The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum V O L U M E 6 8 • N U M B E R 1

Home , John Caspar Wister, Magnolia zenii, Morris Arboretum, Pseudocydonia, Veitch Nurseries

The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum VOLUM E 68 • N UM BER 1 • 2010 Contents

Arnoldia (ISSN 0004–2633; USPS 866–100) 2 Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum of is published quarterly by the Arnold Arboretum Swarthmore College of Harvard University. Periodicals postage paid Andrew Bunting at Boston, Massachusetts. Subscriptions are $20.00 per calendar year 13 Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants of the domestic, $25.00 foreign, payable in advance. Northeast: A Field Guide Remittances may be made in U.S. dollars, by Peter Del Tredici check drawn on a U.S. bank; by international money order; or by Visa, Mastercard, or American 26 Conserving the Dawn Redwood: The Ex Situ Express. Send orders, remittances, requests to Collection at the Dawes Arboretum purchase back issues, change-of-address notices, Greg Payton and all other subscription-related communica- tions to Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, Arnold 34 Index to Arnoldia Volume 67 Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Boston, MA 02130- 3500. Telephone 617.524.1718; fax 617.524.1418; 44 A New Plant Introduction from the Arnold e-mail [email protected] Arboretum: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’ John H. Alexander III Arnold Arboretum members receive a subscription to Arnoldia as a membership benefit. To Front cover: ‘Verbanica’, a cultivar of saucer magnolia become a member or receive more information, (Magnolia x soulangiana), was introduced in France in please call Wendy Krauss at 617.384.5766 or 1873. Photo by Nancy Rose. email [email protected] Inside front cover: Urban wildflower or wicked weed? Postmaster: Send address changes to A new field guide, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast, Arnoldia Circulation Manager doesn’t judge, but will aid city dwellers in identify- The Arnold Arboretum ing the plants around them. Photo of hedge bindweed 125 Arborway (Calystegia sepium) by Peter Del Tredici. Boston, MA 02130–3500 Inside back cover: Plant propagator John H. Alexander III Nancy Rose, Editor stands behind the original plant of Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Andy Winther, Designer Cove’, a new inkberry cultivar. Photo by Oren McBee. Editorial Committee Back cover: Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostro- Phyllis Andersen boides) has a storied history but continues to face Peter Del Tredici conservation challenges. This unusual multi-trunked Michael S. Dosmann specimen is from a 1948 seed accession at the Arnold Kanchi N. Gandhi Arboretum. Photo by Michael Dosmann.

Andrew Bunting

rom the inception in 1929 of the Scott of plants—and one that has stood the test of Arboretum of Swarthmore College, the time—has been the magnolia collection. Early Fmission has remained the same—to col- on, new magnolia accessions were received from lect and display outstanding ornamental plants, notable nurseries, organizations, and individu- specifically trees, shrubs, and vines. Since als including Bobbink and Atkins, Rutherford, 1931, one of our most prominent collections New Jersey; Andorra Nursery, Chestnut Hill, rboretum A cott S

Part of the magnolia collection at the Scott Arboretum. Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 3 rboretum A cott S

The original type specimen of Magnolia virginiana var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’ still thrives at the Scott Arboretum (above). This cultivar bears fragrant, creamy rboretum

white flowers and cold-hardy evergreen foliage (right). A cott Pennsylvania; the Arnold Arboretum; Hicks S Nursery, Long Island, New York; and Highland Park, Rochester, New York. At the time, John Wister, first director of the Scott Arboretum, was developing the campus based on an evolutionary or phyloge- netic tree, so all genera in a plant family were planted together, and hence all species in a family resided together. The magnolia collection housed both species and cultivars alike. In 1931, Wister began to get regular deliver- ies of many plants, especially magnolias, from Henry Hicks of Hicks Nursery on Long Island, New York. On May 8th, 1934, Hicks brought Wister a gift of plants which included 61 accessions representing 3,143 individual plants. These included seven seedlings of the sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia viginiana), a native species which was then known as Magnolia glauca. Of these original seven, only one survived. It was 4 Arnoldia 68/1

Early History of the Scott Arboretum n 1929, John Caspar Wister was appointed the first director of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation (now the Scott Arboretum). Wister graduated Iin 1909 with a degree from the School of Landscape Architecture at Harvard University, and supplemented this education with courses taken at the New Jersey Agricultural College. After graduation, Wister worked in landscape architecture offices in both Philadelphia and New York. From his youth, John Wister was an avid plant collector. As a small boy he had exposure to estate gardening at different Wister properties located in and around Germantown, Philadelphia. At age 14 he grew 40 cultivars of chrysanthemums. After Wister started his professional career his interest in a myriad of plant groups and genera began to grow. Throughout his lifetime he was an avid collector of both herbaceous and tree peonies. Wister admired a photograph in a garden catalog that showed the peony collection of Arthur Hoyt Scott (for whom the Arboretum is named) and Edith Wilder Scott and in 1913 he met the Scotts at their home in Oak Lane, Philadelphia. On July 10, 1917, at the age of 30, Wister enlisted as a private in World War I. Wister was sent to France. On his leave time during the war Wister toured the gardens of Europe. While in France he collected several cultivars of tree peonies and sent the plants back to Mr. and Mrs. Scott. Wister was honorably discharged in 1919. Arthur Hoyt Scott was a graduate of the class of 1895 from Swarthmore College. His father, E. Irvin Scott, founded Scott Paper Company which was located in Chester, just south of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Like Wister, Scott developed a passion for ornamental horticulture as a young man. In 1920 he became president of the Scott Paper Company, but his spare time was primarily occupied by his love of plants. Scott served as an officer of the American Peony Society and the American Iris Society. As early as 1915 Scott was sending gifts of plants to his alma mater, Swarthmore College. His first gift was 100 lilacs of many different varieties. In 1919 the Scotts moved from Philadelphia to a 100-acre farm in Rose Valley near Swarthmore. As Wister later wrote “Here for the first time he had ample room. He at once began to plant great collections of flowering trees and shrubs like Japanese cherries, crabapples, dogwoods, lilacs, mockoranges and azaleas.” When Arthur Hoyt Scott wanted to study peonies he had to travel to Cornell University and when he wanted to see lilacs he had to go to Highland Park in Rochester, New York. Scott dreamed of having an arboretum at Swarthmore College where local gardeners could go and see attractive displays of his favorite plants. Scott had the support of Samuel Palmer, the head of the Botany Depart- ment, and Swarthmore College. Palmer, in turn, contacted Robert Pyle who had graduated from Swarthmore in 1897 and was serving on Swarthmore’s board of managers. Pyle was head of the Conard-Pyle Company, one of the country’s largest purveyors of mail-order roses. Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 5 ollege C warthmore S of

rboretum A cott S the

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John C. Wister (second from right) at the dedication of the Scott Arboretum’s rose garden in 1958. Wister was director of the Scott Arboretum from 1929 to 1969.

Arthur Hoyt Scott died in 1927, at the age of 51. Two years later Edith Wilder Scott and Arthur Hoyt Scott’s sister, Margaret Moon, and her husband, Owen Moon, approached Swarthmore’s president with the idea of starting a campus arboretum. They recommended that John Wister become its first director, and so indeed he did. The early 1930s were the heydays of the Scott Horticultural Foundation. With Wister at the helm, the plant collections grew very quickly. Huge collections of Paeonia, Iris, Rhododendron, Syringa, Philadelphus, Prunus, Malus, Cotoneaster, Chrysanthemum, Narcissus and Magnolia were being accessioned and planted. In 1931 the Foundation accessioned 783 plants; in 1932 there were 1162 accessions, and in 1933, 1110 accessions. To put this in perspective the Scott Arbo- retum currently accessions about 300 plants per year. 6 Arnoldia 68/1 ose R planted in a poorly drained section of the ancy

Magnolia Collection, and over the years this N sweetbay magnolia thrived (unlike most magnolias, this species performs well in wet soils). It was observed that while most specimens of Magnolia viriginiana in the Swarthmore area are deciduous, this particular specimen was reliably evergreen. In 1967 this clone was offi- cially registered and named Magnolia virginiana var. australis ‘Henry Hicks’. The original type specimen remains in great shape today in the old Magnolia Collection.

A Stream of Magnolias

In addition to Magnolia virginiana, several The slightly nodding flowers of Magnolia sieboldii bloom in accessions of Oyama magnolia (Magnolia late spring or early summer. sieboldii, previously M. parviflora), a shrubby

Asian magnolia noted for its white flowers with ose striking crimson stamens, were added to the R

collection from several different sources. Other ancy early additions included the star magnolia N (Magnolia stellata), anise magnolia (Magno- lia salicifolia), umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), Kobus magnolia (Magnolia kobus), southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), cucumbertree magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), and the saucer magnolia (M. x soulangiana, syn. Magnolia x soulangeana). Magnolia x soulangiana resulted from a cross between Magnolia denudata and Magnolia liliiflora in 1820 by Étienne Soulange-Bodin, who was the first director of the Royal Institute of Horticulture near Paris. For many gardeners across the United States, saucer magnolia is the quintessential magnolia species. This large shrub to medium-sized tree produces masses of large, showy flowers that emerge before the foliage. The flowers, which are often fragrant, appear in white and shades of pink and purple. In the early 1930s the Scott Arboretum received two different batches of Magnolia x soulangiana cultivars. In 1933, Arthur D. Slavin at Highland Park in Rochester, New York, sent ‘Alexandrina’, which has deep red-purple flowers and was introduced in Paris in 1831; ‘Ama- bilis’, an 1865 French introduction with white flowers; ‘Alba’, which is another white-flowered clone that was grown and named by Louis van Houtte of Belgium; ‘André Leroy’, which Early-spring-flowering Magnolia salicifolia has fragrant, has dark pink to purple flowers and is a French 6-tepaled white flowers and a pyramidal growth habit. Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 7

introduction from 1892; ‘Brozzoni’, which rboretum

A bears white flowers with pink veins and was named in honor of Camillo Brozzoni cott S in Brescia, Italy in 1873; ‘Lennei’, which has tepals that are magenta on the outside and white on the inside; ‘Norbertii’, a late- blooming cultivar with red-purple flowers; and ‘Verbanica’, which has deep pink flowers and was named by André Leroy in France in 1873. In 1936, scions of all these clones were sent to Verkades Nursery in Wayne, New Jersey. The magnolias were propagated there, and duplicate plants were then sent back to the Scott Arboretum. Today, many of these original cultivars from Highland Park are found in our collections. Noted magnolia expert Philippe de Spoelberch from Arboretum Wespelaar, Haacht-Wespelaar, Belgium, commented that the Scott Arboretum’s collection of Magnolia x soulangiana cultivars is important because they most likely represent clones which are true to name. De Spoel- berch said that many of the original cultivars from France are much confused in the nursery industry and that many cultivar names have been mistakenly attributed to the wrong cultivar.

