ABSTRACT VOLUME to the Thematic Session at the 52Nd CCOP Annual Session

ABSTRACT VOLUME to the Thematic Session at the 52nd CCOP Annual Session

“GEOSCIENCE FOR THE SOCIETY”

Th e 50th Anniversary CCOP- Collaboration Tuesday, 1st November, 2016 At the Berkely Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Th ailand

Organized by

• Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment • Department of Mineral Resources • Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia • Department of Groundwater Resources • Department of Marine and Coastal resources • Department of Primary Industries and Mines • Department of Mineral Fuels

PREFACE

The Royal Thai Government through the Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, and the Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP), in collaboration with the Department of Groundwater Resources, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources, Department of Mineral Fuels and Department of Primary Industries and Mines organize the Thematic Session of the 52nd CCOP Annual Session with the theme, “GEOSCIENCE FOR THE SOCIETY” on the 1st of November 2016 at the Berkeley Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand. Three sub-themes namely Geo-resources, Geo-environment and Geo- education were included in this Thematic Session. The Session provides an opportunity for more than 300 Geo-scientių c participants from CCOP Member Countries, Cooperating Countries and Cooperating Organizations as well as the Thai governmental organizations, private sector and universities to share the knowledge and expertise in geosciences, and to raise awareness of its relevance to some of today’s most pressing societal concerns, in particular securing geological resources in the sustainable and equitable way for the world’s emerging and developing economies. Environmental monitoring, hazard-risk evaluation and communication within relevant stakeholders of the society are other key issues. The abstract volume of the Thematic Session with the theme “GEOSCIENCE FOR THE SOCIETY” comprises at least of 100 abstract papers and more than 40 Posters titles. At least 65 Papers will be orally presented in this event time. On behalf of the organizations, we would like to welcome you all to the Thematic Session. We hope that the Session can draw our geoscientist colleagues’ attention to the major role that the geosciences can play for society. We wish the Session all success and wish you all a pleasant time in the beautiful city of Bangkok.

(Dr.Tawsaporn Nuchanong) Director General, Department of Mineral Resources Permanent Representative of Thailand to CCOP ABSTRACT VOLUME To the Thematic Session

at the 52nd CCOP Annual Session “GEOSCIENCE FOR THE SOCIETY”

Th e 50th Anniversary CCOP- Collaboration Tuesday, 1st November, 2016 At the Berkely Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Th ailand

Organized by

Geological Society of Thailand Mining Industry Council Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand Siam Cement Public Banpu Public Company Company Limited Limited EDITORIAL BOARD Editorial board in chief Dr. Sommai Techawan Deputy Director General, Department of Mineral Resources Dr. Adichat Surinkum Director, CCOP Technical Secretariat Scientific committee Department of Mineral Resources Mr. Montri Luengingkasoot: Director, Bureau of Mineral Resources • Mr. Chaiporn Siripornpibul: Special Expert, International Cooperation Division Mr. Naramase Teerarungsigul: Senior Expert Mineral Resources Management Mr. Manop Raksaskulwong: Senior Expert Geological Research and Development Mr. San Assavapatchara: Senior Professional Geologist Mr. Niran Chaimanee: Director, International Cooperation Division CCOP Technical Secretariat Dr. Kamaludin Bin Hassan: Regional Expert, CCOP Technical Secretariat Mr. Simplicio P. Caluyong: CCS-M Coordinator, CCOP Technical Secretariat Department of Groundwater Resources Mr. Jittrakorn Suwanlert: Director, Bureau of Groundwater Conservation and Restoration Department of Marine and Coastal Resources Ms. Somsri Avakeat: Director, Coastal Management Division Department of Mineral Fuels Mr. Thananchai Mahatthanachai: Senior Professional Geologist Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand • Mr. Pornchai Sothaisong: Director, Mineral Resources Survey Section University Mr. Piyaphong Chenrai: lecturer, Chulalongkorn University Dr. Prayath Nantasin: lecturer, Kasetsart University Secretarial Mr. Suvapak Imsamut: Senior Professional Geologist, Department of Mineral Resources Mr. Kitti Khaowiset: Professional Geologist, Department of Mineral Resources

PTT Exploration and Production Plc. I III IV XII XX XIII 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 by: Khuancheewa Phonnikorn, Dhiti Tulyatid, Minarwan by: Khuancheewa Phonnikorn, Dhiti Tulyatid, by: Jungkyun Shin , Wonsik Kim and Seong-Pil Kim by: Jungkyun Shin , Wonsik by: Chaiporn Siripornpibul by: Pajaree Taweepong, Sutatcha Hongsresawat, Sirot Sulayaponge and Prinya Putthapiban by: Pajaree Taweepong, by: Genlong Wang by: Tanawin Katip, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse Katip, Dhiti Tulyatid by: Tanawin Paopongsawan Jittisak Preammanee and Pasakorn by: Chatsurang Thawornniwat, Dhiti Tulyatid, by: Hathaichanok Panjamart, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse by: Hathaichanok Panjamart, Dhiti Tulyatid by: Tanawat Nam-ngam, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse Dhiti Tulyatid Nam-ngam, by: Tanawat by: Ailada Plengplai, Dhiti Tulyatid and Jitisak Premmanee and Jitisak by: Ailada Plengplai, Dhiti Tulyatid by: Arome Ponglungca ABSTRACT VOLUME Basin, for the Study on Source Rock Potential of the Western 1D Modeling of Thermal Maturity northern Gulf of Thailand PROGRAMME CONTENTS TIME SCHEDULE EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORIAL PREFACE A Study on the Contamination of Heavy Metals in Bo Khlueng Hot Spring, Ratchaburi Province. A Study on the Contamination of Heavy Metals in Bo Khlueng Hot China: Cuihua Rock Avalanche Originated from an Ancient Earthquake Geoheritage in Xi’an, A Typical District, Kanchanaburi Province, Ash at Ban Phu Maidaeng, Sai Yok Toba An Occurence of the Young Thailand. Western paleo-climatic records and Application of cave & karst features as the evidences of land uplift, related subjects in shallow-water coastal zone: Archeological application of a portable 3D seismic survey system A case study of Mado 4 shipwreck, South Korea 3-D Seismic Survey of Mae Moh Coal Mine, Lampang Thailand 3-D Seismic Survey of Mae Moh in Sisawat and Chong Sadao Districts, Kanchanaburi Province A Geochemical Study of Limestone and Metamorphism of Rocks and Its Implication to Major Fault A Study on Geological Structures Province. in Tha Maka District, Kanchanaburi Phu Rang and Khao Hua Lan A Study on Structural Geology of Khao Noen Prang, Khao Phra, Khao District, Kanchanburi Province. Kaeng Sian, Muang in Tambon I-Dang, Khao Raet and South A Study on Structural Geology of Khao Tham Mangkon Thong, Khao Bank of Mae Klong River, Kanchanaburi Province.

IV ASEAN Mineral Database and Information System (AMDIS) 12 by: Okubo, Y., Bandibas, J, Takahashi, Y., and Ohno, T. Awareness and Preparation for Natural disasters 13 by: Preecha Saithong, Pol Chaodumrong, Weerchat Wigegwin, Rutaichanok Sainarmtip, (RADM) Thaworn Chalerndee, Montida Sitathani and Thunyanut Budsabong BGR - CCOP International Training Courses on Risk-Sensitive Spatial Planning 14 by: Dirk Balzer and Dirk Kuhn Biogenic Gas Existence In Quartenary Sediment at Topang Delta, Rangsang Subdistrict, Meranti 15 Regency, Riau Province by: Purnomo Raharjo, Dalfa Fatihatussalimah and Ediar Usman Bioremediation of subsurface contamination by volatile chlorinated ethenes 16 by: Mio Takeuchi, Yoshishige Kawabe, Jun Usami, Hitoshi Kuzuoka, Takeshi Komai, and Susumu Sakata Carboniferous radiolarian fauna from radiolarian-bearing rocks along the Malaysia-Thailand border 17 and their depositional environments by: Doungrutai Saesaengseerung and Nur Susila binti Md. Saaid

CCOP at 50: Half a Century of Regional Geoscience Cooperation 18 V by: Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc, Simplicio Caluyong, Marivic Pulvera Uzarraga, Adichat Surinkum, Anthony Reedman and Yongje Kim CCOP Geoinformation Sharing Infrastructure (GSi) Project 19 by: Shinji Takarada, Joel Bandibas CCOP Groundwater Project Phase III and Application of Ground-Source Heat Pump 20 by: Youhei Uchida, Gaurav Shrestha, Reo Ikawa , Isao Takashima, Sasimook Chokchai, Punya Charusiri and Tran Trong Than CCOP-KIGAM Unconventional Oil and Gas Project (UnCon) 21 by: Young J. Lee, Byeong-Kook Son and Simplicio Caluyong Characteristics of Hydrochemical Species in Upper Nam Phong Catchment 22 by: Pimchanok Chartchonbot, Sarunya Promkotra Climatic Impact on The Geochemical Composition and Micropaleontological Record In The Marine 23 Sediment of Halmahera Sea by: Luli Gustiantini, Rina Zuraida , Catherine Kissel, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, Yahdi Zaim, and Aurelie van Toer Compilation of geographic basemap for 1:250000 regional marine geological survey 24 by: Wang Baojun, Wen Zhenhe, Sun Jianwei, Meng Xiangjun,Hou Fanghui and Li Jie Continental Shelf Break and Submarine Fan Features at Srisawat District, Kanchanaburi Province : 25 Indication of the Triassic Paleo-shoreline facing Southeast towards the present day Gulf of Thailand by: Prinya Putthapiban, Weerasak Phooloon, Saowaphap Uthairat and Sutatcha Hongsresawat CTCN-KIGAM (KOREA) Climate Change Action Plan for Better Life for Girls 26 by: Ji Whan Ahn Current Establishing The Reference Standardized For Geology And Professional Geologist In Thailand 27 by: San Assavapatchara Deep Sea Minerals and Geothermal Energy Prospects in Selected Pacių c Island Countries and Territories 28 by: M. G. Petterson Depositional Environment of Hongsa Coal from Petrographic Interpretation 29 by: Thunyapat Sattraburut, Yupa Thasod and Benjavun Ratanasthien Developing new techniques to enhance mineral exploration by using plants: A case study in 30 Chiang Rai province, Thailand by: Siriporn Soongpankhao and Prathana KhamKhai Dynamic Harmonic Regression Approach for Soil Temperature Prediction 31 by: J. T. Huang Eastern Asia Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards Information Map and G-EVER Volcanic Hazard 32 Assessment Support System by: Shinji Takarada, Joel Bandibas, Yuzo Ishikawa and G-EVER Promotion Team Geochemistry and Tectonic Signių cance of Andesitic Rocks in Tak Province, Thailand 34 by: Mukda Singtuen and Burapha Phajuy

VI Geological Diversity of Sidoarjo Mud Volcano, East Java. Indonesia (As a proposed of Geopark 35 Potential in a plan of Spatial Planning) by: I.Badri, DA Yuwono, R. Suhendar and Andiani Geology across national borders–using stratigraphy and microfossils to correlate the Palaeozoic of 36 mainland South East Asia by: Mongkol Udchachon, Clive Burrett, and Hathaithip Thassanapak Geology of the Langkawi-Tarutao Transect area along the Malaysia-Thailand Border 37 by: Mat Niza bin Abdul Rahman, Suvapak Imsamut, Mohamad Hussein bin Jamaluddin and Naramase Teerarungsigul Geoscience Education on Slinky Seismometer and Earthquake through the Distance Learning 39 Program in Thailand. by: Dhiti Tulyatid and Dean Livelybrooks Geosciences supporting urban Ŵ ood mitigation 40 by: Kristiina Nuottimäki, Jaana Jarva, Philipp Schmidt-Thomé Gold Mineralization at the Mong Yawng -Tar Lay Area, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar 41 by: Aung Kyaw Moe, Myint Ko, Myint Soe and Ye Myint Swe Ground crack investigation along the Mae Lao Fault after the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake, Chiang 42 Rai, Northern Thailand by: Weerachat Wiwegwin ,Thunchanok Kawinate and Phimonmat Kengtankorn Groundwater Conservation Zoning as A Basis for Licensing of Groundwater Use for Sustainable 44 Groundwater Management Case Study in Denpasar-Tabanan Groundwater Basin, Bali Island, Indonesia by: Idham Effendi, Haryadi, and Taat Setiawan Groundwater Exploration in Tonle Sab Basin, Cambodia 45 by: Chea Socheat Groundwater resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion; collaborative resource management to 46 increase resilience by: Rien A.C. Dam & Ramasamy Jayakumar, with contributions from Adichat Surinkum, Paul Pavelic, Robyn Johnston and Nienke Ansems Groundwater Temperature Map for Heat Pump Installation in Mueang Chiang Mai District, Thailand 47 by: Chanakan Wisessan and Fongsaward Suvagondha Singharajwarapan High-resolution crustal structure investigations for potential large earthquakes and active volcano 48 by: seismic imaging approach with dense seismic array by: Liaoliang Wang, Guanghong Tu, Zhiwei Li Integrated research on coastal geology towards sustainable deltas 49 by: Yoshiki Saito Karst Depression Detection Using IFSAR-derived Digital Elevation Model: A Tool for Karst Subsidence 50 Hazard Assessmen in Panglao, Bohol by: Liza Socorro J. Manzano, Kevin L. Garas, Ross Dominic D. Agot, Mark Carlo M. Canlas and Madonna Feliz B. Madrigal Karst Hydrogeological System in West Sumba, Sumba Island, Indonesia 51

by: Taat Setiawan, Agus Hermansyah, Willy Hermawan, Noų M. Alfan A. VII KIGAM’s Study on Road Collapse in the Urban Environment: UGS Convergence Project Interim Report. 52 by: Byoung-Woo Yum, Byeongju Jung, Eunseok Bang, Hong-Jin Lee, Sueng Won Jeong, Dongwoo Ryu, Sung Woong Kim, Jung Hwi Kimh and In-Hwan Lee Korean Carbon Resources of Recycling Technologies (CCUS) to the Developing Countries for 53 Sustainable Society by: Ji Whan Ahn Li coal mine closure plan and rehabilitation according to Community requirements 54 by: Mongkon Pornchuenchoovong , Boonyoung Tepsut and Apiradee Jitpiemwiriya Magnetotelluric survey: A tool to probe the deep ground water 55 by: Weerachai Siripunvaraporn and Kriangsak Pirarai Marine Geological and Hydro Oceanographic Data for Site Seaport Location Selection At Sampit Bay 56 and Its Surrounding, East Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan by: I Wayan Lugra, I Nyoman Astawa, Udaya Kamiludin, and Deny Setiady Massive Iron Ore Deposit, Hwe Hpa Area, Mong Yawng, Myanmar 57 by: Han Naing Zaw, Myint Soe Mesozoic vertebrate footprints discoveries from the ASEAN 58 by: Tida Liard, Romain Liard Mineral chemistry of granitic rocks in Wang Nam Khiao area, Nakhon Ratchasima, Northeastern 59 Thailand: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting by: Alongkot Fanka and Chakkaphan Sutthirat Mineral Productions of Thailand beyond Year 2000 and Their Corresponding Mining Geology. 60 by: Pramual Jenkunawat VIII IX Thai fossil potential areas and the next decade of Geo-education 95 by: Apsorn Sardsud The Content of Placer Heavy Mineral and Characteristics of REE as an Alternative to The Mineral 97 Potential at The Bangka Coast and Its Surrounding Waters by: Noor Cahyo D. Aryanto, and Udaya Kamiludin The current state and issue of networking on geopark in Vietnam and the way forward 98 by: Tran Tan Van, Trinh Hai Son and Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc

The Current Status of CO2 Geological Storage R&D Projects in KIGAM 99 by: Jeong Chan Kim, Kwon Gyu Park, Young Jae Shinn and Yong-Chan The Gateway to the Digital World for Asian Geosciences : DCGM-CCOP 100 by: Koji Wakita The Geological Collection Project 103 by: Kitti Khaowiset, Ratchaneewan Jai-Kho and San Assavapatchara The Giant Huoshaoyun Nonsulų de Zinc Deposit in Karakorum, North Margin of Tibet Plateau 104 by: Yongbao Gao X The Research Project To Prevent And Rehabilitate Shallow Landslide In Steep Slope Areas: Case 105 Study At Ban Na Tum Village, Tha U-Thae Sub-District, Kanchanadit District, Surat Thani Province, Thailand by: Songkiert Tansamrit, Ph.D. Director and Secretary-General Sustainable Energy Foundation, PTTGC The role of geological engineering information supporting for regional development planning and 106 infrastructure development in Makariki region, Maluku province by: Sarwondo and Tri Endah Utami The Study on Quality and Hydrochemical Facies of Groundwater in Lower Chao Phraya Basin 108 by: Ticumphon Tangpakdeetrakoon, Dhiti Tulyatid, and Tussanee Nettasana The Thai Lao Cooperation Project For Sustainable Development Of Geological Resources 2012-2016: 109 The Geological Correlation by: San Assavapatchara, Kitti Khaowiset, Warunee Yathakum, Pirat Sakpisutthipong, Chanthala Keohavong, Vilapon Singhaduangpanya, Kuangnuvong Thepvongsa and Toun Inthavong The Thai-Lao Cooperation Project for Sustainable Development of Geological Resources 2012-2016: 110 Activities by: Warunee Yathakum, San Assavapatchara, Kitti Khaowiset and Suvapak Imsamut Thermal effects on shearing resistance of fractures in Tak Granite 111 by: Pakpoom Naphudsa and Kittitep Fuenkajorn Tidal Current Energy Potential As Renewable Energy in Boleng and Pantar Strait, Nusa Tenggara 112 Timur, Indonesia Waters by: Evie H. Sudjono, Nining S. Ningsih and Deny Setyadi To Study Subsurface Geological Structure of Brine Highland Groundwater System to Constrain 113 Community Salt Mining and Tourism: by Applied 2D Resistivity Imaging and Scanning Technique at Bo Kluea District, Nan Province, Thailand by: Desell Suanburi Unconsolidated sediment study for paleoenvironment during Late Pleistocene of Tham Lod 114 rockshelter, Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son, Thailand by: Nopporn Denkitkul and Seriwat Saminpanya Unfavorable storing condition of the Tha Chang mammalian fossils. 115 by: Nuntida Yunkratok, Rattanaphorn Hanta, Wickanet Songtham1 and Pratueng Jintasakul United Nations Framework Classių cation for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 116 (UNFC), how it works and current status (Subtheme: Geo-resources) by: Simplicio P. Caluyong, David Macdonald and Charlotte Grifų ths Vegetation response to climate changes over the last 21 ka in the western Nanling Mountains, 117 South China by: Jie Li, Zhuo Zheng, Rachid Cheddadi, Kangyou Huang and Shixiong Yang XI

POSTER TITLE 119 Closing Ceremony Closing

change) (Minerals) (Minerals) (Geological (Geological Knowledge)

Geo-environment (Climate ment (Climate

Geo-education Geo-education Geo-Resources Geo-Resources Exhibition and coffee Break coffee and Exhibition (13.05-17.10) Afternoon ness) hazard) ment (Geo ment (Geo

Geo-environ- (Groudwater)

(Public aware- Geo-education Geo-education Geo-Resources Geo-Resources Lunch and Break and Lunch time schedule time (Energy)

G e o - R e s o u r c e s Geo-environment Geo-environment

tabase& Geopark)

Geo-education (Da- (Land-Use planning)

Exhibition and coffee Break coffee and Exhibition Keynote Speakers Keynote

Morning (8.30-12.10)

Opening Ceremony Opening Registration A A B All posters will be displayed during the thematic Session and shall by removed by 12:00 of All posters will be displayed during the thematic Session and Oral presentation will be delivered in sessions in accordance with the topics of the thematic Oral presentation will be delivered in sessions in accordance The official language of the thematic Session will be english And Geological 1. Geo-Resources : Mineral, Groundwater, Fossil Fuel Resources Conservation Sites for the Society Disasters, And Land-Use 2. Geo-Environments : Climate Changes, Global Warming, Natural Planning for the Society and others 3. Geo-Education for The Society: Geo-Museum, Geo-Tourism Jubilee Jubilee Mayfair Ballroom Ballroom Ballroom 2nd November 2016. Poster presenters are requested to explain your poster by 12.30-13.00 of 2nd November 2016. Poster presenters are requested to explain 1st November 2016. Session. Each talk must be delivered within 15 minutes, i.e. 12 minutes for oral presentation and Session. Each talk must be delivered within 15 minutes, i.e. 3 minutes for question and answer. Posters Paper Presentation Main Topics Official Language

XII Bangkok, Thailand Mayfair andJubileeBallrooms,theBerkeleyHotelPratunam Co-Chairman: Chairman: Time: 10.00-12.10 Geo-Resources Session:MayfairBallroomA 1 GEOSCIENCE FORTHESOCIETY Thematic Sessionatthe52 90 92 Keynote Speaker:SharingResources:ASEANperspective 09.00 –09.20 OpeningCeremonyatMayfairBallroomA 08.40 –09.00 04 05 UnitedNationsFrameworkClassi 10.40 –10.55 09.40 –10.00 92 94 KeynoteSpeaker:TheRoleOfGeoscienceInThaiSociety 09.20 -09.40 08.00 -08.40 00 02 DeepSea Minerals andGeothermalEnergyProspectsinSelectedPaci 10.00 -10.25 11 12 BiogenicGasExistenceInQuartenary SedimentatTopang Delta,RangsangSubdistrict, 11.10 -11.25 Licoalmineclosureplanand rehabilitationaccordingtoCommunityrequirements 10.55 -11.10 Oil and GasDiscoverywithGravityinChinaGeologicalSurvey 10.25 -10.40 st November2016 IEPROGRAMME TIME IEPROGRAMME TIME Dr. AdichatSurinkum: Mr. ManopRaksaskulwong: by: PurnomoRaharjo, DalfaFatihatussalimah andEdiarUsman by: MongkonPornchuenchoovong, BoonyoungTepsut andApiradeeJitpiemwiriya by: SimplicioP.Caluyong,DavidMacdonaldandCharlotte Grif by: ZhangMinghua,QiaoJihua1,ZhaoGengxin,Lanxueyi andQuNiannian by: MichaelGPetterson H. E.Ms.BusadeeSantipitaks:Ambassador,PermaentRepresentativeofThailandtoASEAN •Dr.AdichatSurinkum;Director,CCOPTechnicalSecretariat ofThailandtoCCOP •Dr.TawsapornNuchanong;DirectorGeneral,DMR;PermanentRepresentative Mr. SomsakPotisat:FormerDirectorGeneral,DMR Registration Meranti Regency,RiauProvince Exhibition andPosterSessionCoffeeBreak Resources 2009(UNFC),howitworksandcurrentstatus and Territories (Keynote paper) programme schedule Director, CCOPTechnical Secretariat SeniorExpertGeologicalResearchandDevelopment,DMR ų cation forFossilEnergyandMineralReserves nd CCOPAnnualSession ų ths ų c IslandCountries

XIII 4 Regional Expert, CCOP Technical Secretariat Secretariat CCOP Technical Regional Expert, Director, International Cooperation Division, DMR Director, International Cooperation Assessment of Impending Hydrometereological Hazards Assessment of Impending Hydrometereological disaster Sustainable Society Subsidence Hazard Assessment in Panglao, Bohol KIGAM’s Study on Road Collapse in the Urban Environment: UGS Convergence KIGAM’s Study on Road Collapse in the Malaysian experience Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Case Study ‘Landslides’ (Keynote paper) Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan: by: Ji Whan Ahn M. Canlas and by: Liza Socorro J. Manzano, Kevin L. Garas, Ross Dominic D. Agot, Mark Carlo Madonna Feliz B. Madrigal by: Lilian A. Rollan, Liza Socorro J. Manzano, Nelson Angelo P. Romero and Ross Dominic D. Agot by: Lilian A. Rollan, Liza Socorro J. Manzano, by: Sitha Kong Komai, and Susumu Kawabe, Jun Usami, Hitoshi Kuzuoka, Takeshi Yoshishige by: Mio Takeuchi, Sakata by: Dirk Balzer and Dirk Kuhn Jeong, Dongwoo Ryu, SungWon Byeongju Jung, Eunseok Bang, Hong-Jin Lee, Sueng Yum, by: Byoung-Woo Hwi Kimh and In-Hwan Lee Kim, Jung Woong Ferdaus Ahmad and Frederick F. Tating by: Zamri Ramli, Qalam A'zad Rosle, by: Rita Susilawati by: Armin Tampubolon by: Armin Ponglungca by: Arome Mr. Niran Chaimanee: Dr. Kamaludin Bin Hassan: Dr. Kamaludin Bin TIME PROGRAMME 11.40 - 11.55 (CCUS) to the Developing Countries for Carbon Resources of Recycling Technologies Korean 11.55 - 12.10 for Karst Depression Detection Using IFSAR-derived Digital Elevation Model: A Tool Karst 11.10 - 11.25 Mekong River of Cambodia: a mitigation plan for River Bank Change at Rokar-Korng, lower 11.25 - 11.40 of subsurface contamination of volatile chlorinated ethenes Bioremediation 10.55 - 11.10Geosciences Bureau in the Pre-Disaster Risk The Role of the Philippine Mines and 10.25 - 10.40 10.40 - 10.55 a better and comprehensive risk management: Slope hazard and risk mapping towards 11.40 - 11.55 Thailand Moh Coal Mine, Lampang Survey of Mae 3-D Seismic 11.55 - 12.10 Indonesia Low rank coalinto CH analternative way to utilize Microbial coal conversion, 11.25 - 11.40 in Indonesia Mineral Resources Domestically Strategic Development of Sustainable 10.00 - 10.25 Province Khyber Districts of Mansehra & Torghar, Risk Exposure Assessment (REA) for the 12.10 – 13.05 Lunch at the North Café /Exhibition and Poster Session 12.10 – 13.05 and Poster Session at the North Café /Exhibition Lunch Geo-EnvironmentA Session: Jubilee Ballroom Time: 10.00-12.10 Chairman: Co-Chairman:

XIV Co-Chairman: GeologicalSurveyofJapan,AIST Chairman: Time: 13.05-15.00 Geo-Resources Session:MayfairBallroomA Co-Chairman: Chairman: Time: 10.00-12.10 Geo-Education Session:JubileeBallroomB 21 30 LunchattheNorthCafé/ExhibitionandPosterSession 12.10 –13.05 00 02 ASEANMineralDatabaseandInformation System(AMDIS)(Keynotepaper) 10.00 -10.25 40 41 Researches forArti 14.00 -14.15 Groundwater ExplorationinTonle Sab Basin,Cambodia 13.45 -14.00 CCOPGroundwaterProjectPhaseIIIandApplicationofGround-SourceHeatPump 13.30 -13.45 GroundwaterresourcesintheGreaterMekongSubregion;collaborativeresource 13.05 -13.30 GeologicalDiversityofSidoarjoMudVolcano, EastJava.Indonesia(As aproposedof 11.55 -12.10 PresentEnvironmentalConditionsofLakeTonle SapandtheAngkorWorld HeritageSitein 11.40 -11.55 StegodonCaveTopographical Exploration,SatunAspiringGeopark,Thailand 11.25 -11.40 ATypical GeoheritageinXi’an,China:CuihuaRockAvalancheOriginatedfromanAncient 11.10 -11.25 Thecurrentstateandissueofnetworking ongeoparkinVietnamandthewayforward 10.55 -11.10 CCOPGeoinformationSharingInfrastructure (GSI)Project 10.40 -10.55 Compilationofgeographicbase mapfor1:250000regionalmarinegeologicalsurvey 10.25 -10.40 IEPROGRAMME TIME Dr. UchidaYouhei Leader: Dr. EunheeLee: Dr. SureeTeerarungsigul: Mr. AnukoonWongyai: by: KyoochulHa,Yongcheol Kim,andKyungSeokKo by: CheaSocheat CharusiriandTran Trong Than by: Youhei Uchida,GauravShrestha,ReoIkawa,IsaoTakashima, SasimookChokchai,Punya NienkeAnsems by: RienA.C.Dam,RamasamyJayakumar,AdichatSurinkum, PaulPavelic,RobynJohnstonand by: I.Badri,DAYuwono, R.SuhendarandAndiani by: ShinjiTsukawaki by: ChanchanaKhamchaandSirikornTawai by: GenlongWang by :Tran Tan Van,Trinh HaiSonandNguyenThiMinhNgoc by: ShinjiTakarada andJoelBandibass by: BaojunWang by: Okubo,Y.,Bandibas,J,Takahashi, Y.,andOhno,T. management toincreaseresilience(Keynotepaper) Geopark PotentialinaplanofSpatialPlanning) Cambodia Earthquake UNESCO,Bangkok ų cial GroundwaterRecharge inKorea Director,BureauofGeologicalSurvey,DMR ShallowGeothermalandHydrogeologyTeam, Director,GeologicalResourcesinformationcenter, DMR

XV ood mitigation Ŵ Director of Bureau of Environment Geology, DMR Director of Bureau of Environment CCS-M Coordinator, CCOP Technical Secretariat CCS-M Coordinator, CCOP Technical cances of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai and Phan segments of the Phayao cances of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai and Phan segments ų Planning and Infrastructure Development in Makariki Region, Maluku Province Planning and Infrastructure Development in Makariki Region, Maluku Assessment Support System volcano by seismic imaging approach with dense seismic array volcano by seismic imaging approach Fault, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand, and their seismicities Fault, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand, Case Study At Ban Na Tum Village, Tha U-Thae Sub-District, Kanchanadit District, Surat Thani Village, Tha U-Thae Sub-District, Kanchanadit Case Study At Ban Na Tum Province, Thailand (Keynote paper) by: Shinji Takarada, Joel Bandibas, Yuzo Ishikawa and G-EVER Promotion Team Ishikawa and Joel Bandibas, Yuzo by: Shinji Takarada, by: Kristiina Nuottimäki, JaanaJarva and Philipp Schmidt-Thomé by: Ji Whan Ahn by : Weerachat Wiwegwin,Thunchanok Kawinate and Phimonmat Kengtankorn by : Weerachat and Zhiwei Li by: Liaoliang Wang, Guanghong Tu1 Endah Utami by : Sarwondo and Tri by: Songkiert Tansamrit, Ph.D. Director and Secretary-General Sustainable Energy Foundation. by: Songkiert Tansamrit, Sustainable Groundwater Management: Case Study in Denpasar-Tabanan Groundwater in Denpasar-Tabanan Management: Case Study Sustainable Groundwater Indonesia Basin, Bali Island, Constrain Community Salt Mining and Tourism by Applied 2D Resistivity Imaging and Resistivity Imaging by Applied 2D Mining and Tourism Community Salt Constrain Nan Province, Thailand Bo Kluea District, at Technique Scanning by: Idham Effendi, Haryadi, and Taat Setiawan Haryadi, and Taat by: Idham Effendi, by: Mahippong Worakul by: Desell Suanburi by: Desell Mr. Somboon Khositanont: Mr. Simplicio P. Caluyong: TIME PROGRAMME 14.45 - 15.00 (KOREA) Climate Change Action Plan for Better Life for Girls CTCN-KIGAM 14.15 - 14.30 Hazard Hazards Information Map and G-EVER Volcanic Asia Earthquake and Volcanic Eastern 14.30 - 14.45 supporting urban Geosciences 14.00 - 14.15 Role of Geological Engineering Information Supporting for Regional Development The 13.30 - 13.45 Neotectonic signi 13.45 - 14.00 for potential large earthquakes and active High-resolution crustal structure investigations 13.05 - 13.30 And Rehabilitate Shallow Landslide In Steep Slope Areas: Prevent The Research Project To 14.45 - 15.00 Thailand of Karst in Western Hydro geochemical Features 14.30 - 14.45 of Groundwater Use for Zoning as A Basis for Licensing Groundwater Conservation 14.15 - 14.30 to Groundwater System Brine Highland Structure of Subsurface Geological Study To 15.00 – 15.15 Exhibition and Poster Session and Coffee Break 15.00 – 15.15 Session and Coffee Break Exhibition and Poster Co-Chairman: Time: 13.05-15.00 Chairman: Geo-Environment Session: Jubilee Ballroom A Geo-Environment Session: Jubilee

