low or reduced Magnesium Sulphate Soundness Test: This alkali cement. test is designed to simulate the action of freezing and thawing on aggregate. Organic Impurities: A natural sand may Those aggregates which are susceptible be durable from a freeze-thaw point of will usually break down and give high view, however, if the sample contains losses in this test. Values greater an excessive amount of organic matter, than about 12 to 15ft indicate potential it is then unsuitable for concrete. The problems for concrete and asphalt organic impurities are usually decayed coarse aggregate. matter, humus or loam. Though most often found in the overburden, organics Micro-Deval Abrasion Test: The Micro- can occur in lenses or stringers in the Deval Abrasion test is an accurate deeper part of the deposit. Organic 47 impurities tend to interfere with the Petrographic Analysis: Individual ag hydration of the cement, reduce the gregate particles in a sample are bond strength and also affect the air divided into categories good, fair, entrainment. If organic matter is pres poor and deleterious, based on their ent throughout the deposit, washing of rock type (petrography) and knowledge the sand may remedy the situation. The of past field performance. A Sodium Hydroxide Colorimetric test is petrographic number (PN) is calculated. used to determine the amount of organic The higher the PN, the lower the qual material present in concrete sand. ity of the aggregate. Acceptable test numbers are l and 2, whereas, 3 indicates a borderline Petrographic Analysis of Fine Aggre material and a need for further testing gate: Petrographic analysis of fine such as a mortar strength test. The aggregate appraises the quality of the numbers 4 and 5 are indicative of fail sand. The test method determines the ure. amounts of silicate and carbonate rock types, and secondly, the quantity of Percent Crushed: A crushed particle is deleterious materials, such as chert, a piece of coarse aggregate which has shale and mica, is established. The at least one well-defined, mechanically latter is required in order to assess fractured face. This test method covers the potential for problems such as lack the visual determination of the per of freeze-thaw durability and alkali- cent, by mass, of crushed particles in aggregate reactivity. The chert content a processed crushed aggregate. The test should not exceed 5ft, and if it does, procedure gives a measure of the sta an alkali-silica reactivity test should bility characteristics of the coarse be carried out. The shale and mica aggregate in hot-mix pavement. contents should not exceed 57* and 17,, respectively. 48 V - g M f"* .5 ^ g) ,Q ** " f* •o fi o 5 ** •K S o ^ ra r? c 0 0 M S - c c 5 v o 0 10 W -H •I-l u w a AJ S w C *e •K td c w w a ea u U M ^^ zrt u H" a X v •o tt) *J T3 B ft C V 3 •H td V JS B EH 0,0 , o o o o o , o o o CO o a -H 1 AJ M 3 C in ' in ' ^D ^D ^J ^3 O ' vO vo vo i a V L, -H td Pi U Z *O '^ 03 O O O tt) b *M > CO ^J tt) fi a W -H CO H * c a PI COARSE ra X ra td ^ 0 E to H 2, 1H 3 B •o 1 -a *P ea S 0 0,0 i in in in in in , in in in O in c *J fi -H U \O vO CO CO CO CO ft CO CO CO in CO c < tt) m ea 0 *4 X a r*. m -0 * ** a - o ra td 0 * * -S! 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U td Z 0 ffi (M U U O H ea CO "45 a X td -* Tj 3 •H (d EH as C ^ B JJ j. T3 M CO CO C 1(4 b S. g1 'X V O a 0 J S Q. CO H H 04 O CO g S 4J Q U O •H 0 8 •c * s 0) 04 O.-H 5 "M TJ * ™ s u c U 03 H 00 i—( vi * * * H M* r^ "C O e " V CM O 4J •**J S 03 O td ea O OS 0) V i— t O 04 v-4 U 04 •4! •sf i-4 O OS CO 03 CO U •"Jo St S w Q -H " U CO ••fi O m o *n in o o 03 CO CM CM CM CM CM CM CM U 04 O * J W 0 05 l-lo ^W **^* C O O CO h -H ^ u c Z o CO 0 -H EH •H 4J Z 0} •W Q td 03 •H 0 Z O -H td s s s-3 V (W ffi a -H M B 2 c ** w u 0 vO O vO O O vO vO V or c * c a CM -* CM -H CM CM u o. to "* r-4 3 O CO ** -5 3 e ffi 5 " o -S (M •o b* Z to v. •a u E-4 q V CO H4 jg N 73 |J S*-. 