Magnolia x soulangiana ‘Alexandrina’ is noted for its dramatic red- Southern Belles and Little Girls purple flowers. In 1933, the Scott Arboretum received its first plant of the southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) as a gift from Edith Wilder Scott. This large magnolia, native rboretum

A to the southeastern United States, is prized for its leathery evergreen foliage and large, cott S fragrant, creamy white flowers. Several cultivars of this species were soon added to the collection; in 1939, ‘Exoniensis’ was received from Princeton Nursery, and in 1940 ‘Lanceolata’ arrived from Hillier and Sons in Winchester, England. Both of these clonal names are synonymous with ‘Exmouth’, which is a fastigiate cultivar. It was not until 28 years later, in 1968, that any additional selections of the southern magnolia were added to the Arboretum’s collections. ‘Edith Bogue’ was a selection A David Leach hybrid of M. acuminata x M. denudata, ‘Ivory Chal- that was made in 1961 for its ability to with- ice’ bears large, pale yellow to cream colored flowers. stand very cold temperatures with minimal 8 Arnoldia 68/1 ose R ancy N rboretum A cott S ose R ancy N

Three of the “Little Girl” magnolia hybrids, (clock- wise from above) ‘Betty’, ‘Ann’, and ‘Judy’. This group of magnolias was bred at the United States National Arboretum and named for the wives, daughters, and secretaries of the breeders.

leaf burn. Our plant came from Kingsville Nurs- Dr. Francis deVos and horticulturist William ery in Kingsville, Maryland. Today, there are Kosar. In 1955, deVos began breeding working several specimens of ‘Edith Bogue’ growing on using Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and Magnolia the campus of Swarthmore College, as well as stellata ‘Rosea’. ‘Nigra’ was used for its hardi- 7 other M. grandiflora cultivars including both ness and late blooming, while ‘Rosea’ was used ‘D. D. Blanchard’ and ‘Pocono’ which also have for its fragrance, prolific flowering, and mildew been selected for greater cold hardiness. resistance. The results of this program resulted In 1968 the Scott Arboretum also received in the introduction of cultivars ‘Ann’, ‘Judy’, an important collection of magnolias from the ‘Randy’, and ‘Ricki’. In 1956, Kosar hybridized United States National Arboretum. Commonly Magnolia stellata ‘Rosea’ and ‘Waterlily’ with referred to as the Eight Little Girls, these Magnolia liliiflora ‘Nigra’ and ‘Reflorescens’, magnolias were the result of hybridizing work which resulted in the introduction of cultivars conducted at the USNA by research geneticist ‘Betty’, ‘Jane’, ‘Pinkie’, and ‘Susan’. Today at Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 9 rboretum A cott S

A specimen of the rare Florida native Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei growing at the Scott Arboretum. the Scott Arboretum ‘Ann’, ‘Betty’, and ‘Susan’ Magnolia fraseri subsp. pyramidata) came to us remain as beautiful mature specimens, while via the Henry Foundation for Botanical Research the others that we lost have been replaced with in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania in 1971. This spe- younger specimens. The “Little Girl” hybrids cies is native to the coastal plains of Alabama, remain a group of magnolias that we continue Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South to promote as relatively small (about 12 to 20 Carolina, and Texas, while Magnolia fraseri is feet [3.5 to 6 meters] tall) magnolias for the only found in the mountains. It wasn’t until home garden. 1991 that we added the last of the North Ameri- In addition to Magnolia virginiana and Mag- can native magnolias, a single plant of Magno- nolia grandiflora, the Scott Arboretum added lia macrophylla subsp. ashei. Ashe’s magnolia several other magnolia species native to the is very rare in the wild and only occurs in a United States. We received the umbrella mag- small portion of the Florida panhandle where nolia (Magnolia tripetala) from the Hicks Nurs- it is found from Leon to Wakulla counties and ery in 1932 and Magnolia fraseri came from westward to Santa Rosa county. In the Red List Arthur D. Slavin at Highland Park Nursery in of Magnoliaceae, which documents globally 1933. Magnolia macrophylla, which is closely threatened plants within the magnolia family, related to Magnolia fraseri, was acquired from Magnolia macrophylla subsp. ashei is given Andorra Nursery near Philadelphia in 1939. the conservation status of “vulnerable”, which The Scott Arboretum’s first plant of Magnolia means it is considered to be facing a high risk pyramidata (which is sometimes listed as of extinction in the wild. 10 Arnoldia 68/1 ose R racken C c ancy N M t a P of ourtesy C

‘Gold Crown’, an August Kehr hybrid, bears large, light to Magnolia zenii is a critically endangered species in its native medium yellow flowers. range in China.

Recent Additions, Future Plans ‘Hot Flash’, ‘Solar Flair’, and ‘Sunburst’. To The 1990s saw dozens of new cultivars enter create the yellow magnolias Kehr made com- the Scott Arboretum’s collections from many plex crosses using M. acuminata, M. denu- magnolia purveyors such as Arbor Village data, M. x brooklynensis, M. ‘Elizabeth’, M. Nursery, Gossler Farms, and Fairweather ‘Woodsman’ and M. ‘Gold Star’. Gardens. In 1998, through Pat McCracken From 2000 to 2010 the Scott Arboretum con- and McCracken Nursery, we received a num- tinued to add dozens of new magnolia taxa to ber of cultivars introduced by noted magno- our collection. Many new cultivars of Magno- lia hybridizer Dr. August Kehr. After retiring lia grandiflora and Magnolia virginiana were from the USDA, Kehr started a robust magno- added. Several other yellow-flowered magnolias lia breeding program in Hendersonville, North such as ‘Yellow Joy’, ‘Limelight’ and ‘Golden Carolina that resulted in many outstanding Rain’ were added. In addition, many species cultivars of magnolias. Some of the Kehr cul- magnolias from a variety of sources were acces- tivars included in our magnolia collection are sioned, including Magnolia x wiesneri, a hybrid ‘Serenade’, ‘Pink Perfection’, and a number between M. sieboldii and M. obovata; Magnolia of the much-desired yellow-flowered hybrids zenii which is critically endangered in China including ‘Gold Crown’, ‘Golden Endeavor’, where only one population, comprised of 18 Magnolias at the Scott Arboretum 11 rboretum A cott S

Magnolia denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’ was selected and named for its distinctly upright habit. 12 Arnoldia 68/1

individual trees, exists; and Magnolia wilsonii, rboretum

which is endangered and only exists in scattered A populations in Sichuan, northern Yunnan, and cott Guizhou, China. Two other additions—Magno- S lia lotungensis from China and M. tamaulipana from northeastern Mexico—may prove to be borderline hardy in Swarthmore (USDA zone 6, average annual minimum temperature -10°F to 0°F [-23.3°C to -17.8°C]). In 2009 the Arboretum introduced a new selection of the Yulan magnolia, Magnolia denudata ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’. The Arbore- tum originally received a seedling from J. C. Raulston at North Carolina State University, who had received seeds from the Beijing Botanic Garden. From a seedling in 1993, the tree is over 30 feet tall today. On several occasions visiting magnolia experts commented on how upright our particular clone was. Therefore, we decided to name this selection ‘Swarthmore Sentinel’ for its fastigiate habit. Over the last 81 years we have accessioned 502 magnolias at the Scott Arboretum. Today the collection holds 165 different taxa. The Magnolia ‘Charles Coates’ is an unusual hybrid between Scott Arboretum’s collection is recognized as M. sieboldii and M. tripetala. a national magnolia collection through the American Public Garden Association’s North will also continue to grow its own collections. American Plant Collections Consortium We currently have 72 magnolia taxa growing (NAPCC). According to the APGA “The North in a nursery, and once these reach specimen American Plant Collections Consortium is size they will be transplanted to garden sites a network of botanical gardens and arbo- throughout the arboretum. In 2015 the Scott reta working to coordinate a continent-wide Arboretum plans to host the international approach to plant germplasm preservation, and meeting of the Magnolia Society International. to promote high standards of plant collections Bibliography management.” The Scott Arboretum will be Callaway, D.J. 1994. The World of Magnolias. Timber working with approximately 20 other insti- Press, Portland, Oregon. tutions across North America, including San Gardiner, J. 2000. Magnolias: A Gardener’s Guide. Timber Francisco Botanical Garden, Quarryhill Botan- Press, Portland, Oregon. ical Garden, University of British Columbia Liu, Y.H. 2004. Magnolias of China. Hong-Kong, Beijing Botanical Garden, the Bartlett Arboretum, and Science & Technology Press. Atlanta Botanical Garden to create a consor- Treseder, N.G. 1978. Magnolias. Faber and Faber, Limited, tium of institutions to oversee the preservation London and Boston. and conservation of Magnoliaceae germplasm. Wister, J.C. Swarthmore Plant Notes 1930–1954, Volume This group will also be part of the NAPCC 1, Part 1. pp. 80–88. and administered through the APGA. Once Yagoda, B. 2003. The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore formed, this Magnolia Curatorial Group will College—The First 75 Years. The Donning partner with the Magnolia Society Interna- Company Press. tional to target both wild species and cultivar groups which need to be preserved in botanic Andrew Bunting is Curator of the Scott Arboretum of gardens and arboreta. The Scott Arboretum Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. Excerpts from Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast: A Field Guide

Peter Del Tredici

Editor’ s Note: ver wonder what kind of tree that is, the one growing Efrom a crack in the asphalt parking lot at work? Or what that tangled vine engulfing the slope by the subway station might be? Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast: A Field Guide, written by long-time Arnold Arboretum researcher Peter Del Tredici, may have your answer. Del Tredici’s goal with this book is “to help the general reader identify plants growing spontaneously in the urban environment and to develop an appre- ciation of the role they play in making our cities more livable.” Many of the 222 plants featured in the book could be called weeds, and some are notoriously invasive. The author eschews these labels, however, pointing out that in many urban/suburban areas the environment has been so radically altered (think non-native fill soils, soil compaction and contamina- tion, impermeable pavement, and pollution) that the presence of any plants has benefits. This handy guide is organized by plant families and includes both woody and herbaceous plants. Numerous color photographs and extensive information is provided for each species, including place of origin, descriptions of vegetative, flower, and fruit characteris- tics, and habitat preference. Some fascinating details emerge from the “Cultural Signifi- cance” subsections—for example: “During World War II, the silky seed hairs [of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca] were used as a substitute for kapok to fill “Mae West” life vests. Between 1943 and 1945, a million such flotation devices were filled with the floss from some 24 million pounds (11 million kilograms) of milkweed pods.” Following are half a dozen plant species featured in the book. Reprinted from: Peter Del Tredici, Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast: A Field Guide. Copyright © 2010 by Cornell University. Used by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press. 374 pages. ISBN 978-0-8014-7458-3. 14 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 15 16 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 17 18 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 19 20 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 21 22 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 23 24 Arnoldia 68/1 Wild Urban Plants of the Northeast 25 Conserving the Dawn Redwood: The Ex Situ Collection at the Dawes Arboretum

Greg Payton

ince 1990, the Dawes Arboretum in New- species from extinction. For a long-term conser- ark, Ohio, has undertaken a large scale vation project to be successful and sustainable, Sex situ conservation project with Meta- a large sampling of genetic material is desirable sequoia glyptostroboides, the dawn redwood. to maintain the existing and potential variation Ex situ conservation is defined as the conserva- within a particular species. Many attempts at tion of genes or genotypes outside their envi- rescue efforts are done on a limited basis, and ronment of natural occurrence (China, in the they hold relatively small numbers of speci- case of dawn redwood). There are challenges mens due to insufficient space and budgetary and limits to ex situ conservation, but for some limitations. Ideally, ex situ collections should threatened or endangered plants and animals it have the capacity to grow the requisite number is an essential component in efforts to keep the of individuals essential for preserving the base ose R ancy N

Dawn redwoods develop distinctive buttressed trunks with age. Dawn Redwood at the Dawes Arboretum 27 yton a a P P reg reg G YTON G

A specimen with good form and foliage qualities (accession Variations in foliage of trees in the Dawes plantation. All D1993-0249.004). branchlets photographed on October 13, 2009.

gene reserve with a goal of capturing as large plants in the ex situ site are allowed to sexu- of a part of the genetic diversity within the ally reproduce, environmental conditions in species as possible. Some species require rela- this new setting favor the selection and sur- tively few individuals to capture that genetic vival of the progeny best adapted to that site. range, while others require much larger popu- Progeny that survive in the ex situ location lation sizes. Studies of the genetic variation may have different traits than progeny which within dawn redwood have been and still are would have survived in the original site. While being conducted. Early results indicate that this may have advantages from a horticultural there is a fairly low genetic diversity, although standpoint (e.g. selection of plants with greater there is some differentiation within the native cold hardiness or better drought tolerance), it populations throughout the overall range of is a disadvantage for most conservation goals. the species. Preserving the genetic diversity of a species ex Ex situ conservation does have its limits, and situ may be best accomplished by maintaining ideally it should complement in situ protec- clonal populations. However, seed banking of tion in the natural environment. Preserving a species with orthodox seeds (seeds that sur- native, wild population is the best option, and vive drying or freezing) can also be important in this should be the primary focus of any conser- securing a species for the future, and there is the vation program. One of the particular problems advantage that seeds can be stored in a much with ex situ conservation lies in the inevitable smaller space than living plants. A combination environmental differences between the site of of both seed banking and living plants offers the origin and the site of the ex situ collection. If most opportunities for conservation research. 28 Arnoldia 68/1