XVI ManagementDivisio Co-Chairman: Chairman: Time: 13.05-15.00 Geo-Education Session:JubileeBallroomB Co-Chairman: Chairman: Time: 15.15-16.55 Geo-Resources Session:MayfairBallroomA 51 54 CCOP-KIGAMUnconventional OilandGasProject(UnCon)(Keynotepaper) 15.15 –15.40 44 50 Geology acrossnationalborders–usingstratigraphyandmicrofossilstocorrelatethe 14.45 –15.00 54 55 GoldMineralizationattheMong Yawng –Tar LayArea,EasternShanState,Myanmar 15.40 –15.55 ExhibitionandPosterSessionCoffeeBreak 15.00 –15.15 43 44 Archeologicalapplicationofaportable3Dseismicsurveysystem inshallow-watercoastal 14.30 -14.45 30 33 TheGatewaytotheDigitalWorld forAsian Geosciences:DCGM-CCOP(Keynotepaper) 13.05 -13.30 41 43 OntheNewGEOheatpumpinThailand:AcasestudyatChulalongkorn University, 14.15 -14.30 VietnamCCOPat50:HalfaCenturyofRegionalGeoscience Cooperation 14.00 -14.15 GeoscienceEducationonSlinkySeismometerandEarthquakethroughtheDistance 13.45 -14.00 InternationalTraining CourseoftheBGR:‘Risk-SensitiveSpatialPlanning’forCCOP 13.30 -13.45 55 61 MassiveIron OreDeposit,HweHpaArea,MongYawng, Myanmar 15.55 -16.10 IEPROGRAMME TIME IEPROGRAMME TIME Dr. ShinjiTakarada: Dr. KojiWakita: Mr. SurachaiSiripongsatian: Mr. MontriLuengingkasoot: zone: AcasestudyofMado4shipwreck,SouthKorea Yasukawa andPunyaCharusiri by: HanNaingZawandMyint Soe by: AungKyawMoe,MyintKo, MyintSoeandYe MyintSwe by: Young J.Lee,Byeong-Kook SonandSimplicioCaluyong by: MongkolUdchachon,CliveBurrett,andHathaithipThassanapak by: JungkyunShin by: SasimookChokchai,SrilertCh AnthonyReedmanandYongje Kim by: NguyenThiMinhNgoc,SimplicioCaluyong,MarivicPulveraUzarraga,AdichatSurinkum, by: DhitiTulyatid andDeanLivelybrooks by: DirkBalzer,KuhnandFrancaSchwarz by: KojiWakita Bangkok Learning PrograminThailand Member Countries Palaeozoic ofmainlandSouthEastAsia Professor, Yamaguchi University,Japan SeniorResearcher,GeologicalSurveyofJapan,AIST,Japan n Director,BureauofMineralResources,DMR Director,GeologicalResourcesConservationand otpantarat, IsaoTakashima, Youhei Uchida,Kasumi

XVII

de Zinc Deposit in Karakorum, North Margin of Tibet North Margin Deposit in Karakorum, de Zinc : Senior Expert Mineral Resources Management, DMR ų Director, Geohazard Cooperation Center, DMR Director, Geohazard Cooperation Researcher, Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Researcher, Vietnam Institute of Lecturer, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campas Marine Sediment of Halmahera Sea and related subjects (Keynote paper) by: Luli Gustiantini1, Rina Zuraida , Catherine Kissel, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, Yahdi Zaim, and Zaim, and Yahdi by: Luli Gustiantini1, Rina Zuraida , Catherine Kissel, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani, Aurelie van Toer by: Chaiporn Siripornpibul Plateau 5 years of CCS Roadmap Intaraprasong by: Trin Mineral Potential at The Bangka Coast and Its Surrounding Waters at The Bangka Coast and Its Surrounding Mineral Potential Mountains, South China (Keynote paper) by: Yolanda M. Aguilar, Reynaldo L. Villela, Crisostomo V. Masangkay, Marcelo M. Alilio and M. Aguilar, Reynaldo by: Yolanda Ramon V. Macabuhay by: Jinting Huang by: Jie Li, Zhuo Zheng, Rachid Cheddadi , Kangyou Huang, and Shixiong Yanga by: Jie Li, Zhuo Zheng, Rachid Cheddadi Jae Shinn and Yong-Chan Young by: Jeong Chan Kim, Kwon Gyu Park, Saito by: Yoshiki by : Noor Cahyo D. Aryanto, and Udaya Kamiludin by : Noor Cahyo D. and Ediar Usman by: Hananto Kurnio by: Yongbao Gao by: Yongbao Island Submarine Volcano, Aceh Province Northern Sumatra Aceh Province Volcano, Island Submarine Dr. Somsak Watthanaprida: Mr. Naramase Teerarungsigul Dr Dhiti Tulyatid: Dr. Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc: TIME PROGRAMME TIME PROGRAMME 15.40 - 15.55 Climatic Impact on The Geochemical Composition and Micropaleontological Record In The 15.15 - 15.40 Application of cave & karst features as the evidences of land uplift, paleo-climatic records 16.25 - 16.40 Success and Roadblocks in Carbon Capture and Storage in Thailand: Lessons Learned after 15.55 - 16.10 on coastal geology towards sustainable deltas Integrated research 16.10 - 16.25 Assessment in the Philippines Coastal Erosion 16.40 - 16.55 Prediction Dynamic Harmonic Regression Approach for Soil Temperature 15.40 - 15.55 Status of CO2 Geological Storage R&D Projects in KIGAM The Current 16.25 - 16.40 as an Alternative to The Mineral and Characteristics of REE The Content of Placer Heavy 15.15 - 15.40 the last 21 ka in the western Nanling response to climate changes over Vegetation 16.10 – 16.25 Nonsul Giant Huoshaoyun The 16.40 – 16.55 Post Caldera Complex Of Weh By Fumaroles In The Elements Vapour Transport Rare Earth Resources (VIGMR) Vietnam Co-Chairman: Geo-Education Session: Jubilee Ballroom B Time: 15.15-17.10 Chairman: Co-Chairman: Time: 15.15-16.55 Chairman: Geo-Environment Session: Jubilee Ballroom A Session: Jubilee Ballroom Geo-Environment

XVIII 65 71 MesozoicvertebratefootprintsdiscoveriesfromtheASEAN 16.55 -17.10 Ostracods(crustacean)astoolsforpaleoenvironmentconstructionofPaleozoiccarbonates 16.40 -16.55 MarineGeologicalandHydroOceanographicDataforSiteSeaportLocationSelectionAt 16.25 -16.40 NamPhongSedimentsformanufacturingof 16.10 -16.25 ContinentalShelfBreakandSubmarineFanFeaturesatSrisawatDistrict,Kanchanaburi 15.55 -16.10 by: PrinyaPutthapiban,Weerasak Phooloon,SaowaphapUthairatandSutatchaHongsresawat by: TidaLiardandRomain by: AnisongChitnarin by: WayanLugra,NyomanAstawa,UdayaKamiludin,andDenySetiady by: KritikaTrakoolngam andSarunyaPromkotra in Satun,southernThailand Sampit BayandItsSurrounding,EastKotawaringin,CentralKalimantan day GulfofThailand Province :IndicationoftheTriassic Paleo-shorelinefacingSoutheasttowardsthepresent ------EndoftheThematicSession ų red-clay bricksintheNortheastofThailand

XIX

ABSTRACT VOLUME

The Thematic Session at the 52nd CCOP Annual Session

“GEOSCIENCE FOR THE SOCIETY”

Tuesday, 1st November, 2016 At the Berkeley Hotel Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand 1 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

1D Modeling of Thermal Maturity for the Study on Source Rock Potential of the Western Basin, northern Gulf of Thailand Khuancheewa Phonnikorn, Dhiti Tulyatid* and Minarwan**

1Geoscience Program, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus 2Mubadala Petroleum (Thailand) Ltd. Abstract A study on source rock potential from 2 exploration wells and seismic data in Block B5/27, Western basin, northern Gulf of Thailand was carried out by performing source rock evaluation and 1D modeling of thermal maturity. The source rock evaluation conclude that no potential source rocks were encountered in Well A, while Well B has potential source rocks at the depth of 12,498 ft – 13,449 ft (TVDSS). These potential source rocks are of lacustrine shales and were deposited within the Early Oligocene. One dimensional model of thermal maturity was initially performed on Well B to find properly-calibrated inputs. Afterwards, the same inputs were used in modelling thermal maturity of two pseudowells. The model generated for Well B indicates that the Oligocene source rocks started to generate oil within Late Miocene (11.3-6.6 Ma) and currently still have capability of generating hydrocarbons with top oil window at 10,700 ft. The 1D model of Pseudowell 1 indicates that the source rocks started to generate oil within Early–Middle Miocene (16-13 Ma). Top oil window at Pseudowell 1 is located at 10,800 ft and the source rocks do not generate hydrocarbons any more at present-day. The 1D model of Pseudowell 2 indicates that the source rock started to generate oil within Pliocene-Quaternary (4-1 Ma) and can still generate hydrocarbon at present, with top oil window located at 10,800 ft.

Keywords: Source rock evaluation, 1D thermal maturity modeling, Western Basin, northern Gulf of Thailand

3-D Seismic Survey of Mae Moh Coal Mine, Lampang Thailand Arome Ponglungca

Engineer Level 9, Geology Department, Mae Moh Mine Planning and Administration Division, Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

Abstract A high-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) seismic survey was carried out in advance of coal mine development in Mae Moh open pit in December 2014 to better define a geologic structures with the potential to adversely affect pit wall stability conditions. CGG Services S.A., Thailand branch was award contract for field acquisition, data processing and interpretation with geological data supporting from EGAT. The acquisition area occupied 3 km2 covers SE and C1 area and the window depth ranges 200 – 600 m. to image the extent and thickness of both K and Q coal seams, identify and accurately interpret fault surfaces within the survey area. A personal computer–based workstation was used to integrate borehole and seismic data for modeling in which 3-D block diagrams of the calculated seam elevations were generated. Three software which were used for interpretation consist of 1.) “Kingdom” was used for the horizon and fault interpretation and 3D visualization 2.) “OpenTect” was used for attribute analysis and 3D visualization and 3.) “Petrosys” was used for depth conversion and Well Tie. Interpretation results indicate that coal seams and fault systems were very well defined and encountered in the survey area. Coal seams and many structural features have been successfully imaged. Western area – the coals are easily correlated and structures present are clearly resolved. Towards the no-coal area – the densely faulted central area the coals appear to thin below the resolvable limit and their presence is therefore difficult to correlate and interpret. In the no-coal area, the interaction of 4 faults (F4,F5,F6 and F12) are the key structure controls in this area and this is the most complex area to interpret. Keywords; 3-D seismic survey, geologic structures 3 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

A Geochemical Study of Limestone in Sisawat and Chong Sadao Districts, Kanchanaburi Province Ailada Plengplai*, Dhiti Tulyatid* and Jitisak Premmanee**

* Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9 Lumsum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand ** Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract We study geochemical properties of limestone collected from various sites in Sri Sawat and Chong Sadao Districts, Kanchanaburi Province. A total of 29 limestone samples were prepared and analyzed by X-ray Fluorescence spectrometer. The X-ray machine Fluorescence spectrometer in order to find various contents of calcium oxide (CaO). Limestone in the study area can be characterized into different types based on the CaO content. There are two samples found to have very high calcium (>55.2 % CaO) and high purity (54.3 - 55.2 % CaO) are suitable for cement, lime and glass industry. Three samples of limestone with medium amount of calcium (52.4 - 54.3% CaO) are suitable for industrial production of calcium carbides and sugar industry. A total of 18 limestone samples reveal low CaO content (47.6 - 52.4 %) are considered suitable for construction industry. Six samples with CaO content of less than 47.6 % are useful for agriculture and ornamental stone. In summary, the study result shows that the majority of limestone found in the study area are suitable for construction industry and agriculture. Key Words: limestone, calcium oxide, industry, X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry 4

A Study on Geological Structures and Metamorphism of Rocks and Its Implication to Major Fault in Tha Maka District, Kanchanaburi Province. Tanawat Nam-ngam, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse

Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9, Lum Sum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Abstract We carry out geological and structural mapping and study on metamorphism of rocks located in Tha Maka District, Kanchanaburi Province. The study area covers approximately 55 km2. Rock outcrops in the study area consistently show NW-SE-oriented metamorphic foliation. High grade metamorphic rocks are observed in the southern part of the area located next to the granite intrusion. Previous studies indicated that the high-grade part was an upgradation of the regional Lower Greenschist Facies rocks due to contact metamorphism. Up to Pyroxene Hornfels Facies with index minerals of orthopyroxene, diopside, actinolite, tremolite in calc-silicate rocks and sillimanite in mica schist are observed close to the boundary of a granite intrusion to the SW of the area. A total of 274 structural measurements including all attitudes of structural elements were analyzed and divided into two groups. The first group of structures was formed by regional and contact metamorphism featuring as ductile deformation structures, i.e., shearing and folding of various scales. The other structural group was probably related to the uplift of the terrane producing brittle deformation structures at a later stage.

Keyword: Structural geology, metamorphic facies, index mineral

5 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

A Study on Structural Geology of Khao Noen Prang, Khao Phra, Khao Phu Rang and Khao Hua Lan in Tambon Kaeng Sian, Muang District, Kanchanburi Province. Hathaichanok Panjamart, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse

Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus.

Abstract We study structural geology and petrology of the study area in Tambon Kaeng Sian, north of Kanchanaburi downtown. Rocks in the area show low grade regional metamorphism and later super-imposed by contact metamorphism due to igneous intrusion. The contact metamorphism changed metamorphism grade from Lower Greenschist facies with muscovite, biotite as index minerals to Hornblende horndfels facies with Tremolite as an index mineral. The Metamorphism may be responsible to the formation of structural elements such as foliation and ductile folding. These structures are among the first to be formed during the Upper Triassic. The other group of structure include those of brittle deformation, which may produce conjugate sets of deformation with dominant structure in a NW-trending dextral strike slip / oblique fault and a minor NE-trending sinistral fault. It is suggested that the last maximum compression stress occurred in the NE – SW-direction based on structural analysis of a total of 177 structural measurements. The results of this study is in line with the regional brittle deformation related to the Indian-Eurasian collision during the Middle Tertiary. Keywords: Structural geology, Metamorphism, Index mineral

A Study on Structural Geology of Khao Tham Mangkon Thong, Khao I-Dang, Khao Raet and South Bank of Mae Klong River, Kanchanaburi Province. Tanawin Katip, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse

Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9, Lum Sum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi. Abstract This study focuses on geological structures of Khao Tham Mangkon Thong, Khao I- Dang, and Khao Raet the South Bank of Mae Klong River, Kanchanaburi downtown. We investigate the area formerly mapped as thrust fault along the boundary between Silurian- Devonian metamorphic rocks and Permian limestone (DMR, 1985). Field observation was carried out to investigate on stratigraphic sequence. Petrographic study was also carried out in order to map metamorphic facies of rocks. A total of three hundreds and five structural measurement consisting of fault joint bedding and foliation have been acquired. All measurement data were analyzed using stereographic method. The results suggest the principal compression stress oriented in a N25oE direction. Correlation of four stratigraphic cross sections through to the mapped fault line suggested a lithologic consistency and similarity through a continuous succession from bottom to top, finer clastic to carbonate sequence. Petrographic study reveals that contact between Silurian-Devonian and Permian rock.

Key word: Thrust fault, Geological structures, Stratigraphy, Petrography

7 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

A Study on the Contamination of Heavy Metals in Bo Khlueng Hot Spring, Ratchaburi Province. Chatsurang Thawornniwat*, Dhiti Tulyatid*, Jittisak Preammanee** and Pasakorn Paopongsawan**

*Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9 Lumsum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. ** Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand.

Abstract Bo Khlueng Hot Spring is one of the famous hot springs in Ratchaburi Province where thousands of tourists visit this site every year. Previous studied carried out by the Department of Mineral Resource (DMR) in 2007 revealed that the area was contaminated with high contents of As, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn and Cd. Since 2007, there has not any study on heavy metal contamination of the area. It is thus important that this study investigate to see whether there is any contamination persisted over the past decade. Geochemical surveys and analysis of stream sediments and water from hot spring in the Bo Khlueng area were carried out covering an area of approximately 16 km2 (10000 rai). The Bo Khlueng Hot Spring survey shows that the study area is underlain by inferred Cretaceous-Tertiary granite coming in contact with Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous. The area owed to be one of the tin mining areas of the country. The samples were then analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) through the kind supports of the geochemical laboratory of the DMR. The result shows that approximately 25 % of the samples have As Cu and Zn contents insignificantly exceed the standard values. However, there is only one location situated to the north of the study area where a stream sediment reveal an As content of 113 ppm compared to 27 ppm of the standard value. It is still unclear why high value of As from this site has no influence on As contents of the sediment downstream toward the Hot Spring. The sediment may represent the left over part of the abandoned this mine where high As sediment is located and may not have contaminated downstream unless being excavated from its buried site. The result of this study will be very useful for local administration to properly manage the site for the benefit of the visitors and local communities. Keywords: Ratchaburi, Heavy Mineral, Contamination 8

A Typical Geoheritage in Xi’an, China: Cuihua Rock Avalanche Originated from an Ancient Earthquake Genlong Wang

Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, PR China E-mail address: [email protected]

Abstract The Cuihua Rock Avalanche, which has been very well preserved for thousands of years, is known as a geological museum or miracle scenery of rock avalanche in China. It is mainly represented with stone sea, residual cliffs and dammed lake, occupying a total area of more than 1.0 km2. It was ever the “royal garden” for a long time in history. Now, it is one of the most famous sightseeing spot in Xi’an. By means of field investigations, discrete element method and lichen dating, some features of the rock avalanche have been studied in the paper. Firstly, the results showed that the occurrence of the Cuihua Rock Avalanche could be correlated with an ancient earthquake of 780 BC that must trigger the landslide. Secondly, the preferred structural planes (e.g., joints in the granite) and the effect of topographic amplification (e.g., hill or steep slope) are the two reasons for the occurrence of the rock avalanche. Finally, it has great tourism value (e.g., Shuiqiu pool, Cuihua peak, Wind cave, Ice cave, etc.) and aesthetic imagination (e.g., rock sword, stone statue of Taiyi God, stone camel, stone toad, etc.) for the tourists; it also has high scientific significance for researchers as well. Keywords Geosites; rock avalanche; dammed lake; residual peaks; earthquake 9 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

An Occurence of the Young Toba Ash at Ban Phu Maidaeng, Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand. Pajaree Taweepong, Sutatcha Hongsresawat*, Sirot Sulayaponge and Prinya Putthapiban

Geoscience Programme, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Mahidol University Abstract Young Toba Tuff (YTT) was erupted in Indonesia around 74,000 years ago. The explosion occurred near the equator, the volcanic ash and gas spread to the north and south hemisphere rapidly. The volcanic ash deposits were discovered in several countries around the world. In Thailand, it has been discovered at Phu Mai Daeng village, Sai Yok district, Kanchanaburi province. From previous work, study was done only surrounding environment and volcanic ash major compositions, which still can be debatable for its characterization. It is interesting then, to study them in much more details based on the FeOT/MgO ratio of the containing biotite that can be used to be a fingerprint of the Younger Toba Tuff deposit. The biotite fraction from Phu Mai Daeng ash was EPMA analyzed and yielded the FeOT/MgO ratio about 2.1 - 3.0. Correlations using the biotite composition of Phu Mai Daeng samples with previously identified proximal and distal YTT indicated that, the Phu Mai Daeng ash derived from the Younger Toba Tuff eruption.

Application of cave & karst features as the evidences of land uplift, paleo-climatic records and related subjects Chaiporn Siripornpibul Abstract Speleological survey is the scientific study of caves. It is an exciting and adventurous job since often we have to work in the absolute darkness condition in caves but whenever we switch on our lighting equipment it will suddenly show us many miracle things; beautiful and strange natural sculptures known as speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites etc.). Caves are very special natural resources that can preserve many useful information in various aspects, eg. dynamic changes of karst terrains, climatic records, fossil of extinct fauna and prehistoric human activities. In term of geological interests, apart from basic geological information that we can easily find from caves such as rock types, minerals, fossils, cave features and speleothems, some cave & karst features and also special appearances of sediments can be used as evidences of tectonic uplift, paleoclimate records, paleo- hydrological conditions and the records of past to recent earthquakes activities. In Thailand, even though we do not have much official study of speleology but from the study and observation by the author, some speleothems especially stalagmites in many caves have revealed paleoclimatic information dating back to many thousands of years and also showed up paleo-current marks known as scallop and cave notches, tension cracks found on cave columns or flowstones, fossilized stream gravel beds and fossil floor levels found on cave ceilings and cave walls which we can be used as evidences of past uplifting and development stages of the cave and karst system in each region, and also rock falls & collapsed sinkholes on the cave floor together with the help of radioactive dating technique of dripstone especially stalagmites on rock falls can estimate the time when the past earthquakes occurred. 11 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Archeological application of a portable 3D seismic survey system in shallow-water coastal zone: A case study of Mado 4 shipwreck, South Korea *Jungkyun Shin , Wonsik Kim and Seong-Pil Kim

Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Pohang Brach, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract In order to enhance underwater excavation efficiency and work safety condition we developed a portable three-dimensional (3D) seismic survey system and applied for searching and imaging a buried shipwreck. The survey area is located in the west coast of Korea offshore Tae An County and has 3 to 6 meters in water depth. Analogous to the standard hydrocarbon exploration, 3D subsurface data could be achieved and processed using an archeologically-optimized processing technique. For the data acquisition, 8 kHz pinger-type sub bottom profiler (SBP) generated seismic signal which can penetrate the earth below the sea-bed, and wide-azimuth 12-channel receiver groups shortened the long exploration time. For the data processing, in-house software was developed to highlight the shape of the sunken ship in the 3D stratigraphic model which was generated by the standard processing modules in commercial software (ProMax3D). As a result we were able to model a 3D shape of a sunken ship (named as Mado 4) as well as the surrounding geological character. According to the following archaeological analysis the discovered ship was identified as a cargo freighting grain tributary to the royal family during Joseon dynasty (1392- 1910). Through this study, we expect that various geoscience technologies could be widely applied for developing the historical, cultural, and educational purposes. Keywords: 3D seismic survey, archaeological shipwrecks, Mado 4 12

ASEAN Mineral Database and Information System (AMDIS) Okubo, Y.1, Bandibas, J1, Takahashi, Y. 1, and Ohno, T. 1

1 Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Japan e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract We developed AMDIS using web-based GIS integrated by free and open source software and the Open Geospatial Consortium standards. The system is composed of the local databases and the centralized GIS. The local databases created and updated using the centralized GIS are accessible from the portal site. The system introduces distinct advantages over traditional GIS. Raising transparency of mineral information to mining companies and to the public, AMDIS shows that mineral resources are abundant throughout the ASEAN region. In order to identify potential and distribution of mineral resources, geologic map is a good reference. Currently, the base geologic map of AMDIS was provided by the OneGeology project, which is not seamless. However, merging geological maps, we find many discontinuities over cross-border areas. A geologic map is made independently in each country based on domestic discussions, so that a national geologic map is original and unique. This is a reason why geologic discontinuities appear over cross-border areas. The discontinuity obscures continuous tectonic structures and consequently veils mineral resource potential. In cooperation with ASEAN community, Geological Survey of Japan started a project of ASEAN seamless geology. To compile seamless geology, geologists should find discontinuities, identify reasons, obtain an international consensus and finally digitize all revised. It seems an everlasting job. Refusing the problem, we develop a fresh solution. This is “Harmonization”, which is, without touching a whole area, focusing and re-compiling discontinuities of only cross- border areas. In 2015, Japan organized an international team involving seven ASEAN countries for a field survey in west Cambodia near Cambodia-Thailand boundary. The team pushed through into margins of Cambodia and found a clear tectonic structure of basement consisting of Permian and Triassic sediments. The structure is continuous from Thailand to Cambodia which has never been identified from a mosaic of two national geologic maps of Cambodia and Thailand. But remote- sensing images clearly delineate the basement running through international boundary. The geologic survey we conducted resulted in a ground truth of remote-sensing interpretation. We are aware that the remote-sensing technology is powerful for an area where several countries connect together by land. Recently, international field survey teams have been organized since conflicts ceased in the Indo-Chin Peninsula. Harmonized geology activities provide good occasions of man-to-man talks accelerating organizing international teams. After all, we know that “harmonized geology” creates exactly two things, namely, a harmony of geology and a harmony of people.

13 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Awareness and Preparation for Natural disasters

1,4 4 1 1 Preecha Saithong , Pol Chaodumrong , Weerchat Wigegwin , Rutaichanok Sainarmtip , (RADM) Thaworn Chalerndee2, Montida Sitathani 3 andThunyanut Budsabong 2

1 Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) 2 National Disaster Warning Center (NDWC) 3 National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 4 Geological Society of Thailand (GST) Abstract The Information Technology Foundation under the initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn and the National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) have presented the project titled “Awareness and Preparation for.....Natural disasters”. Learning activities of natural disaster preparation have been published for elementary education; these leaning activities include books and teaching videos supported by the Department of Mineral Resources, the Thai Meteorological Department, the National Disaster Warning Center and the Geological Society of Thailand. Approximately 9,500 copies of learning materials have been distributed to 1,500 elementary schools in Thailand. Moreover, the techniques of teaching for natural disaster preparation have been guided to 300 teachers of the Border Patrol Police Schools and other schools under the Information Technology Project for the education of rural schools. The purpose of the workshop is to provide some techniques for teaching a series of leaning activities of natural disaster preparation to children in the classroom, which this knowledge can be applied for preparing and managing the natural disasters that may occur. The activities of this workshop include 1) creating the teaching media of natural disasters, such as the movements of tectonic plates and faults, 2) creating a simple equipment for measuring a rainfall using a bottle of soft drink, and 3) preparing an incident response plan for mitigating the natural disasters occurred in schools and surrounding areas. In addition, this project and its learning activities have been taught, and also broadcasted to 30,000 elementary schools in Thailand via a direct satellite broadcast from the base station at the Wang Klai Kang Won School, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. The Information Technology Foundation under the initiative of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn and agency network have continuously monitored and evaluated a series of learning activities; the result of this evaluation will be produced for new learning activities. Teachers who have taken a series of learning activities can exchange and discuss the results and experience with each other through various conferences. The result of this project reveals that the awareness and preparation for natural disasters have been taught within the classroom of science, social studies, special projects, activities, science club, and science day. In conclusion, the project titled “Awareness and Preparation for.....Natural disasters” and its series of learning activities for elementary education are an optional extra for distribution the information on geology and geohazard to education personnel.

Keyword: Natural disaster, leaning activities, elementary education 14

BGR - CCOP International Training Courses on Risk-Sensitive Spatial Planning 1Dirk Balzer and Dirk Kuhn

1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Hannover/Germany e-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract Within the scope of a former project of technical cooperation, called “Mitigation of Georisks in Central America”, the BGR and four Latin American governmental authorities mandated in national Disaster Risk Management (DRM) issues (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua) performed a new approach to assess the risk exposure to natural hazards, leading to a successful application of the methodology and publication of the findings to the public. As a follow-up measure and in reply to a request of a former partner authority, BGR created a small-scale spin-off project to promote this pragmatic assessment methodology in Latin America and the Caribbean. This measure with duration of two years (2013-2015) was implemented as regional training courses and realized by now in the Latin American countries of El Salvador, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. The courses called “International Training Course Risk-Sensitive Spatial Planning, Latin America” give a sound introduction to GIS-based spatial risk exposure assessment with a focus on earthquake, volcanic, landslide and flooding hazard on a regional scale, enabling the participants to support risk-sensitive spatial planning, decision making processes and preparedness planning in the framework of DRM. According to this aim the course participants consist of interdisciplinary professionals and staff of governmental authorities responsible to risk assessment within the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) framework. Based on the positive evaluation and feedback from the previous training courses a new project has been approved by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), enabling BGR to expand and offer these training course activities to the CCOP-member countries. The article and the accompanying presentation give an insight into the course contents and its objectives and broach all essential administrative and technical issues towards a potential collaboration of CCOP member countries and the BGR under the aegis of CCOP. Given respective requirements in CCOP member countries the contributions shall provide a basis for decision-making of potential partner countries in order to initiate short- term project activities.

