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FRONTIERS IN DEVELOPMENT FRONTIERS “Creating space to evaluate and better understand key development trends is essential to adapt to the rapid transformations in the development landscape. Rather than chase the latest fad or jump between shifting priorities, we must seize pivotal opportunities that we know can leave behind generational legacies of success. To that end, USAID is engaging with the smartest, most innovative, and most experienced thoughtleaders and practitioners from around the world to stimulate debate around key development challenges and opportunities. “We call this effort Frontiers in Development.” — Rajiv Shah, Administrator, USAID EDITED BY “In another decade, our countries should no longer be characterized by no connectivity, no roads, no hospitals, no schools, no water, no sanitation, no RAJIV SHAH service delivery, no doctors, no lawyers, or no accountants because this would mean no economic or social development and a progression of all that fragility brings. No more time should go by when we do not focus on the very Sundsmo/USAIDKaarli Photo: Cover & foundations that will build peaceful states.” STEVEN RADELET — Emilia Pires, Finance Minister, Timor-Leste HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON | ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF | JAMES G. STAVRIDIS | BILL GATES EMILIA PIRES | PAUL COLLIER | KAY WARREN | ELENI GABRE-MADHIN | RAKESH RAJANI JOHN J. DEGIOIA | CAROL LANCASTER | JUDITH RODIN | JIM KOLBE | MICHAEL KREMER GLENN NYE | MAURA O’NEILL | DEREK YACH | EDITED BY RAJIV SHAH & STEVEN RADELET Edited by Rajiv Shah and Steven Radelet U.S. Agency for International Development AFP Photo: Noah Seelam CONTENTS v Foreword ix Hillary Rodham Clinton Introduction xii Rajiv Shah Bending the Curve of Development 1 Section 1: Democracy and Security 2 Emilia Pires Building Peaceful States Against All Odds: The g7+ Leads the Way 14 Cameron Khosrowshahi The Arab Spring and Its Lessons for Democracy and Development 18 Rakesh Rajani If Development Were Soccer 28 José M. Garzón Democracy and Development Reconsidered 32 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Carol Lancaster Democracy and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa 46 Daniel Aldrich Mightier than the Sword: Social Science and Development in Countering Violent Extremism 50 James G. Stavridis and Reuben Brigety, II Combat and Compassion 62 Richard Byess Civilian-Military Cooperation: What’s Next? 67 Section 2: Pressure on the Planet 68 Paul Collier Pressures on the Plundered Planet 78 Derek Yach and Tara Acharya Strengthening Food Security in a Growing World 88 H arlan Hale and Julie March Reducing Vulnerability to Food Insecurity: Conservation Agriculture as Regenerative Disaster Risk Reduction 92 Edward R. Carr Small Farmers, Big Impacts 98 Eleni Z. Gabre-Madhin A New Agriculture for the New Africa 106 Joe Dougherty The Revolution Must Be Green: Feeding the Future through Sustainable Innovations 110 Judith Rodin and Robert Garris Reconsidering Resilience for the 21st Century 121 Section 3: Technology and Service Delivery 122 John J. DeGioia Reimagining the Roles and Responsibilities of Education in the Work of Human Development 128 Priya Jaisinghani and Charley Johnson The “Ultimate Day” 132 Glen Scott Allen and Michael Joseph Global Tech + Local Trust: A Formula for Sustainable Development 136 Gregory Howell Six Degrees of Mobile Money in Afghanistan 142 James R. Heiby Evidence-based Health Systems Strengthening 148 Diana Jue Getting Out of the Lab and Into the Land: Commercializing Technologies for Social Impact 152 Aniket Bhushan Big Data 158 Cory O’Hara Developing-country Producers and the Challenge of Traceability 164 Michael C. Lisman Private Schooling for the Public Good 169 Section 4: Development Assistance in a Changing World 170 Bill Gates Foreign Assistance, Innovation, and Progress 182 Steven Radelet The Unprecedented Gains in Global Development and New Directions for Development Assistance 192 Rachel Bahn and Sarah Lane Reclaiming Economic Analysis 196 William A. Masters Transformational Incentives for Innovation and Aid Effectiveness: Pull Mechanisms, Contests, and Prizes 202 Michael Kremer and Maura O’Neill Linking Innovation and Evidence to Amplify Development Impact 214 Carla Koppell and Caren Grown Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: Central to the New Development Enterprise 220 Kay Warren, Elizabeth Styffe, and Gil Odendaal Faith Communities: The Untapped Resource for Development 228 Ming Holden The Survival Girls 232 Jim Kolbe, Glenn Nye, and Dodie Jones Making the Case for Engaging America in Development Foreword ever before has the world experienced But the forces affecting development are such significant progress in human changing rapidly. Private-sector capital flows are Ndevelopment and at the same time seven times larger than what they were a decade seen such rapid and unpredictable changes in the ago, and now dwarf development assistance. forces that affect development. 