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Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Sužiedėlis Lietuvos Žydų

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Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Sužiedėlis Lietuvos Žydų Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Suþiedëlis Lietuvos þydø persekiojimas ir masinës þudynës 1941 m. vasarà ir rudená Presecution and Mass Murder of Lithuanian Jews during Summer and Fall of 1941 1 Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Suþiedëlis TARPTAUTINË KOMISIJA THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION NACIØ IR SOVIETINIO FOR THE EVALUATION Lietuvos þydø The Presecution OKUPACINIØ REÞIMØ OF THE CRIMES OF THE NAZI persekiojimas ir and Mass Murder NUSIKALTIMAMS LIETUVOJE AND SOVIET OCCUPATION masinës þudynës of Lithuanian Jews ÁVERTINTI REGIMES IN LITHUANIA 1941 m. vasarà during Summer ir rudená and Fall of 1941 SERIJA: SERIES: ÐALTINIAI IR ANALIZË SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOTALITARINIØ REÞIMØ THE CRIMES OF THE TOTALITARIAN NUSIKALTIMAI LIETUVOJE REGIMES IN LITHUANIA SOVIETØ OKUPACIJA THE SOVIET OCCUPATION III TOMAS VOLUME III margi raðtai VILNIUS 2006 2 3 UDK 947.45:933 Li-141 Lietuvos þydø persekiojimas ir masinës Ok-141 þudynës 1941 m. vasarà ir rudená: ðaltiniai ir analizë = The Persecution and Mass Murder of Lithuanian Jews during Summer and Fall Leidinys parengtas ir iðleistas of 1941: Sources and Analysis / Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Suþiedëlis. Vilnius: TARPTAUTINËS KOMISIJOS NACIØ Margi raðtai, 2006. 387 p. (Totalitariniø IR SOVIETINIO OKUPACINIØ REÞIMØ reþimø nusikaltimai Lietuvoje = The Crimes NUSIKALTIMAMS LIETUVOJE ÁVERTINTI uþsakymu of the Totalitarian Regimes in Lithuania; Naciø okupacija = The Nazi Occupation, t. The publication is prepared and 3/ Tarptautinë komisija naciø ir sovietinio published under the order of okupaciniø reþimø nusikaltimams Lietuvoje THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE ávertinti) Gretut. tekstas liet., angl. Bibliogr. EVALUATION OF THE CRIMES OF THE NAZI AND iðnaðose. Vilnius: Margi raðtai, 2006. 332 SOVIET OCCUPATION REGIMES IN LITHUANIA p.: iliustr. (Totalitariniø reþimø nusikaltimai Leidiná recenzavo/Reviewed by Lietuvoje = The crimes of the totalitarian regimes in Lithuania; Sovietø okupacija = The dr. B ARBARA MIHOK ir prof. dr. LIUDAS TRUSKA Soviet Occupation, t. 3/ Tarptautinë komisija Á anglø kalbà vertë/Translated into English naciø ir sovietinio okupaciniø reþimø INGRIDA VIÈIULYTË nusikaltimams Lietuvoje ávertinti) Gretut. Á lietuviø kalbà vertë/Translated into Lithuanian tekstas liet., angl. Bibliogr. iðnaðose ir p. ... E DITA GYLIENË, AUKSË KUOKÐTIENË ISBN 9986-09-280-9 Lietuviðko teksto redaktorius/Lithuanian version editor Ðios istorinës studijos autoriai, remdamiesi Lietuvos, Latvijos, Rusijos, Vokietijos bei JAV A NTANAS RYBELIS archyvø dokumentais ir kitais ðaltiniais, Angliðko teksto redaktorë/English version editor atskleidþia þydø masiniø þudyniø DAIVA GRIGELYTË organizavimo mechanizmà naciøsovietø Dailininkas/Designer karo pradþioje Lietuvoje, analizuoja lietuviø dalyvavimo þydø genocide aplinkybes. Taip A LFONSAS ÞVILIUS pat autoriai siekia kaip galima tiksliau Maketavo/Layout by nustatyti þydø aukø skaièiø. Kartu AURELIJUS PETRIKAUSKAS spausdinamas didelis pluotas archyviniø dokumentø ir nuotraukø. Tekstai spausdinami lietuviø ir anglø kalbomis. Tai treèiasis Tarptautinës komisijos naciø ir sovietinio okupaciniø reþimø nusikaltimams Lietuvoje ávertinti leidþiamos knygø serijos Totalitariniø reþimø nusikaltimai Lietuvoje leidinys. UDK 947.45:933+[343.3+323.15(=924:474.5) ISBN 9986-09-280-9 © Tarptautinë komisija naciø ir sovietinio SL 319. 