Keywords: Risk Exposure, Spatial Planning, Disaster Risk Management, International BGR/CCOP-Member Countries Cooperation 15 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Biogenic Gas Existence In Quartenary Sediment at Topang Delta, Rangsang Subdistrict, Meranti Regency, Riau Province Purnomo Raharjo1, Dalfa Fatihatussalimah2 and Ediar Usman1

1Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces 2University of Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The study area is located at the Topang Delta, Rangsang Subdistrict, Meranti Regency, Riau Province. Geografically at 103°2’29.3”E – 103°9’3.8”E and 0°51’5.02”S – 0°41’35.7”S. The study was conducted to determine geological conditions at the subsurface and indication of biogenic gas existence. Sea depth of research area is 1-18 meters from the average of sea level. Morphology of Topang Delta is tide fluvial delta. Type of lithology consists of old clay, sand, silt, and young clay.The process developed in research areas such as abrasion and tidal. Results of analysis recording SBP data, with geoelectric drilling correlation, and analysis of Total Organic Content (TOC) in the area of research showed the old clay deposits have abundant organic content ranging from 50% -78% of the 10 samples tested drill data so that potential as source rock. Sand deposits have good porosity so the function as a reservoir rock and young clay deposits as overburden or cap rock. Geological conditions in research area supports the formation and accumulation of biogenic gas, so will be found 5 closure in land and 144 point of indication biogenic gas existence in sea. Many of indication biogenic gas existence spread in Eastern and Southern of Topang Island. Keywords: Geology, Indication biogenic gas, Lithology, Organic material, Topang Island

Bioremediation of subsurface contamination by volatile chlorinated ethenes Mio Takeuchi1, Yoshishige Kawabe1, Jun Usami2, Hitoshi Kuzuoka2, Takeshi Komai1, and Susumu Sakata1

1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan:2Kanto Construction Co., Ltd. e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Volatile chlorinated ethenes (VOCs) such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) have been extensively used in dry cleaning shops and industries in Japan. As a result, contamination of subsurface environments such as soils and groundwater with these compounds are found all over the country. Because VOCs are known or suspected carcinogens, groundwater contaminated with these compounds must be remediated. Many types of bacteria, including both aerobic and anaerobic have the ability to degrade VOCs. The degradation pathway differs between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria, especially methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs), oxidize TCE and often CO2 is produced as a final product. Anaerobic bacteria degrade VOCs via a pathway called as dechlorination, and convert PCE into TCE, dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, and finally into non-harmful ethylene. We have been conducted researches on potential ability of intrinsic bacteria in subsurface environments to degrade VOCs, and further on enhancement of their activity. Natural methane gas deposit is located in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. In this area, methane often comes up even to the surface, and shallow groundwater contains high concentrations of methane. We examined potential ability of methanotroph in shallow groundwater of this area to degrade VOCs. As a result of the culture dependent and independent analyses, it was confirmed that methanotrophs with TCE degradation ability existed in groundwater of this area. Moreover, the TCE degradation activity was significant when added with nitrate and phosphate. Chlorinated ethenes are often found in aquifers, but they are also known to penetrate into silty and clayey aquitards. Contaminated aquitards have recently been recognized as a major concern in subsurface contamination. Once they have penetrated an aquitard, chlorinated ethenes migrate slowly and they can serve as a long-term contamination source to the adjacent aquifer. Although various clean-up technologies have been developed for subsurface contamination, most of the available treatment techniques are not effective for contaminated aquitards. Therefore, we examined distribution and potential ability of anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria in contaminated aquitards. We revealed that natural attenuation can take place especially in and around organic-rich clay layer.

Keywords: Bioremediation, contamination, chlorinated ethenes, groundwater, methanotroph, anaerobic dechlorination 17 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Carboniferous radiolarian fauna from radiolarian-bearing rocks along the Malaysia-Thailand border and their depositional environments Doungrutai Saesaengseerung1 and Nur Susila binti Md. Saaid2

The Malaysian-Thai Working Group of the Malaysia-Thailand Border Joint Geological Survey Project 1Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand, 2Minerals and Geoscience Department, Malaysia

Abstract The Palaeozoic radiolarian-bearing rocks in northern Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand are represented by the siliceous sedimentary rocks such as chert and siliceous shale. The Early Carboniferous radiolarian faunas were discovered from the Yaha and Khuan Klang Formations where exposed in several localities southern Thailand such as the Khaun Sung, Singhanakhon, Ko Yo, Ban Hua Khuan, Saba Yoi and Kabang area in Satun, Songkhla and Yala Province. Thirteen radiolarian species belonging to 7 genera are investigated. Identified species are Albaillella paradoxa gr. Deflandre, A. pennata gr. Holdsworth, Stigmosphaerostylus variospina (Won), Trilonche vetusta (Hinde, 1899), T. palimbola (Foreman), Trilonche sp., Albaillella sp., Stigmosphaerostylus sp., Archocyrtium sp., Pylentonema sp., Tlecerina ? sp., Ruzhencevispongus sp. and Stigmosphaerostylus cf. vulgaris (Won). This radiolarian fauna is known from the Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous) southern Thailand, northern Thailand, southwestern China, Turkey and phosphatic nodules from Montagne Noire and in the central Pyrenees, France. Moreover, in this study, the similar radiolarian fauna from the Malaysian side were discovered from the lower part of the Kubang Pasu Formation which exposed in the Perlis and Kedah areas. The detailed study on Carboniferous radiolarian in radiolarian-bearing rocks along the Malaysia-Thailand border in this study shows the new knowledge on the age and depositional environment of siliceous sedimentary rocks and other associated clastic rocks are used to elucidate paleogeographical reconstruction of the Thailand–Malay Peninsula. Based on, the lithology lithostratigraphy sedimentary structure and fauna, the Carboniferous radiolarian-bearing rocks deposition along the Malaysia-Thailand border might occur in different oceanic environments such as in depressions of the continental slope/rise, and in shallow and deep oceanic basins along the eastern margin of Sibumasu block. The Perlis area, Malaysia and the Satun and some locality in northern of Songkhla areas, southern Thailand depositional of the Carboniferous rocks are shallow marine environments on the continental shelf to outer shelf. Then, the Kedah area, Malaysia, the southern Songkhla area and Yala, Thailand are a trend to accumulate on the deeper environment in the hemipelagic or pelagic environment along the eastern continental slope/rise environment of the Sibumasu or the Palaeo-Tethys ocean floor. However, the easternmost area in the Perak, Malaysia, along the Bentong-Raub Suture Zone is typical pelagic deep-water sediment appeared in the abyssal plain which thought to have been deposited in the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean when Early Carboniferous 18

CCOP at 50: Half a Century of Regional Geoscience Cooperation Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc (1), Simplicio Caluyong(1), Marivic Pulvera Uzarraga(1), Adichat Surinkum(1), Anthony Reedman(2) and Yongje Kim(3)

(1) CCOP Technical Secretariat, CCOP Building, 75/10 Rama VI Road Phayathai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. E-mail: [email protected] (2) Honorary Adviser to CCOP, 15 Malvern Road, Mapperley, Nottingham NG3 5GZ United Kingdom; E-mail: [email protected] (3) Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM); E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia (CCOP) celebrates its ‘Golden Jubilee’ this year. This article traces the growth of CCOP since its foundation in May 1966, highlighting the development of the CCOP Network, turning talk into action through CCOP Projects and pointing the way forward for geoscience in the service of society. International cooperation established through CCOP during many years has been the foundation many for many coordinated activities in geoscience to be implemented in the countries of East and Southeast Asia. Since 1966, CCOP has continually adapted its mission to meet the evolving needs of the Member Countries, from surveying and mapping of offshore mineral and energy resources in the region to developing the capacities to effectively assess and promote the development of the region’s resources and delineate environmental hazards. In 2015, CCOP developed a strategic plan covering 2016-2020, adopting the four strategic goals: Outreach - basically information disseminated from CCOP to the outside world informing relevant stakeholders of CCOP’s mission and achievements; Cooperation and Partnership - the strengthening of the CCOP network, becoming a natural partner for local/international organizations for jointly executing projects with regional relevance; Knowledge Enhancement and Sharing - giving back to CCOP Member Countries the experience and knowledge gained from the cooperation and partnership; and Data/Information - to provide an excellent basis for acquiring all supporting background data. This new strategy continues the focus on how geosciences contribute to society and how CCOP, with our partners, can endeavor to deliver a unique and major contribution to understanding our dynamic Earth so that society can make the right choices to live responsibly within their environment and adapt to environmental changes in the 21st century and beyond. Keywords: CCOP, Geoscience, Network, East and Southeast Asia

19 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

CCOP Geoinformation Sharing Infrastructure (GSI) Project Shinji Takarada1 and Joel Bandibas1

1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The CCOP Geoinformation Sharing Infrastructure Project is implemented by CCOP and GSJ. The main objective of the project is to develop a web-based system for the sharing of geoscience information among the countries in the Asia-Pacific region. The information system will also make geoscience information readily accessible in the region. The GSI main portal site (Fig. 1) provides Web-based functions for spatial data rendering and analysis in the forms of Web Map Service (WMS) and Web Processing Service (WPS), respectively. It could also be used to download data in several formats. The system follows the standard model of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). However, unlike the conventional SDI, it uses a unique system of controlling data access privileges of the users. Data owners could decide who can view, edit and download their data using the system's data access privileges component. Users' group could also be created to classify users with the same data access privileges. The system also provides interface for the creation of a customized WebGIS portal for spatial data viewing and processing. The GSi project was officially started during the kick-off meeting on September 1 to 2, 2015 in Bangkok, Thailand. Twenty-three (23) participants from the CCOP member countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam) including the staff of the CCOP Technical Secretariat (CCOP TS) attended the meeting. The project plan and data policy were discussed in this meeting. Currently, CCOP and GSJ provide the servers to host the GSi main portal site and the database. Indonesia uses their database server for the storage of the country's data. The 1st CCOP GSi International Workshop was held at Solo, Indonesia, on Sep. 20-22, 2016. Forty-seven (47) participants were attended and discussed future strategy of the project. Preliminary open of the GSi system is planned during the 50th memorial anniversary CCOP annual meeting on Oct. 30-Nov. 2, 2016 in Bangkok.

Keywords: CCOP, geoinformation, share,

Fig. 1. CCOP GSi dataupload and portal generation site. http://ccop-gsi.org/ MyPortalCreator/new_main/

CCOP Groundwater Project Phase III and Application of Ground-Source Heat Pump Youhei Uchida*1 ,Gaurav Shrestha*1 ,Reo Ikawa*1 ,Isao Takashima*2 ,Sasimook Chokchai *3 ,Punya Charusiri*3 and Tran Trong Than*4

*1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST *2Akita University *3Chulalongkorn University *4Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (VIGMR)

Abstract Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, had organized a groundwater research project as Phase II in the CCOP Project from FY 2009 to FY 2013. The project released hydro-geological map including latest scientific information of the Chao-Phraya Plain, Thailand and the Red River Delta, Vietnam. The map gives digital information in various kinds of hydrogeological understanding. Water quality, temperature, flow condition, and water level have prepared in the information. Groundwater Project Phase III started at February 2015 is continuously aimed at development of groundwater database in CCOP regions. In the Phase III, three groups, the DB Group I and II to compile a Web based groundwater database, and the Public Policy Group to develop a draft of public policy on GW observation system for efficient groundwater management in each country, were formed to promote the project efficiently. In Southeast Asia, where significant economic growth is expected this century, saving energy and protecting environment is a major matter of concern. Ground-Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system is expected to be a promising approach to contribute to these issues, as its performance (COP, thermal output/power input) is better than conventional air-source heat pumps. A sub-project, entitled “Development of Renewable Energy for Ground-Source Heat Pump System in the CCOP Regions”, started in April 2013. Chulalongkorn University, Akita University and GSJ worked together in a cooperation program under the sub-project to install a GSHP system at Chulalongkorn University. Its objectives are 1) to demonstrate benefits of installing a GSHP system in Bangkok City, Thailand, 2) to develop an adjustment technique for the GSHP system in tropical regions, and 3) to develop maps that show areas suitable for GSHP system in Thailand reflecting large-scale groundwater flow and a heat transport model. Moreover, we have a plan to install GSHP system on Hanoi City, Vietnam with VIGMR on October 2016. The CCOP groundwater database created in the Phase III will contribute not only to groundwater management but also to the development of the maps suitable for GSHP system in CCOP member countries.

21 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

CCOP-KIGAM Unconventional Oil and Gas Project (UnCon) Young J. Lee1, Byeong-Kook Son1 and Simplicio Caluyong2

1KIGAM, Korea 2CCOP Technical Secretariet e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Shale resources which include shale oil and shale gas are very important energy resources that humankind needs to continuously develop. According to the analysis of Energy Information Administration (EIA) and Advanced Resources International (ARI), about 18% of the world’s shale resource reserves are distributed in Asian countries, including China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Mongolia. In cooperation with the CCOP, KIGAM has launched a project to evaluate the shale resources in Asia for efficient exploration and development of shale reservoirs distributed throughout Asia. The title of the project is “Mapping of Black shale formations for the prediction of shale resources (the UnCon Project)”. The aim of the project is to eventually draw up an integrated, cross boarder map of Asian shale resource reserves and evaluate shale resources in the CCOP region. The UnCon Project is designed to sustain the experience, technology transfer and institutional capacity building projects in the CCOP region. This is also consistent with the aspiration of the member countries for a sustainable development of the energy resources and energy security. Experts on petroleum E&P from CCOP member countries have developed knowledge of geologic evaluation and assessment of shale basins not only by several meetings, where they have shared information and knowledge, but also from experiences of USGS and BGS. Also each country has collected shale samples from potential shale basins, and submitted the samples to KIGAM. KIGAM has analyzed the samples mineralogically and chemically by X-ray diffraction and Rock-Eval pyrolysis to check source and reservoir potentials for each sample. Based on the geologic evaluation and sample analyses, KIGAM and CCOP member countries have chosen favorable basins and formations for shale resources, and mapped prospective basins and formations by using QGIS software for the shale resources in East and Southeast Asia. The GIS map covers: 1) basin boundary map, 2) shale formation boundary map, 3) cross section, and 4) sample location and analysis data. CCOP-KIGAM Unconventional oil and gas project will provide a new opportunity and challenges in the CCOP region. The objective of the project is to establish the areal extents of basin and formation of the shale resources in the CCOP member countries, and to evaluate prospective areas in detail. The project will serve to enhance our understanding of shale gas resources in the CCOP region, and allow us to discover new potential for the advancement of the member countries through the development of unconventional resources.

Characteristics of Hydrochemical Species in Upper Nam Phong Catchment Pimchanok Chartchonbot and Sarunya Promkotra

Department of Geoctechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaem University, Thailand Abstract Upper Nam Phong Catchment is located in Loei, Nongbualumphu, and Khon Kaen provinces where are crucial for providing natural water resources for people residing in Nam Phong plain. The research study especially focuses on hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the upper Nam Phong basin from Nam Phong’s upstream to Ubolratana Dam. Groundwater is collected from artesian wells associated with surface water along Nam Phong River in dry season as at the time of undisturbing their water qualities. It flows from west to east direction by the hydraulic head where is comprised of the recharge area and headed to the discharge area. Its hydrochemistry exploits to present various hydrogeochemical species of upstream, mid-stream, and also downstream. The major cation and anion concentrations specify some sample as brackish water, depending on the total dissolved solids (TDS). Speciation of chemical species initiates the water type, which is indicated predominantly to the mixing dispersion between calcium and sodium ions. For major anions, bicarbonate and chloride are dominantly specified the effects of ion dissolution, which exhibits the composition of major ion in the mixing zone and heading to the sodium-chloride zone or salinity zone. The mixing groundwater derived from major ions respects to mainly bicarbonate and calcium ions, signifying recharge areas of limestone, sandstone, and other aquifers. The chemical composition of fresh water from the west of the research area is related to calcium ion and bicarbonate which affects from calcite and magnesium dissolution, indicative of the water type progressively change. These assume the groundwater composition, which represent the ions exchange from the east to the west, disperse over the area, and flow to the Ubolratana Dam.

Keywords: Nam Phong Catchment, hydrochemical characteristics, hydrochemical species

23 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Climatic Impact on The Geochemical Composition and Micropaleontological Record In The Marine Sediment of Halmahera Sea Luli Gustiantini1, Rina Zuraida1 , Catherine Kissel2, Khoiril Anwar Maryunani3, Yahdi Zaim3, and Aurelie van Toer2

1Marine Geological Institute, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces of Indonesia 2Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement/LSCE (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ), Gif-sur-Yvette, France 3Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract A 39 m giant piston core MD10-3339 from Halmahera Sea was studied in order to understand the paleoenvironmental changes of the basin since the Late Pleistocene. This sediment core was retrieved during the cruise MONOCIR 2 ini 2010, a collaborative project between Indonesia, France and China, on board Marion Dufresne, France. Halmahera Sea of the eastern Indonesian archipelago is one of the Indonesian throughflow pathway that give a great impact to both local and global climate changes. Being a part of Western Pacific Warm Pool, it is a major source of convection that distribute heat and water favor from tropic to the high latitude. We analyze the geochemical composition by XRF scanned method combined with the micropaleontological data of the sediment core. Age model was reconstructed based on 14C dates on planktic foraminiferal test of G. ruber. Ln Ti/Ca, Ln Fe/Ca, and Ln Rb/Sr records indicate rather increase intensity during the Last Glacial Maximum, this imply the increasing of the sediment supply during this cold period due to the enhanced of the weathering and erosion of the exposed shelf during low sea level stand. Relatively high presentation of the planktic foraminifera N.dutertrei and P. obliqueloculata during this period confirm the increase of upwelling due to the stronger Asian winter monsoon and El Nino intensity.

Keywords: Halmahera Sea; Sediment supply; Geochemical composition; Planktic foraminifera; Sea level changes

Compilation of geographic basemap for 1:250000 regional marine geological survey Wang Baojun, Wen Zhenhe, Sun Jianwei, Meng Xiangjun,Hou Fanghui and Li Jie

Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resource and Geology, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071,China e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Marine geological survey is an extension of the regional geological survey in the sea area, which is an important foundation of marine geological work.Marine geological survey requires high precision geographic base map as working map for work planning and map compilation.Due to the differences in working techniques,methods and working areas between the marine geological survey and the survey on land,in particular for the area covering both the sea and land,regional geological survey needs a specific geographic base map to better meet the needs in regional geological survey.Taking the1:250000 marine regional geological survey in the Jinxi sheet and Yingkou sheet as cases,this paper discussed the compilation process of the geographic base maps with emphasis on some key technical points and the application of MapGIS Software.

Key words: Marine geological survey, geographical base map, map compilation

25 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Continental Shelf Break and Submarine Fan Features at Srisawat District, Kanchanaburi Province : Indication of the Triassic Paleo- shoreline facing Southeast towards the present day Gulf of Thailand Prinya Putthapiban, Weerasak Phooloon, Saowaphap Uthairat and Sutatcha Hongsresawat

Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Mahidol University. Abstract Deep marine thin bedded ribbon chert of the Triassic age and associate rock units, greywacke and daonella bearing shale formations have been observed in northern districts of Kanchanaburi, Srisawat and Nong Prue. Similar chert formations have extended northward to Danchang district, Suphanburi Province and Ban Rai district, Uthaithani province. The findings clearly indicate that during the Triassic, this whole terrain had been at least one kilometers below sea level. Our recent finding on the paleo-continental shelf break, submarine fan features and the carbonate platform along the Kwae Yai river bank, Sri Sawat district, near the Erawan National Park suggest that the Triassic paleo-shoreline are facing Southeastward towards the southern peninsular and the present day Gulf of Thailand or beyond. The occurrence of Marine Jurassic rock sequences at Mae Sot district, Tak province and it’s vicinity may indicate that the paleo-marine basin had retreated to northwest toward Mae Sot and Myanmar-Thai border.

Keywords: Deep marine, daonella, shelf break, submarine fan, Triassic paleo- shoreline

CTCN-KIGAM (KOREA) Climate Change Action Plan for Better Life for Girls

Ji Whan Ahn

Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahagno, Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Addis Ababa is the capital of Ethiopia and the country’s biggest city with an estimated 3 million inhabitants. The city also hosts the African Union (AU) and several UN offices, thus signaling the city’s regional and global political importance. Hundreds of young people and girls around the world suffering with climate changes, so the action is necessary to fix it and their rights to be part of the solution. During the natural disasters, children’s especially girls are the most vulnerable to being harmed. Climate change is everybody’s concern. CTCN- KIGAM has adequate climate change action plan for better life for girls. Republic of Korea was officially launch in 2016 the “Better life for Girls Initiative” to provide health and education ODA program for the most vulnerable girls in developing countries and plans to provide 200 million dollars over the next five years to support this initiative. Korea incorporate the 2030 agenda for sustainable development into national development strategy and expand international contributions. Keywords: CTCN-KIGAM, Climate change action plan, better life for girls 27 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

CURRENT ESTABLISHING THE REFERENCE STANDARDIZED FOR GEOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGIST IN THAILAND San Assavapatchara

Bureau of Geological Survey, Department of Mineral Resources Thailand Rama 6 Rd, Rajchatevee, Bangkok, Thailand, 10400 Abstract The 8 career paths including medical doctor, engineer, dentist, surveyor, accountant, architecture, nurse, and tourist professional services are liberated in countries of ASIAN community, according the current regulation of Labor law. The geologist professional and related geological services may possible be included in surveying professional career. But, however, the various performance professional activities that are not part quality and specification as the standard reference of the country. It may disadvantage and cause damage to the profession path, economics, public safety, urban and rural quality, particularly in the fields of geology and their image. Then, to be conducted in order to meet the standard and quality of the profession are importance. They are significance to collateral damage in those cases due to the upcoming of their professional. Precautions guideline and code of practice for geologists in the country are required mutually acceptable and international standards operating in the professional career. The article has been an issue as discussion and debate by several times, so far. The Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) is defaulted to plays role as facilitator to conduct the geological standardization with relevant agencies and other organizations. The Geological Standard and Conduct Committee of Thailand (GSCCT) has been established since 2014 by DMR, according to the consensus among the several geological agencies and educational institutions. The committee takes mainly action to consider and specifications the standards and activity results overview of the geology in Thailand, its application and country geological education. Comments and consults for the preparation of the standard codes and practices for geological and also completed reference of national levels are activities. The committee should appoint subcommittees of specialists for operate in a variety standard of geological branches. In addition, since October 2015, the 4 subcommittees have been set up to carry out activities are 1) preparing a guide for stratigraphic nomenclature of Thailand and reporting, 2) preparing a code and conduct of practice for geologist in Thailand, 3) to establish the glossary gelogy in English-Thai version, and 4) a subcommittee for Thailand geological correlation program. The contents to the profession geological career, the definition for professional level document in the Labor Protection Law has being first prepared by DMR. The geologist position is regulated as a profession in the Council of Science and Technology (Council of Science and Technology Professionals-CSTP). This is credited and conducting closer to the Geological Society of Thailand (GST). The crucial further cooperation is needed from all relevant authorities.

Keywods: standardized, geology, professional, geologist, GSCCT, CSTP, GST 28

Deep Sea Minerals and Geothermal Energy Prospects in Selected Pacific Island Countries and Territories M G Petterson, Pacific Community, Geoscience Division, Mead Road, Nabua, Suva, Fiji Islands, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Pacific Islands countries, with the exception of Papua New Guinea, are small countries with relatively few opportunities for economic development. Geoscience can significantly assist in opening up new areas for economic growth. The Pacific region contains the greatest abundance of deep sea minerals within national exclusive economic zones in the world. These minerals include polymetallic sulphides, manganese nodules, and cobalt rich crusts, depending on the tectonic and ocean environment. Some Pacific countries also have the potential for geothermal energy, at the moment largely unexpired. Geothermal energy provides opportunities to widen the energy base, reduce reliance on imported petroleum, and develop new green industry. This paper presents regional opportunities for deep sea minerals and Geothermal energy and sets these opportunities against a context of regional development challenges.

29 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Depositional Environment of Hongsa Coal from Petrographic Interpretation Thunyapat Sattraburut1, Yupa Thasod1 and Benjavun Ratanasthien1

1Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Hongsa coal deposit is recognized as one of major energy of Laos, located in the northwestern of Lao PDR, supplying lignite to the mine-mount thermal power plant. Organic petrographic study results on coal from Hongsa coal are reported. Samples from coal-bearing formation are mainly consisted of clays, carbonaceous clays, lignite, lignitic clays, and clayey lignite. The samples are dominated by vitrinite (huminite) (34.84-70.43 vol.%), principally composed of telovitrinite (humotelinite) in form of texto-ulminite, eu-ulminite, corpohuminite, and textinite, and detrovitrinite (humodetrinite) in form of densinite and attrinite. Second abundance is liptinite (20.59-33.46 vol.%), consists mainly of cutinite, resinite, sporinite, liptodetrinite and suberinite. The less abundant of inertinite (0-0.32 vol.%), only sclerotinite is found. Mineral matter, consisted mainly of clays, are found in small to moderate amounts (7.97-33.95 vol.%), with very low amounts of pyrite. Based on maceral assemblages, the samples show the features of humic coal more than sapropelic coal, but the questions of autochthonous or allochthonous are to be further investigation. According to the association of macerals with no significant of sulfide mineral, this indicates that organic rich sediment deposited within the fresh water without marine or volcanic influence. The presence of well-preserved both huminite and liptinite refers to mildly to strongly reducing depositional condition, while the association of liptinite, predominantly liptodetrinite, in the groundmass of gelinite suggests oxidized condition during deposition. Mineral matter associations formed in two stages: detrital minerals, by inducing of water or wind during deposition period and diagenetic minerals in the stage after deposition by mineral transformed or precipitation from solution by solutions filling in cracks, fissures and cavities. The depositional setting of Hongsa coal was tropical forest or forest swamp with moderate water depth.

Keywords: SE Asia, Laos, Hongsa, Coal, Depositional environment, Petrography

Developing new techniques to enhance mineral exploration by using plants: A case study in Chiang Rai province, Thailand Siriporn Soongpankhao and Prathana KhamKhai

The Royal Thai Department of Mineral Resources, Bureau of Mineral Resources, 75/10 Rama VI Road, Rathchathewi district, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. email: [email protected]

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate and develop new techniques for mineral exploration in Thailand by using biogeochemical exploration method and to apply other surface geochemical techniques such as soil sampling to detect concealed mineralization. The information obtained from this study also aim to contribute to the biogeochemical baseline data in order to establish biogeochemical exploration for mineral deposits in Thailand in the future. A biogeochemical study was carried out at Ban Pha Hee gold deposit, Mae Sai district, Chiang Rai province, Thailand. Samples of leaves of common plants in the study area were collected in calico bag at intervals of approximately 100 m. Two horizons of soil were collected: organic-rich soil (surface soil) and subsurface soil (5 – 15 cm depth), from near the base of a tree. These were collected for comparison with vegetation samples. The results of this study revealed that the common plant species at Ban Pha Hee gold deposit showed a potential to indicate gold mineralization area. However, this is just the first year of this project, therefore, more work need to be conduct in order to assure using plant as a sample media for mineral exploration in Thailand. The mineral exploration techniques evaluated and established by this study may facilitate the search for the concealed ores under cover. 31 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Dynamic Harmonic Regression Approach for Soil Temperature Prediction

J.T. Huang

Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, No. 438, Youyidong Road, Xi’an, 710054, P.R. China (*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract The soil temperature behavior is very important for determination of soil energy balance, thermal conductivity and water flux of air-soil surface. Traditionally, to predict soil temperature fluctuation, the equation of one-dimensional thermal conduction in soil is solved by the harmonic method (HM) and the Laplace transform method (LTM). Yet, variations of soil temperature are caused by some factors such as daily variation in solar incidence, seasonality, weather patterns, precipitation, and snowmelt. Furthermore, temperature sensors have different noise characteristics, depending on the technology used. To overcome the disadvantages of the low time-resolutions roots from HM and LTM, the dynamic harmonic regression (DHR) was used to extract the amplitude and phase angle from soil temperature time series. Then the soil temperature variations were predicted by combining analytical solution of one dimensional model incorporated thermal conduction with convection equation. A field work of the observations of soil physical parameters and micrometeorological variables was conducted in Mowusu desert, Northwest of China. With the field data, the new approach was tested, the simulated results match the data well. The main contribution here is to provide analytic insight and high time resolutions as tools for temperature variations prediction. Keywords: Dynamic harmonic regression; thermal conduction and convection; soil temperature; 32

Eastern Asia Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards Information Map and G-EVER Volcanic Hazard Assessment Support System Shinji Takarada1, Joel Bandibas1, Yuzo Ishikawa1 and G-EVER Promotion Team1

1Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Eastern Asia Earthquake and Volcanic Hazards Information Map, published in 2016, is a collaborative product of the G-EVER Promotion Team established in the Geological Survey of Japan, AIST and several geological institutes in SE Asia. The Map contains a lot of information about geohazard in the area as well as its geology and tectonics: the distribution of active faults, earthquake hypocenters and source areas; Holocene volcanoes, calderas, large-scale ignimbrites and ash falls; and the fatalities in major volcanic events, in major earthquakes and in tsunami hazards. The fatalities in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are classified by the main cause of the death and graphically illustrated so as to facilitate visual understanding of the magnitude of the damage from these disasters. The occurrences of earthquake and volcanic hazards are closely related with the geological settings. The geological map is recompiled on the basis of the Geological Map of Asia 1:5,000,000 and Digital Geologic Map of East and Southeast Asia 1:2,000,000 2nd edition. The hypocenter parameters of historical earthquakes (1000-1899) were adapted from the catalog of the Global Historical Earthquake Archive (1000-1903). The ISC-GEM catalog is used for the earthquakes from 1900 to 2011. Earthquake source regions shown for major earthquakes. Earthquake Fatalities Map is compiled to facilitate visual understanding of earthquake disasters in terms of their number of fatalities and the main causes of deaths. Major disastrous earthquakes in terms of number of fatalities are selected in each country or region: all the recent (after 1850) events with fatalities more than 1,000 are included. Tsunami hazard distribution is compiled to facilitate visual understanding of the occurrence, extent and severity of tsunamis. Distribution of Holocene volcanoes is shown on this hazard information map. Distribution of Holocene volcanoes is shown on this hazard information map. Distributions of calderas and large-scale ignimbrites (VEI6-8) are shown on the hazard information map. The fatalities of major volcanic events are compiled to facilitate visual understanding of volcanic disasters in East Asia. The number of fatalities and the main causes of deaths due to volcanic events are displayed. Five to thirty worst volcanic events were chosen from each country. The number of fatalities is categorized according to seven causes: pyroclastic flow, debris avalanche, tephra fall and ballistic, lahar, tsunami, volcanic gas and other related causes. The contents will be uploaded on the G-EVER hazard information system (http://ccop-geoinfo.org/G-EVER/). The G-EVER volcanic hazard assessment support system (http://volcano.g-ever1.org/) is developed based on eruption history, volcanic eruption database and numerical simulations. The volcano hazard assessment support system can predict the area that may 33 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

be affected by volcanic eruptions using numerical simulations. The system can also estimate volcanic hazard risks by overlaying the distributions of volcanic deposits on major roads, houses and evacuation areas using GIS enabled systems. It is implemented with user-friendly interface, which makes the system easy to use and accessible online. The Energy Cone and Titan2D simulations are available online on the system. The system can assess the potential risk for any volcano in the world using ASTER Global DEM (10m resolution DEM is used in Japan). Links to major volcanic databases such as Smithsonian, VOGRIPA, are available on each volcano information pop-ups on the map. The updated Titan2D simulation system could be run using DEM data uploaded by the user and can download the simulation results. Tephra fall hazard simulation using Tephra2 is implemented on the system, recently. Therefore, ash fall assessment of potential risk for any volcanoes in the world is possible. Keywords: Asia, Hazard, Earthquake, Volcano, Assessment, G-EVER

Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Andesitic Rocks in Tak Province, Thailand Mukda Singtuen and Burapha Phajuy

Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

Abstract The andesite porphyry in Tak Province, Thailand is the part of the Chiang Khong– Lampang-Tak volcanic belt. This study is aimed to clarify tectonic setting of eruption of andesitic rocks based on field observation petrography and geochemistry. There are 6 least – altered andesite samples for chemical analysis, and 2 representative were analyzed for REE. The phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts in the studied andesite are made up of plagioclase, with small amounts of unidentified mafic minerals, clinopyroxene, and opaque minerals. They may form as glomerocrysts and cumulocrysts. The groundmass phase is made up mainly of plagioclase, with small amounts of unidentified mafic minerals, opaque minerals, and apatite. Geochemically, these volcanic rocks are andesite and have a mildly calc-alkalic series corresponding to low ratio of Nb/Y compared to Zr/TiO2 and REE-patterns. The rocks generally show slightly negative niobium anomalies in the N-MORB normalized multi- element plots. The selected immobile incompatible elements were plotted in fields of volcanic arc in the tectonic discrimination diagrams. Geochemistry of the studied andesitic rocks are analogous to Quaternary aphyric high-K andesite in Ollagüe volcano, Andes mountain range, Chile, which have been form as active continental margin, especially REE- patterns and N-MORB normalized spider diagrams. Keywords: Andesite porphyry, Geochemistry, Tectonic Setting, Volcanic arc, Tak Province 35 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Geological Diversity of Sidoarjo Mud Volcano, East Java. Indonesia (As a proposed of Geopark Potential in a plan of Spatial Planning) I.Badri, DA Yuwono, R. Suhendar and Andiani*

Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia

Abstract Geological phenomena such as Sidoarjo Mud Volcano, well known as LUSI that occurred in Sidoarjo, East Java, since 29th May, 2006, as attracted the attention of geologists and non geologists as well as tourists. LUSI eruption is still active, and it is unknown when it will end. The results of the evaluation and mapping as well as the various references suggest that the region has the geodiversity potential that is quite unique and rare such as: the appearance of the largest mud volcano bursts in the history of geology in Indonesia and is one of the rare geological phenomenon that occurs in the last 10 year. Morphology of LUSI after a period of post-mudflow forming a very broad elevated plain morphology with a desert appearance in some locations gibberish are still found that emit water contain oil and gas. In the region there is brecognized the existence of a path Watukosek Fault that runs from Bangkalan, Madura up to Mount Penanggungan in East Java, which is thought to trigger the appearance of young and old mud volcano (LUSI). The LUSI phenomena may become a high valnable geologycal asset in term of both geodiversity and geoheritage high value, so it can be developed for educational activities, conservation, and Geotourism through the development of a geopark. It is still necessary to involve non-geological studies (non geodiversity) such as local culture and the biodiversity. Geopark may improve the welfare of the local community while geological diversity conservation can work well.

