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Chapter 24 Study Packet
New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Table of Contents
2...... Overview 3...... Introduction 5...... A.P. Key Concepts 5...... Geography Labeling 6...... Study Questions - Colliding Worlds 9...... Study Questions- Colonial Society in the Americas 11..... Study Questions- Europeans in the Pacific 13..... Study Questions- Review
1 | Chapter 24 Study Packet
New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Overview
This chapter traces the devastating impact of European exploration and conquest on the societies in the Americas and on the Pacific islands. Those societies succumbed quickly under the combined pressures of European diseases and superior technology. By 1700, most of the western hemisphere had been claimed by western powers. Colonial societies were shaped by a number of considerations:
Conquests of the Aztec empire by Cortés and the Inca empire by Pizarro were swift and brutal. The Spanish empire brought the Indian empires of Mexico and Peru under royal authority, represented by the viceroy, and a small class of white landowners. Indigenous peoples were impressed into service in mines and on plantations. In Brazil, the Portuguese established a plantation society based on sugar mills. After the native population died off, African slaves were imported and forced to labor under brutal conditions. The earliest British and French colonies in North America centered on the fur trade and subsistence farming. Plantations in Virginia and the Carolinas were originally worked by indentured servants from Europe, but by the late seventeenth century, planters found African slaves to be a better investment. Catholic missions in Spanish and Portuguese colonies actively sought the conversion of native peoples. In North America, there were fewer contacts and more native resistance to conversion.
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New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Introduction
European invasions had a tremendous effect on native populations. The people that the Spanish found in the Caribbean were the Taino, a tribal people living under the authority of a village chief, and not being warlike, offered the Spanish little resistance. The natives were forced into mining gold as part of the encomienda. This was a system wherein the Spanish controlled the natives, but also ensured the health and welfare of the natives, while converting them to Christianity. Abuse and disease soon made the Taino culture almost extinct. In 1519 Hernan Cortés and 450 soldiers conquered the Aztec empire, assisted by the tribes who were dissatisfied with Aztec control, and by inflicting smallpox upon this population. In 1533, Francisco Pizarro, with an equally small band of men, used this disease and exploited internal problems to conquer Incan empire.
The Europeans set up different governmental structures in the Americas. Having conquered all of the native peoples in Latin America, the Spanish started governing the area using a system of viceroys watched over by the audiencias, courts appointed by the king. Viceroys were given control of large areas and had almost unlimited power. The Portuguese king received control of Brazil through the Treaty of Tordesillas, and distributed the land to the nobility appointing a governor to oversee them. Both the Spanish and the Portuguese colonies exploited the natives and set up European‐style cities, while the countryside remained rural.
For the French and the English in North America, the pattern was one of settlement and then exploration. Both groups came seeking both trade goods and trade routes in the early 1600s. Relying on private companies rather than government support, these colonies had some self‐government. Relations with the natives tended to be antagonistic, with the settlers taking land, the natives retaliating with raids, and then Europeans attacking back. Between conflict and disease the native population dropped by 90 percent from 1500 to 1800.
Colonial society developed differently throughout the Americas. Since fewer Spanish and Portuguese women settled in the Americas, a multicultural society developed. The societal structure had those of European descent at the top with the mixed and native races at the bottom. In North America, the French also mixed with the natives. The English, however, brought more women to their settlements and disdained mixed relationships.
Europeans also impacted religion in the New World. In the Spanish areas, the Catholic Church made many converts, although native religions still survived. The English had less success spreading Christianity because not only were the native populations not captive, the English had little interest in converting them.
