Study on biomass of teak

Reiji Yoneda Forestry Division Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. As we burn fossil fuels for energy or cut down and burn forests to create pastures and plantations, carbon accumulates and overloads our atmosphere. Global temperatures are increasing Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas

IPCC (2014) Sources of global CO2 emissions, 1970-2004

IPCC (2007) Carbon emission from deforestation is increasing in South and South- East Asia Carbon emission from deforestation

Timber Fire wood

Put fire for preparation of crop cultivation

Clear cut Stock the absorbed carbon

crop cultivation

decomposition Forestry activities contribute carbon absorption in atmosphere

Planting

Growing

Application of coppice Trees grow by absorbing the CO2 in the atmosphere.

Harvesting

Tree timber consists Wood utilization mainly of carbon.

Wood products perform fixation of atmospheric carbon. Deforestation in tropical area

Cambodia Cambodia

Malaysia Malaysia “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD) in developing countries” is one of the solution against global warming issue.

Decline the Financial carbon emission Value Carbon emission from deforestation

REDD-plus Stop to cut

How much emitted carbon is declined by avoiding deforestation?

We need to know

1. How much carbon is accumulated in the forest? 2. How much carbon is accumulated in a year? Plants grow by

absorbing the CO2 in the atmosphere

How to estimate the carbon amount? Analyze carbon content in all trees?

Measure photosynthesis?

Trees can absorb carbon and accumulate it in plant body How to estimate carbon stock in the forest? It is difficult to measure carbon content on each trees

But, carbon content in trees are almost same (approx. 50%)

We can estimate carbon amount from biomass on trees What is “Biomass”?

the mass of living biological organisms

“Estimate biomass”

Estimate the mass of living biological organisms

Measure the dry weight Method

40m

40m Measure DBH and Height

Select different size trees Method

leaves

branches Fresh weight

stems

Dry weight Dry Weight Dry small big D2H Above ground Root 18 sites, 101 trees for AGB, 76 Research Sites trees for BGB

Planted Initial Present Age Site n Mean DBH Mean Height Research Site spacing tree density tree density [year] Index AGB BGB [cm] [m] [m] [trees/ha] [trees/ha]

West Dan Makham Tia District (NP) 13o49'N, 99o26'E 20 21 2 × 4 1250 825 5 5 14.9 ± 3.7 14.9 ± 1.9 o o SK Thong Pha Phum District (KKV1) 14 52'N, 98 40'E 27 28 4 × 4 625 513 5 24.0 ± 6.5 21.5 ± 4.0 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV2) 14o52'N, 98o40'E 21 22 4 × 4 625 431 6 6 20.8 ± 6.5 15.8 ± 3.4 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV3) 14o50'N, 98o40'E 10 25 4 × 4 625 481 5 5 10.3 ± 4.5 10.1 ± 4.4 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV4) 14o50'N, 98o40'E 14 32 4 × 4 625 506 5 5 19.8 ± 4.0 19.5 ± 3.5 Thong Pha Phum District (TPP) 14o38'N, 98o36'E 33 24 4 × 4 625 256 5 5 31.3 ± 5.2 22.6 ± 2.1 North-east Thailand KKV Ban Haet District (BH) 16o15'N, 102o47'E 6 12 4 × 4 625 275 7 7 6.3 ± 2.4 4.3 ± 1.8 (ND) 17o35'N, 102o01'E 31 23 2 × 8 600 163 5 5 34.7 ± 5.2 21.5 ± 2.7 Nong Bua Lam Phu Province Muang Nong Bua Lam Phu District (NBL) 17o12'N, 102o17'E 21 10 2.5 × 2.5 1600 950 5 5 8.3 ± 2.4 6.5 ± 2.0 Suwannakhuha District (SK) 17o33'N, 102o16'E 15 27 2 × 3 1650 306 8 15.8 ± 4.2 16.8 ± 2.8 Lop Buri Province UT Chai Badan District (CB) 15o19'N, 101o10'E 11 27 3 × 3 1089 594 5 3 17.2 ± 2.2 16.2 ± 1.1 Khok Charoen District (KC) 15o26'N, 100o52'E 19 27 3 × 3 1089 688 5 19.0 ± 3.5 19.3 ± 2.0 North Thailand Muang Uttaradit District (DD) 17o41'N, 100o17'E 10 25 4 × 4 625 613 5 5 15.2 ± 2.6 14.3 ± 1.2 Muang Uttaradit District (UT) 17o38'N, 100o5'E 5 28 2 × 4 1250 1106 5 5 10.2 ± 1.9 11.6 ± 1.5 Thong Sean Khan District (DKT) 17o35'N, 100o13'E 12 21 2 × 4 1250 606 5 5 11.6 ± 1.6 11.7 ± 1.1 UT-Slow Thong Sean Khan District (NM) 17o32'N, 100o27'E 33 14 2 × 3 1650 575 5 5 15.1 ± 3.1 12.9 ± 1.5 Thong Sean Khan District (TSK) 17o32'N, 100o16'E 19 22 2 × 4 1250 756 10 5 15.8 ± 4.3 15.0 ± 2.7 South Thailand Ban Ta Khun District (BTK) 8o58'N, 98o50'E 9 - - - 5 5 - - Total 101 76 UT-Coppice

Biomass research on teak plantation at Nong Phai Village, Dan Makham Tia District, Kanchanaburi Province

26-29, May, 2014

Results (data at teak plantation in Nong Phai)