Meet Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Dawn redwood (shui-shan in Chinese, meaning ose “water-fir”) is a deciduous conifer similar to bald R

cypress (Taxodium distichum). The soft, disti- ancy N chous needles of dawn redwood are arranged oppositely, easily distinguishing it from bald cypress with its alternate needle arrangement. When dawn redwood—once thought to be extinct—was discovered still growing in south- central China in a mild and wet climate, it was not believed that it would survive in the United States north of Georgia. The provenance testing done since Metasequoia seeds arrived in the United States in 1948 shows that it can survive in USDA Hardiness Zones 5 to 8 (average annual minimum temperature -20 to 20°F [-28.8 to -6.7°C]) in areas with sufficient rainfall (or with supplemental watering). In its native Sichuan, China, the average rainfall is around 40 inches (100 centimeters) per year but dawn redwood has survived in parts of the United States with lesser amounts of rainfall. The typical form is a large tree, up to 150 An example of a plant that exists feet (45 meters) tall in the wild, pyramidal in only ex situ is Franklinia alatamaha, youth, becoming more open-crowned with Franklin tree. It is believed to have great age. The trunks on older specimens been extirpated from its native range become strongly buttressed. It is fast growing when moisture is available and can add over (Georgia, in the southeastern United 3 feet (1 meter) of growth per year. It is helio- States) by the early nineteenth cen- philic (requiring full sun), which has limited tury. Fortunately, botanists John and its use as a commercial timber tree since it William Bartram found and later col- does not grow well in competition. lected and propagated Franklin tree Many millions of dawn redwoods have now in the late eighteenth century, and been planted throughout China, but the condi- tion of the native population has remained stag- the species still survives in cultivation nant. The 2009 IUCN Red List of Threatened today. It blooms from late summer into Species gives dawn redwood a status of critically autumn, and flowering often overlaps endangered, saying that the few remaining trees with fall foliage color. have been protected but that the habitat has not been, and there are poor prospects for natural regeneration. The valleys the tree prefers have other Chinese conifers have provided lumber of been denuded of vegetation and mature trees greater quality. In addition, propagation from are often limbed up—all the way to the top—for cuttings has proven to be advantageous for pro- firewood. Seedling reproduction is unlikely in ducing new plants. this altered environment. In the past, natural Recent surveys indicate that 5,396 native seeding was also hampered because the seeds trees (of all ages) still remain in the native range were collected and sold by farmers for various in China. The majority of trees (5,363) grow uses such as timber plantations. This practice in western Hubei, while 28 grow in eastern has become less common in recent years, since Chongqing. Only 5 trees remain in Hunan. Dawn Redwood at the Dawes Arboretum 29

A Case of Depression and the trees that had been located advantageously for “Single Tree” Theory cross-pollination. In 1983, Dr. John Kuser, a forestry professor at At the time, the popular belief was that the Rutgers University, surmised that cultivated poor germination of seedlings was the result of Metasequoia in the United States were suf- trees in the United States having all originated fering from inbreeding depression. He said, from the single “type” tree in the village of “Apparently, variation in the amount of Maudao, China. However, allozyme variation genetic load carried by different trees causes work done in 1995 showed that the 1947 seeds some to be incapable of producing fertile self- were not likely to have come from a single iso- pollinated seeds but allows others to produce lated tree. Furthermore, a copy of a previously a few viable seeds and occasional trees to self unpublished paper by W. C. Cheng dated March quite well.” He noted that Metasequoia pollen 25, 1948 revealed, as stated above, that Hwa had is wingless and “tends to clump together.” The found more than 1000 Metasequoia and about best seed germination was found to occur on 100 “big ones.” Apparently seeds from many yton a P reg G by

ap M

Map of native dawn redwood distribution and seedlot collection sites. 30 Arnoldia 68/1 yton a trees had been collected and disseminated. Poor P reg

seed set seems to stem from the fact that most G seed production outside of China is the result of selfing (due to isolation of specimens). The genetic variation of dawn redwood in China was believed to be much greater than that in the United States, and in 1990 a coop- erative research project on Metasequoia began between Dr. W. J. Libby at the University of California, Berkeley, Professor Minghe Li at Huazhong Agricultural University in Hubei, China, and Dr. Kuser. A number of organizations contributed to fund the project, and it was at this point that the Dawes Arboretum became involved in provenance testing of Metasequoia. Professor Li collected Metasequoia seeds from several locations in its native range in October 1990. In April 1991, 53 packets of seeds were ) archives

A bronze-foliaged specimen in the plantation (accession awes

(D D1993-0237.005). uff H received at Rutgers University from Profes- sor Li, 52 from trees that still had seed cones, urney B and one packet of mixed seeds. These seed lots by were germinated, and only four of the collec- hoto

P tions produced no seedlings. The remaining 48 “families” were grown on, and complete collections were planned for both Rutgers and Dawes. The remaining seedlings were distrib- uted to nearly 20 cooperating institutions and individuals in the United States and United Kingdom. (The Arnold Arboretum received 125 of these seedlings.) In 1993 the Dawes Arboretum received two shipments of the dawn redwood seedlings from Rutgers. A total of 344 trees were planted in the Dawes plantation. Because of the large size (8 acres [3.2 hectares]) of the Dawes site we were able to plant the trees 25 feet (7.6 meters) apart so no subsequent thinning was necessary. Current Status of the Dawes Collection The Dawes plantation of seedlings from Pro- fessor Li and Rutgers currently consists of 320 trees, which makes it one of the largest living A dawn redwood specimen from the original 1949 seed accession at the Dawes Arboretum. The photograph is from the ex situ conservation collections of documented early 1990s when the tree was nearly 80 feet (24 meters) tall; a wild-origin dawn redwood trees outside of lightning strike later took out the top of the tree. China. Through 2009, 24 trees have been lost Dawn Redwood at the Dawes Arboretum 31

from this plantation, and one seed lot family quoia: three accessions from the original 1947 has been lost completely from both the Dawes seedlings, received in 1950 from Ralph Chaney and Rutgers plantations. In 2009, Dawes began who presumably got his seeds from Merrill; a contacting other institutions to see what living grove of 44 trees propagated by cuttings in 1960 accessions they had from the original 52 seed from the previous accession; and three individu- lots; 29 new accessions (in the form of vegeta- als also propagated from the original accession. tive cuttings) representing trees from seed lots where Dawes had few representatives were Into the Future obtained from these institutions. Since each In Metasequoia, female cones (macrosporangi- of these trees was originally grown from seeds, ate strobili) are typically produced when trees every tree is genetically unique and therefore reach a height of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters valuable for its individuality. These cuttings ). Male cones (microsporangiate strobili) are are currently doing well in propagation and will not produced until trees are 60 to 83 feet (18 help to provide more genetic stock to add to the to 25 meters) in height. At this point, neither diversity of the plantation. female nor male cones have been observed on The search for additional collections of this the Dawes Arboretum plantation trees. Li/Rutgers project is ongoing. Any other mod- As the grove continues to grow and seed ern or historical collection of wild material production begins, the resultant progeny will would be invaluable to add to the Dawes col- represent the greatest level of genetic varia- lection. One of the seed lots that had no germi- tion within dawn redwood outside of China. nation was the only lot from Hunan, collected The origins of these plantation trees are from from three individual dawn redwoods there, so across the estimated 800 square kilometer (312 we are especially interested in acquiring germ- sq. mi.) native range in central China where plasm from the few trees in Hunan. full cross-pollination is very unlikely. Studies In addition to the plantation trees, Dawes has have shown that trees in the native populations a few other accessions of wild-collected Metase- show a lack of spatial genetic flow, indicating a P reg G YTON

Wide spacing allows ample room for trees in the dawn redwood plantation. 32 Arnoldia 68/1 randenburg B avid D

The author with a witches’-broom on one of the Dawes plantation trees.

I n 2009, both the genetic and taxonomic (cultivar) collections of dawn redwoods at the Dawes Arboretum were granted full status as a North American Plant Collections Consor- tium (NAPCC) collection. This symbolizes the commitment of the staff and organization to fulfilling the duty of preserving this important collection. As a repository for North America, requests for propagation material are honored for research purposes. Of horticultural interest, there are well over two dozen cultivars of Metasequoia that add to the range of variation within the species. ‘Miss Grace’ and ‘Bonsai’ are dwarf selections, ‘Jack Frost’ has a hint of variegation, and ‘Ogon’ (syn. ‘Gold Rush’) is a Japanese cultivar with bright yellow foliage that originated from irradiated seeds. Several cultivar selections could be made from the Dawes plantation trees, as there are some interesting habits and foliage types. Tree heights of the plantation trees are from scarcely 3 feet (1 meter) tall to over 33 feet (10 meters), and habits range from squat and round to tall and narrow with many forms in between. Foliage varies from large and coarse to small and fine, with colors in shades of green and bronze. A witches’-broom—which may yield dwarf forms—has even been found on one specimen. Dawn Redwood at the Dawes Arboretum 33

genetic isolation due to habitat fragmentation Hendricks, D. and P. Sondergaard. 1998. Metasequoia (Leng et al. 2007). As stated earlier, natural glyptostroboides—50 years out of China. Observations from the United States and pollen dissemination is limited. Denmark. Dansk Dendrologisk Arsskrift 6: Since these wide-ranging Chinese collec- 6–24. tions are located together in a single plantation Hsueh, C.-J. 1985. Reminiscences of Collecting the Type at Dawes, broad genetic combinations could Specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. occur. The resultant mixed, open-pollinated Arnoldia 45(4): 10–18. seeds could prove useful for horticultural pur- Hu, H.H. 1948. How Metasequoia, the “living fossil” was poses as well as for selecting for resistance to discovered in China. Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 49(585): 201–207. any future insect or disease pressures. These IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version seeds would have limited use for some con- 2009.1. Retrieved October 12, 2009, from www. servation projects (since they are from mixed iucnredlist.org meta-populations), but there is potential for Kuser, J.E., D.L.Sheely, and D.R. Hendricks. 1997. Genetic controlled crossing within the separate seed Variation in Two ex situ Collections of the Rare lot collections, which would give greater con- Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Cupressaceae). servation value. The seeds produced here will Silvae Genetica 46(5): 258–264. be made available to seed banks, researchers, Kuser, J. 1983. Inbreeding Depression in Metasequoia. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64: 475–481. and growers. Leng, Q. et.al. 2007. Database of Native Metasequoia This collection holds many opportunities glyptostroboides Trees in China Based on New for future studies and research to be con- Census Surveys and Expeditions. Bulletin of ducted without traveling to China. The sister the Peabody Museum of Natural History 48(2): population at Rutgers University is currently 185–233. the subject of an amplified fragment length LePage, B.A., C.J. Williams, and H. Yang. 2005. The polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to assess the Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia. Springer. breadth of the genetic diversity of the collec- Li, M. 2009, November 1. Pers. comm. tion. Since most of the genotypes at Rutgers Li, X.-D., H.-W. Huang, and J.-Q. Li. 2003. Genetic are duplicates of dawn redwoods in the collec- diversity of the relict plant Metasequoia tion at Dawes, the data from the AFLP study glyptostroboides. Biodiversity Science 11: will pertain to this collection as well. We hope 100–108. that this successful ex situ collection at the Ma, J. 2003. On the unsolved mystery of Metasequioa. Dawes Arboretum will aid in the conservation Acta Botanica Yunnanica (25)2: 155–172. and further understanding of this ancient and Ma, J. 2003. The Chronology of the “Living Fossil” impressive species. Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae): A Review (1943–2003). Harvard Papers in Botany Bibliography 8(1): 9–18. Ma, J. 2002. The History of the Discovery and Initial Andrews, H.N. 1948. Metasequoia and the Living Fossils. Seed Dissemination of the Metasequoia Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 36(5): glyptostroboides, A “Living Fossil”. Aliso 21(2): 79–85. 65–75. Bartholomew, B., D.E. Boufford, and S.A. Spongberg, 1983. Ma, J. and G. Shao. 2003. Rediscovery of the “first Metasequoia glyptostroboides—Its Present collection” of the ‘Living Fossil’, Metasequoia Status in Central China. Journal of the Arnold glyptostroboides. Taxon 52(3): 585–588. Arboretum 64: 105–128. Merrill, E.D. 1998–1999. Another Living Fossil Comes Ecker, Eisenman, S.W. 2009. Pers. comm. Rutgers to the Arnold Arboretum. Arnoldia 58–59(4-1): University, School of Environmental and 17–19. Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology. Sand, S. 1992. The Dawn Redwood. American Horticulturist 71(10): 40–44. GSPC. 2002. Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Wyman, D. 1968. Metasequoia After Twenty Years in Biological Diversity. Cultivation. Arnoldia 28(10–11): 113–122. Hendricks, D.R. 1995. Metasequoia Depression, Sex, and Other Useful Information. Landscape Plant Greg Payton is the Plant Records Specialist at the Dawes News 6(2): 7–10. Arboretum in Newark, Ohio. I ndex to Arnoldia Volume 67 Items in boldface refer to illustrations

