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Forecasting, Forewarning Weather and Disasters in the Social Web: a Network Study

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Forecasting, Forewarning Weather and Disasters in the Social Web: a Network Study Vol. 10(10),pp. 128-142, November 2018 DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2018.0630 Article Number: 1B555C259045 ISSN: 2141-2545 Copyright ©2018 Journal of Media and Communication Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournlas.org/JMCS Studies Full Length Research Paper Forecasting, forewarning weather and disasters in the social web: A network study Mahalakshmi Selvaraj* and Sunitha Kuppuswamy Department of Media Sciences, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India. Received 30 August, 2018; Accepted 5 October, 2018 Web 2.0 environments like the social web have redefined communication altogether through the proliferation of user generated content. With escalating global instances of disasters, people more particularly the millennial community tend to consume increased amounts of multitudinous information pertaining to weather and its woes in the social web apart from actively participating in the disaster discourse. The current research intends to examine the usage of social networking sites for disaster information dissemination by careful examination of a Facebook page dedicated to disaster and weather discourse. The efficacy of the social networking page in communicating real-time weather and disaster information is studied through network analysis of the page in the case of a tropical cyclone that hit the state of Tamil Nadu during the months of November - December in 2017. Tropical cyclones devastate the coastal stretch of Tamil Nadu State more frequently, and Ockhi was one such recent cyclone that caused a severe savage incurring very high social costs. The research is an attempt to explore the engagement and interaction of users in the social cyberspace under study during Ockhi cyclone. The research reveals the extent of user participation and engagement by identifying various elements in the social communication network. Key words: Facebook, social media, cyclone, Ockhi, disaster, weather, communication, Tamil Nadu, weatherman. INTRODUCTION Social media and the web 2.0 environment media, cloud computing and many other astounding technological developments. Social media is an umbrella Web 2.0 is term that refers to an upgraded version of its term that encompasses various web-based and mobile- precursor web 1.0 (the very first phase of World Wide based technologies that just do not stop with providing Web’s revolution) and has scope for interactive, and exchanging information but also transform participatory and a collaborative culture of the web (O’ communication into interactive dialogues (Techopedia, Reilly, 2005). Web 2.0 applications use collective n.d.) and has redefined the aspects of digital information intelligence to provide interactive services that are sharing and networking. Social networking sites are a network-enabled (Pew Research Center, 2006). Web part of social media that has an established social 2.0was a landmark technological development in the structure for communication where people sharing a World Wide Web (www) that paved way for the common interest stay connected through networks. The emergence of user generated content through social social networking sites allow its users to create a *Corresponding author. E-mail:[email protected]. Tel: +91-9962915395, +91-9994237111. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Selvaraj and Kuppuswamy 129 profile that is either public or semi-public and defines a recent times social media like social networking sites clear-cut list of users with whom they share a connection have become flexible communication avenues during and extend their networks by traversing the list of users mass emergencies like disasters (Starbird and Palen, within the social system (Boyd and Ellison, 2007).Such 2010; Jafarzadeh, 2011; Schultz et al., 2011; Simon et networks set the stepping stone for the growth of global al., 2015). The aftermath of recent disasters in India like networks cutting across barriers and pave way for the Kashmir floods in 2014, Nepal earthquake in 2015, collaborating in bilaterally beneficial ways. Tamil Nadu floods in 2015 and cyclones in the Social networks allow its users to become active forthcoming years saw the emergence of social participants in discussions and provides alongside a networking sites as a means of gratifying the emergency scope to share content in a wide array of formats ranging informational needs of the disaster hit communities. from simple text to videos and many more. Facebook, a popular social networking site clearly Communication in the social networking sites has no communicated the safety information of the earthquake boundaries since they have a scope for cross platform hit Nepal people in the year 2015 through a feature called interactions and social sharing. Social network salter the the “safety-check” tool deployed for the very first time in velocity and volumes of information shared, redefine India (The Atlantic, 2015). Facebook introduced the crisis sender and receiver relationship and engage users response tool with a view to allow the users to through a range of real-time networking events. Such communicate their safety status and check the status of features in the social communication platforms become their acquaintances during emergencies (Facebook, very handy during mass emergencies like disasters by n.d.). The tool became very handy yet another time in the paving way for swift emergency communication to the same year for the near and dear ones of the flood hit affected lot. Social communication platforms have people in Tamil Nadu. The tool allowed the users of the redefined communication landscape and have stood as a social networking site to have a check on the safety driving force for people across the world to look up to status of their relatives, friends and acquaintances apart them for any disaster and risk information. Users of the from a feature that the flood-hit people who were in a social communication platforms are not just mere positing to offer emergency assistance to those in need. consumers of information rather producers. During grave Twitter is another popular social networking site that was situations like disasters, people can report the situational extensively leveraged for disaster information inputs from ground zero through crowd sourcing dissemination across the world and more particularly applications in social media. It involves a simple during the Kashmir floods as well as the floods in Tamil validation of an information chunk or photograph, Nadu in 2015 (One India, 2015). With growing incidences collective information sharing and much more all with a of frequent calamities across the globe, social networking participatory approach. sites have become indisputable communication medium during various phases of mass emergencies. Social networking informational uses during disasters – The Indian context Surging use of social networking sites during disasters Disaster that is weather-related, human-induced or prone to happen by other causal agents cause serious The use of social media like social networking sites for disruptions to the normal functioning of a society. emergency management has a deep-rooted legacy of Calamity, emergency, crisis, catastrophe are some of the more than a decade (Reuter et al., 2016). And notably terms used synonymously with disaster and have slight the past researches on social media uses during differences in their meanings. Information sharing during untoward grave events like inclement weather and dire events like disasters mitigates the stress arising out related disasters have consistently been proving a fact of the uncertainty, provides crucial situational information, that there is a sweep surge in the usage of social educates on the ways and means by which people can networking sites that surpass the conventional modes of endure the disastrous event (Aisha et al., 2015). Doing so communication (Takahashi et al., 2015; Reuter et al., the adaptive capacity of people towards hazards is 2016). Social networking sites during times of uncertain- enhanced and their ability to evaluate risk and response weather conditions, serve to be crucial communication to risk information is improved (Sharma et al., 2013). The avenues that disseminate news pertaining to the ongoing information that aims to communicate approaching situation. All it takes is holding an account in such social natural hazards has to be timely, simple and reliable so networking sites that extend opportunities for rapid that highly anxious people undergoing the trauma are distribution of critical information and thereby mitigate the able to comprehend and act appropriately to achieve dire impacts of calamities through the influential effective risk reduction. An open and flexible approach of communication sphere (Panagiotopoulos et al., 2016). communication is capable of establishing clear flow of Social communication resources allow individuals to information and increased level of transparency much establish a sense of events taking place around them and needed during unstable conditions like disasters. In the the rest of the world, paving way for collaborative coping 130 J. Media Commun. Stud. with calamitous events (Takahashi et al., 2015). There is weather conditions and communicating them to people evident increase in the level of engagement of the users likely to be impacted have proven to minimize the pertaining to social sharing
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