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Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of Calcium on Banana Green-Life

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Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Application of Calcium on Banana Green-Life Technical paper Effect of preharvest and postharvest application of calcium on banana green-life 1 2 1 3 Philippe TIXIER *, Christophe BUGAUD , Rémy DUGUET , Frédéric SALMON 1 CIRAD, UPR 26, PRAM, Effect of preharvest and postharvest application of calcium on banana BP 214, 97285 Lamentin green-life. Cedex 2, Martinique, FWI, France, [email protected] Abstract — Introduction. Fruit green-life is a major postharvest attribute on which conser- vation on commodity chains depends. For climacteric fruits such as banana, green-life must 2 CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, be optimized to fit the transport and market requirements. Calcium was assumed to PRAM, BP 214, strengthen cellular tissue and increase the green-life of fruits. Materials and methods.Inour 97285 Lamentin Cedex 2, study, we tested the effect of preharvest and postharvest calcium applications on attributes of Martinique, FWI, France, banana fruit for two cultivars (Musa spp., AAA group, cv. Cavendish Grande Naine and [email protected] Flhorban920 cultivar, AAA group). Results and discussion. Extra calcium in fertilization of Flhorban920 cv. did not significantly affect the green-life of fruits (36 days) or the hardness 3 CIRAD, UPR 75, and thickness of the Flhorban920 cv. skin (63.7 N and 3.94 mm, respectively). The field cal- Neufchâteau, 97130 cium applications, by fertilization or spraying, did not alter pulp or peel chemical composi- Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, FWI, France, tion. For postharvest treatments, the green-life of Cavendish and Flhorban920 banana was not [email protected] significantly altered by the presence or absence of calcium, or by the type of application, 45 and 26 days for the Cavendish and Flhorban920 cultivars, respectively. Martinica / Musa (bananas) / keeping quality / preharvest treatment / postharvest control / calcium / soaking / spraying Effet de l’application de calcium avant et après la récolte sur la durée de vie verte de la banane. Résumé — Introduction. La durée de vie verte est une caractéristique post-récolte majeure des fruits ; elle définit leur capacité à se conserver au long de la chaîne de distribution. Pour des fruits climactériques comme l’est la banane, la durée de vie verte doit être optimisée afin de satisfaire les exigences de transport et de commercialisation. Le calcium est connu pour renforcer les tissus des plantes ainsi que leur durée de vie verte. Matériel et méthodes. Dans notre étude, nous avons testé l’effet de l’application de calcium avant et après la récolte sur * Correspondence and reprints les caractéristiques post-récoltes de bananes de deux cultivars (Grande Naine et Flhorban920, Musa spp., group AAA, Cavendish). Résultats et discussion. L’ajout de calcium dans la ferti- lisation de la variété Flhorban920 n’a pas au d’effets significatifs sur la durée de vie verte (moyenne de 36 jours), ni sur la dureté et l’épaisseur de la peau des fruits (respectivement 63.7 N et 3.94 mm). L’application de calcium au champ par pulvérisation directe sur les fruits n’a pas modifié la composition chimique de la pulpe et de la peau. Pour les applications de calcium après récoltes (par trempage), la durée de vie verte des fruits de Cavendish et de Fruits, 2010, vol. 65, p. 201–208 Flhorban920 n’a été modifiée de manière significative ni par la présence de calcium, ni par le © 2010 Cirad/EDP Sciences type d’application (durée de vie verte de 45 et 26 jours pour les fruits des variétés Cavendish All rights reserved et Flhorban920, respectivement). DOI: 10.1051/fruits/2010016 www.fruits-journal.org Martinique / Musa (bananes) / aptitude à la conservation / traitement avant RESUMEN ESPAÑOL,p.208 récolte / lutte après récolte / calcium / trempage / pulvérisation Fruits, vol. 65 (4) 201 Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.fruits-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2010016 P. Tixier et al. 1. Introduction dish Grande Naine) and on a new triploid hybrid (Flhorban920 cultivar, AAA group). The green-life of climacteric fruits is the This hybrid is partially resistant to Yellow postharvest attribute on which their conser- Sigatoka and Black Leaf Streak Disease [11]; vation on commodity chains depends, espe- it presents good tolerance to plant parasitic cially when there is a need for transport nematodes [12, 13], and has sensory and between the producing and the selling area. nutritional characteristics that are different The green-life is the time between harvest from those of Cavendish banana [14]. Such and the beginning of the climacteric rise. triploids are issued from conventional Banana fruits should be transported green breeding techniques [15], including diploid and maturation should occur only at