A Anteater 2: 30 — — cultivar evaluation 2: 18 Abies spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 Anthocyanins 3: 23 — — Dana Greenhouses, in aerial — homolepis, lightning-damaged 4: Anticancer plants 3: 23, 25 photos 1: 14 22, 22 Antioxidant fruit 3: 14–25 — — early accessions 1: 44; 2: 16, Abscisic acid 4: 15, 18–19 — — commercial potential of 3: 23–25 19–20 — — photosynthesis and 4: 19 Ants, leaf-cutter 2: 30 — — Faxon Pond 2: 32 Acai juice 3: 23 Appalachian Mts., Tennessee 3: 20 — — Forest Hills Gate 2: 16 Acer spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 Apple, original 2: 20 — — Forsythia hybrids at 2: 18 — davidii, in China 2: 22, 26 — fruiting genotypes 2: 20 — — Himalayan pine at 3: 36, inside back cover — — bark 2: inside front cover — quince and 1: 3 — — Hunnewell building, in aerial — rubrum ‘Schlesingeri’ 2: 32, inside — scab resistance 2: 10, 10, 20 photos 1: 15, 15 back cover Apple-pear, Asian 4: 28 — — Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’ — — — propagation and redistribu- Apomixis 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25 tion of 2: 32 at 1: inside covers, 44 Arboriculture and plant hormones 4: — — introductions 1: 44; 2: 6, 18–21 — saccharum 3: 31 15–19 — sutchuenense, in China 2: 27 — — Japanese and Korean plants at 1: Arborvitae, as beetle host 1: 35 27, 44; 2: 16 Ackerman, Dr. William 1: 24, 28 Arisaema dilatatum, in China 2: — — Leventritt Shrub and Vine Gar- Acorns, features of 4: 2–5, 3–5, 10, 11 27, 28 den, aerial photo of 1: front cover Adenorachis 3: 21 Armenia, quince-growing in 1: 5, 5 — — Living Collections survey 1: Aerial photography and mapping 1: Arnold Arboretum, Acer rubrum 15, 17 10–19, 11–15, 17–19 ‘Schlesingeri’ at 2: 32, inside back — — Master Plan 1: 17 Aesculus spp., and exotic beetles 1: cover — — Meadow Road 2: 32 34, 35 — — aerial photographs of 1: 1927, — — Malus collection 2: 4, 14–21, 14, Afghanistan, pine from 3: 36, inside 11; 1929, 13; 1936, 14; 1955, 13, 16–21, back cover back cover 18; 1967, 12; 1968, 15; 2005, front Africa, pest beetles from 1: 33 cover, 11, 15; 2006, 18; 2007, 12; — — Metasequoia glyptostroboides at 4: 23 Agrilus planipennis 1: 34, 34 2008, 17; 2009, 19; 2: 2008, 14 — — model 1: 18–19 Agroforestry 3: 26–27 — — apple selection at 2: 20 — — Nikko fir, loss of 4: 22,22 Aiello, Anthony S., “Seeking Cold- — — autumn interest 2: 32, inside Hardy Camellias” 1: 20–30 back cover; 4: 23 — — Peters Hill 2: 14, 16, 16, 18, 19, 19, 20 Ailuropoda melanoleuca, discovery — — beetle research at 1: 31–35, 32 of 2: 23 — — Bentham and Hooker sequence — — — — in aerial photos 1: 11–12, 14 Akebia trifoliata, in China 2: 26 at 2: 16 — — Pinus wallichiana at 3: 36, Alders, as beetle host 1: 35 — — Bradley Rosaceous Collection 1: inside back cover Alexander, John H., III 14, 44; 2: 16, 20, 20; 4: 22, 24 — — plant distribution benefits 2: 20 — — — — photographs by 1: inside — — Bussey Brook Meadow, in aerial — — Prunus at 1: 13; 2: 18; 4: 24 front/back covers; 2: 18 photo 1: 14 — — Pyrus 2: 16 Allium tricoccum 3: 30 — — Bussey Hill, in aerial photos 1: — — — pyrifolia at 4: inside covers, 28 Alnus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 11, 13, 14 — — Rosaceae blights at 4: 22 Alpha-pinene 1: 32 — — Camellia trials 1: 27 — — sand pear at 4: 28, inside back Alpine plants, in China 3: 2–13, 4, 6, — — cartography systems 1: 12–19 cover 10–11 — — Centre Street, in aerial photo — — Visiting Committee, 1955 1: 15 Ambrosiella fungi 1: 35 1: 14 — — “Weather Station Data—2009” American ginseng 3: 28–30, 29–30, 35 — — China expeditions, 1907–1908, 4: 20–24 Amplified fragment length polymor- 1910 3: 2–13 — — Weld Hill in aerial photos 1: 14, phism (AFLP) 4: 7, 9–10 — — cold-hardiness at 3: 36 18, 19, 19 Animal and Plant Health Inspection — — conifer collection 3: 36; 4: 22 — — winter temperatures 3: 36 Service (APHIS), and beetles 1: — — crabapple legacy 2: 14–21, back Arnoldia, Index to Volume 66 1: 31–35 cover 36–43 Anoplophora glabripennis 1: 34, 34 — — Crataegus at 2: 16 — and Donald Wyman 2: 19 Index 35

Arnot Teaching and Research Forest Auxin pathway 4: 15–19 Birds 2: 6, 10; 3: 14, 16 3: 32, 32 — exogenous 4: 18 “Bird’s-eye Views: Aerial Photographs Aronia 3: front/back covers, 14–25, of the Arnold Arboretum,” Sheila 14–18, 22, 24 B Connor 1: 10–19, 10–19 — arbutifolia 3: 14–15, 15–19, Bachtell, Kris, photo by 2: inside Black, James W., aerial photography of 21–22, 24 front cover 1: 10, 10 — — flowers 3:15 Bacterial diseases 2: 10; 4: 22 Blackberries 3: 28 — — foliage 3: 15 Bamboo, in panda habitat 2: 26 Blights and 2009 weather 4: 20, 22 — — fruit 3: 14 Baoxing, plant exploring in 2: 22–28 Blooming, premature 4: 24 — fruit chemistry 3: 14, 21, 23–25 Bark beetles, in port of Boston 1: Blue Ridge Community College 4: 19 — — crop potential 3: 19–25 31–32 Blue stain fungi 1: 33 — genetics 3: 19, 21, 22, 24–25 Basset, Cédric,“In the Footsteps of Boston 133 Cities Urban Area map- — habitat and range 3: 18–19, Father David” 2: 22–28, 22–28 ping program 1: 17 18–20, 21 Bayesian approach 4: 11 Boston port 1: 31 — hybrids 3: 21, 25 Beech 3: 31 — — invasive beetles and 1: 31–32 — juice products 3: 22–25, 23 Beeches, as beetle host 1: 35 Botryosphaeria obtusa 2: 10 — ‘Likernaya’ 3: 25 Beetle, ambrosia 1: 32 Bourg, Ian C., Ph.D. 2: 28 — melanocarpa 3: 15–19, 16, 17, — Asian long-horned (ALB) 1: 34, 34; Brand, Mark, “Aronia: “Native shrubs 21–25, 22, 24 2: 29 With Untapped Potential” 3: 14–25 — — foliage 3: 17, 22 — emerald ash borer (EAB) 1: 34, 34 — — photos by 3: back cover — — fruit 3: front cover, 16, 24 — European spruce bark 1: 35 Bristol, Peter 1: 21 — — growth habit 3: 21, 22 — red-haired pine bark 1: 33, 33 Brooklyn Botanic Garden 2: 6 — — ‘Nero’ 3: 24, 25 — six-toothed bark 1: 33, 33 Buckeyes, as beetle host 1: 34, 35 — — x Sorbus aucuparia 3: 25 Beetles, damaging 1: 31–35, 33–4 Burbank, Luther, and quinces 1: 2, 4, — — ‘Viking’ 3: 24, 25 — — emergence and phenology 1: 7, 8 — mitschurini 3: 25 32, 35 Burma, pine from 3: 36 — ploidy and apomixis in 3: 19, 21, — — fungal vectors of 1: 33, 35 Burnett, D. Graham 4: 27 22, 24–25 — — links to information 1: 34 Bussey Institute 2: 17 — prunifolia 3: 15, 18–19, 21, 22 — — new surveys and trapping meth- — — x arbutifolia 3: 21 ods 1: 32–35 C Calanthe tricarinata, in China 2: — — x melanocarpa 3: 21 — — observation of 1: 34 25, 25 — — x prunifolia 3: 21 Bene, John 3: 27 California, quinces in 1: 2, 3 — taxonomy 3: 21 Bentham, George 4: 26 Callicarpa japonica 1: 24 — — and Photinia 3: 21 Bentham and Hooker sequence 2: 16 “Camellia Belt” 1: 27 “Aronia: Native shrubs With Berberidaceae 2: 26 Camellia japonica 1: 20–30, 22–23, Untapped Potential,” Mark Brand 3: Beresowski (the botanist) 2: 28 25–29 14–25, 14–20, 22–24 Berks, Robert 4: 27 — — ‘Balustrade’ 1: 29 Ash, as beetle host 1: 34 Berry crops 3: 14–25, 28, 30 — — ‘Bloomfield’ 1: 29,29 — borer, emerald 1: 34 “‘Best’ Crabapples (Malus spp.)” — — espaliered 1: 30 Asia, plants from 1: 20–30, 44; 2: 5, 2: chart 9 22–28; 3: 2–13, 36; 4: 28 Betula spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 — — fruit and seed 1: 23 Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) 1: 34, “Between Earth and Sky: Our Inti- — — grazing and 1: 23 34; 2: 29 mate Connections to Trees,” Nalini — — ‘Korean Fire’ 1: 28 — medicine, traditional 3: 29–30 M. Nadkarni, — — Korean selections 1: 24–29, 27, Asiatica Nursery [PA] 1: 20–21 [excerpt] 2: 29–31 28, 29 Asimina triloba, fruit of 3: 28, 28, 30 Bible, quince in 1: 3 — — ‘Longwood Centennial’ 1: 28 Astilbes, shade-grown 3: 33 Binomial nomenclature 4: 26 — — ‘Longwood Valentine’ 1: 28 Atomic testing 2: 31 Biodiversity 2: 22–23, 24, 28; 3: 6, — — ‘Meadowbrook’ 1: 29 Autumn color 2: 32; 4: 23, 28 11–13, 26, 27, 28 — — ‘Morris Mercury’ 1: 29 “Autumn’s Harbinger: Acer Rubrum Biology and taxonomy 4: 25–27 — — winter performance 1: 20, 24–30 ‘Schlesingeri’,” Michael S. Dos- Birch spp. 3: 36 Camellias, hardier 1: 20–30 mann 2: 32, inside back cover Birches, as beetle host 1: 34, 35 Campanulaceae 2: 26 36 Arnoldia 68/1

