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Yugoslavia: from Wars to European Integration Perspectives from University Students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo

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Yugoslavia: from Wars to European Integration Perspectives from University Students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Yugoslavia: From Wars to European integration Perspectives from university students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo Ricardo Alexandre Encarnação Sousa Tese especialmente elaborada para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Política – Especialização em Relações Internacionais Orientador: Doutor Luís Nuno Rodrigues, Professor Associado, ISCTE-IUL Co-orientador: Doutor José Manuel Pureza, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade de Coimbra Novembro, 2016 Perspectives from university students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and Kosovo and Serbia Croatia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia in students university from Perspectives Yugoslavia: From Wars to European integration European to Wars From Yugoslavia: Ricardo Alexandre Encarnação Alexandre Ricardo Sousa Novembro 2016 Abstract Quais as condições para a reconciliação em sociedades pós-conflito? Esta foi a pergunta central de partida que orientou a investigação, que incide sobre a antiga Jugoslávia, em particular sobre os territórios das três maiores antigas repúblicas: Bósnia-Herzegovina, Croácia, Sérvia, acrescentando o Kosovo, pelas especificidades que encerra. Partindo de uma hipótese geral: a concretização de um conjunto de condições políticas, sociais e económicas permitirá um convívio mais tolerante e pacífico entre os povos da antiga Jugoslávia, foram considerados e definidos os objetivos principais da pesquisa: a compreensão da forma como a educação – o sistema educativo dos vários países e entidades constituintes – contribuiu ou não, após as guerras, para a reconciliação entre as várias nações e povos da região; as perspetivas de integração europeia como motor, ou não, de pacificação da região; o papel do discurso do ódio formulado nos media e na cultura e formas de o superar. Através de uma investigação que se cruza com a actividade profissional do autor – jornalista com vasta experiência na cobertura da região – e utilizando uma combinação de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos (um inquérito que foi respondido por mais de 270 estudantes dos países em estudo), esta dissertação pretende trazer novas pistas para a abordagem dos fenómenos nacionalistas e perspectivas de reconstrução de sociedades pós- conflito, considerando as perspetivas dos estudantes que responderam ao inquérito e apontando um conjunto de condições que se devem verificar para que seja atingido aquilo que esta dissertação definirá como “reconcivicnation”, uma reconciliação cívica das nações. 1 Abstract What are the conditions for meaningful reconciliation in post-conflict societies? This was the departure research question for this research project focusing on the former Yugoslavia, in particular on the territories of the three largest former republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Kosovo, due to the latter’s respective specificities. Starting out from a general hypothesis: the fulfilment of a set of political, social and economic conditions fosters and enables tolerant and peaceful coexistence among the peoples of the former Yugoslavia, this then shaped and thus defined the main research objectives: understanding the way in which the post-war educational systems have or have not contributed to reconciliation between the various nations and peoples of the region; the prospects of European integration as an engine for pacification; the role of hate speech formulated in the media and culture and as well as the means of overcoming it. Through research that interweaves with the professional activity of the author – a journalist with extensive experience in coverage of the region – and deploying a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (a survey answered by over 270 students from the countries under study), this dissertation strives to provide new clues for approaching nationalist phenomena and perspectives (taking into account the responses of students to the survey this thesis put forward) on reconstructing post-conflict societies and furthermore identifying a set of conditions that must first be verified before ever achieving what this dissertation defines as reconcivicnation, a civic reconciliation of nations. Keywords: Nationalism, reconciliation, post-conflict, Balkans, Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo. 2 Acknowledgments: I am endlessly thankful to my supervisor Luís Nuno Rodrigues and co-supervisor José Manuel Pureza, as well as my prior supervisor Alexandra Magnólia Dias, for all the advice, guidance, windows openings and inspiration. Also always inspirational and a remarkable source of knowledge is my friend José Cutileiro, with whom I have been learning about the Balkans and the world for more than twelve years. The passion for studying national identities came with the eternal friendship of João Nuno Coelho (the oldest member of our Santíssima Trindade, right Nuno Olaio? This is also for you). Pedro Pinheiro was a rather present ‘godfather’ along the way, visiting me while in New York and showing interest and concern for this study, besides our common longing for Bosnia 1996, when I started this Balkans “passion” and met lots of women and men, military and police, foreigners and local civilians, with whom I’ve learnt about the most noble feelings and doings, and about the complete opposite. I am also very greatful to the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, namely Elisabete Caramelo and Prof. Eduardo Marçal Grilo, whose support enabled me to join the outstanding Transatlantic Leadership Initiative organized by the German Marshall Fund of the United States in the Balkans in 2013, under the guidance of an important reference to this work and my ideas about Yugoslavia: Ivan Vejvoda, former GMF’s Vice-President and the mentor of the Balkan Trust for Democracy. That trip would also not have been possible without the further help of European MP Ana Gomes. I’m also greatful to FLAD (Fundação Luso- Americana para o Desenvolvimento), especially to Vasco Rato, whose support and advice were instrumental to my staying in New York as Visiting Scholar at Columbia University, for which I am in endless gratitude to one of the best historians about Greece and the Balkans, professor Mark Mazower. While there, I was blessed by the hospitality and enthusiastic support of Tanya L. Domi and others at the Harriman Institute, and had the chance to get in touch with extraordinary scholars, such as Severine Autesserre, who introduced me to Elisabeth King, an important reference along this dissertation. Also fundamental were Djana Jelaca, Susan L. Woodward, Laura Silber, Kurt Bassuener, Robert Donia, Jenifer Trahan, Ariella Lang and André Corrêa D’Almeida, as well as friends in New York (Inês, João, Paula, Miguel, Ana). I would like also to mention all my friends in the Balkans or from the Balkans (Emilija, Ana K., Maja, Boris, Igor, Jelena, Indira, among others) and professors Ana Belchior, Andre Freire, José Manuel Viegas and Paulo Pedroso at ISCTE, my doctorate colleagues Tiago Tibúrcio, Alexandre Sousa Carvalho, André Pinto and Diogo Rolo Noivo; all my friends, colleagues and directors at RTP and Antena1. The English revision of this text was a tremendous work by Kevin Rose. As I’m very far from considering myself a fluent Serbo-Croatian speaker, I’m especially thankful to all the patience and teachings of 3 Anamarija Marinovic. Last but not least because they are always the first in my thoughts, my family and especially my parents Olivério and Marília, my brother Pedro and his/our family; my wife Sofia and her/our family and the most incredible sons in the world, Gonçalo and Pedro: you two are the best achievements in my life, not what you are about to read, may have read or ever may read, see or hear from this one… who really enjoys being alive. In Memoriam: To Stevan Nikšić, a great friend from Belgrade, a Yugoslav, one of the best journalists I have ever met. 4 INDEX INTRODUCTION 11 i. Central research question 12 ii. Conceptualization of research 14 iii. Delimitation of the object of study and its historical-political framework 16 iv. Methodological issues related to the research context 18 v. Target-group and a combined methodology 19 vi. Structure of the dissertation 22 CHAPTER I - THEORETICAL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 1.1. Qualitative primacy and the combined methodology strategy 23 1.2. Comparative method guided by cases in International Relations 24 1.3. Criteria for case studies 25 1.4. Role of the researcher and complementary roles 28 1.5. Researching in divided societies 29 1.6. Ethical challenges to a journalist-researcher 30 1.7. Interviews 31 1.8. Documental and archive research 33 1.9. Survey: guidelines and objectives 34 1.10. Representative and purposive samples 36 CHAPTER II – AN EXTENSIVE AND COMPREHENSIVE STATE OF THE ART 2.1. Historical sociology and nationalism theories 39 2.2. Ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism 45 2.3. Banal nationalism and militant nationalism 48 2.4. Nationalism and economic development 50 2.5. Politicization of culture and purification of the community 52 2.6. Intellectual elites and nationalism 55 2.7. Media and nationalism: communication, manipulation, action 57 2.8. Cinema and nationalism 60 2.9. Gender and Nationalism 78 2.10. Youth, music and nationalism 90 2.11. Sports: hooliganism and nationalism 96 2.12. Current debates on nationalism and cosmopolitanism 104 2.13. Current scholarly debates about the Balkans 122 5 CHAPTER III - FROM DISINTEGRATION TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION 3.1. Introduction 147 3.2. Systemic constraints and the failed case for endemic violence 150 3.3. European identity and integration as a common goal 172 3.4. Europe: From dream to nightmare (approach to the European crisis) 179 3.5. The EU enlargement policy and challenges ahead 182 3.6 Prospects for a new generation 183 CHAPTER IV – FROM THE EU’S NEWEST MEMBER-STATE TO THE CLUB OF DREAMERS - CROATIA, BOSNIA, SERBIA AND KOSOVO. 4.1. Politics, economics and European integration 187 4.2. Minorities and human rights 196 4.3. Kosovo: the new country in the Balkans 201 4.4. Rule of law, judiciary and cooperation with the ICTY 205 4.5. Hate speech and reconciliation 219 4.6.
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