Documento Che Attesta La Proprietà Di Una Quota Del Cap- Itale Sociale È Il Titolo Azionario E Garantisce Una Serie Di Diritti Al Titolare

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Documento Che Attesta La Proprietà Di Una Quota Del Cap- Itale Sociale È Il Titolo Azionario E Garantisce Una Serie Di Diritti Al Titolare Università degli Studi di Padova Facoltà di Scienze Statistiche Corso di Laurea Specialistica in Scienze Statistiche, Economiche, Finanziarie e Aziendali Tesi di Laurea : PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT : PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND FEATURE-BASED CLUSTRERING IN ASSET ALLOCATION Laureando: Nono Simplice Aimé Relatore: Prof. Caporin Massimiliano Anno accademico 2009-2010 1 A Luise Geouego e a tutta la mia famiglia. 2 Abstract This thesis analyses the possible effects of feature-based clustering (using information extracted from asset time series) in asset allocation. In particu- lar, at first, it considers the creation of asset clusters using a matrix of input data which contains some performance measure. Some of these are choosen between the classical measures, while others between the most sofisticated ones. Secondly, it statistically compares the asset allocation results obtained from data-driven groups (obtained by clustering) and a-priori classifications based on assets industrial sector. It also controls how these results can change over time. Sommario Questa tesi si propone di esaminare l’eventuale effetto di una classificazione dei titoli nei portafogli basata su informazioni contenute nelle loro serie storiche In particolare, si tratta di produrre inizialmente una suddivisione dei titoli in gruppi attraverso una cluster analysis, avendo come matrice di input alcune misure di performance selezionate fra quelle classiche e quelle più sofisticate e in un secondo momento, di confrontare i risultati con quelli ottenuti operando una diversificazione dei titoli in macrosettori industriali; infine di analizzare come i risultati ottenuti variano nel tempo. Indice 1 Asset Allocation 7 1.1 Introduzione . 7 1.2 Introduzione alle azioni . 8 1.3 Criterio Rischio-Rendimento . 9 1.3.1 Strategic asset allocation . 10 1.3.2 Tactical asset allocation . 11 1.3.3 Dynamic asset allocation . 12 2 Cluster Analysis 14 2.1 Introduzione . 14 2.2 Introduzione alla Cluster Analysis . 14 2.3 Obiettivi delle tecniche di clustering . 16 2.4 Definizione dei cluster . 18 2.5 Misure di prossimità tra le unità . 19 2.5.1 Misure di dissimilarità o di distanza . 19 2.5.2 Indici di dissomiglianza per variabili dicotomiche . 21 2.5.3 Indice di dissomilianza per dati politomici e dati misti 22 2.6 Matrice di dati in Input . 22 2.7 Metodi di analisi dei gruppi . 23 2.8 Metodo non gerarchico . 24 2.9 Metodo gerarchico . 26 1 2 2.9.1 Metodi agglomerativi . 27 2.9.2 Clustering gerarchico divisivo . 31 3 Indicatori per la cluster analysis 35 3.1 Introduzione . 35 3.2 Statistiche di base delle serie storiche finanziarie . 35 3.3 Misure di performance . 37 3.3.1 Misure di performance classica . 39 3.3.2 Indici con misure di rischio basati su Drawdown . 41 3.3.3 Indici basati sui momenti parziali . 42 3.3.4 Indici basati sui quantili . 44 4 Studio empirico 46 4.1 Descrizione del dataset . 46 4.2 Analisi preliminare dei dati . 48 4.2.1 Elaborazione dei dati . 50 4.2.2 Simulazione di portafogli per la gestione . 54 4.3 Presentazione e interpretazione dei risultati . 55 5 Conclusioni 67 A 74 Introduzione L’innovazione nel settore finanziario produce di continuo strumenti e prodotti finanziari sempre più sofisticati, che vengono scambiati in mercati di dimen- sioni superiori a quello della singola economia locale. Questo fatto accresce notevolmente il bisogno e lo sviluppo di competenze finanziarie necessarie per operare sui vari mercati finanziari internazionali. Negli ultimi anni, è in costante crescita lo studio di indicatori qualitativi e quantitativi, volti a cogliere le dinamiche dei mercati e aiutare i manager dei portafogli a realiz- zare in ogni momento una gestione del portafogli più coerente alle dinamiche dei mercati globali in cui sono chiamati a operare. La gestione degli investimenti è basata, tradizionalmente, sulla credenza che si possano ottenere rendimenti superiori alla norma, cioè che si possa realizzare un extra-performance rispetto al mercato. Quindi si cerca di ’bat- tere il mercato’ mediante previsioni sugli andamenti dei mercati e/o attività speculative sui singoli titoli. Purtroppo questa visione appartiene ormai al- la storia dei mercati finanziari, in quanto 50 anni di evoluzione dei sistemi finanziari internazionali nonché i fenomeni della globalizzazione dei mercati stessi ha prodotto un così grande numero di mutamenti da stravolgere com- pletamente le modalità e il funzionamento dei mercati, di conseguenza, le modalità di investimento. Ancora oggi, le previsioni economiche e finanziarie sono caratterizzate da incertezza e da margini di errore molto ampi, dovuti al- la straordinaria complessità