Campbell, Nichole K., “Searching for — populations 3: 21 — plumleaf 2: 5–6 Exotic Beetles” 1: 31–35 — propagation 3: 14, 22 — problems with 2: 2–3, 6, 7, 10, 13 Canada, ginseng cultivation in 3: 30 — purple 3: 18–19, 21, 22 — seasonal interest 2: 5, 10, 13, 19 Cancer, plants against 3: 23, 25 — red 3: 14–15, 15–19, 21, 22, 24 — Siberian 2: 19–20 Caprifoliaceae 2: 25 — winter interest 3: front cover — siting 2: 3, 5, 6–7, 10, 13 Cardamine, in China 2: 28 Chagga people 3: 27 — weeping 2: 5, 5–6, 12, 13, 13 Cargo ships, and pests 1: 31–32, 31 Chloroplast data, and oak hybrids 4: 3 “Crabapples…With No Apologies,” Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Classification trends 4: 25–27 Jeff Iles 2: 2–13, 2–8, chart 9, 10–13 beetle collections 1: 32 Clematis, in China 2: 28 Crops, new 3: 14–25, 26–35 Carpinus caroliniana 3: 31 Climbing plants 2: 26, 27 — — medicinal 3: 23, 25, 29–30 — fangiana, in China 2: 26, 27 Climate change 4: 13 — — ornamental 3: 33–35 Carya spp. 3: 30 Codonopsis tangshen, in China 2: 26 Cypripedium tibeticum 3: 12 — x dunbarii 3: 32 Cold-hardiness 3: 36 Cryptomeria spp., and exotic beetles — graft unions 3: 32, 32 — — in camellias 1: 20–30 1: 35 — laciniosa x ovata 3: 32 Computerized records, and mapping Cunninghamia lanceolata 2: 23, 23 — ovata 3: 32 1: 17, 19 Cuppressaceae 2: 23 — ovalis 3: 32 Conifers 3: 36; 4: 22 Curtis, Ralph, 1922 photo by 2: 16 Caucasus region, quinces of 1: 4, 5, — pests of 1: 31–35 Cydomalus 1: 4 7, 7 Connor, Jay 1: 19 Cydonia oblonga 1: 2–9, 2–7, Cedars, as term 2: 23 — — photographs by 1: front cover back cover Ceratocystis spp. 1: 33 Connor, Sheila, “Bird’s-eye Views: — “A” clone 1: 5 — polonica 1: 35 Aerial Photographs of the Arnold — — ‘Angers’ 1: 5 C-glucoside vitexin flavone 3: 21 Arboretum” 1: 10–19 — — botany of 1: 3–4, 8 Chaenomeles sinensis 1: 8 Container-growing 3: 33 — “C” clone 1: 5 Chanticleer garden 1: 27 Convallariaceae 2: 25 — — cultivation and uses 1: 2–7 Chengdu Institute of Botany 2: 28 Corkscrew willow 3: 35 — — germplasm resources 1: 3–7, 9 Cherries, as beetle host 1: 35 Cornell University 3: 32; 4: 25 — — ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1: back cover Cherry, flowering 4:24 Cornus controversa, in China 2: 25, 26 — — ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5 — in secondary growth 3: 32 — kousa, Korean 1: 30 — — ‘Fontenay Quince’ 1: 5 Chicago area, oaks near 4: 4, 7, 10 — sericea, in winter 3: 34 — — ‘Harron’ 1: 6 Chicago Botanic Garden 4: 27 Corydalis anthriscifolia, in China 2: 26 — — ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4 China, expedition to, 1980 2: 19 — davidii, in China 2: 26 — — ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4 — Imperial 3: 11 Cotoneaster moupinensis, in China — — ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4 — travel between Tibet and 3: 2–13 2: 28 — — ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2 — plants of 1: 30; 2: inside front Crandall, C.S. 2: 20 cover, 15, 16, 19–20, 22–28, 22–23, — sinensis 1: 8, 8 25–28; 3: inside front cover, 2–13, 4, “Crabapple Cultivars Introduced by “Cydonia oblonga: The Unappreci- 6, 10, 11; 4: 28 Arboretum” 2: chart 21 ated Quince,” Joseph Postman Chinese medicine, traditional 3: Crabapple cultivars 2: 2–13, 17–21 1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover 29–30 Crabapples, at Arboretum 2: 14–21 Cytokinin pathways 4: 15–19 Chokeberry, black 3: front cover, — bark interest 2: 19–20 15–19, 16, 17, 21–25, 22, 24 — best of 2: chart 9 D — commercial potential of 3: 22–25 — breeding and selection 2: 5–7, Da Pao Shan mountain 3: 12, 13 — comparison of spp. 3: 14–18, chart 14–21 — — — climate 3: 8, 9, 13 17, 19, 21–23, back cover — choosing 6–13 Darwin, Charles 4: 16, 26 — cultural needs 3: 19, 23 — cultivation 2: 3–7 — — The Power of Movement in — fruits 3: front cover, 14–25, 14, 16, — description 2: 2–5 Plants 4: 16 24, back cover — diseases 2: 10, 20 Darwin, Francis 4: 16 — habitat and distribution 3: 18–20, — fruit 2: 3–11, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, Dating of trees 2: 30–31 18–20 19–20, 19 David, Father Armand, discoveries — ornamental qualities 3: 14–19, — — palatability of 2: 10 revisited 2: 1, 22–28 14–17, 22 — longevity 2: 5 — biography 2: 24 Index 37

— portrait 2: 24 Erwinia amylovora 1: 6; 2: 10; 4: 22 — health checklist 3: 27 Davidia 2: 22 “Essay on Naming Nature: The Clash — non-timber crops from 3: 26–35 — involucrata, in China 2: 24, 25, 25 Between Instinct and Science,” P.F. — private ownership of 3: 27–28 Dawn redwood 4: 23 Stevens [review] 4: 25–27 “Forest Farming,” Ken Mudge 3: Da Xue Shan Mts. 3: 4, 5, 8–9, 12–13 Ethanol, in beetle trap 1: 32 26–35, 26–34 Daylilies, shade-grown 3: 33 Ethylene 4: 15 Forest Farming Practicum [Cornell] Deforestation 1: 21 Euonymus alata, restrictions on 3: 23 3: 32 Del Tredici, Peter, “The Sand Pear— — in China 2: 28 Forest Hills Station 1: 12 Pyrus pyrifolia” 4: 28 Eurasia, quinces in 1: 4–7 Forests, North American oak 4: 2–13 — — — photographs by 1: inside back Eurasian beetles, damaging 1: 33–35 Franchet (the botanist) 2: 27 cover; 4: inside covers Europe, quinces in 1: 4–5, 7 Fraxinus, and exotic beetles 1: 34 Den Boer, Arie F. 2: 2 European spruce bark beetle 1: 35 Fruit, nutraceutical 3: 14–25 Dengchigow mountain 2: 28 Evolutionary relationships, and oaks — spot 1: 6, 7 Deutzia glomeruliflora,in China 2: 26 4: 13 — trees 1: 2–9; 4: 28 Dipelta yunnanensis, in China 2: 25 — — and classification 4: 25–27 Fuji cherry 4: 24 Dirr, Michael 2: 32; 3: 21 “Excerpt From Wilson’s China: A Fuller, Dave 1: 19 Diseases of pome fruits 1: 4, 6, 7, 8 Century On,” Mark Flanagan and Fullerview Photography 1: 19 Tony Kirkham 3: inside front cover, Disjunct flora 1: 44 Fumariaceae 2: 26 2–13, 3–6, 8–12 Disporum bodinieri, in China 2: 25 Fungus 1: 33, 35; 2: 10, 20; 4: 20 Diversification, in black oaks 4: 4–13 Exotic beetles 1: 31–35 Diversity in alpine habitat 3: 6, 11–13 Experiential learning 3: 32 G Dogwood, in China 2: 25, 26 “Extraordinary Discoverer of Life” “Golden Apple” of antiquity 1: 2–3 2: 24 — red-twig, as woody floral 3: 33,34 Garden and Forest 1: 44 Dormancy, and tree hormones 4: 17 F Genealogical relationships 4: 25–27 Dosmann, Michael S., “Autumn’s Fabraea maculata, and quince 1: 6, 7 Genebank, national system 1: 6, 7, 9 Harbinger: Acer rubrum ‘Schlesing- Gene flow, between oak spp. 4: 7–11 eri’” 2: 32, inside back cover Fagus and exotic beetles 1: 35 — — interspecific 4: 9 — — — “Malus at the Arnold Arbore- Fairchild Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 10, Genera Plantarum [Bentham and tum: An Ongoing Legacy” 2: 14–21 11, 18 Hooker] 4: 26 Douglas firs, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 Fairchild, Sherman Mills 1: 10 Genetics, in Aronia 3: 19, 21, 22, Drepanostachyum, in China 2: 26 Famiglietti, Bob, “2009 Weather at the Arboretum” 4: 20–24 24–25 Dulce de membrillo 1: 4–5 “Farming or Wildcrafting?” 3: 27 — in Malus 2: 20 E Fengtong nature reserve 2: 22, 22, — nut-tree grafts and 3: 32 — of black oak group 4: 2–13 “Early Bloomer: Hydrangea panicu- 24–28, 25, 26 lata ‘Praecox’,” Sue A. Pfeiffer 1: Ferns, shade-grown 3: 33 Geographic distance, and oak specia- inside front/back covers, 44 Fertilizing, and tree hormones 4: 18 tion 4: 2–13 Eastern Aerial Surveys, Inc. 1: 15 Fiala, Father John 2: 6, 14 — information systems (GIS) 1: 10, 19 East Malling quince rootstocks 1: 5 Field-forest ecotone 3: 28 Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) 3: 21 Ecology, and oaks 4: 13 Fir, Nikko 4: 22 Gibberellins 4: 15 — of forests 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28 — as beetle host 1: 33, 35 Ginseng, American, 3: 28–30, 29, 30 Edgar, Mr. [circa 1910] 3: 4, 6, 7 Fire blight 1: 6, 7, 8; 2: 10 — — growing 3: 28–30, 32 Edible crops, new 3: 14–25, 30–33 — and oaks 4: 2 — — market for 3: 29–30 Education, experiential 3: 32 Flanagan, Mark 3: 2, 3 — — medicinal uses 3: 29–30 Egolf, Don 2: 7 — — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s Elms, as beetle host 1: 34 China: A Century On,” with Tony — — pricing 3: 30 Emerald ash borer 1: 34, 34 Kirkham 3: 2–13 — — root 3: 30 Enkianthus deflexus,in China 2: Forest ecology 2: 29–31; 3: 26–28 — — soil calcium and 3: 29 25, 25 — farming, introduction to 3: 26–35 Ginsenosides 3: 30 Epimedium davidii, in China 2: — — crop selection for 3: 28–30, 33, 35 Glaciation, and oaks 4: 13 26, 27 — — income potential of 3: 26, 28, 29, Gleason, Herbert Wendell 1: 13 Ericaceae 2: 24, 25 30, 33, 35 Globalization 2: 29 38 Arnoldia 68/1