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CM CM •a- r* in o sO so o il CO 00 SO co sO ^ in 00 in in SO r* H i-i CD 0 CM •H O wM PH o O o o PH SO CM O a. •* IO CO - OS CM Os SO CM m m SO m in CO H M CO d 0 d Os pH PH m 0 r* O d sO PH 0, ~* CO "* 1 (d Q ^t td 3 Q Z at .J ^^ .J td i H O H ra Z Ul td Q U, at HI (O Id BRITT U td H at 2 Q* •7 M H ea M •e a M ^^ B td i B B! < ^ B Q td .J B a at ^ J O u td ra K u O .J 1 (HARDVOLCANICfiS (SLIGHTCARBONATES (HAIRONFORMATION |FAIRAGGREGATE CHERT-CHERTYCARBO GREYWACKE-ARGILLIT JPOORAGGREGATE CHERT-CHERTYCARBO ARGILLITE-TUFFARGI (UNWEATHEREDSLATE axvoanoovaooo1 jSANDSTONE-ARKOSE( jGNEISS-SCHIST(HAR (COARSE-QUARTZITE |GREYWACKE-ARGILLIT lGRANITE-DIORITE-GA (SLIGHTCARBONATES WEATHEREDMEDIUM- SLIGHTLYWEATHERED CARBONATESCRYSTAL (SLIGHTLYWEATHERE (BRITTLE)-SGNEISS J(SANDSTONE-ARKOSE (SOFT;CARBONATES j(WEATHECARBONATES FLINT-JASPER-FINE- (SHALYCARBONATES 1(TOTACEMENTATIONS tt(HARD)CARBONATES ||DELETERIOUSAGGREG (MEDIUMHARD) (MEDIUMHARD) (UNLEACHED) 1CEMENTATIONS WEATHERED) GRAINED) VOLCANICS (LEACHED) FISSILE) CHERTY) CLAYEY) SHALY) cu * l 1 1 1 ( I 11 I I 1 1 I I TABLE E3. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BEDROCK SAMPLES, MOOSONEE AREA, SAMPLE HEAT LOSS INSOLUBLE R20a CaO MgO SITE T. RESIDUE % T. 7. T. MO-SS-6 42.9 3.0 0.4 48.4 4.9 MO-SS-7 40.9 5.4 0.6 51.3 1.8 MO-SS-8 43.0 2.8 0.5 47.6 5.6 MO-SS-9 46.4 1.2 0.5 31.7 19.9 52 CONVERSION FACTORS FOR MEASUREMENTS IN ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS Conversion from SI to Imperial Conversion from Imperial to SI SI Unit Multiplied by Gives Imperial Unit Multiplied by Gives LENGTH 1 mm 0.039 37 inches l inch 25.4 mm 1 cm 0.393 70 inches l inch 2.54 cm 1m 3.28084 feet l foot 03048 m 1m 0.049 709 7 chains l chain 20.116 8 m 1km 0.621 371 miles (statute) l mile (statute) 1.609 344 km AREA lcm2 0.155 0 square inches l square inch 6.451 6 crrr lin* 10.763 9 square feet l square foot 0.092 903 04 m2 Ikm2 0.386 10 square miles l square mile 2.589 988 km2 lha 2.471 054 acres l acre 0.404 685 6 ha VOLUME 1 cm3 0.061 02 cubic inches l cubic inch 16387 064 1m3 35.314 7 cubic feet l cubic foot 0.028 316 85 m 1m3 1.308 0 cubic yards l cubic yard 0.764 555 CAPACITY 1L 1.759 755 pints l pint 0.568 261 1L 0.879 877 quarts l quart 1.136 522 1L 0.219 969 gallons l gallon 4.546 090 MASS lg 0.035 273 96 ounces (avdp) 1 ounce (avdp) 28.349 523 g lg 0.032 150 75 ounces (troy) 1 ounce (troy) 31.103 476 8 g 1kg 2.20462 pounds (avdp) 1 pound (avdp) 0.453 592 37 kg 1kg 0.001 102 3 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 907.184 74 kg It 1.102311 tons (short) 1 ton (short) 0.907 184 74 l 1kg 0.000 984 21 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1016.046 908 8 kg It 0.984 206 5 tons (long) 1 ton (long) 1.016 046 908 8 CONCENTRATION Ig/t 0.029 166 6 ounce (troy)/ 1 ounce (troy)/ 34.285 714 2 ton (short) ton (short) Ig/t 0.583 333 33 pennyweights/ 1 pennyweight/ 1.714 285 7 ton (short) ton (short) OTHER USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS Multiplied by l ounce (troy) per ton (short) 20.0 pennyweights per ton (shorl) l pennyweight per ton (short) 0.05 ounces (troy) per ton (short) Note: Conversion factors which are in bold type are exact. The conversion factors have been taken from or have been derived from factors given in the Metric Practice Guide for the Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Indus - tries, published by the Mining Association of Canada in co-operation with die Coal Association of Canada. 