2 D0 D0.3 DBH Db H D H Stem Branch Twig Leaf Above Root Tree No. [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] [m] [cm2 m] [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] 1 9.9 8.2 7.0 5.1 9.23 452.27 8.50 0.34 0.18 0.48 9.50 3.44 2 16.6 11.7 9.9 7.1 14.13 1384.88 26.79 0.91 1.39 0.93 30.01 9.05 3 39.5 28 23.0 17.4 17.57 9294.53 154.25 32.20 23.89 11.17 221.52 83.35 4 22.1 18.1 15.1 12.7 15.69 3577.48 76.69 7.56 4.39 3.07 91.71 30.15 5 26.8 22.4 19 11.5 16.73 6039.53 117.36 24.44 14.29 5.53 161.62 44.46 Leaf Twig H

Branch Above ground D 0.3 Stem DBH D0

Root Results (DBH-Biomass, D2H-Biomass)

DBH and D2H had high correlation with biomass of each organs Results (Other sites)

Leaf Branch Stem AGB Root

UT-Slow

UT-Coppice

CB

KC

KKV2

Correlation between DBH and biomass in all research plots Results (Above ground biomass) Results (Below ground biomass) Results (Estimated biomass)

Research Site Age Spacing Mean DBH Mean Height AGB [t/ha] BGB[t/ha]

West Thailand Kanchanaburi Province Dan Makham Tia District (NP) 13o49’N, 99o26’E 20 2 × 4 14.9 14.9 62.6 15.3 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV1) 14o52’N, 98o40’E 27 4 × 4 24.6 22.1 135.3 27.4 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV2) 14o52’N, 98o40’E 21 4 × 4 20.8 16.1 81.0 17.2 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV3) 14o50’N, 98o40’E 10 4 × 4 10.3 10.3 17.2 4.6 Thong Pha Phum District (KKV4) 14o50'N, 98o40'E 14 4 × 4 19.8 19.5 76.7 16.7 Thong Pha Phum District (TPP) 14o38’N, 98o36’E 33 4 × 4 31.3 22.6 122.7 23.1 North-east Thailand Khon Kaen Province Ban Haet District (BH) 16o15’N, 102o47’E 6 4 × 4 5.1 4.3 2.6 0.8 Loei Province Na Duang District (ND) 17o35’N, 102o01’E 31 2 × 8 34.8 21.5 100.9 18.3 Muang Nong Bua Lam Phu District (NBL) 17o12'N, 102o17'E 21 2.5 × 2.5 8.3 6.5 16.6 4.9 Suwannakhuha District (SK) 17o33’N, 102o16’E 15 2 × 3 16.0 16.4 27.4 6.6 Central Thailand Province Chai Badan District (CB) 15o19’N, 101o10’E 11 3 × 3 17.2 16.2 59.7 14.3 Khok Charoen District (KC) 15o26’N, 100o52’E 19 3 × 3 19.0 19.3 92.8 21.1 North Thailand Uttaradit Province Muang Uttaradit District (DD) 17o41’N, 100o17’E 10 4 × 4 15.2 14.3 45.6 11.4 Muang Uttaradit District (UT) 17o38’N, 100o5’E 5 2 × 4 10.8 10.6 30.0 8.7 Thong Sean Khan District (DKT) 17o35'N, 100o13'E 12 2 × 4 11.6 11.7 22.5 6.1 Thong Sean Khan District (NM) 17o32’N, 100o27’E 10 2 × 3 8.2 10.1 43.8 10.8 Thong Sean Khan District (TSK) 17o32'N, 100o16'E 19 2 × 4 15.8 15.0 68.5 16.3 South thailand Surat Thani Province Ban Ta Khun District (BTK) 8o58'N, 98o50'E 9 Biomass Above ground：2.3 - 155.0 t/ha Below ground：1.6 - 24.4 t/ha Equations to estimate AGB and BGB on teak plantation at Nong Phai Village

AGB = 0.0614 X DBH2.5894 AGB = 0.0417 X (DBH2 X H)0.9199

BGB = 0.04543 X DBH2.1839

AGB 10.0 ton/rai (62.6 ton/ha) BGB 2.4 ton/rai (15.3 ton/ha)

Above Ground Carbon 5.0 ton/rai (31.3 ton/ha) Below Ground Carbon 1.2 ton/rai (7.7 ton/ha) We got equation to estimate above and below ground biomass on young teak trees

Make table to estimate the biomass and carbon content in teak trees

Above-ground Below-ground DBH [cm] Biomass C content Biomass C content [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] 4 2.22 1.11 0.94 0.47 5 3.96 1.98 1.53 0.76 6 6.35 3.17 2.27 1.13

We can estimate stand level We can estimate annual biomass and carbon content increment of carbon stock Above-ground Below-ground DBH [cm] Biomass C content Biomass C content [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] 4 2.22 1.11 0.94 0.47 5 3.96 1.98 1.53 0.76 6 6.35 3.17 2.27 1.13

In the case of 5cm in DBH

Biomass Carbon

3.96kg 1.98kg DBH 5cm

1.53kg 0.76kg Above and below ground biomass of teak trees might be estimated by using equation and the table

But, at present, we can’t recommend to use these equations and table to estimate at

1) Coppiced stands 2) Over 30 years stands Not enough data to analyze

We can apply this equation and table for the teak plantation aged under 30 years and not coppiced stand Thank you very much