Goldenseal 3: 29, 29 — flora of 3: 2–13, 36 Iowa State University 2: 13 Gongga Shan Mt. (Minya Konka) 3: 4, Hines Nursery 1: 28 Ips sexdentatus 1: 33, 33 5, 8–10 Hipp, Andrew L. “Hill’s Oak: The — typographus 1: 35 Google Earth 1: 10 Taxonomy and Dynamics of a West- — — spruces killed by 1: 35 GPI Models 1: 18 ern Great Lakes Endemic,” 4: 2–13 Iran, quince germplasm in 1: 7 GPS database, in curriculum 3: 32 — — — photo by 4: back cover Ironwood 3: 31 Gravitropism 4: 16 Hippeastrum 4: 16 Irrigation, and hormones 4: 18–19, 18 Gray, Asa, and disjunct flora 1: 44 Hokkaido 1: 44 Japan, plants from 1: 30, 44; 2: 16 Great Lakes region, oaks in 4: 2–13, Holboellia, in China 2: 26, 27 Japanese spicebush 1: 24 map 6 Holden Arboretum 1: 21 Johnson, Ethan W. 1: 15 Griffola frondosa 3: 30 Honeysuckle family 2: 25 Joyce Kilmer Park, in aerial photos 1: Growth processes, and plant hor- Honeysuckles, in China 2: 28 1936, 14; 1955, 18 mones 4: 15–19 Honshu 1: 44 Juglans spp. 3: 30 — rate, measuring 2: 30–31 Hood Blimp 1: 19 Juice crops, sustainable 3: 14–25 Grunsfield, John 1: 16 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 4: 26 June, Chang Yong 1: 21 H Hormones, and plant care 4: 15–19 Junipers, alpine 3: 8 “Hormones and Tropisms” 4: 16 Kabul, pine from 3: 36 Hardiness, of camellias 1: 20–30 Kangding expedition 3: 2–13, 10 — of crabapples 2: 3 Hornbeam 2: 26; 3: 31 Kazakhstan wild apple 2: 20 — of hydrangea 1: 44 Horsechestnut, as beetle host 1: 34 Kelley, Susan 1: 17 — of pines 3: 36 Hosie, Sir Alexander 3: 11 Hardwoods, for mushroom-growing Hostas, forest-grown 3: 33, 33 Kenya, agroforestry center 3: 27 3: 31 Howard, Heman 1: 18 Kew’s Arboretum 3: 2 — secondary 3: 32 — — 1959 photo by 2: 17 — expeditions to Himalayas 3: Harvard Institute for Geographical Hubble telescope camera 1: 16 2–13, 36 Exploration 1: 12, 16 Hubei Province 2: 19; 4: 28 Kilimanjaro, agroforestry on 3: 27 Harvard Real Estate 1: 17 Humanity and trees 2: 29–31 Kirkham, Tony 3: 2, 3 Hayrapetyan, Vagharshak, Dr. 1: 4 Hun, Chang Yong 1: 21 — — “An Excerpt From Wilson’s China: A Century On,” with Mark Hellebore, Tibetan 2: 27–28, 28 Hybrid, intergeneric 1: 3–4; 3: 25 Flanagan 3: 2–13 Hellebores, shade-grown 3: 33 — interspecific 3: 21 — — photo by 3: inside front cover Helleborus chinensis 2: 27–28 Hybrization, in oaks 4: 2–13 Knox, Charles 1: 2 — thibetanus, in China 2: 27–28, 28 Hydrangea, panicle 1: 44 Koller, Gary 2: 32 Hemlocks, as beetle host 1: 35 Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’ 1: Korean camellias 1: 20–30, 23, 25–30 Hengduan Shan mountains 3: 4–13 inside front/back covers, 44 — climate 1: 20–25, 30 Hen-of-the-woods mushroom 3: 30 Hydrastis canadensis 3: 29, 29 — mountain ash 1: 24 Hericium spp. 3: 30, 31 Hylurgus ligniperda 1: 33, 33 Heucheras, shade-grown 3: 33 Kuan Hsien, travelling in 3: 11–12 IKJ Hickory nuts 3: 30, 32 L — red pignut 3: 32 Iles, Jeff, “Crabapples…With No Ladyslipper, Tibetan 3: 12 — shagbark 3: 32 Apologies” 2: 2–13 Lampshade poppy, quest for 3: 2, 4–7 — varieties and grafts 3: 32 Illinois, oaks in 4: 2–13 Incarvillea delavayi 3: 13 Landscape ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30, Hill, Rev. Ernest J. Hill 2: 4 44; 2: 2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28 — in a Tibetan scene 3: 11 “Hill’s Oak: The Taxonomy and Land-use 3: 26–35 Dynamics of a Western Great Lakes “Index to Arnoldia, Volume 66” 1: Larches, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 Endemic,” Andrew L. Hipp 4: 2–13, 36–43 2–6, map 6, genetic chart 7, 8–12 India, pine from 3: 36 Lardizabalaceae 2: 26 Himachal Pradesh, pine from 3: 36 Indiana, spruce beetle in 1: 35 Larix spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 Himalayan National Park 3: 36 International Council for Research in Latin America, quinces in 1: 4–5 Himalayan pine 3: 36, inside back Agroforestry [Kenya] 3: 27 Leaf-spot 1: 6, 7 cover “In the Footsteps of Father David,” — frogeye 2: 10 Himalayas, Eastern 3: 3, 4–13, 5, 8, Cédric Basset 2: 22–28, 22–28 Leaves, soil nutrients in 3: 29 9, 12 Iowa, Aronia in 3: 32 Lentinula edodes 3: 28, 30 Index 39

Leptographium spp. 1: 33 — documentation 2: 16 — ‘Red Jade’ 2: 2, 5, 5–6, 12, 13 Lian Lua Shan mountains [Tibet] 3: 5 — ‘Dolgo’ 2: 10, 10 — ‘Red Swan’ 2: 5, 6 Lightning damage 4: 22 — ‘Donald Wyman’ 2: 8, 9, 10, 11, 19, — x robusta ‘Erecta’ 2: 21 Lilium lophophorum 3: 13 19, 21 — rootstock effects 2: 20 Lindera obtusiloba, autumn foliage — ‘Dorothea’ 2: 2, 21, 21 — sargentii 2: 6, 16 1: 24 — ‘Doubloons’ 2: 13 — — ‘Rosea’ 2: 7, 17, 21 Lindgren funnel trap 1: 32, 33, 35 — dwarf 2: 7, 18 — — ‘Select A’ (Firebird®) 2: 7 Linnaean system and new trends 4: — floribunda 2: 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 16 — — ‘Tina’ 2: 7 26–27 — — ‘Exzellenz Thiel’ 2: 6 — ‘Satin Cloud’ 2: 5 Linnaeus, Carolus, statue of 4: 27 — — Selection #821 2: 20 — Sax experimental hybrids 2: 18, 18 Lion’s mane mushroom 3: 30, 31 — flowering display 2:2, 2–4, 4, 6–8, — ‘Schmidtcutleaf’ (Golden Rain- Liriodendron tulipifera 3: 31 9, 12–19, 13, 17, 19, 21 drops®) 2: 7, 8, 9 Lhasa, travelling to 3: 2–5 — foliage 2: 3, 5, 9–10 — sieversii 2: 20 Longwood Gardens, camellias at 1: 28 — fruiting 2: front/back covers, 3, 4, — ‘Snowdrift’ 2: 10, 11 Lonicera, in China 2: 28 5, 5–6, 8, 9–10, 10, 11, 13, 19, 19, 20 — ‘Spring Snow’ 2: 10 Lyon Botanical Garden 2: 28 — — preserves from 2: 10 — sylvestris hybrids 2: 18 — fruitless cultivars 2: 10 — transitoria, in China 2: 15 M — genetics and selection 2: 14–17, 20 — tschonoskii 2: 5, 16 MacDaniels, Lawrence 3: 32 — halliana 2: 20 — unnamed #691-52-A 2: 18 “MacDaniels Nut Grove: A Unique — hardiness 2: 3 — variation of 2: 3 Educational Site” 3: 32, 32 — ‘Henrietta Crosby’ 2: 17, 21 — wasps and 2: 3 Magnolia, in China 2: 28 — ‘Henry F. Dupont’ 2: 17, 21 — weeping forms 2: 5–6, 12–13, 13 — liliiflora,in China 2: 23 — ‘Hopa’ 2: 3 — winter interest 2: 11, 12, 13, 20 Maine, chokeberry in 3: 19 — ‘Huber’ (Royal Fountain®) 2: 13 — x zumi ‘Calocarpa’ 2: 21 — exotic beetle in 1: 35 — hupehensis 2: 16, 17, 20 “Malus at the Arnold Arboretum: Maitake mushroom 3: 30 — ‘Indian Magic’ 2: front cover, 10 An Ongoing Legacy,” Michael S. Malus 1: 3; 2: front/back covers, 2–21 Dosmann 2: 14–21, 14–21 — ioensis ‘Palmeri’ 2: 21 — ‘Adirondack’ 2: 7, 7, 9 “Malus Mystery” 2: 18 — ‘Jarmin’ (Marilee®) 2: 10 — ‘Aldenhamensis’ 2: 2 Maple 3: 32, 36 — ‘Jewelcole’ (Red Jewel™) 2: 8, 9, 10 — ‘Almey’ 2: 2 — David’s 2: inside front cover, 22 — ‘JFS-KW5’ (Royal Raindrops®) 2: — ‘Amberina’ 2: 5 9, 13 — products 3: 28, 35 — ‘Antonovka’ rootstock 2: 18 — ‘Katherine’ 2: 21 — red, cultivar ‘Schlesingeri’2: 32, — apple-scab and 2: 3, 10, 10 inside back cover — lancifolia hybrids 2: 18 — Arboretum legacy of 2: 14–21, — red 3: 31 — ‘Lanzam’ (Lancelot®) 2: 7, 9 back cover — sugar 3: 31 — ‘Liset’ 2: 2, 2, 6 — x atrosanguinea 2: 17 Maples, as beetle host 1: 35 — ‘Lollizam’ (Lollipop®) 2: 7 — baccata 2: 5, 19–20 Maps from photos 1: 10, 12–15, 17–19 — longevity 2: 16 — — ‘Columnaris’ 2: 21 March, Sylvester 1: 21 — ‘Louisa’ 2: 9, 13, 13 — — ‘Jackii’ 2: 21 Marino, Sergio 1: 18 — ‘Mary Potter’ 2: 17, 17, 21 — ‘Barbara Ann’ 2: 21 Maryland, spruce beetle in 1: 35 — ‘Orange Crush’ 2: 6, 6, 9 — bark interest 2: 19–20 Maslow, Abraham, human needs — ‘Blanche Ames’ 2: 17, 21 — pedicel variation 2: 19 concept 2: 29 — ‘Bob White’ 2: 10, 10, 21 — ‘Pink Pearl’ 2: 21 Massachusetts Department of Conser- — ‘Camzam’ (Camelot®) 2: 7, 8, 9 — ‘Prairie Maid’ 2: 5, 9 vation and Recreation 1: 34 — ‘Cardinal’ 2: 7, 9 — ‘Prairifire’ 2: 9, 10,12, 13 Massachusetts forests 3: 26 — centenarian 2: 16 — ‘Prince Georges’ 2: 21 Massachusetts Public Works 1: 18 — ‘Cinzam’ (Cinderella®) 2: 7, 9 — ‘Profusion’ 2: 2 Maximowicz (the botanist) 2: 28 — ‘Coralcole’ (Coralburst®) 2: 7, 7 — prunifolia 2: 5–6 Mayr, Ernst 4: 25, 26 — ‘David’ 2: 7, 8, 9 — — ‘Pendula’ 2: 6 Meconopsis x beamishii 3: 7 — diseases and resistance to 2: 3, 6, — ‘Purple Prince’ 2: 7, 9 — x finlayorum 3: 7 9–10, 20 — ‘Radiant’ 2: 3 — horridula 3: 13 40 Arnoldia 68/1