53 Gravel Content Greater than 35'^ gravel. S Less than 35^o gravel. of Thickness Class JAMES BAY Ministry Northern Development Average Thickness Class in Metres Tonnes per Hectare and Mines greater than 106000 53000-106000 ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY 26500- 53000 less than 26 500 MOOSONEE AREA Geological Type AL Older Alluvium K Kame E Esker LB Lacustrine Beach-Marine Beach EM End Moraine LD Lacustrine Delta 1C Undifferentiated Ice- LP Lacustrine Plain DISTRIBUTION OF SAND AND Contact Stratified Drift RB River Bar GRAVEL DEPOSITS ICT Ice-Contact Terrace WD Windblown Forms (see Appendix D for descriptions of Geological Types) Quality Indicator If blank, no known limitations present. Clay and/or silt (fines) present in objectionable quantities. Deleterious, lithologies present. NTS Reference: 42P/1, 42 P/2, 42 P/7, 42 P/8 Oversize particles or fragments present in objectionable quantities. *OMNDM-OGS1991 SOURCES OF INFORMATION Base map by Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aggregate suitability data from the Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation. Selected drilled water well data from the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Field work by Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office and Paleozoic/Mesozoic Geology Subsection. Compilation and Drafting by Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office. This map is to accompany O G S Open File Report 5811. This map is published with the permission of V. G. Milne, Director, SYMBOLS Ontario Geological Survey. Issued 1991 (Some symbols may not apply to this map.) Information quoted for an individual test hole or pit refers to a specific sample or face. Care should be exercised in Township boundary. extrapolating such information to other parts of the deposit. Project area boundary Geographic township within township boundary. CARON GEO. TP. County, District, Regional or District Municipal boundary. HORDEN GEO. TP. Community boundary MOOSE FACTORY .ISLAND \ , ^ - '*- FACTORY.ISLANI^ -;-;i Park, reserve boundary. Geological and aggregate thickness boundary of sand and gravel deposits. Buried geological and aggregate thickness boundary of sand and gravel deposits. Extracted area of sand and gravel pits. Sand or gravel prt;|ldentification number; see Table 2. Test hole location; Identification number. Poplaj; t Island Selected sample site; Identification number: see Figures 3a- 4b Geophysical traverse line; Identification number. TIDEWATER PROVINCIAL Selected Water Well location. Layers of material are described by: reported thickness of material (in metres); reported type of material PARK (number only - overburden, G - Gravel, S - Sand, C - Clay, T - Till, B - Boulders, Bk - Bedrock, Hpan - Hardpan, Stn - Stones, Silt - Silt). Texture symbol: see below: see Figures 2a-6b A Unless otherwise indfeated, at! beach deposits within the Rabbit Deposit Symbol: see below. have been designated as TEXTURE SYMBOL (This symbol is used where sample analysis data are available.) Fines: silt and clay K .075 mm) Gravel 4.75 mm) Sand (.075 4.75mm The Texture Symbol provides quantitative assessment of the grain size dis tribution at a sampled location. The relative amounts of gravel, sand, silt and clay in the sampled material are shown graphically by the subdivision of a circle into proportional segments. The above example shows a hypo thetical sample consisting of 457o gravel, 3570 sand and 207o silt and clay. Rabbit Ridge (AsKaskwaya DEPOSIT SYMBOL Gravel Content Geological Type Thickness Class Quality Indicator Deposits are identified by Gravel Content, Thickness Class, Geological Type and Quality Indicator. Gravel Content is expressed as a percentage of gravel-sized material (i.e., material retained on the 4.75 mm sieve). Thick ness Class is based on potential aggregate tonnage per hectare. Geologi cal Type refers to geologic origin. Quality Indicator describes objection able grain size and lithology. MOOSE FACTORY INDIAN RESERVE 68 89 HAHHS3H MVIQNI AHOX3VJ 3SOOW 1661 panss| •Aa/uns |B3!6o|oao OIJBIUQ iQ 'au|i|Aj 'g '/\ jo uojssjuujad aijj qji/w pai|s;|qnd si dBW sjuj; "U89 yoday a|y uado SOO AuBdiuoooB oj sj deuu sim •aoijjO juauissassv ajBBajBBv aqi }O jjeis Aq BuiyeJQ pue uoi}e|idujoo •uoipasqns pue ao^o |uaiussassv aieBajSBv am jo ^BJS Aq )(JOM ppi j •juatuuoJiAug aqi |o AJISIUIIM OIJBJUO ^m i^o^ ejep ||aM jaje/w pa|||Jp papaps •uoiiBjjodsuejj. OIJB;UQ 6uuaauiBug am LUOJJ Bjep AjjiiqBj saojnosau AJisjuii^i OUB^UO 'qouejg Buisu 'sAaAjng Aq dsuj assg Ijaqibnu uo|}eoj}i}uap| '. 10 PUBS •Slid |8ABJ6 pus puss jo B8JB •sjjsodap |3ABJ6 PUB PUBS jo AJBpunoq ssau^oiqj a)B6ajBBB pue jeoiBojoaB paung •siisodap puB puBS jo AJBpunoq ssau^oiqa aje&ajBBe puB |B3i6o|oac) IVONIAOHd H31VAV3Q1L •AJBpunoq AJBpunoq Ajmnuuiuoo 'AjBpunoq |edioiun|Aj JOJJJSJQ jo (euoiBay 'IOJJJSIQ 'AjunoQ •AJBpunoq diu.su/woi uiqjjM diijsu/woi •AJBpunoq BBJB joafojj •AJBpunoq dj sioawAS 'eaje aojnosaj jaABjB pue pues pa;oa|as •aoueoijiuBis AjBpuooas 'B3JB aojnosaj |3ABj6 puB PUBS "E a|qBJ. aas 'jaqujnu ijsodap AjBUJud 'BBJB aojnosaj |3ABjB puB pues pajoa|as SlINn dVIAI S|qi oj Ajddp jou APUJ sjoqujAs pup sjiun dpiu QN3O3H OOOfrSS l dBy\| UOj}BDCT| JHfMHfV \ x /7\f^onrt V -' , s SIN aJ4auio|i)( 0001 000 09 : L SV3dV \ 13AVdO QNV QNVS 03103138 Z V3HV 33NOSOOIAI AUO1N3ANI S30anOS3H 31V93U99V A3AanS 1VOIOOHO3O OiaVlNO pue AV8 SZWVf : Ministry of Northern Development and Mines Ontario ONTARIO GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JAMES BA} AGGREGATE RESOURCES INVENTORY MOOSONEE AREA STOOPING RIVER STOOPING iRIVER FORMATION FORMATION MAP 3 - BEDROCK RESOURCES Scale 1: 50 000 Metres 1000 l Kilometre NTS Reference: 42 P/1, 42 P/2, 42P/7, 42P/8 OQMNDM-OGS 1991 KWATABOAHEGAN FORMATION KWATABOAHEGAN FORMATION Location Map Scale 1:1 584000 LEGEND (Some units and symbols may not apply to this map.) BEDROCK UNITS PALEOZOIC DEVONIAN MIDDLE DEVONIAN KWATABOAHEGAN FORMATION Limestone, dolomitic limestone and dolostone LOWER DEVONIAN STOOPING RIVER FORMATION MOOSE FACTORY Cherty limestone with minor dolomitic limestone ISLAND and dolostone KWATABOAHEGAN FORMATION SYMBOLS Township boundary. Project area boundary. Geographic township boundary County, District, Regional or District Municipal boundary. Community boundary Park, reserve boundary. Geological formation boundary. Geological formation member boundary. Formation thickness boundary (see text). Rabbit Ridge area (Askaskwayau Ridge) Selected bedrock resource area; deposit number; see Table 5. Extracted area of sand and gravel pits. Quarry ; identification number; see Table 4. fOrVATABOAHEGAN FORMATION Isolated bedrock outcrop. MO-SS-6 Selected sample site, Identification number, see Figures 7a-7b, Tables 6a and 6b. - , -~ ^ - . - ' -, ,.. - ; t ; -. - . SOURCES OF INFORMATION Base map by Surveys, Mapping and Remote Sensing Branch. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Aggregate suitability data from the Engineering Materials Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation Geology by: B.V. Sanford and A.W. Norris, 1975. MOOSE FACTORY Additional field work by: Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Office and INDIAN RESERVE 68 Paleozoic/Mesozoic Geology Subsection. Compilation and Drafting by: Staff of the Aggregate Assessment Off ice. This map is to accompany QGS Open File Report 5811. This map is published with the permission of V.G. Milne, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. 4 Issued 1991