selling resistant genitors previously doubled with or in ripening stores. The stage of matura- colchicine [16]. tion at which any fruit is harvested greatly The two varieties of banana were grown influences the green-life [1, 2]. Harvesting at in Martinique (French West Indies), on a an advanced stage of maturity is unsuitable plot located at 14° 48’ 16.0’’ N; 61° 01’ for fruits intended for long-distance ship- 58.5’’ W and 125 m altitude, on nitisol. The ment due to their shorter storage-life. The climate in this area is characterized by earlier the fruits are harvested, the longer the 2110 mm of rain annually and a mean tem- storage-life, but the smaller the weight. perature of 25.8 °C. Bunches were har- Farmers must thus optimize the green-life to vested at a precise physiological stage fit the commodity chain requirements and measured in heat units accumulated since to maximize the yield. the emergence of the flower, calculated in Postharvest techniques to increase green- degree-days (dd). Flhorban920 and Caven- life are mainly based on controlled atmos- dish were harvested at 1200 dd and pheres or ethylene absorbers. Calcium coat- 1000 dd, respectively. The heat units were ing is also known to extend the shelf-life of calculated according to a temperature base fruits, e.g. apples [3]. Nevertheless, calcium equal to 9 °C for Flhorban920 [17] and sprays on peach fruits had no effect on their 14 °C for Cavendish [18]. shelf-life [4]. In postharvest application, cal- cium is assumed to be an extracellular stim- ulus that elicits calcium sensors involved in 2.2. Field trial plant defense [5]. Furthermore, calcium was shown to modify pectins and hemicellu- loses, which are known to influence the For the hybrid Flhorban920, we conducted physical properties of fruits [6–9]. For a field trial to test the effect, on the fruit banana, no effect of calcium on fruit shelf- green-life and fruit peel hardness and thick- life has been shown [10]. ness, of adding calcium in the fertilization and of spraying calcium in the field directly To our knowledge, no study has investi- on the bunch. Treatments included: (1) con- gated the effect of calcium treatments on the trol with standard fertilization (100 g of green-life of climacteric fruit in general and complete fertilizer per plant per month; 14% banana in particular. Herein, we present the nitrogen; 7% phosphorous; 20% of potash), results of preharvest and postharvest appli- (2) standard fertilization + calcium added to cations of calcium on the green-life of two soil (two times 50 g of CaCO3; 2 months and cultivars of banana. We also measured the 3 months before harvest; (3) standard fertil- effect of preharvest calcium applications on –1 ization + one liter of a 5 g·L CaCO3 water peel and pulp postharvest characteristics. solution sprayed directly on the bunch (two times, 2 months and 3 months before har- 2. Materials and methods vest). The calcium formulation was Mega- green® from Tribo Technologies®, which is 2.1. Banana varieties an activated form of calcium, including 14% CaCO2,8%SiO2 and 3% MgO. Nine bunches Our study focused on the classic ‘Cavendish’ were analyzed per treatment. No difference cultivar (Musa spp., AAA group, cv. Caven- between treatments was observed in the 202 Fruits, vol. 65 (4) Effect of calcium on banana green-life growth of banana plants, i.e., number and essary to perforate the peel. The peel thick- weight of fruits and banana pseudo-trunk ness was measured after harvest on green diameter. The period of measurement was fruits, using a caliper rule. Finally, the peel preformed over three weeks in order to limit and pulp chemical composition was meas- seasonal variation in mineral composition ured for the different preharvest treatments. [19]. We analyzed the K, Ca, Mg and P content of peel and pulp according to Martin- Prével’s methods [22]. 2.3. Pre-packing bath trial Clusters of four bananas issued from the 2.5. Statistical methods 2nd, 3rd and 4th banana hands from the top of the bunch were rinsed with alum sulfate To compare preharvest treatments, we per- (2 g·L–1) and dipped in fungicide (bitertanol, formed analyses of variance (ANOVA). Val- 200 mg·L–1) to prevent any postharvest dis- ues of green-life were subjected to a two- ease that could modify the green-life [20]. way analysis of variance that included the We tested the effect of postharvest cal- effects of the presence of calcium, of the cium application on the fruit green-life of treatments A to E, and interactions between Flhorban920 and Cavendish bananas. Five the presence of calcium and treatment. All treatments were used: (A) spray with the statistical analyses were performed using tested solution then no rinsing, (B) soak for the R software [23]. 1 min then rinsing with water, (C) soak for 10 min then rinsing with water, (D) soak for 100 min then rinsing with water, and (E) 3. Results and discussion soak for 100 min with no rinsing. All treat- ments were done with 0% and 5% of a 3.1.
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