2006 04 28. 35,1 sp. l. okupaciniø reþimø nusikaltimams Lietuvoje Tir. 1000 egz. Uþsakymas 4. ávertinti, 2006 Leidykla Margi raðtai, Laisvës pr. 60, © Christoph Dieckmann, Saulius Suþiedëlis, 2006 LT-05120 Vilnius, el. p. [email protected]. © Vertimas á anglø kalbà Ingrida Vièiulytë, 2006 Spausdino Standartø spaustuvë, S. Dariaus © Vertimas á lietuviø kalbà Edita Gylienë, ir S. Girëno g. 39, LT-02189 Vilnius. Auksë Kuokðtienë, 2006 © Margi raðtai, 2006 Printed in Lithuania 4 5 Turinys Galutinio sprendimo link: aukø Pratarmë (Emanuelis Zingeris) 9 identifikavimas (kategorizavimas) 9 ÁVADAS. Padëtis vokieèiø Miestø, miesteliø ir kaimo invazijos iðvakarëse 9 vietoviø getai 9 Pirmojo naciøsovietø karo etapo Galutinio sprendimo rengimas smurto aukos 9 provincijoje: pradþia Kauno Aukø kategorijos 9 apygardoje 9 Vokieèiø galutinio sprendimo Vietinës valdþios institucijos ir planavimas 9 galutinis sprendimas provincijoje: Reivyèio byla 9 Vokieèiø planai dël lietuviø vaidmens invazijos á SSRS metu 9 Genocidas Jurbarke ir Utenoje: dviejø provincijos miestø istorijos 9 Smurtas ir iðpuoliai prieð þydus Kaune pirmosiomis naciøsovietø karo Jurbarko þydø þudynës 9 valandomis ir dienomis: vokieèiø kurstymas Þydø þudynës Utenos apskrityje 9 bei lietuviø bendradarbiavimas 9 Naikinimo dokumentavimas: Jägerio Situacijos paaðtrëjimas ir vokieèiø ataskaitos ir mirtinas smûgis 1941 m. saugumo policijos vaidmuo 9 vasaros pabaigoje ir rudená 9 Pogromø organizavimas: vokieèiø Genocido proceso apþvalga: ir lietuviø santykiai 9 genocido institucijos ir etapai 9 Vokieèiø saugumo policijos ryðiai Ðaltiniai ir literatûra 9 su lietuviais 9 Archyvai, apklausos ir tardymai, Pogromai: vokieèiø saugumo pajëgø juridiniai dokumentai 9 tikslai ir vaidmuo 9 Spausdinti ðaltiniai: dienoraðèiai, Ávairûs pogromø tikslai 9 atsiminimai, dokumentø rinkiniai 9 Parengiamasis etapas: pasiruoðimas Literatûra 9 pavojingø þydø sunaikinimui 9 Santrumpos 9 Organizuoti ðaudymai birþelio pabaigoje ir liepos pradþioje, vykæ VII forte 9 Tekstas anglø kalba/Text in English 9 Ðaudymai VII forte 1941 06 30 Priedai/Attachments 9 1941 07 05 9 Tarptautinës komisijos naciø ir Vokieèiø ir lietuviø ðaudikai 9 sovietinio okupaciniø reþimø nusikaltimams Lietuvoje ávertinti Vokieèiø reakcija á þudynes VII forte 9 iðvados 9 Hamanno bûrio ir TDA organizavimas 9 Turinys anglø kalba/Contents in English 9 6 7 8 9 Reichui prieðiðkø elementø sunaikinimo gavo LIETUVOS ÞYDØ keturios bataliono dydþio operatyvinës grupës. Vëliau ðie specialûs operatyviniai daliniai or- PERSEKIOJIMAS IR MASINËS ganizavo ir skatino masines þudynes, kurios savo uþmoju smarkiai pranoko akcijas, anks- ÞUDYNËS 1941 METØ èiau ávykdytas Lenkijoje, ir vadovavo joms2. Vy- riausiosios reicho saugumo valdybos (Reichsi- VASARÀ IR RUDENÁ: cherheitshauptamt, toliau RSHA) virðininkas Reinhardas Heydrichas iðleido slaptà direk- ÐALTINIAI IR ANALIZË tyvà, nurodanèià, kad pagrindinis operatyvi- niø grupiø smûgis turi tekti komunistams ir þydams, tarnavusiems Sovietø