raggiunta dal sistema finanziario internazionale che reagisce prontamente alle vicende e ai fenomeni politici ed economici, 3 4 che si susseguono imprevedibilmente nel mondo. La difficoltà gestionale di ’ battere il mercato’ in un contesto moderno non può essere imputata alla incapacità degli operatori e degli esperti finanziari. Anzi, è proprio per l’el- evato livello professionale raggiunto, per la sistematicità della ricerca, delle analisi e degli studi di migliaia di qualificati analisti, per il livello di efficienza e di tempestività di centinaia di istituzioni in concorrenza tra loro che risulta sempre più difficile battere sistematicamente il mercato. In realtà essi, nel complesso, sono il mercato. La realizzazione dei guadagni sopra la media non dipende esclusivamente dalla qualità delle informazioni o dalla tempes- tività dell’azione del manager del portafoglio bensì dagli errori di valutazione degli altri operatori e soprattuto dell’asset allocation in fase di start-up del portafoglio. Un lavoro importante di Brinson, Singer & Beebower (1986/91) molto conosciuto spesso supportato da tanti studi empirici indica che circa il 90% della performance di un portafoglio può essere spiegata direttamente dall’as- set allocation iniziale. Questo significa che, anche se l’asset manager assume e paga dei managers di portafoglio eccezionali che possiedono capacità supe- riori di stock-picking e di timing, non necessariamente si avranno automati- camente performance straordinarie. Questo perchè l’asset allocation iniziale può essere lontano dall’obiettivo in termini di previsioni o di rendimento atteso e, inoltre, il portafoglio può essere seriamente fortemente vincolato da limiti di asset allocation (spesso ci sono vincoli istituzionali e normative che un manager deve rispettare nella scelta degli assets appartenenti ad un determinato portafoglio) che non permettono al manager di portafoglio di sfruttare pienamente le opportunità disponibili per esso. Dato che una così grande proporzione di performance di portafoglio è spiegata dalla decisione di asset allocation, si può dire che questa è la decisione più importante nella vita di un portafoglio. In generale, non esiste una formula semplice per definire un asset alloca- 5 tion ottimale. La costruzione di un portafoglio e il processo di asset alloca- tion, in effetti, possono diventare molto banali o molto complessi, e possono comportare l’utilizzo sia di tecniche qualitative, sia di tecniche quantitative, ma, in genere, non esiste una risposta corretta o una soluzione definitiva per questi processi. In teoria, l’ applicazione di tecniche quantitative porta a portafogli migliori e più robusti in termini di rendimenti relativi, in pro- porzione al rischio incorso (questo anche perché le tecniche qualitative sono spesso naturalmente soggettive e dipendenti dal manager che deve affrontare le decisioni di buona gestione del portafoglio). La selezione di titoli o di altri assets in modo casuale appare come un modo poco ottimale, quando il manager dispone di informazioni maggiori, ma in genere, se egli non pos- side informazioni aggiuntive, dovrebbe puntare a possedere il benchmark o almeno un adeguato numero di titoli che fanno parte del benchmark, per comporre un portafoglio perfettamente bilanciato che rispecchi il benchmark stesso, in modo d’assicurarsi un adeguato grado di diversificazione e controllo del rischio. In particolare negli ultimi anni , uno dei metodi più utilizzati dai gestori di fondi comuni di investimento per diversificare il portafoglio è quello della diversificazione per macrosettore o settore e della capitalizzazione dei titoli quotati. L’obbiettivo principale di questa tesi è di stabilire se, in fase di start- up del portafoglio,al fine di ottenere un ottimo asset allocation,è preferibile utilizzare la diversificazione condotta con la scelta dei titoli tra gruppi for- mati a priori in base al settore industriale, oppure sia meglio diversicare in base alle caratteristiche storiche dei titoli e a indicatori statistico-finanziari estratti dalla storia dei titoli stessi. Per far ciò, si introdurrà inizialmente il tema dell’asset allocation per capire su quali basi i gestori di portafogli lavorano e inche modo lavorano al giorno d’oggi. Si Passerà, quindi ad una breve introduzione delle azioni quotate nei principali mercati mondiali e alle loro peculiari caratteristiche sottostanti: il rendimento e il rischio. Nel sec- 6 ondo capitolo verrà presentata la cluster analysis, argomento importante che sarà usato per produrre gruppi di titoli con caratteristiche simili. Il capitolo successivo sarà quello in cui si presenterà le caratteristiche degli indicatori calcolati sulle serie, da introdurre come variabili input(matrice dati) nell’al- goritmo di clustering. L’ultimo capitolo verrà dedicato alla vera e propria analisi dei dati e alla presentazione dei risultati ed infine conclusione generale. L’idea è quella di avere due tipi di classificazioni
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