Geology across national borders–using stratigraphy and microfossils to correlate the Palaeozoic of mainland South East Asia Mongkol Udchachon1, 2 Clive Burrett2, 3 and Hathaithip Thassanapak1 1Applied Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand. Email: [email protected] 2Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand. Email: [email protected] 3School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Box 252–79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. Email: [email protected] Abstract Geology does not stop at national borders. However, man–made ‘border faults’ hamper desk–top correlations based on national geological surveys and hamper or mislead economic surveys and tectonic and palaeogeographic reconstructions. Fieldwork across borders is essential. Almost 40 years ago, Father Henri Fontaine, whilst working for CCOP, used his extensive knowledge of Indochina geology and palaeontology to predict correctly the existence of extensive fossiliferous Devonian in Loei, Thailand. Subsequent conodont, radiolarian and geochemical work has allowed the erection of controversial tectonic models for the Loei Devonian. Also in the 1980’s, we and colleagues, correlated the Palaeozoic of southern Thailand and the Langkawi Islands in Malaysia. In the last few years we have correlated the Ordovician–Triassic of Laos (Lao PDR), Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam and subdivided the Indochina Terrane into the Truong Son, Loei, Khorat and Kontum Terranes. Conodonts from an extensive, recently discovered, Ordovician sequence in peninsular Myanmar provide correlation to sequences elsewhere on the Sibumasu (Shan–Thai) Terrane. The Loei Terrane trends northwards into Laos and eastwards into Cambodia where its southern boundary–the Sa Kaeo Suture may be followed due east to Pailin. A similar Lower Permian chert with radiolarian fauna is found in Cambodia as at Sa Kaeo in Thailand. Permian sequences in eastern Thailand and western Cambodia, near Sisophon and Battambang, show a similar palaeo–deepening southwards towards a basin margin. Lower Permian volcanics and volcaniclastics are overlain by Middle Permian carbonates, followed by possibly Upper Permian siliciclastics. Large olistoliths of Permian limestone are found within? Upper Permian–Triassic volcaniclastics and siliciclastics. The Palaeozoic of the southern Truong Son Terrane of Laos consists of Lower to Middle Ordovician siliciclastics and minor peritidal carbonates containing a cool water conodont fauna. Upper Ordovician–Llandovery deep water graptolitic shales are unconformably overlain by Llandovery submarine fan that derived volcanic detritus from the Long Dai Volcanic Arc that extends to Vietnam. The Llandovery strata are faulted against red cherts containing a Ludlow–Pridoli radiolarian fauna which contrast strongly with the shallow water and terrestrial sediments recorded further north in Laos and Vietnam. These Silurian, terrane marginal deposits are succeeded by a Devonian platform–margin reef complex and then by extensive deeper water siliciclastics and calcareous shales containing an upper Frasnian radiolarian–tentaculitid fauna followed by shallow subtidal- peritidal carbonates of Famennian to Tournaisian age. Facies changes and geochemistry indicate deepening towards the southern margin of the Truong Son Terrane as defined by the Thakhek–Danang Shear Zone. Siliciclastics of the Boualapha Formation may record docking of the Khorat and Truong Son Terranes in the Mississippian. Carbonate platform conditions returned in the Pennsylvanian through Permian, with the deposition of the fossiliferous Khammouan Formation. Deformed Permian and almost pristine Triassic conodonts in Laos confirm that the final Indosinian collision and the amalgamation of Indochina and Sibumasu occurred within or before the Upper Norian.

Keywords: Fossil, biostratigraphy, correlation, tectonics, Indochina Terrane 37 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Geology of the Langkawi-Tarutao Transect area along the Malaysia-Thailand Border 1Mat Niza bin Abdul Rahman, 2Suvapak Imsamut, 3Mohamad Hussein bin Jamaluddin and 2Naramase Teerarungsigul

1Technical Services Division, Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Sultan Azlan Shah Road, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia: [email protected] 2Department of Mineral Resources Thailand, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand: [email protected], [email protected] 3Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, Kelantan, 3rd Floor, Federal Building, Bayam Road , 15658 Kota Bharu Kelantan, Malaysia: [email protected] ABSTRACT Even though separated by international boundary, in term of geology, Langkawi Islands of Malaysia and Tarutao Islands of Thailand are having very well correlatable rock units ranging from the age of Cambrian to Resen. Hence, the Langkawi-Tarutao area had been chosen as the study area by the Malaysia-Thailand Border Joint Geological Survey Committee (MT-JGSC) as part of joint scientific cooperation in the field of minerals and geoscience between both neighbouring countries. The oldest rock unit exposed in the Langkawi-Tarutao area is the Cambrian- Ordovician Machinchang Formation/Tarutao Group. The Machinchang Formation is extensively exposed in the northwestern part of the Langkawi Islands whilst the Tarutao Group is well exposed at the western part of Tarutao Island. The rock unit comprises light grey shale, light grey siltstone and light grey to grey, thickly bedded to massive, cross- bedded, very fine- to medium-grained sandstone. Stratigraphically, the Machinchang Formation/Tarutao Group can be divided into four members in ascending order; Hulor Member/Ao Makham Formation, Anak Datai Member/Ao Tami Formation, Chinchin Member/Ao Mo Lae Formation and Jemuruk Member/Talo Wow Formation. Of these, the Chinchin Member/Ao Mo Lae Formation is further divided into two beds, namely Temurun Beds/Lower Sandstone member and Tengkorak Beds/Upper Sandstone member. The Ordovician-Silurian Setul Formation/Ordovician Thung Song Group conformably overlying the Machincang Formation/Tarutao Group. The Setul Formation/Thung Song Group is made up of Kaki Bukit Member/Pante Malaka Formation, Tanjong Dendang Member/Lae Tong Formation, and the Rung Nok Formation which is only exposed on the Thai side. The Devonian rock succession is represented by the Jentik Formation which also only exposed on the Malaysian side. It forms a condense sequence comprises Tenculitids bearing black shale that is only exposed at Teluk Mempelam in the northwestern coast of Pulau Langgun, Langkawi. The Carboniferous rock unit is represented by the Rebak Formation which only exposed on the Malaysian side. The Permian clastic rock unit is represented the Singa Formation/Kaeng Krachan Group which can be further divided into Selang Member/Khao Phra Formation and Khao Chao Formation. The Permian carbonates is represented by the Chuping 38

Formation. Exposed only on the Malaysian side, it consists predominantly of white to light grey marble. The unconsolidated Quaternary terrestrial and marine sediments covers the coastal areas as well as most of the low lying areas especially along the main river valleys as well as foot of terraces. The terrestrial Beruas Formation/Talo U Dang formation or colluvial and alluvial sediments were transported by river stream. Based on lithology, heavy minerals content, grain size, characteristics and colour, this formation is mainly of fluvial deposits related to the existing river system. The deposits comprise predominantly sandy clay, clay and sand with minor gravels and peat. On the Malaysian side, the marine deposits is represented by the Gula Formation which is distributed along the coastal areas. The Gula Formation is divisible into two members; namely Port Weld and Matang Gelugor Members which correlatable with Ao Son and Ao Chak formations of Thailand respectively. The Langkawi igneous bodies can be divided into two units, namely; the Raya and Kuah Granites that are correlatable with the Adang and Rawi Granites on the Thai side respectively. The granites exposed in the central part of Pulau Langkawi, Pulau Dayang Bunting and Pulau Tuba. On the Thai side the granitic rocks only exposed in the Adang-Rawi Archipelago. The structural geology of the Langkawi-Tarutao area generally corresponds to the regional tectonic pattern of the Peninsular Malaysia-Thailand with a slight variance as compared to the regional pattern in places. The active period of tectonic activity especially related to the Bentong-Raub Suture Zone during the Triassic and India-Eurasia collision might be responsible for the formation of major structures in the transect area during the occurrences of igneous intrusion and uplifting. In Langkawi, the occurrence of iron had been reported in Pulau Dayang Bunting. The industrial minerals that are potential to be exploited are rock aggregate for construction purposes, clays for the brick and ceramic industries and limestone for cement as well as for dimension stones industries. Mineral potential at the sea floor in the Tarutao area has been studied by the Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand by using offshore geophysics, seismic anomalies, drilling and geochemical surveys in 1972, 1980 and 1999. The mineralization is found related to the granites in the Adang-Rawi area, and subsequent hydrothermal activities. The sea sediments between Adang, Rawi and Lipe Islands were recorded as the potential areas for Sn-oxide and heavy minerals. Langkawi Islands was successfully accepted by the UNESCO as 52nd member of the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) on 1st June 2007 giving it international validation for its claim as a geopark. With that status, Langkawi Islands that is already one of the famous tourist spots in the country become more attractive to the tourist worldwide. It is a perfect place to be visited not only by tourist, but also by scientific community as it possesses the wonderful geological heritage sites as well as other invaluable scientific values. There are many sites where interesting geological features possessing scientific, educational, cultural and aesthetic values can be observed in Tarutao area that are suitable to be promoted as geological heritage sites. Systematic study has to be carried out and encouraging reports has to be submitted to the UNESCO in order to obtained international recognition as a geopark. 39 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Geoscience Education on Slinky Seismometer and Earthquake through the Distance Learning Program in Thailand. Dhiti Tulyatid* and Dean Livelybrooks**

*Mahidol University, Kanchanabui Campus, 199 Mu 9 Lumsum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi **University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A. Abstract We carried out five sessions of two-hour two-way teacher professional development on the Slinky Seismometer and earthquake. The program were transmitted live to Thai K-12 teachers and others starting mid-August, 2015 via satellite. The materials make use of basic physics and math to explain how the Slinky Seismometer works in detecting signals and how seismic data is analyzed. The TC-1 Slinky Seismometer acts as a simple harmonic oscillator, employing electromagnetic induction of a moving magnet within a wire coil. Movement of the lower magnet within an electrically conductive pipe dampens motion such that P-, S- and Surface wave phases can be identified. Further, jAmaSeis software can be configured to simultaneously show live signals from three TC-1s and has tools necessary to pick phases for earthquake signals and, thus, locate earthquake epicenters. The program was a result of a long-standing collaboration between the Thai Royal Distance Learning Foundation and the University of Oregon (UO). Dean Livelybrooks of UO has and continued to develop the program. UO graduate and undergraduate physics majors played critical roles in this outreach effort. Dhiti of Mahidol University provided interpretation and comments during the live sessions. The program can be viewed at Distance Learning Foundation website: www.dlf.ac.th. Our next step involves the setting up of the Thai Slinky Seismometer Network. Networking with other countries in the East and Southeast Asia region is also equally important on the development of geoscience education.

Keywords: Geoscience education, Slinky Seismometer, Distance Learning.

Geosciences supporting urban flood mitigation Kristiina Nuottimäki, Jaana Jarva, Philipp Schmidt-Thomé

Geological Survey of Finland

Abstract Urban flood modelling became increasingly topical during the 21st century due to heavy flooding events which have caused threat to human lives as well as very expensive damages to infrastructure and buildings. The increase of the heavy intensity rainfalls, new housing development in areas previously covered with permeable ground and old drainage systems have been identified to be the main factors of the increase in storm water flooding within urban areas. The Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) has created a simplified GIS- methodology to identify areas prone to urban floods. These problem areas were identified by using data from overall soil infiltration capacity, surface topography and soil sealing. It is possible to identify the areas prone to urban floods with multiple factors contributing to flooding by reclassifying and combining datasets in ArcGIS. Resulting maps were verified by comparing potential flood prone areas with known flood occurrences in cities. Urban flood risk maps are based on an overlay of flood maps (hazards) and land use plans (vulnerability). Land use plans are used to describe vulnerability as an indicator of functionality and safety of society. The resulting urban flood risk map enables estimating the most suitable areas for building and development, as well as areas that are in need of storm water control. Such risk maps can also offer support in securing the infrastructure and daily functions of a city in estimating accessibility for rescue services. Analysis of the risk maps revealed that many areas with a high flood potential were actually designed to be built up. The inadequate land use planning practices comprised also excessive soil sealing where natural conditions would not enhance flooding – thus, artificially creating flood prone areas. To better manage the urban floods nature based “green” and “blue” solutions, such as wetlands, flood plains and retention ponds can offer several benefits in preventing and mitigating urban floods. Such flood mitigation can be created by utilizing the natural characteristics of a site. These solutions have often high social acceptance and can be used as non-regret and multi-functional structures (parks, meadows, sport areas). In addition to mitigate floods, nature based solutions may improve air quality, support local biodiversity, reduce heat island effects and offer well-being and recreation to local inhabitants. As practice has shown, urban geological applications can strongly support the development of safer, more sustainable and healthier living environments. It would benefit land use planning practices to determine whether the geological environment is favourable for urban development planning. References Nuottimäki, K., Jarva, J. 2015. A qualitative approach for identifying areas prone to urban floods with the support of LiDAR. GFF. 15p. 16.10.2015. Jarva, J., Nuottimäki, K., Kankaanpää, S. & Tarvainen, P. 2014. Climate-Proof Living Environment - Methodologies, tools and practical recommendations for climate change adaptation in the Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa regions and the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. Geological Survey of Finland Special Paper 91. 54 p. 41 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Gold Mineralization at the Mong Yawng -Tar Lay Area, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar Aung Kyaw Moe1, Myint Ko2, Myint Soe3 and Ye Myint Swe4

Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Abstract The Mong Yawng - Tar Lay area, Eastern Shan State is situated in Sukhothai Terrane located between two parallel tectonic sutures of Palaeo-Tethys suture zone and Back-arc basin suture. The area is characterized by folded and faulted sequence of shallow- marine sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks with I-type granitoids, mostly of Permian to Triassic ages. The gold mineralization at Wan Pawt, near Mong Yawng occurs as sediment-hosted epithermal style within the siltstone, mudstone and phyllite interbedded with volcanoclastic rocks, rhyolite and dacite. Gold mineralization is mainly confined to extensional zone related directly to the lateral movement of NE trending Mong Yawng Fault system. The Wall-rock alteration includes silicification, clay alteration and associated with fine sulphide dissemination. Based on the field investigation, the mineralization has a strike-length of approximately 850 m and 600 meters in width. At Tar Lay east area, gold mineralization is hosted in granite and occurs as gold- sulphides bearing quartz veinlets and as well as stockwork / dissemination style. Pegmatite and microdiorite dykes are also observed in granitic rocks. Small scale gold worksite with heap leached pads are observed in an area of nearly 7 km x 2 km. Gold extraction is mainly carried out in weathered and oxidized zone of more than 20 meters depth. Geochemical analysis also indicates that gold is associated with elevated values of silver, copper, arsenic and antimony.

Ground crack investigation along the Mae Lao Fault after the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand Weerachat Wiwegwin1 ,Thunchanok Kawinate1 and Phimonmat Kengtankorn1,2

1 Bureau of Environmental Geology, Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand 2 Bureau of Location and Design, Department of Highways, Thailand (present affiliation) *Corresponding author: Weerachat Wiwegwin Email: [email protected] Extended abstract According to the Thai Metrological Department (TMD) reported, the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake occurred on 5 May 2014, and an epicenter was located in the Mae Lao area, Chiang Rai, at a shallow depth of 7.0 km (TMD, 2014). Damage was reported from this event, particularly in the Mae Lao, Mae Suai, and Phan districts, Chiang Rai province. Sand boils induced by this earthquake were reported in the region. Highway and road were split by serious cracks; e.g., along the highway 118 (Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai) at km 151–152 from Chiang Mai. Ground cracks on the paddy field were reported in the Mae Lao, Mae Suai, and Phan districts. Moreover, ground cracks on the mountain areas were also reported in the Mae Phrik subdistrict, Mae Suai district, Chiang Rai province. These ground cracks were found a few days after the earthquake. It is possibly that these ground cracks are caused by the ML 6.3 Mae Lao Earthquake because these ground cracks locate close to the Mae Lao Fault. Moreover, it will be become to landslide in case of heavy rainfall, and may result in some damages to people’s house. Our research team has surveyed the ground cracks that were reported by the local people in the Mae Phrik subdistrict, Mae Suai district, Chiang Rai province. We found that the ground cracks can often be observed in the landslide scars. We doubt of the formation of the ground cracks and landslide scars; it is either both ground cracks and landslide scars caused by the earthquake or heavy rainfall. Therefore, to better understand and clarify the formation of the ground cracks and landslide scars, then, the IKONOS image of the study area recorded before the ML 6.3 Mae Lao Earthquake is checked; the results revealed that the landslide scars can be mapped on the IKONOS image. Moreover, these landslide scars have been confirmed by the land owner that these landslide scars were firstly generated by heavy rainfall several years ago. However, ground cracks have been found immediately after the ML 6.3 Mae Lao Earthquake by the same land owner. The IKONOS image recorded after the ML 6.3 Mae Lao Earthquake is also checked. Unfortunately, the data of the IKONOS image recorded after the Mae Lao Earthquake are not available, therefore, we applied the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) or Drone to map the ground crack location. Based on the UAV or Drone image interpretation, we found that the size of existing landslide scar ranges from 25 m to 50 m, showing a U-shaped scar. Main scarp can be mapped clearly on the margin of the existing landslide scar, also ground cracks can be observed inside of the existing landslide scar, as shown by 40-cm-high minor scarp and transverse cracks. These ground cracks should be controlled by the important factors 43 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

including unstable zone of landslide scar, high water table, soil type, and intensity of the quake. Soil profiles across these ground cracks have been done. We found that the cracks can be observed in the profile, and should possibly be linked to the main surface rupture of the pre-existing slope failure. Soil units in the profiles were collected to identify using physical properties of the soils. The results of physical properties of the soils indicate that most soils from the profiles are silt and clay of low to medium plasticity (CH, MH, ML, and CL). A few sand units can be observed in the profiles (SP and SW). These soils can often be observed in landslide areas in Thailand (Jotisankasa and Vathananukij, 2008). However, no heavy rainfall in Mae Suai areas were reported during May 2014. Pananont et al. (2014) and Wiwegwin et al. (2015) reported the aftershock of the Mae Lao earthquake with a magnitude of Richter 5.2, occurred on the southern section of the Mae Lao Fault on 5 May 2014. This epicenter is about 12 km to the northwest of the ground cracks. While, the mainshock of the earthquake is about 20 km to the northeast of the ground cracks. Keefer (1984) reported the earthquake with a magnitude of ML 5.2 can induce the landslide. Thus, it is inferred that the ground cracks are possibly caused by the quake of ML 5.2 rather than the mainshock because an epicenter of ML 5.2 is closer to the Mae Phrick ground cracks. We concluded that the ground cracks should easily be generated in the weak zones of the ground (i.g., fractures and faults in rocks, and existing landslide scar) during the quake. In the future, these ground cracks will be generated to be a landslide in case of heavy rainfall. Thus, we propose that the unstable zone such as fractures and faults in rocks, and existing landslide scars within the active fault zone should be mapped, these data are useful for landslide warning in case of heavy rainfall. References Jotisankasa, A. and Vathananukij, H. (2008) “Investigation of soil moisture characteristics of landslide-prone slopes in Thailand”, International Conference on Management of Landslide Hazard in the Asia- Pacific Region, 11th -15th November 2008 Sendai Japan Keefer, K.D. (1984) “Landslides caused by earthquakes”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 406 - 421. Pananont, P., Habangkham, S., Wongwai, W., Pornsophani, P., Wechbunthung, B., Limpiswat,S. and Kosuwan, S., (2014) “Mainshock and aftershocks characteristics within 24 hours of the M 6.1 Earthquake on May 5th 2014 in Chiang Rai province, Northern Thailand from the Department of Mineral Resources’s seismic network” Lesson learned from the M 6.3 Earthquake on May 5th 2014 in Chiang Rai province, p. 23-29. Thailand Meteorological Department (2014) Earthquake statistics of Thailand, available at http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/inside.html?pageNum_thaievent =35&totalRows_thaievent=2615 Wiwegwin,W., Kosuwan, S., Limpiswat,S., Saithong,P. and Pananont, P. (2015) “ The biggest earthquake of the century in Thailand: ML 6.1Mae Lao earthquake, Chiang Rai province”, Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand 1, 1-11.

Groundwater Conservation Zoning as A Basis for Licensing of Groundwater Use for Sustainable Groundwater Management Case Study in Denpasar-Tabanan Groundwater Basin, Bali Island, Indonesia Idham Effendi, Haryadi, and Taat Setiawan Abstract Groundwater management which is the authority of the government is covering the provision of data and information on groundwater, an inventory of groundwater, groundwater monitoring, preparation and adoption of conservation zones of groundwater, as well as the issuance of technical recommendations to permit the use of groundwater which include commercial use and non-commercial use. Refer to the Technical Guidelines for the Management of Groundwater (MEMR, 2004) which has been modified to put into the Draft Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources on the preparation and adoption of groundwater conservation zones, the stage of evaluation and data analysis in the determination of conservation zones of groundwater include: (1) Delineation of protection zones of groundwater , (2) Evaluate the conditions and environment of groundwater, (3) evaluation of the depth of production wells and aquifers, (4) Evaluation discharge collection groundwater, and (5) Determination of the conservation zone of groundwater, which consisted of the utilization zone of groundwater that includes a safe zone, vulnerable, critical, and broken; and groundwater protection zone which covers an area of groundwater recharge. Based on the evaluation and data analysis, recommendations of groundwater conservation zones groundwater system confined aquifer of Denpasar and Tabanan Groundwater Basin divided into four (4) zones, namely : the Conservation Zone Groundwater I (Vulnerable Zone), Conservation Zone Groundwater II ( Safe zone I) and Groundwater Conservation zone III (Safe zone II), and the Groundwater Conservation zone IV (area of groundwater recharge) A decrease in groundwater level and groundwater quality degradation is likely to continue going in Denpasar and Tabanan Groundwater Basin today, especially in confined aquifer system, shows that efforts to conserve groundwater in the basin should be improved. Activities to disseminate about the understanding of groundwater conditions and environment in Denpasar and Tabanan Groundwater Basin and understanding of legislation on groundwater management should be improved to local government officials, companies holding licenses, or other parties.

Keywords: groundwater basin, groundwater management, groundwater conservation 45 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Groundwater Exploration in Tonle Sab Basin, Cambodia Chea Socheat

Engineer of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, MSc in Energy Study Ministry of Mines and Energy, Cambodia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The major supply source of drinking water in Cambodia during the dry season depends on groundwater and 53% of Cambodia households use groundwater resources. In Cambodia, groundwater is available almost everywhere except in the central part of the kingdom where locate in Tonle Sap basin. As the drinking water supply in rural area is one of priority aspect of the government’s strategic development plan caused the Asia Development Bank (ADB) to provide the financial support to carried out the project of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey for finding the groundwater aquifer. This project is a subcomponent of the Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program in five provinces namely Kampong Chhnang, Purthsat, Battambang, Siem Reap and Kampong Thom where locate surrounding Tonle Sap Lake. The work describes in this paper firstly starts with the short review of the survey purpose that focus on the groundwater aquifer exploration for drinking water supply to the 112 villages, where locate in survey areas at the central part of Cambodia. Moreover, the hydrology and geological condition of the survey areas is described such as the Triassic micro-grain granite that covers the survey area in Kampong Chhnang province and the rest of survey area where shown that the geological structure is quaternary sedimentary alluvium with the unknown exact thickness in Tonle Sap basin. The second work demonstrates the type of survey equipment and methodology of the survey including how to conduct the exploration process. The equipment of VES was SYSCAL R2 and its capacity was able to find the underground aquifer down to 160 meters depth. It was utilized for conducting the survey with Wenner-Schlumberger method and totally 336 lines of VES survey were conducted in target area. Finally, in the conclusion the drilling points are recommended base on the result of the survey for future water well drilling activity. However, because of the paper size limitation all the result of survey cannot illustrate in this paper.

Groundwater resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion; collaborative resource management to increase resilience Rien A.C. Dam1 & Ramasamy Jayakumar2, with contributions from Adichat Surinkum3, Paul Pavelic4, Robyn Johnston4 and Nienke Ansems5

1 The Netherlands, [email protected]; 2 UNESCO Bangkok, [email protected]; 3 CCOP Technical Secretariat, Bangkok, [email protected] 4 IWMI-Laos, [email protected] ; 5 IWMI-Myanmar, [email protected] ; Nienke Ansems, [email protected] Abstract This paper provides an overview of the overall scope, approach and implementation plan for a Greater Mekong Subregion collaboration programme on groundwater resources management to support resilience of vulnerable groups towards climate change. The programme will support regional cooperation focusing on transboundary aquifers in four pilot areas and address the following five major components: 1.Groundwater resource assessment & monitoring: production of a unified groundwater resource inventory and common (GMS) approach to address challenges of climate change and resilience; information-based policy to manage resources and further develop resilience strategies. 2.Priority use & stakeholders: Activities to ensure groundwater users (in different sectors) are involved and aware of resource management issues and have access to information and guidelines that can support more sustainable use across the region; a level playing field across the region. 3.Resource management, information tools & equipment: Resource management concepts and tools, unified information system and information products, varying from strategic (multi)national policy support to practical guidelines for end-users and regulation for different sectoral users (industry, agriculture, domestic water supply). 4.Regional dissemination and coordination: A regionally coherent policy for climate adaptation through sustainable groundwater resource management; equal access to resources for all sectoral users in the region, efficiency gains in common approach and support tools. 5.Capacity building and training: Internal capacity in the Greater Mekong Subregion to develop climate change adaptation policy and practical interventions, to use state- of-the-art tools and work with stakeholders including vulnerable groups. The programme is advanced with support of UNESCO-Bangkok, CCOP-TS, and experts from IWMI and IGRAC and, when funding from the Adaptation Fund (https://www.adaptation- fund.org/) is approved, will be implemented with support from groundwater agencies in the five participating countries.