partijai ir vy- riausybei, nors aiðkiai nenurodë konkreèios to- Ávadas. talaus naikinimo programos. Prieðiðkai sovie- Padëtis invazijos iðvakarëse tø atþvilgiu nusiteikæ vietiniai aktyvistai turë- Þydø persekiojimas ir þudynës 1 Pasak vieno amerikieèiø mokslininko, naciø Lietuvoje prasidëjo pirmosiomis naciø okupa- naikinamojo karo planai, sprendþiant ið jø veiklos Lenkijoje, reiðkë ne kà kita, kaip cijos valandomis. Birþelio pabaigoje (t. y. pra- sovietiniø þydø genocidà. Christopher R. ëjus savaitei nuo karo pradþios) þydai jau su- Browning, From Ethnic Cleansing to darë didelæ dalá ar net daugumà civiliø, nuþu- Genocide to the Final Solution, autoriaus esë dytø per pirmàjá Vokietijos ir Sovietø Sàjungos rinkinyje Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German konflikto etapà. Be to, jokia kita þmoniø grupë, Killers (Cambridge, 2000), p. 25. 2 Pavyzdinis mokslinis darbas: Helmut Krausnick, iðskyrus tikrus bei tariamus komunistus ir so- Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, Die Truppe des vietø kolaborantus, nepatyrë tokio baisaus vie- Weltanschauungskrieges: Die Einsatzgruppen der ðo paþeminimo. Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Stuttgart, 1981), Svarbiausias ið visø prievartà skatinusiø þr. p. 1931 apie operatyviniø grupiø (toliau veiksniø buvo naciø sprendimas vykdyti ope- EG) kilmæ, taip pat p. 32 ir tolesnius pusla- racijà Barbarossa kaip naikinimo kampani- pius apie Lenkijos kampanijà. Richardas Rhodesas neseniai iðleido populiarià knygà jà (Vernichtungskrieg) tokia karo forma ið es- apie operatyviniø grupiø vaidmená Rytø mës skyrësi nuo Vakarø fronto kariniø kam- kampanijos metu: Masters of Death: The SS- panijø1. Siekiant vykdyti valymo operacijas Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holo- vokieèiø armijos okupuotoje teritorijoje, buvo caust (New York, 2002). Geriausias ið dabarti- suformuoti sukarinti policijos daliniai, vado- niø veikalø apie operatyviniø grupiø veiklà Peterio Kleino (Hg.) Die Einsatzgruppen in der vaujami saugumo policijos ir Saugumo tarny- besetzten Sowjetunion 1941/42. Die Tätigskeits- bos (Sicherheitsdienst, toliau SD), liûdnai pa- und Lageberichte des Chefs der Sicherheitspolizei garsëjusios operatyvinës grupës (Einsatzgrup- und des SD (Berlin, 1997). Nauji dokumentai ir pen, toliau EG). Panaðios operatyvinës grupës áþvalgos, susijusios su Lenkijos kampanija, veikë naciø kampanijos Lenkijoje metu ten pateikiamos Alexanderio B. Rossino knygoje jos vykdë lenkø inteligentijos þudynes ir masi- Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Lawrence, KS, 2003) ir Michaelo nes gyventojø perkraustymo operacijas. 1941 Wildto darbe Generation des Unbedingten: Das metø pavasará, vokieèiø invazijos á Sovietø Sà- Führungskorps des Reichssicherheitshauptamtes jungà iðvakarëse, specialius nurodymus Dël (Hamburg, 2002), p. 419485. 10 11 jo bûti slapta raginami naikinti komunistus ir aneksavus Klaipëdos kraðtà, ilgalaikis vokie- vos politikoje, todël tik retkarèiais skirdavo þydai negalá vaidinti Lietuvos vieðajame gyve- þydus nepaliekant pëdsakø (allerdings spuren- èiø ir lietuviø saugumo policijø bendradarbia- jiems kelis ðimtus reichsmarkiø (Reichsmark, to- nime jokio vaidmens. Pogromø organizavi- los), rodanèiø, jog visa tai inspiruoja vokieèiai. vimas dar labiau sustiprëjo,
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