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Finnish Pentecostal, Lutheran and Orthodox Mission Agencies in Development Work in Kenya 1948-1989

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Finnish Pentecostal, Lutheran and Orthodox Mission Agencies in Development Work in Kenya 1948-1989 MISSION AND DEVELOPMENT Mission and Development Finnish Pentecostal, Lutheran and Orthodox Mission Agencies in Development Work in Kenya 1948-1989 Jaakko Lounela ÅBO 2007 ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS CIP Cataloguing in Publication Lounela, Jaakko Mission and development : Finnish Pentecostal, Lutheran and Orthodox mission agencies in development work in Kenya 1948-1989 / Jaakko Lounela. – Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2007. Diss.: Åbo Akademi University. ISBN 978-951-765-394-7 ISBN 978-951-765-394-7 ISBN 978-951-765-395-4 (digital) UNIPRINT Åbo 2007 Table of Contents Foreword 7 1 Introduction 11 2 The Finnish Mission Agencies in Kenya 1948-1973 19 2.1 The Pentecostals 19 2.1.1 Who are the Pentecostals? 19 2.1.2 Understandings of Mission 20 2.1.3 Organisation and Administration 26 2.1.4 Development Projects 30 2.2 The Lutherans 39 2.2.1 Who are the Lutherans? 39 2.2.2 Understandings of Mission 41 2.2.3 Organisation and Administration 50 2.2.4 Development Projects 60 2.3 The Orthodox 76 2.3.1 Who are the Orthodox? 76 2.3.2 Understandings of Mission 78 2.3.3 Organisation and Administration 80 2.3.4 Development Projects 83 3 The Mission Agencies Participate in Development Cooperation using Public Funds 1974-1989 86 3.1 The Pentecostals 88 3.1.1 Understandings of Mission 88 3.1.2 Organisation and Administration 98 3.1.3 Development Projects 115 3.2 The Lutherans 139 3.2.1 Understandings of Mission 139 3.2.2 Organisation and Administration 146 3.2.3 Development Projects 167 3.3 The Orthodox 217 3.3.1 Understandings of Mission 217 3.3.2 Organisation and Administration 223 3.3.3 Development Projects 237 4 Conclusions 254 Abbreviations 262 Sources and Literature 264 Index 290 List of Figures and Maps Figures 1 Membership of the Kenyan partner churches of the Finnish Pentecostals, Lutherans and Orthodox 1970 and 1990 84 2 Social services of the FFFM / LKA 1985-1989 108 3 Funds from the Finnish government to the FFFM 1977-1989 136 4 Funds from the Finnish government to SLEAF 1977-1989 213 5 Funds from the Finnish government to LEAF 1977-1989 215 6 Funds from the Finnish government to the FOM 1978-1989 251 Maps 1 The FFFM in Kenya before 1974 38 2 SLEAF and LEAF in Kenya before 1974 75 3 The FFFM and ZHM in development cooperation in Kenya from 1974............ 138 4 SLEAF and LEAF in development cooperation in Kenya from 1974............ 212 5 The FOM in development cooperation in Kenya from 1974 253 6 ȱ Foreword I was involved in missionary work in Kenya from 1979 to 1986, and during this time Professor Matti Peltola encouraged me to join the International Association for Mission Studies. At the IAMS Conference in Harare 1985, I was introduced to an interdenomi- national and international community of researchers who welcomed all contributions that would of benefit to others. I would, therefore, like to dedicate this thesis to Prof. Matti Peltola. When I left Kenya in 1986, and returned to parish work in Finland, my research work in missiology eased my acclimatisation because it allowed a part of my mind to still be concerned with Africa. The Finnish government had begun channelling development funds through non-governmental organisations in 1974 and allocated special funds through mission agencies from 1977 to 1988. Since the Finnish Pentecostals, Lutherans and Orthodox received public funds with the same preconditions, it was interesting to study how each of them responded to the same stimulus. After attending International Association for Mission Studies Conferences in Rome, Hawaii, Buenos Aires and Hammaskraal (Pretoria), I realised that the situation in Finland was unique, and moreover that it was interesting to missiologists from other countries. Professor Pentti Laasonen from the Faculty of Theology at the University of Helsinki advised me to continue my studies at Åbo Akademi University, where an expert on mission theology and East Africa, Dr. Henrik Smedjebacka, was senior lecturer in Church History and Missiology. Dr. Smedjebacka’s deep knowledge, wide perspectives as well as his sharp unreserved criticism gave me a better understanding of the circumstances and a clearer disposition of the material. He also focused my attention on essential missiological questions. ȱ 7 The writing and correcting of this dissertation was a long process, interrupted by a new term of missionary work in Africa, but the discussions and the advice I received in the seminar sessions of Prof. Bill Widén and his successor Prof. Ingvar Dahlbacka during those years, helped me to rearrange the text so that it would meet academic requirements. Dr. Kim Groop assisted me in many ways when it came time to finish the work. During this research work, I visited various archives and offices. I was happy to realise that Secretary Anneli Karras, in the office of the Finnish Pentecostal Development Agency Lähetyksen Kehitysapu, and