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The Role of Fire in the Population Dynamics of the Threatened Plant Species Pomaderris Walshii and Pomaderris Adnata

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The Role of Fire in the Population Dynamics of the Threatened Plant Species Pomaderris Walshii and Pomaderris Adnata University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 The role of fire in the population dynamics of the threatened plant species Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata Sophie Natale Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Natale, Sophie, The role of fire in the population dynamics of the threatened plant species Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata, BEnviSc Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/156 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The role of fire in the population dynamics of the threatened plant species Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata Abstract Fire is a common occurrence across the Australian landscape, hence it is important to understand the effect that fire has on vegetation. In fire prone habitats, fire regimes have shaped the evolution, demography and life history traits of the associated vegetation. The fire regime is composed of a number of characteristics, such as frequency, severity, intensity and seasonality, all of which can contribute to shaping population persistence and response. This study looks at the effect of fire severity on dormancy, germination and recruitment, with particular emphasis on the impact it can have on temperatures reached within the soil profile. Soil temperature has a direct effect on seeds with physical dormancy and the focus of this study is on two physically dormant and endangered species, Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata (Rhamnaceae). This study aims to gain an understanding of how these two species respond to fire by: (1) Determining the dormancy breaking temperature thresholds, as well as the initial seed viability, for both species (2) Estimating whether there is a germination response from seeds stored within the soil seed bank for P. walshii, and (3) Evaluating the post-fire life history of P. adnata through tracking seedling emergence and adult resprouting response. Dormancy breaking temperature thresholds of seeds were determined for both species by applying three heat-shock treatments (60, 80 and 100°C) and following germination response compared against an unheated control. As expected, the germination occurred after application of heat shock treatments, with the amount of germination increasing with increasing temperatures for both species. The greatest germination response occurred after the 100 C treatment, indicating that both species had very high dormancy-breaking temperature thresholds compared to many other physically dormant species in the region. For P. walshii, I applied a fire treatment to soil seed bank samples collected from underneath adult plants. Different amounts of leaf litter were used to simulate different severities of fire, placed on top of replicate soil samples and then burnt. Seedling emergence was monitored over time. All replicates which were subjected to heat treatments were able to produce at least one P. walshii seedling. However, there was no significant effect of the experimental fire severity, which failed to produce significantly different soil temperatures. While a low level of emergence (60.69 ± 26.64 seedlings per square metre) occurred in response to heat, a lack of a greater response was presumably due to higher soil temperatures not being reached. Post-fire response and seedling emergence of P. adnata, followed after a section of its population had been burnt, allowed some understanding of the post-fire dynamics of this species. A major finding of this study was that P. adnata was found to resprout post-fire, although it was previously thought to have no resprouting capabilities. A near significant elationshipr was found for diameter at breast height (DBH) and resprouting, with increasing DBH resulting in a decrease in adults which are found to be resprouting. Following the initial flush of P. adnata seedlings, seedling survival remained high, with the mean number of seedlings per square meter (12 ± 4.6 seedlings per square meter) remaining relatively unchanged throughout the duration of the census. This initial large flush was not followed yb subsequent pulses of emergence, despite several large rainfall events. This suggests that all dormant seeds had been exhausted from the seed bank. The outcomes of this study have enabled a much better understanding of the ecology of these species, particularly in their response to fire. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that both species respond to fire and that seedling recruitment is cued to the post-fire environment. Importantly, the high temperatures required to break dormancy suggest that a higher severity fire would produce the greatest germination response by ensuring higher soil temperatures. This should be considered when implementing fire as a management tool, to achieve high levels of recruitment. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BEnviSc Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Sciences Advisor(s) Mark Ooi Keywords Dormancy, soil seed bank, fire regime This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/156 The role of fire in the population dynamics of the threatened plant species Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata Sophie Natale A thesis submitted in part fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Environmental Science in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong 2016 ii The information in this thesis is entirely the result of investigations conducted by the author, unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted in part, or otherwise, for any other degree or qualification Signed: Sophie Natale Date: 25/10/2016 iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Mark Ooi and Dr Ben Gooden for providing me with valuable knowledge, support and feedback throughout the entirety of this year. I would also like to thank Dr Mark Ooi for accompanying me to the field site on numerous occasions and assisting with data collection. I would also like to thank my supervisor Dr David Bain and the Office of Environment and Heritage Illawarra branch for allowing this work to be completed and providing support, assistance in the field and valuable knowledge. Thank you also to Elizabeth Magarey and Jacqueline Devereaux for also assisting with field work and seed and data collection. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge my friends and family for their ongoing support throughout this year. Thank you all for all your encouragement, motivation and assistance in both field work and reviewing my thesis. iv Abstract Fire is a common occurrence across the Australian landscape, hence it is important to understand the effect that fire has on vegetation. In fire prone habitats, fire regimes have shaped the evolution, demography and life history traits of the associated vegetation. The fire regime is composed of a number of characteristics, such as frequency, severity, intensity and seasonality, all of which can contribute to shaping population persistence and response. This study looks at the effect of fire severity on dormancy, germination and recruitment, with particular emphasis on the impact it can have on temperatures reached within the soil profile. Soil temperature has a direct effect on seeds with physical dormancy and the focus of this study is on two physically dormant and endangered species, Pomaderris walshii and Pomaderris adnata (Rhamnaceae). This study aims to gain an understanding of how these two species respond to fire by: (1) Determining the dormancy breaking temperature thresholds, as well as the initial seed viability, for both species (2) Estimating whether there is a germination response from seeds stored within the soil seed bank for P. walshii, and (3) Evaluating the post-fire life history of P. adnata through tracking seedling emergence and adult resprouting response. Dormancy breaking temperature thresholds of seeds were determined for both species by applying three heat-shock treatments (60, 80 and 100°C) and following germination response compared against an unheated control.
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