47 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Groundwater Temperature Map for Heat Pump Installation in Mueang Chiang Mai District, Thailand Chanakan Wisessan1 and Fongsaward Suvagondha Singharajwarapan2

1 Department of Geological Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. 2 Instructor,Department of Geological Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Shallow groundwater temperature and hydrochemical characteristic are two essential parameters in evaluating the suitability of heat pump installation application. Temperature must be constant and the necessary primary parameters of hardness, alkalinity, total dissolved solid and pH were used to calculate the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) and the Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) to make a qualitative determination of heat pump installation suitability. Focusing on Shallow groundwater temperature measurements of 45 shallow wells at depth less than 10 meters in Mueang Chiang Mai District, the result of temperature measurement can be divided into 3 main groups using different condition consisting of climate, hydrogeologic unit and land use. The plots of temperature-depth profiles showed constant temperature at depth of more than 2 meters below ground surface and average shallow groundwater temperature while considered under each condition is quite similar. The mean shallow groundwater temperature were average at 26.48°C, 26.46°C and 26.74°C for cool, hot and rainy seasons respectively. Under different hydrogeologic units, the shallow groundwater temperature showed no obvious differentiation. The flood plain deposits aquifer had higher shallow groundwater temperature than young terrace and old terrace deposits aquifers. Under different land use conditions, a noticeable difference can be concluded. The result of shallow groundwater temperature measurement ranges from 23.76 – 28.84 °C below ground surface with an average of 26.6°C that was lower than monthly mean of maximum atmospheric temperature. The analytical results of hydeochemical indicate water of acidic to alkaline conditions and soft water to very hard water type. The LSI and the RSI range from -3.23 – 0.37 and 6.85 – 12.46 which indicate groundwater of slightly scale forming and corrosion to serious corrosion, and little scale or corrosion to corrosion intolerable, respectively. This study identified shallow groundwater map for potential heat pump installation. The central toward western area has moderate potential for heat pump installation provided a treatment of corrosive groundwater quality while eastern part has high potential for heat pump installation. Keywords: Shallow groundwater, Temperature, Heat Pump, Chiang Mai 48

High-resolution crustal structure investigations for potential large earthquakes and active volcano by seismic imaging approach with dense seismic array

1 1 2 Liaoliang Wang , Guanghong Tu and Zhiwei Li

1Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou 510075, China 2State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China Abstract In the continental crust, most large earthquakes occurred along the a ctive and deep faults in the crust, especially near the tectonic block boundaries. Since the active and deep faults in the crust take a risk of the potential large earthquakes, it is very important to develop a cheap and convenient approach to investigate the detail structures of these faults. At the same time, a reliable knowledge of the distribution of magmatic reservoirs under active volcanoes is also needed to evaluate the potential danger from powerful volcanic eruptions. Three-dimensional velocity structures from seismic studies are sensitive to the partial melting and high temperature of the magma, which can produce permanent low velocity anomaly and provide importan t information on the distribution of possible magma reservoirs in the crust and upper mantle. Large advances in seismology have been made by the rapid progress made in ambient noise tomography over the past decade. Detailed upper crustal structures can be probed with dense seismic array in regions even without active earthquakes. The ambient noise tomography method has also been proven very effective to investigate the magma distribution beneath the volcanoes, as well as active and deep faults. Benefit from the low-cost short-period (0.2~100 Hz), three- component seismometers, in order to study the detailed 3 -D velocity structures and investigate the active and deep faults in the northeast Tibetan plateau, we deployed 43 seismometers with ~ 10 km intervals in 2015. Seismic ambient noise tomography are conducted and clear velocity contrast are found between different tectonic blocks. The geometry of the active and deep faults are verified by the seismic imaging with dense array, which may relate to the large earthquakes in the history. In order to improve the resolution of seismic imaging in this area, we deploy more than 120 seismometers with ~10 km intervals in the northeast Tibetan plateau in 2016. 3 -D velocity models with higher resolution are expected. Our seismic imaging approach with dense seismic array can also be applied in anywhere else, such as Southeast Asia, for investigating the active and deep faults in the crust, as well as active volcanoes, which may provide helpful information on potential risks for large earthquake and volcano eruption.

Key words: crustal structure; seismic imaging approach; dense seismic array 49 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Integrated research on coastal geology towards sustainable deltas Yoshiki Saito

Geological Survey of Japan, AIST e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Human activities and global changes in recent decades have had serious impacts on river-coast continuums. The rivers of the member-country region of CCOP delivered huge amount of sediment to the coastal zone, which reached a half of global sediment discharge from the land to the ocean: ~3 billion tons from the Asian continent and ~7 billion tons from mountainous islands annually in this region (Milliman and Farnsworth, 2013). Wide coastal plains and deltas created by riverine sediment provide a series of natural habitats and resources, and are vital for agriculture, fisheries, energy, transportation, industries, and tourism, as well as mega-cities in this region. We receive a lot of benefit from nature. However, most of deltas are at risk from human activities and global changes; e.g., shortage of sediment due to damming, irrigation, and sand mining, land-use changes, subsidence, sea- level rise. Presently large rivers in the region deliver only ~20% of the former level in terms of sediment discharge. How can we sustain the deltas while using natural resources, and how can we reduce the risk of natural hazards? The answers must be based on natural system functioning in the delta and coastal areas, and from viewpoints of a river-coast continuum. For the evaluation and management of deltas and coasts, basic geological/geomorphological information and monitoring deltas have become more important recently. The roles of CCOP will be to share latest knowledge on deltas and coasts, to share technology on up-to-date survey and monitoring methods and counter-measure from advanced delta research, and to promote collaborative research for upgrading of basic information in each country and capacity building through knowledge/technology transfer.

Milliman, J.D., Farnsworth, K.L. (2013) River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean. A Global Synthesis. Cambridge University Press, 394p.

Karst Depression Detection Using IFSAR-derived Digital Elevation Model: A Tool for Karst Subsidence Hazard Assessment in Panglao, Bohol, Philippines Liza Socorro J. Manzano1, Kevin L. Garas1, Ross Dominic D. Agot1, Mark Carlo M. Canlas1 and Madonna Feliz B. Madrigal1

1Mines and Geosciences Bureau Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Karst geomorphological studies traditionally employ the use of topographic map and aerial photographs to identify limestone terrain and to detect karst features and geologic structures that are critical to karst development. Through the availability of high-resolution satellite images and geospatial data, fast and more accurate identification and delineation of geomorphic features can be done to effectively help geoscientists during the actual field mapping activity. This paper aims to determine the efficiency of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR)-derived Digital Elevation Model (IFSAR-DEM) to identify, quantify and characterize karst depressions using ArcGIS 10.0. IFSAR employs pairs of high resolution SAR images to generate high quality terrain elevation maps using phase interferometry methods on a dense grid of sample points with 1 meter accuracy. The method uses water flow simulation approach that incorporates a) watershed delineation; b) sink-and-fill to extract depression features; c) sink-depth measurements and classification; and d) validation of detected karst depressions using 3D modelling. The 3D modelling was done to visualize the location of such depressions using Hyperspectral Google Satellite Image of 2013-2014 and Digital Terrain Model. This semi-automated karst depression/sinkhole detection technique is a tool in the conduct of sinkhole inventory, which is an important component of karst subsidence hazard assessment. The method has been pre-tested in the assessment conducted in the Municipality of Panglao, Bohol. Initial closed-depression analysis using 1991 NAMRIA 1:50,000 scale topographic map counted 15 sinkholes in Panglao. Using 5-m high resolution IFSAR- DEM, there are 820 sinkholes detected, 424 of which are delineated through detailed ground truth to validate the presence of karst depressions. Ground truth includes basic morphometric analysis, such as common sinkhole size, shape and depth, to eliminate false positives. Threshold values in sink depth of >1.0 and aperture size of >10 m were designated to distinguish true sinkholes with overall maximum accuracy. This GIS-based tool is deemed helpful to generate high-resolution karst subsidence susceptibility map that will guide local planners and engineers, as well as policy-makers, in land use and development planning.

51 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Karst Hydrogeological System in West Sumba, Sumba Island, Indonesia Taat Setiawan, Agus Hermansyah, Willy Hermawan and Nofi M. Alfan A. Abstract This study aimed to determine the karst hydrogeological system Sumba Barat based on lineament analysis, hydrogeological observation and prediction of resistivity, analysis of hydro-isotope 18O and 2H, as well as hydro-geochemical, in the form of CaCO3 saturation index and the partial pressure of CO2 in groundwater samples. From field investigations; found 23 karst springs, scattered mainly in Kars Plato Units and Units Hills Kars. Groundwater flow pattern in the Hills Unit of Kars is mainly controlled by the fracture system trending northwest-southeast to north-south and flows into Force Plato Kars, which is controlled by the fracture system and normal faults. The results of the analysis of resistivity estimation shows that there are two aquifer system at Unit Kars Plato, namely the upper aquifer with a thickness of approximately 10 m and aquifers bottom with a thickness of more than 60 m. Both the aquifer system is connected by a system fault and fracture. The main recharge area is located on a high lineament density zone located above elevation 450 maml. Groundwater in the area have smaller amounts of isotopes 18O and 2H, high CO2 partial pressure, and the solution in unsaturated conditions until equilibrium (SICaCO3 <0.1) indicating that groundwater interacts with rocks in a relatively short time. Spring water springs in the area are generally seasonal to permanent. Regional groundwater discharge area located at the level of elevation of 390-450 maml with the spreading is almost the same as the unit of Kars Plato Waekabubak. Groundwater in this area has the character of high content of isotopes 18O and 2H, low CO2 partial pressure, and the solution in a saturated condition (SICaCO3> 0.1) which shows relatively long in the ground water interacting with rocks. The springs in this area is permanent and there are springs and artesian wells drilled indicate the presence of confined aquifer system.

KIGAM’s Study on Road Collapse in the Urban Environment: UGS Convergence Project Interim Report. Byoung-Woo Yum1, Byeongju Jung, Eunseok Bang, Hong-Jin Lee, Sueng Won Jeong, Dongwoo Ryu, Sung Woong Kim, Jung Hwi Kimh2 and In-Hwan Lee3

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Republic of Korea 2Dept. of Resource Recycling and Environmental Eng., Jungwon Univ., Republic of Korea 3UGS Convergence Research Department, Electronics & Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This report’s challenge is the road collapse of major cities in the Republic of Korea, which are caused 1) by the old sewer and water supply pipes, 2) during the subway construction, and 3) during the building construction in the cities. The Convergence R&D Project, entitled “Development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based Urban Underground Utility Monitoring and Management System”, shortly UGS Project is aiming to prevent the artificial road collapse and the urban sinkholes in the Korean mega-cities. The consortium of 4 governmental institutes (ETRI, KICT, KRRI, and KIGAM) is actively participating in the project, seeking the solutions for efficient underground monitoring system and the securing safety from the unexpected subsurface events for 3 years till the end of 2017. This is an interim report for KIGAM to have been done for 1.5 years from 2015: 1) To evaluate the road collapse mechanism and select the effective influencing factors, field and laboratory scaled sinkhole model tests have been performed; 2) in-situ real-time monitoring of groundwater level, turbidity, and quality, and soil temperature, electrical conductivity, moisture content and water potential is conducted; 3) RFID and thermal images monitoring system are designed to detect the upward growth of underground cavities near ground surface. The monitoring results will transport to UGS middleware and store as a big data, and KIGAM establish its own Web GIS-based system separately to illustrate various features and to analyze, which is finally applied to SRI (sinkhole/subsidence risk index) values to the UGS system and is ultimately distributed to the public and to the stakeholders. Keywords: road collapse, underground facility, monitoring, management, SRI 53 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Korean Carbon Resources of Recycling Technologies (CCUS) to the Developing Countries for Sustainable Society Ji Whan Ahn1

1Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, 124 Gwahagno, Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Currently, global warming is an emerging issue caused by excess of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Over the past decade CO2 emissions were raised annually, but the real utilization of CO2 is very limited. This present paper concerns about the Korean carbon resources recycling technologies (CCUS) to the developing countries for sustainable society. The coal byproducts were very toxic and harmful to environment. The CO2 utilization is more advantageous than storage. Here we reported the real utilization of CO2 from flue gases emissions from MSWI pilot plants into waste paper recycling industry and green cement manufacturing. A demonstration plant established in Korea thatwill stably conduct a solid-solution treatment on independently condensed CO2 from landfill gas, with core technology. This demonstration plant has capable of treating 50,000ton/year of inorganic wastes, such as municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, and capture 3,000 ton/year of CO2.We have successfully established demonstration of MSWI bottom ash treatment and utilization of real flu gases. Carbonation is one of the cost effective and ecofriendly process for the stabilization of heavy metals by using limestone and limestone mixture from power plants waste or sludge. This accelerated carbonation is more suitable process for CO2 capture and utilization. Keywords: Carbon resources, Recycling technologies, MSWI recycling, green cement 54

Li coal mine closure plan and rehabilitation according to Community requirements Mongkon Pornchuenchoovong, Boonyoung Tepsut and Apiradee Jitpiemwiriya

Mineral Resources and Mining, Engineering Office, SCG Cement Co. Ltd Abstract Since 1996, SCG Cement Co., Ltd has been operating Li coal mine which covered an area of 228-2-9 Rai, 70 Rai of which was mining area. Total coal produced was 0.8 cubic ton. However, mining license expired in 2015 and the company set Li coal mine as an example for mining closure plan which is designed to meet the goals from local people and government office in terms of rehabilitation, biodiversity, and quality development both in environmental and in social aspects. Moreover, SCG started to implement the plan during operating period according to “Mine model for community advantage” Mining closure plan can be categorized into 3 stages as follows. 1.Before closure: Coal seams surrounding mining wall was buried with clay and soil to contain pollutants from coal and coal associated with topsoil was washed out. Furthermore, trees and vegetation were planted in mining areas and transportation routes. 2.During rehabilitation: SCG collaborated with Suranaree University of Technology to analyze mine’s slope stability to make sure that the slope did not exceed 18 degrees and find out why water leaching through coal and soil layers in mine was acidic. Moreover, Chiang Mai University, another university with which SCG collaborated, has found that limestone can be used a reagent to reduce manganese from 5.69 mg/l to 0.11 mg/l and lower water’s acidity in the mine from pH 6.2 to 7.5 3.During handover procedure: landscape was modified under “made by heart” concept. This was a collaborative activity among government, local people, and SCG to transform Li coal mine into tourist attraction and recreational area. Also, the uncontaminated water can be used for agricultural purposes in drought season. The three stages of mining closure according to “Mine Model for community advantage” have been continuously on process and well-supported by SCG’s executives. Local people and government office were also extremely collaborative, resulting in no conflicts and problems in this area. To let local people take part in sustaining such area, SCG handed over the company land right which covering the mine to Lamphun Province’s Administrative and the local community in September 2016.

55 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Magnetotelluric survey: A tool to probe the deep ground water

1 2 Weerachai Siripunvaraporn and Kriangsak Pirarai

1Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Rachatawee, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand 2Department of Groundwater Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 26/83 Soi Ngamwongwan 54, Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao,Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract During the dry season, the demand for water is high in most part of Thailand. Ground water seems to be one of the solutions that can help relieving the water shortage. However, in some areas, it is difficult to access the shallow ground water as it is neither available nor contaminated. To over these problems, a deep ground water becomes very interested as it is clean and contains large volume. Recently, a Magnetotelluric (MT) technique relying on the electromagnetic (EM) waves generated by lightning around the world and the solar storms to probe the resistivity structure beneath the Earth has made a significant progress. It is heavily used in geothermal exploration and tectonic studies around the world. Its advantage over other EM methods is that it can “sense” deep structure. In this work, we present the feasibility study of using the MT survey to probe for the deep ground water. By constructing the 3-D “synthetic” resistivity structures to fit with the different geologies of Thailand, we found that MT method can help detect the deep ground water if (1) it has a higher resistivity contrast with its host, (2) it is not deeper than 1.5 kilometer depth and (3) it is not “too” thin.

Keywords: Deep Groundwater; Magnetotelluric; Thailand

Marine Geological and Hydro Oceanographic Data for Site Seaport Location Selection At Sampit Bay and Its Surrounding, East Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan I Wayan Lugra, I Nyoman Astawa, Udaya Kamiludin, and Deny Setiady1

1Marine Geological Institute, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces of Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Sampit Bay is one of many main gates to enter the Central Kalimantan Province, because there is Mentaya River Mouth as an access to the Sampit Harbour as a main port at its province. Until now, the Sampit Bay only used as anchored for big ships waiting turn to enter Sampit Port. The methods used are coastal characteristic mapping, seafloor surficial sediment sampling, grain size analyses, echosounding, and current measurement. Sampit bay has sandy coast, sand of sea floor surficial sediment, and gradation of sea floor morphology which is suitable for sea port location. On the other hand, the velocity of the surface and midle current in the bay ranging between 0.1 – 0.3 m/second which is dominated by south east direction. The mentioned velocity is under threshold for safety ship anchoraged. Besides that, most of the bay open to the wind from west and south west facing Java Sea, where the velocity ranging from 5 – 13 m/second which is included into weak catagories. Location is recommended to be sea port candidate in the south of Ujung Pandaran. Keywords: Sampit Bay, Port location, Coastal characteritistic, Seafloor sediment, Current velocity.

57 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Massive Iron Ore Deposit, Hwe Hpa Area, Mong Yawng, Myanmar Han Naing Zaw1, Myint Soe2

Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The Hwe Hpa area, 4 km north of Mong Yawng, Eastern Shan State is situated within the northern continuation of Sukhothai Terrane developed as a Permian island arc marginal to the Indochina Terrane. The area composed mainly of Paleozoic sedimentary and meta- sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, siltstone, slate, phyllite and quartzite intruded by granitic rocks of the Permian to late Triassic age. The iron ore occurs as massive type elongated bodies intermittently exposed along the total length of 1.8 km and average width of 70 m within the siltstone and mudstone units. The major ore minerals include magnetite and hematite with minor amount of limonite and pyrite. Geochemical analysis indicated that iron ore contains 60.33-65.61% Fe, 21-36ppm Cu, 59- 141ppm Pb and 13-121ppm Zn. The possible age of mineralization may be Permian to late Triassic, base on Paleo- Tethys suturing and granitoid emplacement in the area. The probable ore reserve is estimated to be 22.17 million tons with an average grade of 62.96 % Fe.

Keywords: Hwe Hpa, Mong Yawng, Iron Ore

Mesozoic vertebrate footprints discoveries from the ASEAN Tida Liard1*, Romain Liard2

1 Sirindhorn Museum, Sahatsakhan, Kalasin 46140, Thailand 2 Department of Biology, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Many vertebrate footprints discoveries have been made lately in several localities from the ASEAN community. The footprints found are diverse with some of them showing unique characteristics. They are found in Mesozoic continental formations corresponding to the Indochinese red beds. Not every country from the ASEAN possesses red beds and not every red bed have been surveyed for vertebrate remains. However, recent studies from the area have been showing promising results. The first fossil vertebrate footprints discovery from the ASEAN was reported from Thailand (Buffetaut et al, 1985) and it was an assemblage of theropod footprints from the Phu Phan Formation in Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary, Loei Province. Since then, Mesozoic vertebrate footprints have been discovered in Thailand from six different continental formations, ranging in age from the Late Triassic (Norian) to the Late Early Cretaceous (Aptian- Albian). Most of the others ASEAN countries have only recently started to evaluate the potential of their continental formations for vertebrate remains. In this study, we will present a short summary of the footprints discoveries from each ASEAN formations. Outside of the need for further studies, we would like to highlight the potential of these footprint sites for geotourism and geoscience education and thus the need for conservation. Conservation issues differ for each site as it rely largely on the nature and settings of each discovery. Collaborations between departments, universities, museums and agencies of the ASEAN countries could prompt the drawing of a common conservation and promotion framework in order to help the preservation of these valuable discoveries. Keywords: Mesozoic vertebrate footprints 59 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Mineral chemistry of granitic rocks in Wang Nam Khiao area, Nakhon Ratchasima, Northeastern Thailand: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting Alongkot Fanka1, and Chakkaphan Sutthirat1,*

1Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand *email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Granitic rocks have been exposed in Wang Nam Khiao area, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeastern Thailand, in which they are characterized by hornblende-biotite granite and biotite granite. The hornblende-biotite granite mainly contains plagioclase, K-feldspar, quartz, hornblende, biotite with accessories of zircon, titanite, and opaque minerals. The biotite granite is composed of K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and opaque minerals. According to mineral chemistry, K-feldspar in both granitic rocks are orthoclase in composition; plagioclase is characterized by albite in the biotite granite and albite-labradorite in the hornblende-biotite granite. Biotite shows annite-siderrophyllite composition that can be classified as Mg-biotite in both granites. Hornblende in hornblende-biotite granite presents mostly edenite composition. Plots of biotite composition can indicate process of crystallization of the magma which suggests that the magma may have related to calc- alkaline series within subduction terrane. In addition, compositional plots of hornblende conformably indicate that crystallization process appears to have occurred within arc- affinities. As the results, this granitic terrane should have originated as arc magmatism within the Loei Fold Belt that may associate with the subduction of Palaeo-Tethys beneath Indochina terrane. Keywords: Mineral chemistry, Petrogenesis, Granite, Thailand 60

Mineral Productions of Thailand beyond Year 2000 and Their Corresponding Mining Geology. Pramual Jenkunawat

Department of Primary Industries and Mines, Ministry of Industry, Thailand Abstract The Department of Primary Industries and Mines is responsible for promoting and supporting mining industries to raise the industrial productivity and competitiveness and to protect environmental quality and public safety. While over 40 types of mineral resources have been found in Thailand, only about 20 types are currently exploited. This includes industrial rocks, metallic minerals, and etc. Total remaining quantities are approximately 20 billion metric ton. Total remaining minable reserves/resources is about 6,000 million metric ton. Mineral productions from the year 2000-2015 can be classified into varieties based on CRISCO resource classification schemes modified according to the UNFC-1997 criteria. . Minerals for infrastructural development are those in cement industry including limestone, shale, gypsum, laterite, minerals for construction including aggregate and dimension stone accounted for 4,214 million metric ton. Minerals for energy including ignite oil shale were totally 2,200 million metric ton. Minerals for economic and industrial support are precious metals including gold and silver, metal minerals including iron, lead, zinc, antimony, tin, and manganese. Industrial minerals: kaolin, feldspar, barite, fluorite, and glass sand. Precious stones are ruby, sapphire were 914 million metric ton. Agriculture minerals are potash, dolomite, perlite, phosphate totaled 976 million metric ton. Minerals for high technology support including columbite, tantalite, rare earth (monazite, xenotime) grossed out 85,800 metric ton. Geology of the mineral deposits can be described in term of litofacies, including hard rocks, vein types, skarn deposits, placer deposits, old beaches, swamps and others. Relationships between mineral deposit settings and structural controls, geological controls, tectonic influences were analyzed, using life time experience, to delineate guidelines for non-geologist professionals and new geologists coming into mining business in Thailand.

61 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of tailings and waste rocks from a gold mine in northern Thailand: Implication for a source of toxic elements Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij1, Christoph Hauzenberger2 and Chakkaphan Sutthirat1,3

1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 NAWI Graz Geocenter, Petrology and Geochemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria 3 Environmental Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract In Thailand, environmental impacts from gold mining activities have been pointed out by many communities, particularly villagers surrounding the mines. Various mining wastes may have been generated; some of them may contain hazardous materials such as arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium and cyanide. These components will be released if acid drainage is generated. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental impact which often occurs in metal sulfide mines including gold mine. Mine wastes from the study gold deposit located in the northeastern Thailand are investigated. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of these mine wastes (i.e. tailings and waste rocks) were carried out using microscope, EPMA, XRF and ICP-MS to identify potential of AMD generation and releasing of toxic elements. Tailings are produced by the final process of mineral processing. They have been transported into the tailing storage. These tailing samples can be divided into upper tailings and lower tailings. The upper tailings mainly contain sulfide minerals (pyrrhotite, pyrite ± chalcopyrite) and silicate minerals; consequently, they are defined as potential acid forming (PAF). The lower tailings mainly contain goethite, quartz, chlorite, muscovite, calcite and hematite ± pyrrhotite which they are classified as non-acid forming (NAF). However, the lower tailings contain high contents of As, Cu and Pb. Waste rocks (precious metal-barren rocks) have been dumped at dump sites during mine operation. These waste rocks are characterized by sandstone, siltstone, gossan, skarn, skarn-sulfide, massive sulfide, diorite and limestone/marble. Subsequently, we found that the massive sulfide and skarn-sulfide rocks mainly consist of pyrrhotite, pyrite, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite that are actual source of AMD. Moreover, the gossan rocks appear to be main sources of As (334–810 ppm), Cu (500–7500 ppm) and Zn (45–350ppm). In conclusion, the upper tailings and the massive sulfide/skarn-sulfide rocks have potential of AMD generation whereas the lower tailings and gossan waste rock contain high contents of toxic elements. These toxic elements are unstable under acid drainage and may release into the environment. Therefore, the tailing storage is recommended to be covered to prevent the oxidizing processes of the upper tailings. Moreover, the waste rock dumping sites that contained the massive sulfide and skarn-sulfide rocks should be cover by layers of compacted clay and soil after the mine closure.

Keywords: Tailing, Waste rock, Gold mine, Toxic element, Thailand 62

Nam Phong Sediments for manufacturing of fired-clay bricks in the Northeast of Thailand Kritika Trakoolngam and Sarunya Promkotra

Department of Geotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Nam Phong River sediments have been used for producing fired-clay bricks in the Northeast of Thailand for generations. These bricks are mixed with rice husk ash (RHA) which is an agricultural waste found abundantly in Thailand and all rice growing countries. This paper presents aspects related to the sediment characteristics and geochemistry that affect the strength of fired-clay bricks. The fired-clay bricks and raw materials consisting of Nam Phong stream sediments and RHA from a brick yard were collected and studied to determine its strength and composition. Uniaxial compressive tests were conducted on fired-clay bricks and fired-clay blocks manufactured in the laboratory. The composition of raw materials, fired-clay bricks and fired-clay blocks was identified by semi-quantitative analysis of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data. X-Ray Diffractometry results show that the fired brick composition is approximately 90-98% quartz, 5-7% clay minerals, and less than 1% minor minerals. A grain- size distribution analysis in conjunction with XRD of the Nam Phong stream sediments show that the sediments can be categorized as sandy loam, consisting of 15% coarse sand, 15% medium sand, 40% fine sand, 28% silt and 2% clay. This study concludes that the amount of clay particles from the Nam Phong sediments have a significant effect on the strength of the bricks, i.e. an increase of roughly 20% clay increases the strength as much as 20% (0.20 MPa).

Keywords: Fired-clay bricks, Rice Husk Ash, Nam Phong River, Thailand 63 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Natural Resources Governance and Conflict; Case Analysis of Mindanao, the Philippines Yuri Oki

Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva email: [email protected] Abstract Conflict and natural resources has been a classical topic of discussion in the academic scholarship of Civil war in Political Science. Studies that examine the relationship between conflict and natural resources has been rigorously researched by political scientists using theories of International Relations, Comparative Politics, Sociology and Anthropology. While much of the research that examine the causality of conflict apply the classical 'greed' and 'grievance' debate by Collier and Hoeffler (2004), the 'greed' theory accounting natural resources predation as the driving motivation of violent groups waging civil war, and the group's capacity to continue violence remain the dominant explanation to violence onset. The objective of this study is to present the empirical findings on mineral resources and conflict using a single case study of Mindanao in the southern Philippines. I demonstrate how the concept of natural resources governance can analytically help set a common agenda in bringing conflicting stakeholders to one negotiation table by addressing mutual problems over the sustainable governance of mineral resources. The research recommends policy makers and state-level decision makers to generate a database that show relevant information on natural resources (e.g. occurrence map and updated status on its usage), and other development indicators that help empower communities its socio- and economic- status (e.g. creation of employment measured by employment rates, income, and educational enrollment ratio). The database could further be applied as a tool of raising public awareness in line with state's management of its natural resources. The database can also be utilized as a hazard map, and a tool used to evaluate risk-and-benefit by policy makers, stakeholders, and development private sector.

Keywords: Mineral Governance, Conflict, Natural Resources Database

Neotectonic significances of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai and Phan segments of the Phayao Fault, Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand, and their seismicities Weerachat Wiwegwin*1 ,Thunchanok Kawinate1 and Phimonmat Kengtankorn1,2

1 Bureau of Environmental Geology, Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand 2 Bureau of Location and Design, Department of Highways, Thailand (present affiliation) *Corresponding author: [email protected] Extended abstract The Phayao Fault (PF) in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand is mapped to be an active fault zone (Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), 2012), and can be divided to 10 segments including the Phan, Mae Lao, Huai San, Mae Korn, Mae Suai, Wiang Pa Pao, Mae Che Dee, Wiang Kalong, Wang Nuea, and Doi Khun Mae Suk segments, respectively. Recently, the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake (ML 6.1 Mae Lao earthquake as reported by Wiwegwin et al., (2015)) occurred on 5 May 2014, and the epicenter located in the Mae Lao area, Chiang Rai, at a shallow depth of 7.0 km (Thai Metrological Department (TMD), 2014). It was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Thailand. More than one thousand aftershocks have been recorded by seismograph of the TMD (2014). The focal mechanism of this earthquake was also reported by the Global CMT Catalog (2014); this focal mechanism revealed that the fault movement is either the NE–SW or NW–SE trending strike–slip faults. In order to clarify the characteristics of active faults in Chiang Rai that can generate this earthquake event, remote sensing and aerial photographic techniques were applied to a study of active faults in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand. Morphotectonic landforms along the NE–SW trending Mae Lao, Mae Suai and N–S trending Phan segments of the PF in Chiang Rai have been mapped. The main morphotectonic landforms associated with the movement on the Mae Lao and Mae Suai segments are fault scarps, offset streams, linear valleys, triangular facets, offset ridge crests, and pressure ridge. These morphotectonic landforms suggested that the Mae Lao and Mae Suai segments are mainly left–lateral slip and subordinate normal dip–slip movement. The movement on these faults may result in the Mae Sui basin during Neogene. Seismicity reported in this areas including the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake, the magnitude of this earthquake was recalculated to ML 6.1 by Wiwegwin et al. (2015). An epicenter of mainshock of this earthquake and its aftershocks were also relocated by Wiwegwin et al. (2015). After relocation, these data were distributed along the NE–SW trending Mae Lao segment of the PF. The author concluded that this earthquake event was caused by the left–lateral strike–slip movement of the NE–SW trending Mae Lao segment. We have also confirmed that geomorphological evidences along this fault trace are present for late Quaternary left-lateral displacement, and recent faults in the quarry have confirmed late Quaternary faulting. This suggests that the fault is still active. We absolutely agreed the Wiwegwin et al. (2015)’s data that the ML 6.1 Mae Lao earthquake event was caused by the left–lateral strike–slip movement of the NE–SW trending Mae Lao segment. 65 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

For the N–S trending Phan segment, its main morphotectonic landforms are fault scarps, linear valleys, triangular facets, and some offset streams. These morphotectonic landforms indicate that the Phan segment was an extensional structure during the Holocene, and that current displacements involve mainly normal dip-slip and subordinate left-lateral slip movement. This suggests that the fault is still active. Based on seismological analysis, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) (1994) reported a focal plane solution for a Mw 5.2 earthquake, occurred on the Phan segment of the PF on 11 September 1994, indicating E–W to NW–SE extension, that was consistent with normal dip-slip. Our results of field investigation also suggest that the morphotectonic landforms in Phan area were mainly caused by dip-slip normal fault movements. Based on geological, geomorphological, and seismological data, characteristics of the NE–SW trending faults (i.e., Mae Lao and Mae Suai segments) and the N–S Phan segment are quite different (i.e., orientation of faults and senses of fault movement (the NE–SW trending left-lateral strike slip motion of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai segments and normal dip slip of the N–S Phan segment of the PF), and focal mechanism). Thus, the NE–SW trending Mae Lao and Mae Suai segments are mapped to be a new active fault zone in Thailand, and named the Mae Lao Fault.