700 million fewer The Arab Spring has ushered in new possibilities people live in absolute poverty today than 20 years for democracy and growth in the Middle East, ago. The share of children dying before their first but also led to new challenges and uncertain- birthday is half of what it was in 1975. Since the ties. Conflict and extreme poverty are increas- collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the ingly intertwined. The growing success of many Cold War, democracy has swept across developing emerging markets has lifted millions from poverty, countries. And today more developing countries but also has unleashed much greater demand are experiencing sustained broad-based economic for natural resources, energy, and food. Climate growth than ever before. change threatens to slow and possibly even reverse We at USAID are proud to be a part of development gains in many countries. this great progress. Our investments in health USAID and others working in developing and education, support for agriculture and food countries must both embrace these changes and security, encouragement of democracy and evolve with them in order to continue to be effec- good governance, and assistance to governments tive in supporting and sustaining development. in building capacity and encouraging private Creating space to evaluate and better understand investment has helped build greater prosperity key development trends is essential to adapt to and stability, both for our partner countries the rapid transformations in the development and for the United States. landscape. Rather than chase the latest fad or FOREWORD | V jump between shifting priorities, we must seize public and run by Devex on behalf of USAID. pivotal opportunities that we know can leave These essays do not necessarily reflect the behind generational legacies of success. To that official positions of USAID or the U.S. govern- end, USAID is engaging with the smartest, ment. We did not select only those essays that most innovative, and most experienced thought- support our own views or approaches. Rather, we leaders and practitioners from around the world selected essays based on their ability to encour- to stimulate debate around key development age forward-looking and provocative debates challenges and opportunities. on critical issues. From Emilia Pires’ treatise on We call this effort Frontiers in Development. working effectively with fragile states to USAID’s Designed to encourage forward-looking, provoc- Cameron Khosrowshahi and his frontline report ative discussion and debate and to strengthen the on entrepreneurship during political upheaval, we analysis, design, and implementation of devel- hope that this collection will inspire new thinking opment programs, Frontiers in Development among development practitioners across a range is aimed at cultivating innovative analysis and of issues and challenges, and set the stage for our leadership to expand the Agency’s learning and to discussions at Georgetown and beyond. increase our effectiveness. We are starting these conversations both through these essays and by holding a forum at Georgetown University from Frontiers in Development June 11–13, 2012, to debate, discuss, and learn is designed to encourage from each other in person. This collection of essays includes ideas from forward-looking, provocative some of the brightest minds and best practitio- discussion and debate and to ners in development, some of whom you will be strengthen the analysis, design, familiar with, and others you may not recognize. The essays include insights from people working and implementation of in private, non-profit, and security sectors; from development programs. higher-income and lower-income countries; and from foundations, governments, and academia. Many of the authors, such as President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Bill Gates, and Paul Collier, are We would like to express our deep widely recognized as critical thinkers within the appreciation to the organizations and individuals development community. Other contributors, that have made this publication possible. Both the including Admiral James G. Stavridis and Kay publication and the Forum are funded entirely Warren, are tremendous leaders in their own through the generous contributions of the respective fields and have applied their unique Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the William expertise to valuable effect in this volume. and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Rockefeller Thirteen essays come from USAID staff selected Foundation, and the John D. and Catherine T. through an Agency-wide contest to seek out MacArthur Foundation. Georgetown University the best ideas, and six other
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