Mission Secretary Anja Hakonen, in the Finnish Orthodox Mission, did not receive me as a foreign intruder but as “our researcher”. The archivists in the Department for Development Cooperation assisted me when I used the essential documents in the archive of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Having written the first draft, I then received valuable feedback from; Kalevi Helimäki and Vilho Kivikangas, regarding the chapters on the Pentecostals, Gustav Norrback and Boris Sandberg, regarding the chapters on the Swedish Lutheran Evangelical Association, Tuula Sääksi and Antti Kuokkanen on the Lutheran Evangelical Association of Finland, and I also received useful feedback at a Finnish Orthodox mission seminar in September 1994. Many officials of the Department for International Development Cooperation at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs gave their time to explain the cooperation with the mission agencies from their viewpoint. Of the many who helped, I would particularly like to mention by name, Leo Olasvirta who has been responsible for contacts with the non-governmental organisations over a long period of time and still continues in the service of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The people mentioned here gave me deeper insight into the topic and corrected some errors, and I am grateful to them. They are, of course, not responsible for any misinterpretations or errors in my text. I had the privilege to meet kind people, among them devoted Christians who had spent many years serving in missionary work or in development cooperation in Africa or Finland. The list of 8 ȱ interviews in the chapter “Sources and Literature” can include only the most important sources of information, whose words I had used when writing the text. However, there were many others who also helped me to understand events and their background, but it is not possible to enumerate here all the people who had answered my questions, or to list other discussion partners. I am grateful to all those who are mentioned above but also to the many others whose names are not seen in this Introduction or in the dissertation. I thank the Academy of Finland for the grant, which allowed me to attend the International Association for Mission Studies Conference in Rome, the Nordic Africa Institute for the opportunity to do research in Uppsala and the Lutheran Evangelical Association of Finland for its support. I would also like to thank Åbo Akademi University Press for publishing my book and finally all those who helped to proof read the manuscript. I thank my wife Elvi for her encouragement and patience, my children Markus, Hanna and Sara, and their spouses, for interesting discussions, and I would especially like to thank my son-in-law Robert for his assistance in helping me express my thoughts in English. 9 November 2007 Jaakko Lounela ȱ 9 10 ȱ 1 Introduction In January 1961, The United Nations declared the years 1961-1970, the United Nations Decade of Development. Development aid or, as it was soon renamed, development cooperation, was a new attempt to increase wealth in countries outside Europe and North America. The Government of Finland also started to grant money for development work. Other Nordic countries channelled development funds as early as in the 1960s through non-governmental organisations (NGOs), including mission agencies. Finland followed them in the 1970s. The mission agencies had considerable experience because they had been working in developing countries for decades and been involved in social work. This kind of social work activity was included in development cooperation from the beginning of the United Nations Second Decade of Development in 1971. Object of the Research Finnish NGOs have received public funds for development projects since 1974 and mission agencies received a separate special grant from 1977 to 1988. The policy of the government to channel development funds through non-governmental organisations created a new situation in the mission agencies. It was usual for the colonial powers to support the social work of the mission agencies active in their colonies, but the Finnish mission agencies were not used to receiving support from their own government for work in Africa. The mission agencies in Finland could only observe from a distance as to how the social work of the mission agencies was a part of the development aid of the governments in other Nordic countries, from as early as the United Nations Decade of Development in the 1960s. When the mission agencies in the western neighbouring countries carried out development projects using money from their governments, the Finns discussed whether it would be possible to follow their pattern. When the Finnish government began channelling ȱ 11 development funds through mission agencies, the discussion continued. A new question was: What was the position of the state supported projects in the activity of a mission agency? The government aid then effected some anticipated, and some unexpected changes in the work and organisation of the mission agencies in the home country and in the mission field.
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