Keyword: ML 6.1 Mae Lao earthquake, Mae Lao Fault, Mae Suai segment, Phan segment, Phayao Fault, Chiang Rai, northern Thailand References Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM, Chiang Rai province office) (2014) The report of the damage from the M 6.3 Chiang Rai earthquake, available at http://www.dmpccr.wordpress.com (in Thai). Department of Mineral Resources (2012) Active fault map of Thailand, available at http://www.dmr.go.th. Global CMT Catalog (2014) Earthquake statistics, available at http://www.globalcmt.org/CMTsearch.html Thailand Meteorological Department (2014) Earthquake statistics of Thailand, available at http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/inside.html?pageNum_thaievent =35&totalRows_thaievent=2615 United States Geological Survey (USGS) (1994) M 5.2-Thailand on 11 September 1994, Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0006j7k#executive Wiwegwin,W., Kosuwan,S., Limpiswat,S., Saithong,P. and Pananont, P. (2015) “ The biggest earthquake of the century in Thailand: ML 6.1Mae Lao earthquake, Chiang Rai province,” Journal of the Geological Society of Thailand 1, 1-11.

Oil and Gas Discovery with Gravity in China Geological Survey Zhang Minghua1*, Qiao Jihua1, Zhao Gengxin2, Lan xueyi3, Qu Niannian4

1 Development Research Center, China Geological Survey. *email: [email protected] 2 Tianjing Center, China Geological Survey 3 Anhui Academy of geoexploration 4 China University of Geosciences Abstract Significant of gravity survey in China for oil and gas exploration is addressed in this paper with examples that, gravity survey and interpretation is the most effective and economic way both in targeting basins and in delineating buried and partly buried basin boundaries and main structures within the basin in the early stage of oil and gas exploration. China national gravity survey scales, coverage, technical regulations and achievements are introduced, including data processing, anomaly interpretation and map compilation. Bouguer anomaly of China main land areas and the anomaly feature classifications is illustrated. Recent study results of faults belts and tectonic boundaries, buried igneous rocks, and buried basin boundaries and main inner structures are given, and some new directions of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas exploration is pointed out as well.

Key words: Oil and Gas, Buried Structure, Gravity Exploration.

67 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

On the Evidence of the Holocene Sea-Level Rise Due to Climate Change : In the Area of Si Mahosot District, Prachinburi Province, Eastern Thailand Nipaporn Nakrong, Dhiti Tulyatid, and Sin Sinsakul

Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9, Lum Sum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Abstract The lower Central Plain was formed as a result of Holocene sea-level change. The area has long been important as home to past civilization and settlements. One of the locations is the old town of Si Mahosot in Prachinburi Province that belonged to Dvaravati culture occurred during 7th – 12th century. The study area at Si Mahosot ancient town covers an area of approximately 140 km2. In this study, we gather a line of evidence of the Holocene sea-level change in order to propose paleo-coastline and geomorphological map of the Holocene sea through the use of geological, paleontological and archaeological information. The characterization of sediments was carried out through the use of hand auger drilling in field survey. Study results on the correlation of the stratigraphic column reveal that after alluvium sediments were deposited in Late Pleistocene, marine clay began to deposit with plant remains afterwards and thin sand layers in lower part in Early Holocene. Geo-chronological study indicates that the eastern part of the study area represent terrace deposit, which exhibits the deposition of laterite of Pleistocene sediments. The elevation of the eastern surface is higher than that of the western part. The evidence implies that the sediments were deposit in non-marine environment and paleo-back-coast. Several marine fossils found in the adjacent area lead us to believe that the area was under marine environment. Finally, we propose a paleo-coastline of the ancient eastern coast of Thailand located in the Si Mahosot District.

Keywords: Sea-level change, Climate change, Holocene, Paleo-coastline

On the New GEO heat pump in Thailand: A case study at Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok Sasimook Chokchai1, Srilert Chotpantarat1, Isao Takashima2, Youhei Uchida3, Kasumi Yasukawa4 and Punya Charusiri 1

1 Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2 Professor emeritus, Akita University, Akita, Japan, 3 Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan, 4 Renewable Energy Research Center, AIST, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract We report the new result of the geo heat pump (GHP) which was installed at Chulalongkorn University. Our prime assumption is that if energy consumption can be reduced for operating the air conditioner, then electricity payment per month can be reduced as well. In this study we have selected the close loop of vertical pipe system which involves circulating the underground cooling water in the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes through the GHP cooling system. With the constant flow rate of liquid through the GPH system as well as the constant underground temperature, the electricity consumption can be greatly reduced. Our investigation commences with drilling of two bore holes to the depth of 50 meters. The 170 m - long HDPE pipes filled with anti-corrosion solution have been inserted into those boreholes and connected to the GHP system without any leakage. Sensor system has been attached to the controlling unit in order to collect all measurement data including temperatures inside and outside experimental room (2 x 3 x4 m3) as well as temperatures of flowing water inlet and outlet of the GHP system. All data stored in a Data Logger have been used for calculating the electricity reduction. The measurement GHP data have been compared with similar quality air conditioner in the experimental room. Our result shows that with the application of vertical loop GHP system, electricity consumption can be reduced for more than 30 %. The result also indicates that the consumption depends on room temperature control and outside air temperature in that day. It is essential to mention that our result is very successful, but the operating cost of drilling is greatly high. This is mainly due to the fact that a cooling transfer system is from a vertical-loop arrangement of the HDPE pipes. It is therefore recommended that a horizontal pipe loop system be performed in order to reduce operating cost.

Keywords: GHP, Underground temperature, Surface temperature, Electricity saving

69 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

On the Stratigraphic Correlation of the Pebbly Rocks and the Devonian-Carboniferous Older Rock Sequences at Ban Dan Makham Tia District and Adjacent Area, Western Thailand Bunnasorn Mahasettakul, Thapanee Pengtha, Prinya Putthapiban and Sirot Salyapongse*

Geoscience Programme, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Mahidol University. *Corresponding author Abstract Rocks in Kaeng Krachan group are widespread in the western part of Thailand and deposited on the Shan - Thai terrane. Former publications concluded that the lower part of the unit was deposited in the Glaciomarine environment defined by muddy sediments from submarine fans. Their deposition occurred in the outer shelf and extending through the oceanic floor. The upper unit was deposited in shallow marine environment and sometimes disturbed by the storm influence. At present, there are two aspects of controversy. The first is related to rock stratigraphic ages, if the assigned Lower Carboniferous to Permian period are continuous or discontinuous, and the second is when the Kaeng Krachan group should begin deposition. This study found stratigraphic continuity of the Kaeng Krachan group at Dan Ma Kham Tia, Kanchanaburi and Suan Phueng, Ratchaburi. Rock succession can be divided into three units. The bottom unit consists of fine grained carbonaceous sandstone, radiolarian cherty rock, and quartz greywacke. Following by Kaolinite rich unit, predominantly white to weathered red color, and moderately sorted quartz arenite. Pelitic rock in this unit reported to contain bivalve posidonomya sp. On top of the succession pebbly mudstone (Quartz greywacke) becomes common. It is poorly sorted and associated with moderately sorted quartz arenite. The continuous sequence is also supported by the compositional and textural transformation of the related rocks, suggesting no unconformity in this area.

Keywords: Carboniferous period, Kaeng Krachan group, Permian period, Unconformity, Stratigraphy, Shan – Thai terrane

Open Educational Resource (OER)

1,3 1 1 1 Preecha Saithong , Rutaichanok Sainarmtip Chanida Chataro Chanchai Wongsarasin and Thunyanut Budsabong 2

1 Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) 2 National science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) 3 Geological Society of Thailand (GST) Abstract On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of age in 2015 of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, the National science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) has produced the online communication systems project for distance learning for celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of age of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn on 2 April 2015. A lot of learning materials and instruction medias such as books, videos and photos of scientific studies have been produced under this project. Then, these learning materials have been published to student of elementary schools in Thailand via the information and communications technology. The project is an optional extra for getting a better quality education for student of elementary schools in rural areas which lack of teachers as well as disabled persons, prisoners and patients. The Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), and the Geological Society of Thailand (GST) have emphasized and promoted on the elementary education of Thailand. For this reason, DMR and GST have produced the precious geological and mineral resources medias for teaching in the elementary schools of Thailand, and have participated in the online communication systems project for distance learning to celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of age of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn on 2 April 2015, in 2016. The precious geological and mineral resources medias including geology, mineral resources, environmental geology, geohazard and fossil published by both of us were selected and uploaded into the Open Educational Resources (OER) of the online communication systems project for distance learning. All medias from OER can be accessed and downloaded at http://oer.learn.in.th, and can be used without license. In conclusion, the OER website is an optional extra for distribution the information on geology and geohazard to education personnel.

Keyword: Open Educational Resources (OER), elementary education, geological and mineral resources medias

71 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Ostracods (crustacean) as tools for paleoenvironment construction of Paleozoic carbonates in Satun, southern Thailand Anisong Chitnarin

School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Paleozoic sedimentary rocks are well exposed in Satun province. The rocks composed of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and limestones have been investigated for decades and interpreted in terms of stratigraphy, paleontology and paleoenvironment. These rocks contain various fossils; for example, trilobites, graptolites, nautiloids, ammonoids, tentaculitoids, brachiopods, corals, trace fossils, radiolarians and conodonts which indicate the age of Cambrian to Permian. Excellent outcrops and the abundance of diversified fossils make Satun an outstanding area for geologic conservation. Other than these fossils, ostracods are also recognized in both siliciclastic and carbonate rocks. The ostracods are small crustaceans which are known from Ordovician to Recent and are the most useful arthropods for paleoenvironmental interpretation. Though, the work on this fauna in Southeast Asia is rare. The objective of this study is to construct the paleoenvironment of the carbonate rocks by using ostracod assemblages. Limestones of Pa Kae Formation (Ordovician), Kuan Tung Formation (Devonian) and Ratburi Limestone (Permian) were collected and processed by hot acetolysis technique. Recovered ostracods are well- preserved, diversified, and endemic. The identification is on processing. The assemblages include Paraparchitoidea, Bairdoidea, Bairdiocypridoidea, Pachydomellidae and Entomozoid ostracods of Sibumasu Terrane. The findings also provide the more precise paleoenvironment construction of the studied sections. Keywords: Pa Kae Formation, Kuan Tung Formation, Ratburi Limestone, hot acetolysis technique, Sibumasu Terrane 72

Petrography of Bentonite Deposit in Cenozoic Volcanic Belts in the Lam Narai Area, Lop Buri Province, Thailand. Nuchit Siritongkham and Weerapan Srichan

Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Bentonite deposit associated to the Lam Narai volcanic terrain is located in Khao Pa Khon, about 6 km south of Chai Badan district Lopburi province, have been developed by hydrothermal alteration of volcanic materials. Lithology and petrographic study of the volcanic rocks can be classify into four layers including basaltic lava, alteration zone, glassy bed, and rhyolitic flow; (i) Basaltic lava is dark grey to black color, porphyritic and aphaneritic texture with glassy and plagioclase groundmass, minor pyroxene, olivine, and opaque mineral in phenocrysts. This layer most highly altered to sericite and clay mineral. (ii) Alteration zone of clay mineral in form of monmorillonite. (iii) Glassy bed represented by pale-dark green to gray color, coarse to very coarse-grained with porphyritic texture and usually show perlitic crack under the microscope. The phenocryst composed of quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, and hornblende. (iv) Rhyolite flow is pale yellow or reddish purple consist of mixture of glass and crystals in groundmass with quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, and hornblende-biotite in phenocrysts. Flow structure is commonly observed in the internal layer. The formation of the bentonite deposit is possibly related to the alteration of glassy and plagioclase groundmass in basaltic layer by hydrothermal solution.

Keywords: Petrography, Bentonite, Cenozoic Volcanic, Lam Narai Area

73 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Physical model simulations of super-critical subsidence under various mining sequences and excavation rates Naruemol Saoanunt, Kittitep Fuenkajorn and Prachya Tepnarong

School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

Abstract Surface subsidence is a consequential damage from underground mining. The movements of the ground surface may damage surface structures such as buildings, roads, railways and oil pipelines.Therefore, the subsidence magnitude must be acceptable range. Physical model simulations are performed to predict the surface subsidence patterns under super-critical condition using a trap door apparatus. This study is focused on the mining sequence patterns and excavation rate on the angle of draw (࡮), maximum subsidence (Smax) and trough shape of the surface subsidence. Clean and uniform sand with nominal size of 2 mm is used to simulate individual blocks of the overburden. The results indicate that the angle of draw and maximum subsidence decrease with increasing Z/H ratio and increase with larger excavation area. These effects become larger under faster excavation rate. Mining sequence patterns affect to the angle of draw and the maximum subsidence, particularly under the shallow opening (Z/H = 1). The findings can be used to evaluate the subsidence profile for underground mining with characteristics of mining sequence and excavation rate in fractured rock mass. Keywords: mining sequences, excavation rate, physical model, computer simulation 74

Present Environmental Conditions of Lake Tonle Sap and the Angkor World Heritage Site in Cambodia Shinji Tsukawaki1

1Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lake Tonle Sap is a central component of the natural environment in Cambodia. The lake is also well known as “the heart of Cambodia” in reference to its close association with the lives and culture of the Cambodian people since prehistoric times. On the other hand, the Angkor World Heritage of Cambodia located on the north of the lake possesses a rich cultural heritage but also is a vast complex of cultural, environmental, and social and economic significance to the area. However, natural environment of the lake and economical value of the world heritage are in critical situation due to unplanned various development in and around them. This short article illustrates their present environmental situation and is intended to sound a grave warning for their critical environmental conditions of today.

Keywords: Lake Tonle Sap, Cambodia, Angkor World Heritage, geo-environment, biodiversity, environmental pollution, tourism, local society

75 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Prograde Metamorphism Due to the S-type Granite Intrusion at Khao Tum Khun Krai and the adjacent Area, Maung District, Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand. Suchathinan Nanorn, Sutatcha Piyatida Saengthong*, Prinya Putthapiban and Sirot Salyapongse.

Geoscience Programme, School of Interdisciplinary Science, Mahidol University Kanchanaburi Campus, Mahidol University. *Correspondent author Abstract Khao Tham Khun Krai and the adjacent areas, Maung District, Kanchanaburi Province has been mapped as an Ordovician limestone unit with fault contact on its eastern side to the intrusion of Pre-Cambrian rock unit. Several sporadic and small intrusions of the S-ype granite plutons were found in many parts of the area. This study shows that there is no Pre- Cambrian basement rock unit in this area. The proof has been done by observing the continuation of the stratigraphy from younger Ordovician Khao Tham Khun Krai through frequent quartzite outcrops similar to the of the Cambrian,called Chao Nen quartzite.

An increasing grade of metamorphism due to the intrusion of the S-type granite plutons leading to the generation of contact metamorphism in the area has been exemplified and confirmed by the changing grades of the characteristic minerals. The petrographic study using polarizing microscope suggested the upgradation from regionally metamorphosed low grade meta-limestone of the Khao Tham to calc-silicate hornfels within a very short distance toward the exposure of a small pluton of S-type granite. Inside this narrow contact aureole, the fine grained muscovite bearing Ordovician meta-limestone has been abruptly transitted successively to tremolite, diopside and orthopyroxene calc-silicate hornfels.

Keywords : Contact metamorphism, Superimposed, S-type grarnite, Increasing grade of metamorphism

Putting geosites in the service of integrative learning: examples from the Kalasin province, Thailand Romain Liard1 and Tida Liard2

1 Department of Biology, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand 2 Sirindhorn Museum, Sahatsakhan, Kalasin 46140, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper reports some ideas and examples from learning frameworks and activities using geological heritages experimented in the province of Kalasin, Thailand. Since 2007 students from classes of 9th grade (ages 14 to 15) of secondary schools in Thailand are taught in the field by a team of educators and researchers from the Sirindhorn Museum. This paper also aimed at formalizing the province of Kalasin as a territory with great educational resources for mobilizing knowledge inherent to geosciences. The activities reported here are of two different nature. The first case presents a one semester project held by the first author within the classroom of a Mini-English Program in Kalasin and in the field during a laboratory session at the Sirindhorn Museum. It concluded in august 2012 with an exhibition at the 5th Northeastern EP/MEP Open House in Roi-Et. The second case presents a short activity regularly held by the second author at the Phu Faek Dinosaur Footprints Park in the district of Huai Phueng. Both of these activities, as well as stimulating students curiosity toward geosite and geoscience, were designed as integrative learning within the 2008 basic science curriculum established by the Ministry of Education. Our first case resorts on a small-to-large groups strategy sought to explore biodiversity and biological interactions of organisms through fossils elements from a late Jurassic-early Cretaceous formation. Our second case involved cooperative and practical works using a Kalasin geosites to implement a fieldwork activity that can contribute to relevant learning on geoscience as well as mobilizing some basic concept from physics (distance, speed and velocity). We expect that our experiences can stimulate readers to implement similar activities and collaborations with other geosites in Thailand and all around the ASEAN space.

Keywords: education, geoscience, integrative learning, geosite, Thailand

77 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Rare Earth Elements in Basalt-Derived Soil from the Eastern and Northeastern Exposures, Thailand Tawatchai Chualaowanch1, Panjai Saraphanchotewittaya1 and Darunee Saisuthichai1

1Department of Mineral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Geochemical investigation was carried on basalts and derived soils collected from the eastern and northeastern regions of Thailand in order to preliminarily evaluate the potential of REE mineralization induced by in-situ chemical weathering. All the basalts are alkaline in nature. Both the basalts and soils from the east (with eruption interval from 0.32 to 3.28 Ma) exhibit the higher average contents of total REE, Y and Sc than those from the northeast (eruption interval from 0.44 to 3.0 Ma). Accordingly, the average contents of total REE, Y and Sc in the basalts from the east (16 samples) are 299.4 ppm (with the range of 225 – 416 ppm), 30.7 (24 – 35) ppm and 15.2 (12 – 18) ppm and from the northeast (44 samples) are 172.7 (105 – 351) ppm, 21.1 (18 – 34) ppm and 12 (8 – 19) ppm. In the soils from the east (77 samples), the average contents of those are 456 (218 – 736) ppm, 44.5 (19 – 89) ppm and 25.6 (14 – 36) ppm and from the northeast (25 samples) are 176.6 (92 – 292) ppm, 24 (13 – 36) ppm and 19.6 (9 – 26) ppm, respectively. The chemical results clearly suggest the enrichment of the total REE, Y and Sc concentrations in the soil was induced by in-situ chemical weathering and can be concluded that the basalt-derived soils from the east have a higher potential of REE mineralization.

Keywords: Rare earth elements, Potential, Basalt, Soil, Thailand

Rare Earth Elements on Coastal Placer Deposit and Offshore Kendawangan Coastal Areas and Its Surrounding, West Setyanto Agus

Group of Marine Mineral Resources of Marine Mineral Programs, Marine Geological Institute, Ministry of Energy Mineral Resources of Republic of Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract This paper focuses on the distribution and content of rare earth elements, in the waters and coastal Kendawangan in surface sediments. To know and understand the distribution of rare earth elements in the area of research, chemical analyzes 19 examples selected coastal sediments and sediments of the sea floor has been carried out the analysis of rare earth elements. Based on analysis of REE, the rare earth elements in the waters Kendawangan and surrounding areas consisting of zirconium (Zr), yttrium (Y), Cerium (Ce), Dysprosium (Dy), Erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), Lanthanum (La), Lutetium (Lu), Neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) is found in all samples is done chemical analysis. In the surface of the seabed sediments of the sample distribution of zirconium (Zr) has a high content is above 77.1 ppm in zirconium research area is found in all samples analyzed. Yttrium (Y) contained in all instances that do chemical analysis to a range between 0.9 ppm - 15.6 ppm. Cerium (Ce) is found in all samples analyzed, both onshore and offshore, high cerium content is 68.1 ppm. Other rare earth elements have a local-local range such as: dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanum, lutetium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thulium and ytterbium. Keywords: rare earth elements, surficial sediment and Kendawangan coastal

79 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Rare Earth Elements Vapour Transport By Fumaroles In The Post Caldera Complex Of Weh Island Submarine Volcano, Aceh Province Northern Sumatra Hananto Kurnio1 and Ediar Usman1

1Marine Geological Institute (MGI), Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Research on submarine volcano of Weh Island in Aceh Province – northern Sumatra found out quite abundances of rare earth elements in the vicinities of submarine active volcanic which is nowadays occurred as fumaroles. Distribution of fumaroles in the seafloor surrounding Weh Island were mapped through shallow high resolution single channel seismic, while rare earth element contents were analysed through bulk geochemical analyses of marine sediments taken closed to the fumarole points. The most active rare earth elements (REE) deposition takes place at the central of Weh Island submarine volcano. This part is constructed by normal faults and grabens which are oriented approximately north – south and of tensional or open character and acted as channel for hydrothermal fluids reaching seafloor surface. The faults have different orientation and character with Sumatran Fault of northwest – southeast direction and of compressive state. Study on rare earth elements transport by fumaroles had been conducted. Deposition of REE take place surrounds an active crater volcano and occurred in two types of encrustation. REE-enriched was deposited at the walls of actively degassing fumaroles, while REE-depleted encrustation occurs on lava flows. The former was precipitating from volcanic gas or fumaroles and the latter from meteoric or ground water. There was no favoured transportation of exact REE by either volcanic vapour or meteoric water vapour.

Keywords: REE, vapour transport, fumaroles, Weh Island, Aceh.

Researches for Artificial Groundwater Recharge in Korea Kyoochul Ha1, Yongcheol Kim1, and Kyung Seok Ko1

1Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Global climate change may threaten basic need of water resources with temperature increase, change in precipitation, and increase in extreme weather events. Artificial recharge is an effective solution to minimize the impact of climate change risk on the water security and to provide sustainable water resource management plan. Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) has been leading the groundwater researches in Korea, and artificial groundwater recharge is an important issue and main research topic. Here, we present some of research results in relation to the artificial recharge for sustainable groundwater use. Keywords: Artificial recharge, Groundwater, Sustainability, Climate change 1. Introduction Groundwater will play more important role in water supply in the future due to climate change. Air temperatures and precipitation amounts are increasing, and drought and floods are growing stronger and more frequent in Korea. Under these conditions, water management is more difficult than ever, and securing groundwater resources is a pressing matter. Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) has been developing the technologies of the artificial groundwater recharge, which is effective way to secure groundwater resources to cope with the variable hydrologic condition induced by climate change. 2. Jeju-friendly Aquifer Recharge System (J-ART) A basic research has been conducted in order to find the best method for the groundwater recharge in Jeju island since 2004. After the flood in Jeju in September, 2007, the Jeju provincial government established a comprehensive master plan for flood control, and flood mitigation reservoirs near the previously flooded streams were planned to be built at the upper gradient area from the city including Hancheon reservoir-I and reservoir-II with capacity of 459,000 m3 and 463,000 m3, respectively. These reservoirs can be used as the stormwater diversion storages for artificial groundwater recharge. Multi-depth injection tests were performed while drilling injection wells at the bottom of each reservoir to evaluate the unsaturated zone permeability. A total 10 injection wells are drilled at each reservoir. The system was named as Jeju-friendly aquifer recharge technology (J-ART), because it is conceptually designed based on the hydrogeological, hydrological, and meteorological characteristics of Jeju island. The J-ART is a technology for securing sustainable water resources by capturing ephemeral stream water, which is normally stormwater, with no 81 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

negative interference in environments recharging it through vadose zone injection wells, and making it to be used at down-gradient production wells. 3. Aquifer-circulating water curtain cultivation system Water curtain cultivation system is an energy saving technique during the winter season by splashing groundwater on the inner roof of green house. Since water curtain cultivation spread rapidly to reduce heating expenses, groundwater usage increases particularly during the winter season, and groundwater depletion has occurred in lots of areas. Re-use of the groundwater for water curtain cultivation is important to preserve rural groundwater resources and maintain sustainable farming. An aquifer-circulating water curtain cultivation system was developed and a test site was selected for demonstration of the system. Hydrogeological properties such as subsurface geological distribution, hydraulic conductivity, well yield, well injectivity, groundwater transport time, rainfall infiltration, groundwater level/temperature and surface water level/temperature, and water quality of groundwater/surface water/rainwater were investigated to give design parameters of the aquifer-circulating water curtain cultivation system. The systems are composed of groundwater recirculation, rainwater collection and injections, groundwater temperature recovery pipes, and so on. 4. Convergent Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery A test site for the aquifer recharge system was established and a conceptual system was designed in an alluvial aquifer along the Nakdong-river. The designed system is a kind of ASTR system, and nominated as CARS (Convergent Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery). The various methods including hydro-geophysical surveys and biogeochemical studies were conducted to characterize the aquifer properties. The alluvial aquifer in the artificial recharge site can be divided into upper layer (0 - 10 m deep) and lower layer (>25 m deep) based on hydro-geochemical characteristics. Groundwater are mostly anoxic with DO less than 1 mg/L and anaerobic conditions including denitrification, iron and manganese reduction, but limited sulfate reduction. Numerical experiment was carried out in order to estimate the sustainability of CARS system of the study site. Model setup was calibrated based on the measured groundwater level data and used for evaluating the efficiency of CARS. Simulation results show that the mean recovery ratio of injected surface water range from 63 to 84% and the mean residence time of injected water is 43~94 days, which indicated that the CARS system of the study site is fairly efficient. The lower gravel layer shows much better efficiency than upper sand layer for artificial recharge. References Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, (2012), An assessment of water development in Jeju, Korea, the 4th UN World Water Development Report 138p Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource, (2014), Development of integrated core technologies in aquifer recharge system for groundwater sustainability, 303p Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resource, (2015), Groundwater level restoration of riverside porous aquifer, 182p 82

Revision of the Nam Phong Formation (Khorat Group), Chaiyaphum, northeastern Thailand Rattanaphorn Hanta1, Ryan Tucker2, Kittithep Fuengkajorn1, Pratueng Jintasakul3, and Thitikan Junrattanamanee1

1 School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 3 Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, Nakhorn Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand Coresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Within the Khorat Plateau, exposures of the Nam Phong Formation consist largely of scattered outcrops, including those focused on by this study within the Chaiyaphum Province. Formally designated as the lower part of the largely Mesozoic Khorat Group, the best exposure of the Nam Phong Formation lies along the Wang Saphung-Loei highway (type section) (Ward and Bunnag, 1964). Preserved palynomorphs from the Nam Phong suggest a Late Triassic depositional age (Racey et al., 1996; Racey and Goodall, 2009), which is corroborated by the discovery of the sauropodan dinosaur Isanosaurus attavipachi. The remains of Isanosaurus attavipachi were described from the Nong Bua Daeng District, Chaiyaphum, and recognized as the likely global first-occurrence of the earliest sauropod in the current fossil record (Buffetaut et al., 1995, 2000). However, in recent years, work conducted by Hanta et al. (2015) has provided better context for this sauropodan dinosaur, including evidence derived from the discovery of axial material from a new and unnamed sauropod taxa. This new evidence indicates that Isanosaurus attavipachi might not be as primitive as once thought. In lieu of this, and other newly discovered fossil footprint (a large- bodied Theropod), the placement of the Nam Phong Formation in the Late Triassic has been called into question. With preliminary field investigation during the dry season (March to May) of this year, we have re-described the stratigraphy of the Nam Phong Formation in Nong Bua Daeng District into three major facies comprising of the lowermost dinosaur foot print bearing mudstone deposit the medial sauropod-entombing shale deposit, and the uppermost fluvial- channel sandstone-conglomerate. In the study area, the Nam Phong Formation is comprised of the Non Tum Member, along with the Non Tha Worn Member, and Phu Nok Khian Member accordingly. Therefore, based on our observations, we have confirmed that the footprint site is stratigraphically older than the dinosaur bearing shale deposit where Isanosaurus and new sauropod material recovered, and further confirming a youngest depositional age in the Early Jurassic. This also indicates that the palynomorphs are likely reburied from down cutting into underlying strata. 83 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

This study has aimed to contextualize the stratigraphy of the Nam Phong Formation in Nong Bua Daeng District, Chaiyaphum Province. Thus far, this study has been able to tentatively clarify the stratigraphically relationship among the discovered sites of Isanosaurus, new sauropod remain and foot prints and to discuss the obtained age in comparison to the pollen evidence. Looking toward the future, this study will seek to better define the boundary between the Upper Nam Phong Formation and the Lower Nam Phong Formation, which will require subsurface data.

Risk Exposure Assessment for the Districts of Mansehra & Torghar, Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Case Study “Landslides” 1Dirk Balzer & Dirk Kuhn

1Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Hannover/Germany e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract In addition to the introduced general terms and conditions of a future collaboration project “BGR - CCOP International Training Courses on Risk-Sensitive Spatial Planning” (BALZER & KUHN 2016) this contribution is meant to exemplarily pinpoint the rationales, information applied and the practical relevance of a risk exposure assessment (REA) for disaster risk management (DRM) purposes. The case study presented was elaborated within the scope of a German-Pakistani project of technical cooperation called “Geohazard Assessment in Northern Pakistan”. This project was jointly implemented by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR/Germany) and its partner organization, the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) between 2009 - 2015. The project pilot area covers the Districts of Mansehra & Torghar, Province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The overall objective of this landmark study was to support future non-structural disaster risk reduction (DRR) related spatial planning measures at district level by quantifying the potentially affected population and selected infrastructural elements at risk exposed to the landslide ‘hazard’ and thereby subject to potential losses. According to the spatial planning focus all risk exposure assessment findings within the two district boundaries (administrative level 3) have been aggregated at the administrative level of ‘Union Council’ (administrative level 5). The performed single-hazard risk exposure appraisal links spatial and attributive information about the district-wide five graded zonation of the landslide susceptibility, selected land cover items, further officially accessible demographic information as well as information about critical infrastructure objects (road network and health facilities). However, due to the lack of further high-resolution hazard information a multi-hazard approach taking into account at least two spatial hazards (e.g. landslide/flooding or landslide/seismic hazard) has not been accomplished yet. The risk exposure data processing was executed applying combined database and GIS tools, previously developed by BGR geoscientists and successfully applied with project counterpart organizations in several partner countries, e.g. in Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala (BALZER et al. 2010) and in Indonesia. 85 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Pertaining the Districts of Mansehra &Torghar, ten different population and infrastructure related risk exposure scenarios have been exemplified. The talk will highlight some significant scenarios by illustrating risk exposure choropleth maps and corresponding statistics. Based on the risk exposure assessment results some possible risk mitigation suggestions will be discussed. References Balzer, D., Jäger, S. & Kuhn, D. (2010): Guidebook for Assessing Risk Exposure to Natural Hazards in Central America - El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. - Project of Technical Cooperation ‘Mitigation of Georisks in Central America’: 121 Pages; 26 Figures; 44 Tables; 35 Maps; San Salvador, Guatemala-City, Tegucigalpa, Managua, Hannover. Balzer, D. & Kuhn, D. (2016): BGR - CCOP International Training Courses on Risk-Sensitive Spatial Planning. - Presentation at the Thematic Session at the 52nd CCOP Annual Session “Geoscience for the Society”: The 50th Anniversary CCOP Collaboration, 1st November, 2016, Bangkok, Thailand.