— integrifolia ssp. integrifolia, in — nutrient process 3: 31 — — petioles 4: 11 China 3: inside front cover, 2, 4–7, 4 — spawn 3: 31, 33 — genome 4: 7–11 — — x grandis 3: 7 — wild-collected 3: 27 — Hill’s, disturbance and 4: 13 — — x quintuplinervia 3: 7 Mutagen breeding 3: 24 — — interbreeding and taxonomy — pseudointegrifolia 3: 7 4: 1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7, Medicinal crops 3: 29–30 N 9–10 Mediterranean beetles, damaging Nadkarni, Nalini M., Dr. 2: 29 — northern pin 4: 2–13 1: 33 — — — “Between Earth and Sky: Our — pin 4: 5 Mesopotamia, quince in 1: 3 Intimate Connections to Trees” — red 4: front cover Mespilus 1: 4; 3: 21 [excerpt] 2: 29–31 — scarlet 4: 3–10, 4, 6, map 6, genetic Metasequoia glyptostroboides, fall Nakai (Japanese botanist) 4: 28 chart 7, 8–9, 12 color 4: 23 Naming Nature: The Clash Between — white 4: 12 Mexico, oaks native to 4: 3 Instinct and Science [Yoon, Oaks, as beetle host 1: 35 Meyer, Paul 1: 21, 22, 23, 24 reviewed] 4: 25–27 — black group 4: 2–13, map 6, genetic Michigan, EAB in 1: 34 National Arboretum 2: 7 chart 7 Microbiota decussata cutting 4: 18 National Plant Germplasm System — white group 4: 2–3 (NPGS) 1: 6, 7, 9 Midwest, Aronia in 3: 23 Ohio Valley, camellias in 1: 27 Native Americans and plants 3: 27, 29 Miller, George 4: 26 Olmsted style 1: 6, 12 Nebraska, Aronia in 3: 23 Min Shan mountains 2: 1 Ophiostoma spp. 1: 33 Nematode, pinewood 2: 29 Missouri Botanical Garden 4: 27 Orchids, wild 2: 25 New England, hydrangeas in 1: 44 Morchella spp. 3: 30 Oregon, Aronia in 3: 23 Newton, Amanda A., 1909 illustra- Morels 3: 27, 30 — exotic beetle in 1: 35 tion by 1: back cover Morphology, oak speciation and 4: — USDA genebank in 1: 7, 9 New York forests 3: 27–28 2–13 Ornamentals, forest-grown 3: 33–35, Nightshade family, blights 4: 20 — scientific classification and 4: 33, 34 25–27 Nikko fir 4:22 — woody 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2: 2–21, Morris Arboretum, camellia selection Nineteenth-century aerial photogra- 32; 3: 14–25, 36; 4: 28 at 1: 20–30, 25–30 phy 1: 10, 10 Osmanthus forest, in China 2: 24 — — — Korean expeditions of — — garden trends 1: 44 Oyster mushroom 3: 30, 31 [1979–1991] 1: 20–24, 20–23 Nomenclature, binomial 4: 26 Morton Arboretum, oak research at — of Aronia 3: 21 P 4: 4–14 Non-native pests 1: 31–35 Panax quinquefolius, as crop 3: — — herbarium specimens 4: 3–5, 9 North America, flora of 1: 44; 3: 28–30, 29, 30 Mountain ash, Korean 1: 24 14–25 Panda, giant 2: 22, 23, 24, 28 — habitats 2: 22–28 — — forest-farming in 3: 27 Pao-chung, Kao, Prof. 2: 28 — — Afganistan 3: 36 — — oaks of 4: 2–13, map 6 Paris fargesii, in China 2: 25 — — Burma 3: 36 — — pests from 2: 29 Parks, Clifford, Dr. 1: 24, 28 — — Maine 3: 19 North Carolina, chokeberry in 3: 18 Pawpaw fruit 3: 28, 28, 30 — — Tennessee 3: 20 Northeast Aerial Photos 1: 15 Pear 1: 3, 4, 5 — — Sichuan/Tibet 3: 2–13, 3, 5, 8, Northeast, versatile shrub for 3: 14–25 — ‘Beurre Hardy’ 1: 5 9, 12 — — reforestation trends in 3: 26, 28 — ‘Bradford’ Callery 4: 28 Mt. Emei 2: 26 Nuclear data, and black oaks 4: 3 — ‘Comice’ 1: 5 Mt. Wachusett 3: 26 Nursery trade 2: 14, 32 — Japanese 1: 4 Mudge, Ken, “Forest Farming” 3: Nut groves 3: 30, 32 — ‘Old Home’ 1: 5 26–35 Nutraceutical fruit crop 3: 14–25 — quince hybrid 1: 4, 4 Murray, Joseph, “Tree Hormones and — quinces and 1: 3–7 Why They Matter” 4: 15–19 O — sand, at Arboretum 4: inside Museum of Science 1: 16 Oak 3: 31, 32, 36 covers, 28 Mushroom cultivation 3: 28, 30–33, — black 4: 5–6, 10–13, 10–11, — — fruit of 4: 28 31, 33 back cover — — vigor of 4: 28 — income from 3: 30 — — hybrids 4: 7 — tribe 1: 3 Index 41

Pectin 1: 2; 3: 23 Ploidy, in Aronia 3: 19–22 — phellos 4: 3 Perennials, pot-in-pot 3: 33, 33 Plums 2: 28 — pumila 4: 3 — shade-grown 3: 33 Polly Hill Arboretum 1: 27 — rubra 4: front cover, 3 Permaculture 3: 32 Pome fruits 1: 2–7 — shumardii 4: 3 Pests 1: 31–35 Poppies, lampshade 3: inside front — velutina 4: 3–13, 5–6, genetic chart Pfeiffer, Sue A., “Early Bloomer: cover, 2, 4–7, 4 7, 10–11, back cover Hydrangea paniculata ‘Praecox’” Postman, Joseph, “Cydonia oblonga: — — acorns 4: 5, 10–11 1: inside front/back covers, 44 The Unappreciated Quince” 1: 2–9 Quince 1: 2–9, 2–8, back cover Pheneticists, and trends 4: 26 Powdery mildew 1: 6 — “A” rootstock clone 1: 5 Philadelphia, camellias for 1: 20, Powerline undergrowth 3: 18 — ‘Angers’ 1: 5 24–30 Practicum in Forest Farming (Cornell — “C” rootstock clone 1: 5 Photinia 3: 21 course) 3: 32 — ‘Champion’, 1909 illustration 1: — floribunda 3: 21 Primula secundiflora 3: 6 back cover — melanocarpa 3: 21 Pruning, and hormones 4: 15–19, — ‘Chartar Gyugh’ 1: 5 — pyrifolia 3: 21 17, 19 — Chinese 1: 8, 8 Photography, aerial 1: 10–19 Prunus spp., in China 2: 28 — cold-hardiness 1: 6, 7, 8 Photosynthesis and plant hormones — incisa f. serrata 4: 24 — culinary uses 1: 2, 4–5 4: 18–19 Pseudocydonia sinensis, in North — cultivars 1: 2–7 America 1: 8, 8 Phototropism 4: 16, 16 — diseases or problems 1: 4, 6–7, 8 — — flowers and bark 1:8 Phytophthora infestans 4: 20 — flowers and foliage 1:3 Pseudotsuga spp., and exotic beetles Picea spp., and beetle damage 1: ‘Fontenay’ 1: 5 1: 33, 35 33, 35 — fruit 1: 2, 2, 4–7, 4–7. back cover Psychology, and trees 2: 29, 30 — forest in Slovakia 1: 35 — genetics 1: 4, 5, 6–7, 9 Pujigou 2: 22, 24–25 Pine bark beetle, red-haired 1: 33, 33 — ‘Harron’ 1: 6 Purdue-Rutgers-Illinois Apple Breed- — cones for crafts 3: 27, 33 ing program 2: 20 — history of 1: 2–6 Pine, Eastern white 3: 36 Pyreae 1: 3 — hybrids 1: 4 — Himalayan 3: 36, inside back cover Pyronia 1: 4, 4 — in Kakheti [Eurasia] 1: 7 — lanceolate 2: 22, 23 — veitchii 1: 4 — landscape qualities 1: 2, 5–6, 8 — Monterey, with bark damage 1: 33 Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ 4: 28 — ‘Orange’, 1922 illustration 1: 4 Pines, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 — pyrifolia 1: 4; 3: 21; 4: inside — pear hybrid 1: 4 — cold hardiness of 3: 36 covers, 28 — pears and 1: 3–7 Pinewood nematode, in Europe 2: 29 — serotina 4: 28 — pectin content 1: 2 Pinus spp., and exotic beetles 1: 33, 35 — sinensis 4: 28 — ‘Pineapple’ 1: 2, 2, 4 — excelsea 3: 36 — propagation and grafting 1: 2–7 — griffithii3: 36 Q — Provence 1: 5 — nepalensis 3: 36 Quarryhill Botanic Garden 3: 36 — pruning 1: 6 — radiata, with beetle damage 1: 33 Quercus spp., 3: 31 — rootstocks 1: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 — strobus 3: 36 — — exotic beetles and 1: 35 — Shilda variety 1: 7 — thunbergii 1: 24 — — genetic studies of 4: 5–13 — ‘Smyrna’ 1: 4 — wallichiana 3: 36, inside back — coccinea 4: 1, 3–10, 4, map 6, — ‘Van Deman’ 1: 2 cover genetic chart 7, 8–9, 12 — — synonyms for 3: 36 — — acorns 4: 4 R Plant exploring 1: 20–30; 2: 22–28; 3: — ellipsoidalis, related spp. and 4: Radiation, and plant breeding 3: 24 2–13 1–13, 2–5, map 6, genetic chart 7, Radioactive “bookmark” of 1954, and — hormones, and arboriculture 4: 9–10 tree-dating 2: 31 15–19 — — acorns 4: 3, 5, 10 Rainforest, dating trees in 2: 30–31 Plant Protection and Quarantine — imbricaria 4: 3 — experience 2: 30 (PPQ) program 1: 31–35 — Lobatae Section 4: 3 Ramps 3: 30 Pleione limprichtii, in China 2: 25 — x palaeolithicola 4: 7 Ranunculaceae 2: 27 Pleurotis spp. 3: 30, 31 — palustris 4: 3 Raspberry, black 3: 28 42 Arnoldia 68/1

