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The Evolution of the California Fire Service Training and Education

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The Evolution of the California Fire Service Training and Education ABSTRACT THE EVOLUTION OF CALIFORNIA FIRE SERVICE TRAINING AND EDUCATION By Ronny J. Coleman May 1994 This study was concerned with the evolution of the California fire service education and training system. Using the documentary research method, the study was based on an analysis of information obtained from official records; minutes of meetings; newspapers, newsletters, and official publications; correspondence; and eyewitness accounts. The concept of an American fire-training program began in the early 1920s as an effort of Chief Engineer Ralph Scott of the Los Angeles City Fire Department. His work was based on training programs from American metropolitan and suburban departments, which were in turn influenced to some degree by the European fire services. Today, the California fire service education and training system is a complicated array of various delivery components that continue to evolve along both academic and vocational lines. This evolution into various components has created a difficult and often confused career development pathway for fire service personnel. 1 THE EVOLUTION OF CALIFORNIA FIRE SERVICE TRAINING AND EDUCATION A THESIS Presented to the Department of Occupational Studies California State University, Long Beach In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Ronny J. Coleman BS, 1976, California State University, Fullerton May 1994 WE, THE UNDERSIGNED MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE, HAVE APPROVED THIS THESIS THE EVOLUTION OF CALIFORNIA FIRE SERVICE TRAINING AND EDUCATION By Ronny J. Coleman COMMITTEE MEMBERS (Signed) Richard L. Resurreccion, EdD (Chair) Occupational Studies (Signed) William V. Wittich, EdD Occupational Studies (Signed) Allen A. Carter, MPA Fire Chief, Santa Ana, California ACCEPTED AND APPROVED ON BEHALF OF THE UNIVERSITY (Signed) Donald P. Lauda, PhD Dean, College of Health and Human Services California State University, Long beach May 1994 2 ©1994 Ronny J. Coleman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. THE FORMATIVE YEARS .....................................................................................1 Early History ..............................................................................................................2 Archaeological Evidence ...............................................................................3 Greek Civilization ..........................................................................................3 Roman Fire Brigades .....................................................................................4 Medieval Fire Protection ................................................................................5 Development of Guilds and Apprentices .......................................................5 Order of St. John and the Knights of Malta ...................................................6 The Great Fire of London ..............................................................................6 Creation of Fire Insurance .............................................................................6 The American Colonies .............................................................................................7 Benjamin Franklin, America’s First Fire Chief .............................................7 The Union Fire Company ..............................................................................7 David Hartley, the Scientist ...........................................................................8 Development of Educational Theory and Practice ....................................................8 The Volunteers in Their Halcyon Years ........................................................9 European Fire Training Concepts ..................................................................9 James Braidwood, Firemaster ............................................................9 Sir Eyre Massey-Shaw, His Era and Influence ..................................11 The Civil War and the Age of Industrialization .........................................................13 The End of an Era; the Beginning of Another ...............................................14 i Military Influence ..........................................................................................14 Industrialization and Education .....................................................................15 Knowledge of Fire .........................................................................................15 The New York Fire Department ....................................................................16 Invention and Innovation ...............................................................................16 The Reemergence of the Insurance Industry .................................................16 The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Organizes in Boston ......17 The Fire Chiefs Organize in Baltimore ..........................................................17 Firefighters’ Images and Reputations ............................................................17 The San Francisco Fire Department ..............................................................18 Educational Philosophies Conflict .................................................................19 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................19 2. ENTERING THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ...........................................................21 The Philadelphia Fire Academy .................................................................................21 The New York City Fire College ...............................................................................22 North Carolina Fire Training .....................................................................................23 Methodology and Vocational Education ...................................................................23 The Smith-Hughes Act ..................................................................................23 International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) Gets Involved ....................24 Ralph J. Scott ................................................................................................25 Fire Fighting Bulletin 155 ..............................................................................25 The Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) Trade Analysis .........................26 Fire Training Around the Country .............................................................................27 ii Oklahoma Fire Training .................................................................................27 International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA) .............................28 Massachusetts Makes an Effort .....................................................................28 The Los Angeles Fire College .......................................................................28 The Portland Fire College ..............................................................................28 Seattle Fire Training ......................................................................................29 The Inception of California State Training ................................................................29 The George-Deen Act ....................................................................................30 The California Fire Chief’s Education Committee ........................................30 Reorganization of the Program (1936) ..........................................................32 First Meeting of the State Advisory Committee ............................................34 Fireman Bulletin 199 (1939) ..........................................................................35 World War II ................................................................................................36 Appointment of Samuel L. Fick.....................................................................37 Concern for a State Fire Academy .................................................................37 Senate Bill 235 ...............................................................................................38 The Development of the Institutes .................................................................38 The Changing Character of the Fire Service..............................................................41 The Impact of the Korean War ......................................................................41 Creation of the New York State Fire Academy .............................................41 The University of Southern California Program ............................................41 Characteristics of the Firefighter Change ......................................................44 The Statewide Advisory Actions of the 1950s ..............................................44 iii Two Sets of “Red Books” ..........................................................................................45 The Instructors’ Workshop ............................................................................45 Arson and Fire Investigation Seminar ...........................................................45 The California Division of Forestry (CDF) Starts a Fire Academy ...............46 Expansion of Staff in Fire Training ...............................................................46 Flammable Liquids Fire Training Program ...................................................47 Shifting Emphasis in Education .....................................................................48 Community
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