River Bank Change at Rokar-Korng, lower Mekong River of Cambodia: a mitigation plan for disaster Sitha Kong

Ministry of Mines and Energy, Cambodia Abstract Mekong River is the main course for sediment transport in Cambodia. It carries the load from the upper Mekong including Tibet China, Myanmar, Thailand and Lao PDR in addition to its feeder tributary system. The river dynamics of this huge river system allow seasonal change of river geomorphology along the Mekong River. This study uses the bathymetry data and satellite images to assess the bank stability. The river bank at Rokar- Korng shows the impact of the river dynamics on the local community and National Road No.6 and the huge deposit of river sand locally. The area of Rokar-Korng is the depression zone of the river flow allowing the sediment deposition in the main course of the Mekong which diverts the flow current to the Western Bank eroding its slope. To mitigate this bank instability, sand dredging is implemented to realign the flow current to the center of the river in order to allow sediment deposition in the Western bank next season. The result of the observation during these two years show a decreasing occurring of bank erosion along the western bank of the Mekong river in this region.

87 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Sea Current Characteristics In The Straits Of Sunda Lesser As Renewable Energy Resources : Potency And Status Ai Yuningsih, Mario D. Saputra1 and Subaktian Lubis2

1Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces 2Indonesia of Geologist Association e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The Lesser Sunda Islands lie east of Java and extend from Bali to Timor. The Islands consist of two geologically distinct archipelagos, the northern archipelago, which includes Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar, are volcanic in origin, and the islands of the southern archipelago, including Sumba, Timor and Babar, are non-volcanic in origin. The straits are the most important cross section in the southern part of the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF). In these straits, relatively high current speeds are occurred, not only caused by the ITF but also due to its geometry and the influence of monsoonal tidal flow. Site characterization and sea current measurement activity has been conducted by using Echosounder and a pair of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). In general, the average of most sea current speeds are more than 1.5 m/sec with flow duration of 8 -12 hours per day, and the maximum reached up to 3.2 m/sec. Although the current power is not yet used at present in Indonesia, but it is proved that sea currents has an important potential for future electricity development, especially for remote coastal settlement area. This result is crucial in order to gain greater confidence in developing the ocean energy as a reliable energy source, highly interesting and yet to be exploited.

Keywords: Sea current, Renewable energy, ITF, Strait of Sunda Lesser

Sediment Hosted Hydrothermal Fe Deposit, Hwe Hpa Area, Mong Yawng, Myanmar Han Naing Zaw1 and Myint Soe2

Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Myanmar. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The Hwe Hpa area is located about 4 km north of Mong Yawng Township, Shan State (East). Iron mineralization is hosted siltstone and mudstone of Cambrian age. The mineralization occurs mainly as massive, replacement and fracture fillings. Mineralization is found within the fracture zone and it is related with east-west trending lineament systems, which are discordant to north-south direction regional structure. Geochemical analysis indicates that ore contains 60.33% - 65.61% Fe, 21ppm-36ppm Cu, 59ppm-141ppm Pd and 13ppm-121ppm Zn. Ore minerals are magnetite, hematite with minor amount of pyrite. Silicification, sericitization, kaolanization and pyritization are recognized ion the mineralization system. The possible age of mineralization may be late Triassic in age. Base on field investigation and laboratory work, the iron deposit is considered as sediment hosted hydrothermal iron deposit.

Keywords: Hwe Hpa, Mong Yawng, Sediment Hosted, Hydrothermal

89 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Silurian and Devonian radiolarians from the Sepon Mine, Truong Son Terrane, central Laos and their palaeogeographic and tectonic significance Hathaithip Thassanapak1 Mongkol Udchachon1, 2 and Clive Burrett2, 3

1Applied Palaeontology and Biostratigraphy Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand. Email: [email protected] 2Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand. Email: [email protected] 3School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania, Box 252–79, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia. Email: [email protected] Abstract At least eighteen late Silurian radiolarian faunas are reported and updated from a large abandoned pit and a small quarry in the Sepon mine area, Vilabouly district, central Lao PDR, and include the Hoei Yang pit, the CQ and the QM sections. All three sections contain Futobari morishitai, F. solidus, Zadroppolus yoshikiensis, Z.tenuis and are characteristic of the Ludlow–Pridoli Z. yoshikiensis Assemblage. The maroon cherts from the Hoei Yang Pit section also contains Zadrappolus hitoeganensis, Pseudospongoprunum sagittatum, Futobari sp. and Secuicollacta sp. Section CQ also contains Pseudospongoprunum sagittatum, Pseudospongoprunum tazukawaensis, and rare Praespongocoelia parva, Rotasphaera sp. cf. R. quadrata, Secuicollacta sp. cf. cassa and Praespongocoelia sp. Section QM, also contains Pseudospongoprunum sp., Oriundogutta? sp., and Zadrappolus sp. Pseudospongoprunum (?) new species Thassanapak is common in this section. These radiolarian cherts are faulted against probable Llandovery limestone and Upper Ordovician to Llandovery graptolitic shales. The graptolitic shales are overlain with angular unconformity by the submarine fan, volcaniclastic dominated Namphuc Formation which is zircon dated as Llandovery. This fan received clasts and ash from the contemporaneous Long Dai Volcanic Arc. This plutonic–volcanic arc, extends to Danang in Vietnam and was maintained by north directed subduction along the trend of the present– day Thakhek–Danang Shear Zone. The new discovery of Upper Devonian radiolarians from Vilabouly includes twenty– three species belonging to 10 genera consisting of Ceratoikiscum sp. cf. C. bujugum, Ceratoikiscum sp., Archocyrtium sp., Astroentactinia sp. cf. A. stellata, Helioentactinia aster, H. perjucunda, H. sp. cf. H. perjucunda, Spongentactinella corynacantha, S. veles (Foreman 1963), S. sp. 2, Spongentactinia concinna, S. exquisita, Stigmosphaerostylus profundisulcus, S. spp., Trilonche davidi, T. echinata, T. elegans, T. hindea, T. palimbola, T. vetusta, T. spp., Palaeoscenidium cladophorum, P. sp. and an unidentified entactiniid species. This fauna may be compared to that reported from the Ban Ponxai section approximately 100 km further north, by Thassanapak et al. (2012). Based on this fauna, the sequence is assigned to 90 the Frasnian (Late Devonian). The tentaculitids Homoctenus ultimus and Costulatostyliolina vesca observed in the same set of samples from both sections are also Frasnian. The Late Devonian radiolarian fauna from Vilabouly, together with the previously reported radiolarian- bearing siliceous shale from Ban Phonxai are similar to those reported from South China, northwestern and northern Thailand and west Australia and suggests similar palaeoenvironments and free interchange of planktonic species among these terranes/blocks during the Late Devonian. Our work indicates the existence of a deep marine environment which along with widespread andesitic volcanism suggests proximity to a Late Silurian-Early Devonian subduction complex. Evidence from the Silurian and Devonian of the southern Truong Son Terrane suggests deepening towards the southern margin (as defined by the Thakhek–Danang Shear Zone) and is also shown by deep marine Ludlow–Pridoli radiolarian cherts in the south shallowing to coeval and widespread terrestrial facies 85 km further north–east in Vietnam.

Keywords: Radiolarians, Chert, Silurian, Devonian, Truong Son Terrane, Lao PDR, Vietnam

91 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Slope hazard and risk mapping towards a better and comprehensive risk management: Malaysian experience Zamri Ramli, Qalam A'zad Rosle, Ferdaus Ahmad and Frederick F. Tating

Minerals and Geoscience Department of Malaysia email:[email protected] Abstract Disaster risk in Malaysia has been increase in the last four decades and is anticipated to rise in the near future. This is mainly related to the expansion of development especially into the hilly areas, due to growing population, rapid urbanization, deforestation and infrastructure development. Slope related disasters may not only limited to loss of life but also huge economic losses due to property damage and other consequence effects. In response, the Malaysian Government has initiated a step forward action for disaster risk reduction by changing the old policy that favors a post disaster management into pre- disaster management policy. Slope hazard and risk mapping project is implemented by the Malaysian Government through the Minerals and Geoscience Department, utilizing modern and advance geospatial technology techniques to assess the disaster risk especially for slope related hazards. This paper highlights the methodology framework and operational needs towards a better and comprehensive disaster risk management. It combined ground survey and multi-sensor LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology for mapping, characterizing, analyzing slope related hazard. The outputs of the project are several technical reports and derivative maps such as susceptibility map, hazard map, vulnerability map and risk map, and guidelines of landslide management and slope mitigation measures. These documents can be used by relevant government agencies for land-use planning and evaluation of development proposal projects. Furthermore, it may provide conceptual recommendations and cost estimation for mitigation and remedial measures of critical slopes. The ultimate outcome of the project is disaster risk reduction, preparedness and resiliencies as part of the Malaysian Government initiatives in disaster risk management.

Keywords: Disaster risk, slope hazard and risk mapping, risk reduction, LiDAR

Stegodon Cave Topographical Exploration, Satun Aspiring Geopark, Thailand Chanchana Khamcha and Sirikorn Tawai

Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand

Abstract Stegodon cave is one of the outstanding geosites locating in Satun aspiring geopark, Southern Thailand. This exploration project is using the British Cave Research Association Standard; Grade 5 for topographical exploration i.e. length error in +/- 10 cm and vertical and horizontal angle +/- 1 degree are accepted. This cave is the tropical kart limestone of the Ordovician period with the stream flowing horizontally through the cave and emptying to the sea. So, water level in the cave is controlled by tidal current. There are 3 main entrances; one entrance at the western side and two entrances at the eastern side of Wang Kluai Mountain range. The total length of Stegodon cave is about 3.4 km which is believed to be the longest stream cave in Thai – Malay Peninsula so far. Several speleothems are located and recorded along the cave length such as stalactite, stalagmite, shield, curtain, encladiolith, rimstone pool, soda straw, flowstone, false floor and cave pearl. Moreover, there are many vertebrate fossils found within Stegodon cave especially ancient elephant Stegodon which then becomes the name of the cave. In the future, detailed study of speleothems, cave structure and fossil must be implemented. 93 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Success and Roadblocks in Carbon Capture and Storage in Thailand: Lessons Learned after 5 years of CCS Roadmap Trin Intaraprasong

Department of Mineral Fuels, Ministry of Energy, Thailand [email protected] Abstract This paper reviews the history of CCS and examines key factors contributing to the success or failure of CCS in Thailand focusing around Roadmap for CCS. In 2011, Department of Mineral Fuels (DMF) established Roadmap for CCS in Thailand with a goal of having a full- scale CCS project by 2030. Capacity building, project development, regulation, financial incentive, and stake holder engagement are 5 major factors of this roadmap which is divided into 3 phases for 2011-2015, 2015-2020, and 2020-2030. The first two factors has been quite a success, in which DMF continues to develop CCS competency and skills for staffs from DMF, other government agencies, and universities with major helps from CCOP and its member countries, as well as the completion of the investigation of CCS potential in Thailand and feasibility study of CCS project for onshore and offshore cases. The main technical issues affecting financial incentive are reservoir compartmentalization and large distance between source and sink. Due to reservoir compartmentalization, many wells are required, leading to high cost and well leakage risk. However, using existing well can reduce the cost, whereas customizing well plug and abandonment procedure to meet CCS requirement can reduce the leakage risk. Regarding large distance between source and sink, the distance determined by the feasibility study is more than 300 km, which make the project less economically attractive. Some basins are close to major CO2 source, but they are non-petroleum-producing basin with not much data available. A new coal-fired power plant, to be built around 50 km from potential storage site, could be a pivotal factor for CCS to gain positive momentum. Currently, there is a major roadblock for regulation, financial incentive, and stake holder engagement. For regulation and stakeholder engagement, these responsibilities belong to three major organizations related to CCS in Thailand; Natural Environment Board (NEB), Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO), and Ministry of Energy (MOEN). Despite the support from the side of policy and regulation in these organizations, CCS currently is low priority. To further complicate the issue, the operator side does not support CCS because of too many risks and unknowns involved. A crucial lesson from this first phase is that more organization involvement is required during planning stage. To be able to move forward, all stakeholder must be willing to contribute. If they get involved early in planning stage, the stakeholders will take ownership of the CCS Roadmap, which should help achieving the goal.

Sustainable Development of Domestically Strategic Mineral Resources in Indonesia Armin Tampubolon

Mineral exploration expert of GAI

Abstract The issuance of new mining law number 04/2009 has derived added value policy for mineral products in Indonesia. Mining permit holders should build their own processing and refinery units (smelters) or have to engage existing smelters to process or refine mineral products domestically. The government believes that the implementation of this policy will increase government revenue from mineral up to five times higher or even more. Mineral raw materials fed into established or future smelters are categorized as domestically strategic minerals. There are sixdomestically strategic mineral types identified according to list of smelters plan in 2013-2017: bauxite, nickel, iron, lead, zinc and manganese. The availability of these mineral reserves is limited if encountered each available reserves against its smelter capacity. Highest to less priority orderof domestically strategic minerals that will urgently to develop in short or medium terms are iron ore, manganese, copper, nickel and bauxite. The target areas for exploration of these minerals are determined on conventional magmatic arcs and metallogeny of Indonesia and new concept of metamorphic hostedmineral (orogenictypes) backgrounds. A new paradigm of mineral exploration today is exactlyperformed comprehensively in proper stages in regard to sustainable developmentat domestic industry demands. Keywords: added value, domestically strategic minerals, smelters, sustainable, Indonesia

95 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Thai fossil potential areas and the next decade of Geo-education Apsorn Sardsud

Fossil Protection Division, Department of Mineral Resources,75/10 Rama VI Rd., Ratchathewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. E-mail address: [email protected] Abstract Thailand is the land of high biodiversity not only in the recent but also in the ancient time. The good evidence of the high biodiversity in Thailand is the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms exited throughout Thailand from the past to the present. The variety fossils that were discovered from many areas in the whole country indicate the high paleo-biodiversity of Thailand. The fossils also show the evolution of life from the oldest, Cambrian age in Paleozoic era, to the recent. The ecosystem of those fossils also show the evolution of marine to non-marine environment. The marine fossils such as trace fossils, trilobites, brachiopods, conodonts, graptolites, tentaculites, bivalves, crustaceans, foraminifers, radiolarians and etc., were mostly discovered from the southern, western, and the northern part of Thailand. The non-marine fossils such as dinosaur, reptiles, fishes, bivalves, mammals, and etc., were found in the northern, southern, northeastern and central part of Thailand. Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) takes the responsibility to protect all of Thai fossils and fossil sites under the Fossil Protection Act B.E. 2551. The high fossil potential sites plan to be protected as Geological museum, Geo-education, Geo- tourism, National/Global Geo-park in order to be a sustainable development. Fossil of dinosaur is one of the most interested fossil in the world. Fortunately, geologists discovered many dinosaur areas from the northeastern Thailand. DMR took this advantage to establish two geological museums in the fossil potential areas during the last two decades. They are Phuwiang Dinosaur Museum at Phuwiang Dinosaur area and Sirindhorn Museum at Phu Khumkhao dinosaur area in Khonkaen and Kalasin provinces, in ascending order. They are also the good tools for giving the geological knowledge to the people as the Geo-education and Geo-tourism areas. At least four fossil sites that relate to dinosaurs, fishes, and other fossils are developing to Geo-education and Geo-tourism in the northeastern Thailand. In this decade, the high fossil potential sites in Satun Province are starting to promote to be a national/global Geo-park. Their sedimentary rocks are included with many and variety of fossils such as trilobites, stromatolites, brachiopods, graptolites, tentaculites, conodonts and others that located in both islands and mainland of Satun province. Trilobites in Tarutao island indicated the oldest fossils in Thailand, as the Cambrian age. DMR and another organization from Satun’s district, changwat, school, etc. established Satun area to be a national Geo-park and are trying to develop it to be a global Geo-park. This year DMR developed an important Triassic fossil site at Wat Phukhaothong, Phattalung province to be a Geo-education site. In this site, people can learn about the Triassic marine sediments and the marine reptile fossils namely ichthyosaurs. It may be the oldest marine reptile in Thailand because Early Early Triassic age of the sediments at Wat Phukhaothong were indicated by conodont index fossils. Students and local people visit this area as the Geo- education and Geo-tourism. The successful of the museums, Geo-park and other Geo- education sites may be the good samples for the sustainable development. It also may inspire another fossil potential area in Thailand to develop to be the Geo-education and Geo-tourism in the next decade. 96

Figure 1. Variety of fossils such as (a) trilobites, (b) stromatolites, (c) tentaculites, (d) graptolites that located in both islands and mainland of Satun province; National Geo-park and Geo-tourism site.

Figure 2. Variety of fossils: (a) ichthyosaurs (replica), (b) ammonoids; (c) school students visited the fossil sites at Wat Phukhaothong Phattalung province; and (d) a small exhibition, Geo-education site.

97 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

The Content of Placer Heavy Mineral and Characteristics of REE as an Alternative to The Mineral Potential at The Bangka Coast and Its Surrounding Waters Noor Cahyo D. Aryanto, and Udaya Kamiludin1

1Marine Geological Institute, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces of Indonesia e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Abstract Bangka Island and surrounding areas (including coast and seabed sediments) is known as main tin producer (cassiterite) in the world as these part of the Southeast Asia Granitic belt, but in fact, other than as a producer of tin, Bangka Belitung is also as heavy mineral placer (as accessories mineral) and REE potential producer which one based on the geological conditions. The potential of accessories minerals on sediment coast, other than cassiterite that occurs DURXQG Muntok &RDVW LH magnetite (7.86 %), ilmenite (4.9%), zircon (1.32%) and apatite (1.07%) respectively with content. While the content of monazite by using a hand drill has the potential content of up to 67.8 g/m3, while the content of monazite hypothetical resources off the coast of Bangka approximately 471,087,689 m3. As for the content of monazite hypothetical resources off the coast of South %HOLWXQJ are approximately 23,995,820 m3. At Toboali coast, South Bangka the presence of REE in sediments are above the Earth's crust generally. They’re concentrations, such as La (5.07 to 199 ppm), Ce (106-394 ppm), Pr (5.11-59.7 ppm), Nd (16.5-201 ppm), Sm (9.97-52.3 ppm), Eu (0.18-1.55 ppm), Gd (9.11-39.3 ppm), Tb (1.35-8.14 ppm), Dy (9.01-56.3 ppm), Ho (1.89-12.3 ppm), Er (5.19-33.9 ppm), Tm (0.77-5.62 ppm), Yb (3.3-37.5 ppm) and Lu (0.71-5.41 ppm). LREE (La-Eu) highest content is generally found in the location of the tailings VOXGJH (TBL-13C), not so in HREE (Gd- Lu), the highest content is widely available on the sandy beach sediments (TBL-13B).

Keywords: Placer heavy mineral, REE, Granitic belt, Bangka Belitung province. 98

The current state and issue of networking on geopark in Vietnam and the way forward Tran Tan Van, Trinh Hai Son and Nguyen Thi Minh Ngoc

Vietnam Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Vietnam e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract The potential for geoparks establishment in East and Southeast Asia is incredibly rich, with 46 geoparks recognized by UNESCO so far and the number keeps increasing. Vietnam, with favorable conditions to develop global geological parks in many areas, is trying to promote geopark development in combination with geotourism as a key smokeless industry with high economic efficiency for the country. Via the gained experiences by successful nomination of the first Global Geopark in Vietnam – Dong Van Karst Plateau (DVKP), and collaboration with other countries, networking has been recognized as the utmost pre- requisite of the success. Vietnam has been learning a lot from international networking, with the first idea on 3G (geoheritage/ geopark/ geotourism) at the 30th Beijing IGC, practical experiences and field surveys by multiple research and R&D projects, e.g.: research project on identifying geoconservation areas of Vietnam during 2001-2004, R&D project on improving local rural life in karst areas of NW Vietnam; Vietnam-Belgian R&D project on conserving a limestone landscape, etc. In 2009, the first geopark was set up in DVKP, Ha Giang province and one year later it became a member of GGN. Since then, we focused on this area, learning by doing, and again, not without active international integration (Vietnam 2011; Japan 2012, 2015; Korea 2013; Canada 2014 etc.). In 2014 the Government approved a nation-wide program on “Conservation of geoheritage and development and management of Vietnam’s Geopark Network, with quite a few areas were tried: Tuyen Quang (Na Hang Nature Reserve), Bac Can (Ba Be National Park), Quang Ninh (Ha Long Bay and its buffer zone), Hai Phong City (Cat Ba Archipelago Man and Biosphere Reserve), Ninh Binh (Trang An Landscape Complex), Dak Nong, Gia Lai, Quang Ngai, Phu Yen, Cao Bang etc. provinces. Propagation of the first success was slow, possibly because Vietnam UNESCO Natcom NCP on Geopark is very small and there is not yet any national network and networking. In order to promote development of geoparks, it was recently recommended to upgrading the National Contact Point on Geopark into a Technical Committee on Geopark, set up Vietnam’s Geoparks Network and National Geoheritage/Geopark Appraisal Council. Now, with UGG becoming an official label, the GGNA functioning, the VGN network, Vietnam UNESCO Natcom Geopark TC and Vietnam Geopark and Geoheritage Appraisal Council etc. are being set up, and finally the Law on Cultural Heritage revised, we are optimistic that Geopark development in Vietnam will take off, together with other countries in East and Southeast Asia region.

Keywords: Geopark, Networking, Asia

99 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

The Current Status of CO2 Geological Storage R&D Projects in KIGAM Jeong Chan Kim, Kwon Gyu Park, Young Jae Shinn and Yong-Chan

Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Abstract

With the increasing attention to climate change debate, CO2 capture and storage, the removal of CO2from a flue-gas steam generated from coal-fired power plants or other large point sources of anthropogenic CO2 has become an urgent issue. Korea plans to its greenhouse gas emissions by 37% from the business-as-usual (BAU, 850.6 Mt CO2eq.) level by 2030 across all economics. This is equivalent to limiting greenhouse emissions in 2030 at 536MtCO2eq. Considering Korea¶s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2014 were 693 Mt CO2 eq., Korea shall try to its greenhouse gas emissions in a lot of different ways. In this situation, CCS (CO2 capture and CO2 storage) is resurfacing as an important option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. In Korea, many CCS-related researches have been launched and are being carried out, focusing on the practical use of CCS by 2030. KIGAM has played a key role in CO2 storage researches in Korea and has undertaken many research projects related to CO2 geological storage: including site selection and geological characterization; construction and operation of small-scale CO2 storage injection and monitoring test bed; small-scale pilot demonstrations of CO2 storage and monitoring (onshore and offshore), development of elemental technologies for CO2 storage (injection- and monitoring-related); and international cooperating projects. In this presentation, the current status of above-mentioned KIGAM¶s projects will be briefly described.

Keywords: Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Capture and Storage

100

The Gateway to the Digital World for Asian Geosciences : DCGM-CCOP Koji Wakita

The Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Digital Compilation of Geoscientific Map of East and Southeast Asia (DCGM) had launched in 1993. This project became a trigger for the following various geoinformation projects of CCOP. The digital mapping and dissemination projects cover the late half of the 50 years CCOP history. The digital data is easy to disseminate to the public through Internet. Geoinformation provided by CCOP via Internet is very important for the safety and comfortable life in Asia. DCGM project was the gateway to such digital world for Asian Geoscience. The digital geoinformation provided by CCOP and its member countries will raise awareness how important geosciences for the safe and secure life of the public. Keywords: DCGM, Digital Mapping, OneGeology, East and Southeast Asia 1. Introduction Digital compilation and dissemination is one of the major activities for CCOP in its later half of the 50 years CCOP history. The Geoinformation Sector is in charge of this kind of work in CCOP. The milestone of the digital compilation in CCOP is a project namely “Digital Compilation of Geoscientific Map of East and Southeast Asia (DCGM)”. Dr. Hanakoka of GSJ, one of the CCOP coordinator at that time asked me to make a new project for CCOP. I was a staff of GSJ at that time, and proposed a new CCOP project to make a digital map using GIS. GIS is not so popular in Geoscientifc field in Asia, I would like to introduce it to CCOP member countries as well as Japan. This project became a trigger for various digital compilation programs in CCOP. I would like to describe herewith the history, ripple effect and role of DCGM on our society. After DCGM project Phase I, Geological Survey of Japan – AIST started to digitize geological maps at a scale of 1:20,000. Then, I started to the project of the Seamless Geological Map of Japan based on these digital geological maps. The Seamless Geological Map of Japan became very popular in Japan after the Tohoku Mega Earthquake in 2011 as well as the digital active fault map of Japan produced by GSJ. 2.History of the DCGM project Digital Compilation of Geoscientific Map of East and Southeast Asia (DGCM) project launched in 1993 as a series of CCOP projects proposed by the Geological Survey of Japan- AIST. The purpose of this project was to develop several layers of geoscientific data in the 101 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

CCOP region, and to establish digital compilation methodology in the region as a common project platform. The DCGM project was divided into four phases. DCGM Phase I is to compile digital geological map of the CCOP region at a scale of 1:5,000,000. Phase II is to compile the distribution of offshore sediment. Phase III is to compile multilayered data set for various major cities in CCOP region. Phase IV is a project for hydrogical and hydrothermal data set. I was a leader of the DCGM phase I and III, and planned to make a common digital world in the CCOP region. At that time, very few countries of the CCOP region use GIS and produce digital data set in geoscientific field. I asked to ESRI to distribute ArcInfo to all of CCOP countries in free of charge. We studied how to use GIS together, worked together to compile a single map of CCOP region, and finally produced the Geological Map of East and Southeast Asia (Wakita et al., 1997,2004). After this project, CCOP member countries started to produce digital geoscientific maps in their own countries including Japan. The staffs of CCOP members asked me to learn more on GIS, and then we started DCGM Phase III to prepare multilayer data set of Asian large urban areas (DCGM Working Group, 2000). 3. Ripple effect of the DCGM project The DCGM project was followed by various digital geoinformation projects such as CCOP Metadata, GeoHazard Project, Multilingual Thesaurus, CCOP GeoGrid, CCOP OneGeology, CCOP-ASEAN Harmonized Geology and so on. And recently, CCOP started a new geoinformation project, “COOP Geoinformation Sharing Infrastructure for East and Southeast Asia project. These are very fruitful result and excellent contribution of CCOP for Society. DCGM opened the digital world not only for CCOP but also for each member country of CCOP. For example, After DCGM project Phase I, Geological Survey of Japan – AIST started to digitize geological maps at a scale of 1:20,000, and now all digital data were digitized and provided. 4. Geoinformation for the public Using the digitized geological maps of GSJ, I started to new project of the Seamless Geological Map of Japan based on these digital geological maps (Wakita et al., 2009). The Seamless Geological Map of Japan became very popular in Japan after the Tohoku Mega Earthquake in 2011 as well as the digital active fault map of Japan produced by GSJ. Even simple geological map help to understand possible area for landslide or liquefaction. General people wish to know geological information in the web site for their safe and secure life. Recently, they can access to the geological data via mobile tools more easily. OneGeology was a flagship project for the International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) 2008, whose catchphrase was "Earth Science for Society". Digital geoinformation, such as 102

CCOP-OneGeology, will be more and more important for society. CCOP and its member countries should contribute to produce and disseminate useful and accurate geoinformation to the public. And please remember that DCGM is a milestone and gateway to the digital world for Asian geosciences. References DCGM III Working Group, 2000, Digital Compilation of Geoscientific Information for large Urban Areas in East and Southeast Asia, DCGM Phase III, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST Kato, H., Waktia, K., Bandibas, J. et al.(2003) Interactive Geological Hazard Map of East and Southeast Asia, Digital Geoscience Map G-11, Geological Survey of Japan,AIST. Wakita, K., Okubo, K., Bandibas, J.C, Lei, X., Daigo Schulte, M.J., 1997 Digital Geologic Map of East and Southeast Asia, 1:2,000,00, First Edition, Digital Geoscience Map G-2, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST_ Wakita, K., Okubo, K., Bandibas, J.C, Lei, X., Daigo Schulte, M.J., 2004 Digital Geologic Map of East and Southeast Asia, 1:2,000,00, Second Edition, Digital Geoscience Map G-2, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST_ Wakita, K., Igawa, T., Takarada, S. (eds), 2009, Seamless geological map of Japan at a scale of 1:2,000,000 DVD edition, Digital Geoscience Map, G-16, Geological Survey of Japan-AIST 103 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

The Geological Collection Project Kitti Khaowiset, Ratchaneewan Jai-Kho and San Assavapatchara

Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand Abstract The Geological Collection Project has been launched since 2010. This project is intended to collect and display reference geological materials or geoscience data collection systematically. Geological materials are including rocks, minerals, and fossil while the latter are concerning geological documents such as geological reports, research papers, maps, geophysical database and result of geochemical analysis or even photographs that having significant in geologic history. Until now Department of Mineral and Resources (DMR) collects several geological material entire the country and be exchanged samples by neighboring country as well. All collected samples are storage at Mineral and Rock Research Center, Rayong. Currently, total 5,324 geological material samples are registered and divided into 9 types. All types are including (1) 3,622 area-based (rock samples), (2) 72 fossil samples, (3) 59 mineral samples, (4) 702 samples that representative stratigraphic type section, (5) 13 drilled samples, (6) 1 geological structure sample, (7) 361 extra-large size samples, (8) 312 sediment samples that representative depositional environment and (9) 182 foreign samples. Nowadays all collection samples are recorded in GIS web-based format for convenient access and easy query. Onlined address is http://bgs.dmr.go.th.