Red osier dogwood 3: 34 Scientific Center for Viticulture Stevens, P.F., “An Essay on Nam- — haired pine bark beetle 1: 33, 33 [Armenia] 1: 5 ing Nature: The Clash Between Reed, Dr. George M. 2: 6 Scientific classification 4: 25–27 Instinct and Science” [review] Reeve, Bob, archival photograph by — limits 4: 27 4: 25–27 1: 16 Scott Arboretum 1: 27 Stewartia pseudocamellia, branching Reforestation trends 3: 28 “Searching for Exotic Beetles,” 4: 15 Rehder, Alfred, 1: 44; 4: 28 Nichole K. Campbell 1: 31–35, Storm damage 4: 22 31–35 — Malus and 2: 16–17 — — plant hormones and 4: 19 Seasonal changes, and trees 2: 30; 4: Resistance breakdown, in crabapples Street trees, beetle damage to 1: 34 15–17, 19 2: 10 Strontium, radioactive 2: 31 Seed collection 1: 20, 23–24 Rheum alexandre 3: 6 Styrax japonica 1: 24 “Seeking Cold-Hardy Camellias,” Rhododendron, in Sichuan 2: 22, 22 Sunlight, and plant hormones 4: 16 Anthony S. Aiello 1: 20–30, 20–30 — capitatum 3: 13 Sustainable crops 3: 23, 26–35 Shaw, Peter Ashton 1: 15 — prezwalskii, in Tibet 3: 10 Shawnee National Forest 4: 8, 12 Swissair Photos + Surveys 1: 15 Rhododendrons, alpine 3: 8, 10, 13 Shiitake cultivation 3: 28, 30–33, Sympatry, among oaks 4: 3 Rock, Joseph F., and Gongga Shan 3: 4 31, 33 Systematist debates 4: 25–27 — — 1926 photo by 2: 15 Shipping industry 1: 31–32; 2: 29 Root development, and hormones 4: Shrubs, centenarian or notable speci- T 15–19, 18 mens 1: 44, inside back cover Tachien-lu 3: 2, 8, 11 — disease fungi 1: 33 — native 3: 14–25 Taean Peninsula 1: 21 Rosaceae 1: 3–4, 6; 2: 16; 3: 14, 19 Sichuan/Tibet 2: 22–28; 3: 2–13, 3, 5, Taechong Island 1: 20–23 Rose, Nancy, “A Soft Touch: Pinus 8, 9, 12 Tagong temple 3: 12, 13 wallichiana” 3: 36, inside back Sino-American Botanical Expedition Talltree Arboretum 4: 9 cover [1980] 2: 19 Tang li tzu 4: 28 — — photos by: 2: front/inside back Sinofranchetia chinensis 2: 26 covers; 3: front/inside back covers; “Taxonomic Teasers in Aronia” 3: 21 Six-toothed bark beetle 1: 33, 33 4: front cover Taxonomy, of Aronia 3: 21 Slovakia, bark beetle in 1: 35 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 3: 2, 36 — — black oaks 4: 2–13 Sochong Island 1: 22, 23 Rubus spp. 3: 28 — — Malus 2: 14, 16–17, 20 “Soft Touch: Pinus wallichiana,” Russia, Aronia breeding in 3: 22, 23, — trends in 4: 25–27 Nancy Rose 3: 36, inside back cover 24, 25 Three-ips lure, in beetle trap 1: 32 Soil 3: 29 Rust diseases 1: 6 Thuja spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 — and oaks 4: 13 Rutgers, apple breeding at 2: 20 Tibetan Empire 3: 2–3 Solanaceae, blights of 4: 20 Tibetan Frontier, circa 1910 3: 2–13, 8 S Sorbus 1: 4; 2: 28; 3: 21 Tibetan region, exploration in 2: Sakhalin Island 1: 44 — alnifolia 1: 24 22–28; 3: 2–13 “Sand Pear—Pyrus pyrifolia,” Peter — aucuparia and Aronia cross 3: 25 — peoples 3: 2–3, 4, 11 Del Tredici 4: inside covers, 28 South Korea, deforestation in 1: 21 Time concepts, and trees 2: 29, 30–31 Sapindaceae 2: 26 — — expeditions to 1: 20–24, [1984] Tinley Creek Forest Preserve 4: 10 Sargent, Charles S. 2: 14, 16, 17, map 21, 20–23, 30 19, 32 — — hardy plants from 1: 20–30 Topping damage 4: 19, 19 — — — Japanese plants and 1: 44 — — landscape 1: 21–23 Toucans 4: 25 — — — photography and 3: 10–11 Späth Nursery [Berlin] 2: 6, 32 Tournachon, Gaspard-Félix (Nadar) — — — Wilson, E.H. and 3: 2, 10–11 Species, biological concept 4: 2, 25 1: 10 Sasaki Associates 1: 17 — differentiation in black oaks 4: Trabut, Louis 1: 4 Sax, Karl 3: 36 2–13 Trapping beetles, chemistry of 1: 32 — — Malus research and 2: 17–19 Spicebush, Japanese 1: 24 Tree care, and hormones 4: 15–19 Schlesinger, Barthold 2: 32 Spiraeoideae 1: 3 — consumption 2: 29 Science in the Pleasure Ground Spruce bark beetle 1: 35 — dating 2: 30–31 exhibit 1: 18–19 Spruces, as beetle host 1: 33, 35 — longevity 4: 15 Index 43

“Tree Hormones and Why They Mat- University of Connecticut, Aronia Windsor Great Park 3: 2 ter,” Joseph Murray 4: 15–19, 15–19 research at 3: 14–25 Wisconsin, ginseng cultivation in Trees, benefits of 2: 29–30; 4: 15 University of Illinois, apple breeding 3: 30 — centenarian or notable specimens at 2: 20 Wood beetles 1: 31–35 2: 16, 19, 32, inside back cover; 3: University of North Carolina, Chapel — digestion by mushrooms 3: 31 36, inside back cover; 4: 22, 22, 23, Hill 1: 24 — industry 2: 29 28, inside back cover University of Pennsylvania arboretum — — pests and 1: 31–35 — damage to 4: 18, 18, 19, 22, 24 1: 30 — packing as pest vector 1: 31–32, 34; — human needs met by 2: 29–31 University of Wisconsin, juice crop 2; 29 research 3: 23 — radioisotopes and dating of 2: 31 Woody florals 3: 33–35 Vaccinium corymbosum 3: 23 — seasons and 2: 30; 4: 15–17, 19 — ornamentals 1: 2–9, 20–30, 44; 2: — time and 2: 20, 29, 30–31 Vavilov Institutes [Soviet] 1: 7 2–21, 32; 3: 14–25, 33, 35, 36; 4: 28 — urban 4: 15–19 Veitch Nurseries, E. H. Wilson and 3: Worcester, MA, ALB in 1: 34 2, 10 Trilliums, shade-grown 3: 33 World Agroforestry Center [Kenya] Tropical forests 2: 30–31; 3: 27 Venturia inaequalis 2: 10 3: 27 V gene, and apple scab 2: 20 Truffles, difficulty of 3: 30 f World War II, deforestation from 1: 21 Tsuga spp., and exotic beetles 1: 35 Viburnum bitchuense 1: 24 — — — nursery trade and 2: 14, 32; Tuber spp. 3: 30 — brevitubum, in China 2: 26, 27 3: 33–35 Tulip poplar 3: 31 — chingii 2: 26 Wright, Wilbur 1: 10 Turkey, quinces in: 1: 4, 6, 7 Viburnums 2: 26 Wyman, Donald, aerial photography Turkmenistan, fruit trees in 1: 4, 7 Wachusett, view from 3: 26 of 1: 18 Tyler Arboretum 1: 27 Walnut 3: 30, 32 — — crabapple namesake 2: 8, 9, 11, — varieties and grafts 3: 32 19, 19, 21 UVW War, deforestation from 1: 21 — — — legacy 2: 19 “Umwelt” concept 4: 26–27 Warming trends 4: 24 — — quince opinion 1: 5–6 Urban mapping 1: 17 Washburn, Bradford 1: 16 — — ‘Schlesingeri’ red maple and — tree care 4: 15–19 — — aerial photography of 1: 12–17, 2: 32 United States Department of Agricul- 13, 14 XYZ ture (USDA) 1: 2 Wasp, yellow-jacket 2: 3 Xizang Autonomous Region 3: 3 — — — — APHIS and beetles Watersprouts 4: 19 Xyleborus spp. 1: 35 1: 31–35 Watson, James 4: 26 — seriatus 1: 35 — — — — artwork, circa 1900 “Weather at the Arboretum—2009,” 1: back cover Bob Famiglietti 4: 20–24, chart 21, Xylotrechus spp. 1: 35 — — — — GRIN 3: 21 22–24 — hircus 1: 35 — — — — hardiness zone five 3: 36 Weather damage at Arboretum 4: 22 Ya-jia Pass region 3: 3–10, 3, 6, 8, 9 — — — — links 1: 34; 3: 21 Weather Station Data, 2009 4: 21 Yangtze River, Wilson in 3: 11 — — — — NPGS 1: 6, 7, 9 Wildcrafting 3: 27, 33 Yellow Sea islands 1: 20–21, 21–23 — — — — PPQ program 1: 31–35 Willow, corkscrew 3: 35 Yichang, Wilson in 3: 11 — — — — Plants Database 3: 21 Willows, as beetle host 1: 34 Yinger, Barry 1: 20, 21, 22, 28 — — — — Trans-Caucasus expedi- Willowwood Arboretum 1: 27 Yoon, Carol Kaesuk, at Cornell 4: 25 tions, recent 1: 4, 7 Wilson, Ernest Henry, hydrangea and — — — Naming Nature: The Clash US economy and tree consumption 1: 44 Between Instinct and Science 2: 29 — — — lampshade poppy and 3: 2, [reviewed] 4: 25–27 US Geological Surveys (USGS) 1: 17 4–7 Yushania, in China 2: 26 US National Agricultural Library, — — — Malus finds 2: 16 Zacharias, Elizabeth H., Ph.D. 2: 28 1909 illustration from 1: back cover — — — sand pear and 4: 28 Zeiss camera on Hubble 1: 16 US National Arboretum 1: 8, 21 — — — Tibetan discoveries revisited Zhong, Xiao 3: 13 — — — — winters at 1: 24 3: 2–13 Zhedou Pass 3: 4–5, 12 University of Bristol, Long Ashton Wilson’s China: A Century On [Flana- [Eng.] 3: 21 gan and Kirkham, excerpt] 3: 2–13 Compiled by Rosalie Davis A New Plant Introduction from the Arnold Arboretum: Ilex glabra ‘Peggy’s Cove’

John H. Alexander III

n October 1988, I was in Nova Scotia for is that they frequently lose their lower branches. a speaking engagement with the Atlantic Other surviving plants of this collection either IRhododendron and Horticultural Society. didn’t grow well or weren’t significantly differ- Several members were kind enough to show me ent from cultivars already available. the sights, including local natural areas. One At the Arboretum, the original plant of ‘Peg- day we were on a seaside barren, northwest of gy’s Cove’ (now accession number 500-2007-A) the fishing village of Peggy’s Cove, looking out is growing in the Leventritt Shrub and Vine at the Atlantic Ocean. Crouched between us Garden, near specimens of ‘Compacta’ for easy and the ocean, on a treeless shore that appeared comparison. This 22-year-old plant is now 48 to be more rock than soil, were numerous inches (122 centimeters) tall and 60 inches (152 inkberries, Ilex glabra. I have a special inter- centimeters) wide with a rounded habit. Per- est in this species and had previously collected haps it isn’t the best example because we have inkberry cuttings from the New Jersey pine pruned it by harvesting many cuttings from it. barrens and from compact plants I spotted Four lightly pruned 8-year-old plants near the while driving along Massachusetts roadways. Dana Greenhouses (accession number 3-2002) The plants at Peggy’s Cove were dwarfed and are 22 to 36 inches (56 to 91 centimeters) tall misshapen by the harsh seaside environment, and 30 to 45 inches (76 to 114 centimeters) growing here near the northern extreme of the wide. ‘Peggy’s Cove’ is a female, producing the species’ range. typical small black fruits of this species (if polli- I knew that a plant’s response to its environ- nated by a nearby male Ilex glabra). The leaves ment does not necessarily change its genetic of ‘Peggy’s Cove’ are dark green and smaller makeup, so cuttings from these dwarfed plants than the average inkberry leaf. might grow into large, robust shrubs when ‘Peggy’s Cove’ inkberry grows best in full sun planted in a favorable garden setting. But then and tolerates light shade, but may stretch a bit again—they might not. My hope was that, after and become less compact if in too much shade. countless generations growing by the shore, Like many hollies, it prefers acidic soils that are their compact habit was now genetic. As plant evenly moist. Winter damage to leaves of this propagator’s like to say, “The best time to take evergreen has been slight at the Arboretum. a cutting is when it’s offered,” so I collected ‘Peggy’s Cove’ is probably no hardier than what cuttings from plant after plant until my hosts is typical for the species: USDA zone 5 (aver- seemed to grow weary from watching me. age annual minimum temperature -20 to -10°F Thirty-eight of these cuttings—collected [-28.8 to -23.4°C]). It is currently in the early from perhaps 12 different plants—were stuck stages of commercial production. in the Arboretum’s propagation house. At least 19 of the cuttings rooted, and all were given the Acknowledgments accession number 929-88. Within this group I Many thanks to John Weagle, Stanley Dodds, Walter found what I had hoped to find: a more compact Ostrom, and the late Captain Richard M. Steele. It was these folks who were instrumental in getting me to Nova and smaller-leafed form of Ilex glabra. Scotia and to that barren coast where I found Ilex glabra Named ‘Peggy’s Cove’ in honor of its site of ‘Peggy’s Cove’. origin, this cultivar is not only compact, but it A registration description of this cultivar was published also grows well. It has a mounded habit with in the Holly Society Journal, 2008, 26(2): 10–11. branches right to the ground. The latter trait is notable since a complaint sometimes heard about John H. Alexander III is Plant Propagator at the Arnold the Ilex glabra cultivars ‘Densa’ and ‘Compacta’ Arboretum.