Francophilia in English Society, 1748–1815 This page intentionally left blank Francophilia in English Society, 1748–1815

Robin Eagles Assistant Master in History Ampleforth College First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-41473-4 ISBN 978-0-230-59910-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230599109

First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, LLC, Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-23200-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eagles, Robin, 1971– Francophilia in English society, 1748–1815 / Robin Eagles. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. England—Social life and customs—18th century. 2. France—History– –Revolution, 1789–1799—Influence. 3. France—History—Revolution, 1789–1799—Refugees. 4. Great Britain—Civilization—French influences. 5. England—Social life and customs—19th century. 6. British—France—History– –18th century. 7. British—France—History—19th century. 8. France—Foreign public opinion, British. 9. England—Relations—France. 10. France—Relations– –England. I. Title. DA485 .E18 2000 303.48'242044'09033—dc21 00–030894

© Robin Eagles 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-76484-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 For L L M This page intentionally left blank Contents

Acknowledgements viii List of Abbreviations ix

List of Plates x

Introduction 1

1 Political Prints and Cartoon Satires 14 2 Literature and Literary Society 39 3 Natural and Necessary Enemies?Anglo±French Diplomacy 66

4 The British Expatriate Community in France 1748±1815 94 5 Citizens of the World?English Peripatetics in France, 1748±1815 120 6 Francophilia and the Elite 145 Epilogue 176

Notes 178 Bibliography 213

Index 224

vii Acknowledgements

This book is based upon my DPhil thesis, Francophilia and Francophobia in English Society, 1748±1783, and during its long gestation I have been dependent upon the kindness and generosity of a number of people. I am indebted to the following owners of manuscript collections for their permission to read and reproduce documents: His Grace the Duke of Norfolk, His Grace the Duke of Beaufort, His Grace the Duke of Devon- shire, His Grace the Duke of Richmond, the Marquess of Salisbury, the Earl of Shelburne and the Trustees of the Bowood Manuscript Collection, the Earl of Pembroke, Wilton House; the Earl Cathcart, the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine; Scone Palace papers are by kind permission of the Earl of Mansfield, and Castle Howard papers are reproduced by kind permission of the Howard Family; Goodwood papers are reproduced by courtesy of the Trustees of the Goodwood Collections and with acknowledgements to the West Sussex Record Office and the County Archivist. The illustrations are reproduced with the permission of the British Museum. I am grateful to my supervisor, Leslie Mitchell, who read parts of the manuscript in draft, and has been unfailingly supportive and good humoured throughout the long years of its production. I am especially grateful to the late Angus Macintyre for his enthusiasm and encourage- ment during my first few years as a research student; and to Paul Lang- ford, Joanna Innes, Roger Lonsdale, Prys Morgan, Laurence Brockliss, Peter Galliver and Lady Antonia Fraser, who have all given helpful advice along the way. I must thank also Colin Harris and Ruth Birchinall at the Bodleian Library, Eeyan Hartley at Castle Howard, and all the staff of the various libraries, public record offices and private archives visited in the course of my research. Inevitably I have relied upon my family and friends while writing this book. Without Guy Rowlands I would have been truly down and out in Paris, and Susan Skedd, Alistair Malcolm and Roey Sweet have all been kind and supportive in and out of Oxford. The original thesis would not have been possible without the help of my parents. I hope that they will enjoy what follows.

Robin Eagles Ampleforth

viii List of Abbreviations

In referring to published sources, and institutions, the following abbreviations have been used:

Bod. Lib. Bodleian Library, Oxford BL The British Library, London BM The British Museum, London HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission RO Record Office

ix List of Plates

1. A Satirical Portrait (#British Museum 4754) 2. The Merry Go Round, or Scotch Machine on French Principles (#British Museum 3691) 3. Snip Anglois (#British Museum 4748) 4. Snip FrancËois (# British Museum 4749) 5. The Pillars of the State (# British Museum 3371) 6. Lord Suffolk and his Secretary learning French (# British Museum 4875) 7. Tiddy-Doll the great French-Gingerbread-Baker (# British Museum 10518)

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