104

The Giant Huoshaoyun Nonsulfide Zinc Deposit in Karakorum, North Margin of Tibet Plateau Yongbao Gao

Xi’an center, China Geological Survey, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710054, P. R. China Abstract Supergene nonsulfide zinc deposits, popularly but incorrectly termed “zinc oxide” deposits, are becoming attractive exploration targets owing to increased grades and their accessibility for extraction because of new developments in hydrometallurgy (Large, 2001; Martin et al., 2015). In recent years, the Houshaoyun giant nonsulfide deposit has been found in Karakorum, north margin of Tibet Plateau. Until now, the zinc and lead reserves of Huoshaoyun deposit has been up to 18 million tons, which may be the second large nonsulfide zinc deposit in the world. The Pb grade is 5.63% in average and the Zn grade is 23.58% in average. The first large nonsulfide zinc deposit in the world is Mehdiabad deposit, Iran (218Mt ores @ 7.2%Zn, 2.3%Pb, 51g/t Ag, Union Capital Limited, unpublished company report). The limestone in Middle Jurassic Longshan Formation is the wall rock, and ore bodies are controlled by strata. Three Pb-Zn ore bodies have been found. The main ore bodies are nearly horizontal with length of 1500 meters, width of 1000 meters, and thickness of 3.47 meters in average. The ores are dominated by massive and banded structures, and the main ore minerals are smithsonite and cerussite. The Huoshaoyun deposit may be wall- rock replacement deposit where zinc derived from the weathering of a sulfide body moves out into adjacent carbonate rocks and replaces limestone with smithsonite. The discovery of Huoshaoyun nonsulfide zinc deposit show great potential of zinc ore prospecting in Karakorum, and also have promoted the understanding of the giant Pb-Zn metallogenic belt in the northern margin of Tibet Plateau. References: Large, D., 2001. The geology of nonsulphide zinc deposits--an overview. Erzmetall 54, 264-276. Reich, M. and Vasconcelos, P.M., 2015. Geological and economic significance of supergene metal deposits. Elements, 11, 305–310.

105 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

The Research Project to Prevent and Rehabilitate Shallow Landslide in Steep Slope Areas: Case Study at Ban Na Tum Village, Tha U-Thae Sub-District, Kanchanadit District, Surat Thani Province, Thailand Songkiert Tansamrit, Ph.D. Director and Secretary-General Sustainable Energy Foundation. Abstract This project studied the application of the Vetiver System and, combining the integration and binding force of vetiver grass, alongside other vegetation methods, in conjunction with engineering applications, to prevent and rehabilitate shallow landslides on a road embankment which is the only access in and out of Ban Na Tum Village, in Surat Thani Province in Southern Thailand. Vetiver grass and other plants were cultivated on soil- filled plastic flapped sack mounds, engineering application, to allow roots to grow and integrate each other and into surrounding soil thus create binding force to strengthen the road and prevent shallow landslide. As the engineering application gradually deteriorates, the root system acts like a fish net, spreading and engulfing underground structures and fastening them to the earth. Furthermore, manpower is sufficient to pile the plastic flapped sacks and fill them with soil; ideal for where there is no heavy machinery access. The Sustainable Energy Foundation (Foundation) and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTGC) implemented the project along with Non-Profit Organization (NGOs), the Ban Na Tum community, and the Local Administrative Organization (LAO). The community involvement process consisted of (1) Informing and consulting to identify mutual interest and tangible project benefits; (2) Community Involvement is a learning process. Learning how to integrate local wisdom and scientific knowledge, with theoretical and hands- on practical, real-world fieldwork with experts; (3) Collaboration and empowerment processes, with the President of the LAO being elected Chair of the Working Committee and the local NGO serving as Vice Chair, to manage the project. The Community Research Team, led by Mr. Pitipong Kitkarnmoe community’s leader, implemented practical work. The study found that plastic flapped sacks innovative product of PTTGC, when installed with a drainage pipe culvert, strengthened the damaged area and added stability, raising the safety index from 1.1 to 1.42. The success of the Vetiver System was evidenced in the community being able to witness the rehabilitation of the road embankment into a strong and sturdy state with an operational water drainage system. They can also see the vetiver hedge planted in rows that locks the soil in place and diverts water runoff at the same time. However, the creation of the binding force of the Vetiver System and how the roots of vetiver and other plants integrate with the plastic flapped sacks structure requires more time. The Vetiver System requires maintenance which will involve an important and learning process. In economic terms, the ROI of THB 564,000, including maintenance for 10 years, was THB 5 for every THB 1. The project is considered a low investment and has earned a worthwhile return in terms of community learning and changes in behavior, as identified in a Social Impact Assessment. Community benefits include confidence in the road, transporting agricultural produce to market. The community acquired knowledge and skills in preventing shallow landslides on steep slopes, the use of plastic flapped sacks, and how to cultivate vetiver grass. Five members of the community successfully became community lecturers to promote self-sufficiency with the adaptive use of the Vetiver System. 106

The role of geological engineering information supporting for regional development planning and infrastructure development in Makariki region, Maluku province Sarwondo and Tri Endah Utami

Engineering Geology Division, Center for Groundwater and Environmental Geology, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia

Abstract Currently target development in Indonesia is more focused on the development of strategic infrastructure in developing regions. Makariki is one of developing region in Seram Island that will be planed to be Capital City of Maluku Province replaces Ambon City, declared by the Governor of Maluku. The fundamental reason of this policy is acceleration of development in Ambon city which are no longer balanced with the environmental capacity, indicated by the ratio between area and rate of population growth. Through the Geological Research and Services Programs in 2015, it had been conducted Thematic Engineering Geological Mapping in the Makariki Region to provide data and information on the mechanical and engineering properties of soil / rock, which is expected to be used as an input or reference data in regional development planning and infrastructure development in the area. The availability data and information of engineering geological expected can be minimized technical errors on regional development planning and or failed on infrastructure development in the area. The method used is qualitatively and quantitatively through field surveys to observe the conditions and constraints of engineering geology and also to get sampling for testing in soil and rock mechanical laboratory. Mechanical and engineering properties of soils and rocks were analyzed qualitatively based on data from field observations and quantitatively based on the results of laboratory tests. Further recommendations are based on analysis of the engineering geological conditions and geological constraints. Based on engineering geological condition and geological constrain the development of the region in Makariki area need to consider geological engineering aspects. Results of identification in the field survey supported by data of analysis laboratory indicate that the bearing capacity of the soil for shallow foundation on Sediment Alluvium (Qa): low - medium, weathering soil of Limestone Koral (Ql): low - medium, and weathering soil of metamorphic rocks Complex Tehoru ( PRT): medium. It is advisable to do quality improvement on soil with low bearing capacity. Light-weight buildings are able to use a shallow foundation in 1 m depth. Heavy building should be located in high bearing capacity areas with slope <30º to prevent landslides. 107 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Excavation is easy done on the soil of Alluvial Deposition, but difficult - hard on the weathering soil of limestone and metamorphic. Excavation or cuts slopes need to consider the safety factor of the slope, recommended maximum of height slope: 3-4 m with a slope angle: 35º - 50º. Preventing flood control efforts in flood-prone areas around the river by the dredging of the river, make a levee on the left - right river and making check dam on upstream area. To anticipate the tsunami disaster, developed coastal areas should be located on elevation > 15 m above the sea level, especially Sea Banda coastal area. Preventing environmental pollution, the location of waste dispossal should consider the bearing capacity of the soil, the groundwater flow and the permeability of the soil / rock.

108

The Study on Quality and Hydrochemical Facies of Groundwater in Lower Chao Phraya Basin Ticumphon Tangpakdeetrakoon*, Dhiti Tulyatid,* and, Tussanee Nettasana **

*Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, 199 Mu 9, Lum Sum, Saiyok, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. ** Department of Groundwater Resources, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Lower Chao Phraya Basin has been considered as the largest source of groundwater in Thailand. Sediments in the basin comprise alternate layers of sand and clay. We study the quality of groundwater through the use of information available from the “Project on the Management of Groundwater in the Crisis Matrix 2554" along the N-S trending showing the hydrogeology cross section lines 7 and 8. The results were then compared to the groundwater quality standard for consumption announced by Ministry of Industry in 1999 in cooperation with Piper Diagram test. Based on the preliminary results, it is possible to divide groundwater aquifer into four aquifers. Water drawn from each of these aquifer shows that values of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), fluoride (F), chloride (Cl) Total hardness as CaCO3 (TH), Non-carbonate hardness as CaCO3 (non-TH) and Total dissolved Soilds (TDS) are all exceed the maximum values allowed in the standard. Hydrochemical facies analysis type can be classified into two types, which are Ca-Na-HCO3 and Na-HCO3. The result implies that groundwater is located near to the surface (surficial) or its recharge area. The direction of groundwater flow is from north to south. Keywords: quality of groundwater, Hydrochemical facies, Piper Diagram, Lower Chao Phraya Basin

109 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

The Thai Lao Cooperation Project For Sustainable Development Of Geological Resources 2012-2016: The Geological Correlation San Assavapatchara1, Kitti Khaowiset1, Warunee Yathakum1, Pirat Sakpisutthipong1, Chanthala Keohavong2, Vilapon Singhaduangpanya2, Kuangnuvong Thepvongsa2, and Toun Inthavong2

1 Department of Mineral Resources Thailand, Rama 6 Rd, Rajtheevee, Bangkok, Thailand, 10600 2 Department of Geology and Minerals, Nongbone Rd, Vientiane, Lao PDR, P.O. Box: 4780 Abstract The Thai-Lao Cooperation Project for Sustainable Development of Geological Resources 2012-2016 has been granted by Thailand International Development Cooperation Agency, (TICA), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand. The project is a co-operation between Thai Royal Department of Mineral Resources (DMR), Kingdom of Thailand and Department of Geology and Minerals (DGM), Lao PDR in order to capacity building for human resources development, exchange on geological information and exchange field excursion, museum development, and also alternative visit of both relevance administrators. The geological unit has been correlated based mainly on tool of remote sensing technique and occasionally several short field excursions during period of the following up the training program in Lao PDR since 2012. Previous literature surveys and geological maps have been investigated. The correlation is carried out based on map scale on 1:200,000 in Lao region but scale on 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 are advantage in Thai region. The area is located between frontiers of both countries along the Khong River. The correlation area is covering Loei, Nongkhai, Buengkal, Udonthani, Nakhon Phnom, Mukdaharn, Udonthani, Amnatcharoen, and Ubonratchathani provinces of Thailand, and Vientiane, Khammouan, Bolikhamxay, and Savannakhet provinces of Lao PDR, respectively. Geologically, stratigraphic units are represented by Lower Paleozoic to Quaternary sedimentary rock units, Lower Paleozoic metamorphic rock units and Carboniferous to Triassic igneous rock units. Igneous rocks are various compositions from ultrabasic, basic to acid compositions, indicating Upper Paleozoic based on field relation and radioactive dating.

110

The Thai-Lao Cooperation Project for Sustainable Development of Geological Resources 2012-2016: Activities Warunee Yathakum, San Assavapatchara, Kitti Khaowiset and Suvapak Imsamut

Department of Mineral Resources, Thailand ABSTRACT The Thai-Lao Project for Sustainable Development is international cooperation project between the Royal Thai Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) and the Department of Geology and Minerals (DGM), Lao PDR. The Thai – Lao cooperation focuses on key topics, including geological and mineral resources information exchange and development, institutional capacity building and museum development. In 2012, DMR and DGM have operated under the project title “Thai-Lao Project for Sustainable Development of Geological Resources” during year 2012-2016 which was supported by Thailand international Development Cooperation Agency (TICA), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand. This project aims to continue with the current cooperation and to achieve the ultimate outcome of the technical cooperation project and aims for making socio-economic progress towards sustainable development for the benefits people and societies of the two countries. The project is composed of 5 main activities, they are (1) Cooperative study for geological resources managements and human resources development (HRD) through the several job training programs both in Thailand and in Lao PDR, (2) DGM’s museum development (3) working group meeting, (4) project manager committee meeting, and (5) Thai-Lao and Lao- Thai Technical Conference on Geology and Mineral Resources with the association of government and private sectors for the presentation of, promotion and exchange knowledge on Thai and Lao PDR geology and mineral resources among personnel of the two countries.

111 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Thermal effects on shearing resistance of fractures in Tak Granite Pakpoom Naphudsa1 and Kittitep Fuenkajorn 1

1School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract The application of radioactive elements and radiation provides benefits to scientific, medical, agricultural and industrial purposes. The amount of radioactive waste is produced and is needed to be managed in a safe and secure manner. Geological disposal is an alternative method of radioactive waste management. Granitic rocks are used to store the radioactive waste due to their physical and mechanical properties such as crystalline texture, low permeability, less fractured and resistance to high temperature. In nature, the granitic rocks are usually fractured by tectonic stresses and if they are used to store the radioactive waste they will be subjected to the significant high heat as resulted by radioactive decay. The objective of this study is to experimentally determine the shear strength of fractures in granite under elevated temperatures. Triaxial shear tests are performed using a polyaxial load frame. The effects of temperature on the peak shear strengths of tension-induced fractures and saw-cut surfaces are determined. The polyaxial load frame applies confining (lateral) stresses while the axial stress is increased. The axial load is applied at the rate of 1 MPa/s until a total displacement of 2 mm is reached. The specimens are prepared from Tak granite with nominal dimensions of 5.0×5.0×8.7 cm3 and the fracture area of 5×10 cm2. The normal of fracture plane makes an angle of 60 degrees with the axial (major principal) stress. The testing is subjected to constant temperatures ranging from 303 (ambient temperature), 373, 573 to 773 Kelvin with confining stresses from 1, 3, 7, 12 to 18 MPa. The elevated temperatures are applied by using heating steel coils with temperature regulator. For tension-induced fracture, the results indicate that the shear strength decreases with increasing temperatures. Barton’s criterion can best describe the shear strength under elevated temperatures. The shear strength of saw-cut surfaces tends to increase with temperature particularly above 373 Kelvin. These findings improve and develop the understanding of the shearing resistance of fractures in Tak granite under the triaxial stresses and elevated temperatures. Keywords: Fracture, Granite, Thermal effect, Cohesion, Friction angle 112

Tidal Current Energy Potential As Renewable Energy in Boleng and Pantar Strait, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia Waters Evie H. Sudjono 1 , Nining S. Ningsih2 and Deny Setyadi1

1Marine Geological Institute, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resouces of Indonesia 2Institute Technology of Bandung, Indonesia e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract They are wave, temperature difference (ocean thermal), current, and tidal. Tidal current has widely explored in Indonesia waters. Many of them are located in Nusa Tenggara Timur Waters. Pantar and Boleng straits for example have their tidal current energy potential. Modelling of tidal current has been conducted in Pantar and Boleng straits by using a three- dimensional hydrodynamic Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Semidiurnal tides are dominant in these area, which shows the influence of M2 component. The root mean square (rms) between model and observation data for M2 component was 16% of the amplitude and 15% of the phase lag, respectively. The velocity in Pantar and Boleng straits at 10 m depth were about 1.0 to 2.5 m/s in neap and spring. Tidal current power potential (velocity > 1 m/s) for Boleng strait was 1 to 2.5 MW and duration about 4 to 5 hours in one day. Pantar strait had potential power 0.25 hingga 0.5 MW and duration about 2 to 5 hours in one day

Keywords: Tidal current, Renewable energy, Velocity, Power potential, Nusa Tenggara Timur

113 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

To Study Subsurface Geological Structure of Brine Highland Groundwater System to Constrain Community Salt Mining and Tourism: by Applied 2D Resistivity Imaging and Scanning Technique at Bo Kluea District, Nan Province, Thailand Desell Suanburi

Applied Geo-Exploration Research Unit, Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd.,Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Brine groundwater at Bo Kluea District of Nan province, have been taken to produce salt for 700 years which present as a tourist attraction. Salt deposit at the high terrain of Bo Kluea Region represents as the most dominant highland salt resources. 2D resistivity measurement was attempt to investigate subsurface geological structure associated to highland brine groundwater system which found in sandstone beds where displays structural geology in N - S, NE - SW and NW - SE direction which may relate to brine groundwater system. Four survey lines for resistivity measurement were designed covering 2 active brine wells, focal tourist posture at South Bo Kluea community. Two resistivity survey approaches were practically applied 2D resistivity imaging with Dipole - Dipole configuration 60 - 90 multi-electrode was conducted by 10 m spacing. Then, scanning technique with Schlumberger configuration was performed with deeper and more detailed by 10 m continuous shifting by 1D inversion modeling. The results of 2D resistivity imaging show sandstone bedrock represent as slightly high resistivity (50 – 100 ņ.m) with depth at 30 – 50 m. Low resistivity vertical zone was found at both brine well with 50 m align in N-S direction which may associated with brine occurrence. 1D inversion model show brine groundwater layer which containing within sandstone bed representing as very low resistivity (1 – 10 ņ.m). Two main fault zones were found close to brine well location which lay in NE – SW direction. 2D resistivity imaging and scanning technique can successfully applied to investigate subsurface geological features relating to brine groundwater system of Bo Kluea area which may useful for further tourist information. Keywords: Brine well, 2D resistivity imaging, Highland groundwater, Bo Kluea District 114

Unconsolidated sediment study for paleoenvironment during Late Pleistocene of Tham Lod rockshelter, Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son, Thailand Nopporn Denkitkul1 and Seriwat Saminpanya2

1Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University 2Department of General Science, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract The research aims to investigate unconsolidated sediments which can record the evidence of paleoenvironment of the area. The research utilization will be able to support the sedimentology and paleoclimate data of late Pleistocene in Thailand which is very important in the scientific aspect in this region. Our investigation technique includes micromorphology, geochemistry, and integrated clay mineralogy of the sediments in the archaeological site at Tham Lod rockshelter, Pang Mapha, Mae Hong Son province. The results show that moderate water current flew into the site with distinctive chemical weathering indicated by abundant of kaolinite in lower sediment layer at the depth of between 285 and 416 cm. (late Pleistocene, approx. 16,750 BP.). Conversely, the upper sediment layer at the depth of between 30 and 280 cm. (late Pleistocene, ~12,100 BP.) show none-distinctive chemical weathering and kaolinite. The thin section analysis of lower sediment layers, show the wet/dry cycle features and the composition of small charcoal and bone fragments which are the evidence of ancient human occupied the site ~16,750 BP., including the appearance of some bone fragments in 280 cm. of sampling depth (in lowest of the upper layer). The implication of this study is that the paleoclimate in the surrounding areas of the site was humid/semi-arid condition in the late Pleistocene (~12,100 - 16,750 BP).

Keywords: Sedimentology, Paleoenvironment, Clay Minerals, Geochemistry, Unconsolidated Sediments

115 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Unfavorable storing condition of the Tha Chang mammalian fossils.

Nuntida Yunkratok1, Rattanaphorn Hanta2, Wickanet Songtham1, Pratueng Jintasakul1,

1Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, NakhornRatchasimaRajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand 2 School of Geotechnology, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand Coresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The sand pits nearby the Mun River in Tha Chang subdistrict, Chaloem Phra Kiat District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province have yielded the mammalian fossils, predominantly the proboscidean fossils. A number of proboscidean teeth and skeletal bones and other mammalian fossils were replaced by minerals such as clay minerals, calcite, apatite, and pyrite, a source composition that caused specimen deterioration. If the pyrite mineral was oxidized, it will produce an iron oxide (FeO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). If the moisture (H2O) is combined to the reaction, the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) will be occurred. These by products degrade the storage (Ex. cupboard, container box, etc.), especially the metal products and even ruin a specimen itself. Several museums and educational institutions have stored these pyritized specimens and experienced this pyrite problem. Avoiding the oxidation of pyrite is to keep in a dry place under Relative Humidity (RH) below 45%, and to avoid specimen prone to the oxygen. This study had been conducted to inspect the condition, especially the humidity, of the storage room whether it attains a standard state (RH<45%). The data collection was recorded from July 2014 to August 2015, totally fourteen months period. The recorded data were collected from a museum hall which equipped with air-conditioner and the ambient humidity of storage room at the Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources (Khorat Fossil Museum), Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima, northeastern Thailand. The result shows that during rainy season, July to October, the RH increased continuously from 60% to 80%. From November to February, a dry season, the RH dropped to 58-62%. In March and April, the RH variedly swang 60-70% depend on the rainfall. From May, RH increased again until June and July, RH varied 60-70% on non-rain day and 70- 80% on rainy day. In general, RH was higher than 45% throughout the year. This condition would accelerate the pyrite oxidation. In air-conditioner equipped room, RH decreased 10- 15% from the ambient RH and kept below 45% during dry season which help retard the pyrite oxidizing reaction. This result suggests that museums or educational institutions that store the Tha Chang mammalian fossils should keep the storage room to maintain the appropriate RH by using the air-conditioner or the controllable RH by installing dehumidifier. 116

United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 (UNFC), how it works and current status (Subtheme: Geo-resources) Simplicio P. Caluyong, David Macdonald and Charlotte Griffiths

1 CCOP Technical Secretariat, [email protected] 2 Expert Group on Resource Classification, UNECE, [email protected] 3 Sustainable Energy Division, UNECE, [email protected] Abstract The effective management of limited resources in a globalizing economy requires accurate assessments of the supply base. The recoverable quantities must be described and categorized in a manner that is consistent with other scientific and social/economic information used in management and, in particular, in a manner that is consistent with the information describing the projects to recover them. A number of different standards have evolved over time in response to various professional needs and local requirements. There has been a natural progression of these standards towards the development of common global standard, the UNFC. This paper provides an overview of the purpose of UNFC, its development history and governance, how the system works, its evolution from mineral and fossil energy focused to its application to other energy resources such as uranium and thorium, renewable energy, and injection projects (CO2 geological storage). http://www.unece.org/energy/se/reserves.html

117 Thematic Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 52nd CCOP Annual Session, Bangkok, Thailand, 1st November 2016

Vegetation response to climate changes over the last 21 ka in the western Nanling Mountains, South China Jie Li a,b,c, Zhuo Zhengb, Rachid Cheddadi c, Kangyou Huangb , Shixiong Yanga,b,

a Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China b Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China c Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Montpellier cedex 5, France

Abstract A multi-proxy analysis of the subalpine Gutian peat bog enables a reconstruction of the vegetation and climate changes over the past 21 cal ka BP in southern China. The results indicate that temperate deciduous-coniferous forests dominated the landscape during the last glacial and post-glacial periods (21-12.5 ka). The coldest and driest time span is dated between 18.5 and 14.5 ka when the cold-tolerant conifers prevailed. The sharp alternations between broad-leaved and conifers forest components coincide with Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas cold period. The onset of the strengthening of the summer monsoon at ~13 ka is well-identified through both the degree of humification in the fossil record and the pollen assemblages. The moisture increase that is related to the monsoon enhancement favored the expansion of local wetlands and associated vegetation. The rapid expansion of subtropical evergreen forests between 8.5 to 3.5 ka around the catchment area corresponds to the Holocene thermal maximum. The decline of evergreen forests at 3.5 ka and onwards represents a reduction of effective moisture and temperature, possibly caused by weakened monsoon intensity towards the end of the Holocene. Recent abrupt vegetation changes at 1.3 ka are caused by an intensification of human disturbances.

Keywords: Last glacial maximum, Holocene, Pollen analysis, South China, Subtropical forest, Asian Monsoon, Vegetation

118 ict; Case Analysis of Mindanao, the Philippines Ŵ cance of Andesitic Rocks in Tak Province, Thailand cance of Andesitic Rocks in Tak ų ow hazards in Thailand: Best practices for landslide susceptibility and ow hazards in Thailand: Best practices for landslide susceptibility Ŵ cances of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai and Phan segments of the Phayao Fault, cances of the Mae Lao, Mae Suai and ų

Tida Liard and Romain Liard Oki Yuri Chanakan Wisessan and Fongsaward Suvagondha Singharajwarapan S., Sawettakul, K., Kaewsong, R., Soisa, T. and Seritrakul,S. Khamboonruang,J. Yawsangrat, Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij, Christoph Hauzenberger and Chakkaphan Sutthirat Thitiphan Assawincharoenkij, Christoph Hauzenberger and Chakkaphan Sutthirat Mukda Singtuen and Burapha Phajuy Weerachat Wiwegwin, Thunchanok Kawinate and Phimonmat Kengtankorn Wiwegwin, Thunchanok Kawinate and Phimonmat Weerachat Thasod and Benjavun Ratanasthien Thunyapat Sattraburut, Yupa Doungrutai Saesaengseerung and Nur Susila binti Md. Saaid Doungrutai Saesaengseerung and Nur Tanawin Katip, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse Katip, Dhiti Tulyatid Tanawin Jittisak Preammanee and Pasakorn Paopongsawan Chatsurang Thawornniwat, Dhiti Tulyatid, , Rutaichanok Sainarmtip, (RADM) Thaworn Wigegwin Weerchat Preecha Saithong, Pol Chaodumrong, Chalerndee, Montida Sitathani and Thunyanut Hathaichanok Panjamart, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse and Hathaichanok Panjamart, Dhiti Tulyatid disaster resiliences northern Thailand: Implication for a source of toxic elements Thailand border and their depositional environments Wang Rui and Zhou Qingtan Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand Tanawat Nam-ngam, Dhiti Tulyatid and Sirot Salyapongse and Sirot Nam-ngam, Dhiti Tulyatid Tanawat Province. Bank of Mae Klong River, Kanchanaburi Ailada Plengplai, Dhiti Tulyatid and Jitisak Premmanee Tulyatid Ailada Plengplai, Dhiti Sirot Sulayaponge and Prinya Putthapiban Sutatcha Hongsresawat, Pajaree Taweepong, Khuancheewa Phonnikorn, Dhiti Tulyatid, Minarwan Dhiti Tulyatid, Khuancheewa Phonnikorn, in Tambon Kaeng Sian, Muang District, Kanchanburi Province. in Tambon Kanchanaburi Province, Western Thailand Western Kanchanaburi Province, Province. in Tha Maka District, Kanchanaburi northern Gulf of Thailand northern Gulf of 17. Mesozoic vertebrate footprints discoveries from the ASEAN 18. Natural Resources Governance and Con signi 19. Neotectonic 16. Landslide and debris 13. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of tailings and waste rocks from a gold mine in 14. Signi Geochemistry and Tectonic 15. Map for Heat Pump Installation in Mueang Chiang Mai District, Groundwater Temperature 12. Depositional Environment of Hongsa Coal from Petrographic Interpretation 9. the Malaysia-Thailand radiolarian fauna from radiolarian-bearing rocks along Carboniferous 10. for China’s Sustainable Development CCUS Technology 11. along the Mae Lao Fault after the ML 6.3 Mae Lao earthquake, Ground crack investigation 7. Metals in Bo Khlueng Hot Spring, Ratchaburi Province. A Study on the Contamination of Heavy 8. and Preparation for Natural disasters Awareness 6. I-Dang, Khao Raet and South on Structural Geology of Khao Tham Mangkon Thong, Khao A Study 5. Phu Rang and Khao Hua Lan on Structural Geology of Khao Noen Prang, Khao Phra, Khao A Study 3. District, Ban Phu Maidaeng, Sai Yok Ash at Toba Young An Occurence of the 4. Major Fault of Rocks and Its Implication to Structures and Metamorphism A Study on Geological 1. Basin, Rock Potential of the Western Maturity for the Study on Source 1D Modeling of Thermal 2. Province Sadao Districts, Kanchanaburi of Limestone in Sisawat and Chong A Geochemical Study POSTER TITLE POSTER

119 28. Revision oftheNamPhongFormation(KhoratGroup),Chaiyaphum, northeasternThailand 28. Relationship betweenREEandThconcentrationofsomegranitic bodiesinThailand 27. Putting geositesintheserviceofintegrativelearning:examples fromtheKalasinprovince, 26. Prograde MetamorphismDuetotheS-typeGraniteIntrusionatKhaoTum KhunKraiandthe 25. Physical modelsimulationsofsuper-criticalsubsidenceundervariousminingsequencesand 24. Petrography ofBentoniteDepositinCenozoicVolcanic BeltsintheLamNaraiArea, 23. Open EducationalResource(OER) 22. On theStratigraphicCorrelationofPebblyRocksandDevonian-CarboniferousOlder 21. On theEvidenceofHoloceneSea-LevelRiseDuetoClimateChange:InArea 20. 37. Unfavorable storingconditionofthe ThaChangmammalianfossils. 37. Unconsolidated sedimentstudyfor paleoenvironmentduringLatePleistoceneofTham Lod 36. The Thai-Lao CooperationProjectforSustainableDevelopmentofGeologicalResources 35. The ThaiLao CooperationProjectforSustainableDevelopmentofGeologicalResources 34. The Study on QualityandHydrochemicalFaciesofGroundwaterinLowerChaoPhrayaBasin 33. The GeologicalCollectionProject 32. Thermal effectsonshearingresistanceoffracturesinTak Granite 31. Sequentail evolutionpathofKyanite-Andalusite-Sillimanite frommetapelitesofBuchanFacies 30. Silurian andDevonianradiolariansfromtheSeponMine,Truong Son Terrane,29. centralLaosand and Klueabthong,K. Rangubpit,W., Chualaowanich,T.,Soisa,T.,Somsat,R.,Mitmark,S.,Saraphanchotwithaya,P.,Rujiranupong,O. Romain LiardandTida Thailand Suchathinan Nanorn,PrinyaPutthapibanandSirotSalyapongse adjacent Area,MaungDistrict,KanchanaburiProvince,Western Thailand Naruemol Saoanunt,KittitepFuenkajornandPrachyaTepnarong, excavation rates Nuchit SiritongkhamandWeerapan Srichan Lop BuriProvince,Thailand Thunyanut Budsabong Preecha Saithong,RutaichanokSainarmtipChanidaChataroChanchaiWongsarasin and Bunnasorn Mahasettakul,ThapaneePengtha,PrinyaPutthapibanandSirotSalyapongse Rock SequencesatBanDanMakhamTiaDistrictandAdjacentArea,Western Thailand Nipaporn Nakrong,DhitiTulyatid andSinSinsakul Si MahosotDistrict,PrachinburiProvince,EasternThailand Weerachat Wiwegwin,ThunchanokKawinateandPhimonmatKengtankorn Chiang Rai,NorthernThailand,andtheirseismicities Nuntida Yunkratok, Rattanaphorn Hanta,WickanetSongtham andPratuengJintasakul Nopporn DenkitkulandSeriwat Saminpanya rockshelter, PangMapha, MaeHongSon,Thailand Warunee Yathakum, SanAssavapatchara,KittiKhaowisetandSuvapakImsamut 2012-2016: Activities Keohavong,Vilapon Singhaduangpanya,Kuangnuvong ThepvongsaandToun Inthavong San Assavapatchara,KittiKhaowiset,WaruneeYathakum, PiratSakpisutthipong,Chanthala 2012-2016: TheGeologicalCorrelation Ticumphon Tangpakdeetrakoon, DhitiTulyatid, and,Tussanee Nettasana Kitti Khaowiset,RatchaneewanJai-KhoandSanAssavapatchara Pakpoom Naphudsa1andKittitepFuenkajorn Sirot Salyapongse,KanokpornMuangphongoen,TheerakanWinsaandKorsumaKhamhaengpon Series atThapSilaregionalmetamorphiccore,Saiyokdistrict,Kanchanaburiprovince,Thailand Hathaithip ThassanapakMongkolUdchachon,andCliveBurrett their palaeogeographicandtectonicsigni Rattanaphorn Hanta,RyanTucker, KittithepFuengkajorn,PratuengJintasakul,andThitikanJunrattanamanee ų cance

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