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American colonies had differing economic impacts on Europe and the colonies themselves. Economically, the Spanish relied on their colonies for gold, silver and agriculture. The mining of silver in Mexico and Peru brought great wealth to Spain and also fueled Asian and European markets. Agriculture was based in large private estates using the encomienda system. In the Portuguese colony of Brazil, sugar provided the wealth and its production provided the basis for the engenho system, a mix of agricultural and industry. This dependence on sugar increased the slave trade. Disease had reduced the indigenous population, but there was still a high demand for labor. The slave trade fulfilled this need. In North America the fur trade was profitable, but caused both environmental problems as well as conflicts among the natives competing for resources. Agriculture and the cultivation of cash crops was a more serious threat to the native populations because of land loss. The population of new peoples was also growing, including large numbers of indentured workers and later the slaves who replaced them.
In the Pacific, Australia was a focus for both the Dutch and the English but with few items for trade the Dutch soon lost interest. The English turned Australia into a penal colony. The Spanish visited many of the Pacific islands while en route from Mexico to Manila. This regular trade brought advantages but also disease.
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New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania A.P. Key Concepts
Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by royal chartered European monopoly companies that took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but regional markets continued to flourish in Afro‐Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic shipping services developed by European merchants
Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies.
Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power
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Chapter 24 Geography
Label the following on the map above
Caribbean Islands Aztec empire Tenochtitlan Brazil Hispaniola Inca empire Cuzco Mexico Peru Mesoamerica New Castile Quebec Massachusetts Bay Philadelphia New Guinea Easter Island St. Augustine Jamestown New York Australia New Zealand Hawaiian Islands New France New Spain
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Colliding Worlds (Read Pages 1-13)
India's Quest for Home Rule
1. Who were the Taino (Arawaks)?
2. How did the Spanish use the Ecomienda System to exploit the Taino?
3. How did smallpox affect the Taino?
4. What role did sugar and tobacco play in the colonial Caribbean economy?
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru
5. What were the goals of conquistadores?
6. Who was Motecuzoma II?
7. How was the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes able to conquer the Aztec Empire?
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8. In what ways did Dona Marina assist Cortes in conquering the Aztec Empire (Pages 2-3)?
9. How was the Spanish conquistador Fancisco Pizarro able to conquer Atahualpa's Inca Empire?
Iberian Empires in the Americas
10. Why were Mexico City and Lima chosen as the administrative centers of New Spain and New Castile?
11. What is a viceroy and what power did they wield in the New World?
12. How did the audiencias check the power of the viceroys?
13. What role did the Treaty of Tordesillas play in Brazil's colonization of the New World?
Settler Colonies in North America
14. Where did the French and English settle in North America? What eventually happened the French colonies there?
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Colonial Society in the Americas (Read Pages 14-24)
Formation of Multicultural Societies
1. What is a mestizo? How did Latin America become a predominately mestizo society?
2. Why did Brazil become a society of mestizos, mulattoes, and zambos?
3. What is the difference between peninsulares and creoles?
4. What are metis? Where were metis located?
5. Why did the English colonists not mix with other races in North America?
Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire
6. Why were Potosi mines far more important than any gold found in the Americas?
7. What was the mita system? Why did Native Americans flee cities to evade it?
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8. How did the quinto help to create a powerful Spanish army and bureaucracy?
9. How was silver from the Americas able to stimulate world trade?
10. What was the importance of the hacienda in the New World?
11. How did the encomienda system oppress the Native Americans in Latin America?
12. What type of resistance was there to Spanish rule in Latin America?
Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil
13. What role did the engenho play in colonial Brazilian life?
14. Why did the Portuguese turn to African slaves for engenho labor?
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Fur Trade and Settlers in North America
15. How did the European desire for beaver fur affect the Iroquois and Hurons?
16. What effect did tobacco have on global commerce?
17. Why were indentured servants needed in North America? What encouraged them to come?
18. Why was slavery not as important in North America as it was in the Caribbean or Brazil?
Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas
19. How did missionary efforts in Latin America lead to better understanding of native culture?
20. Why did so many natives convert to Christianity?
21. How did the Virgin of Guadalupe become the national symbol for Mexico?
22. Why was the spread of Christianity to North American Natives not as successful as in Latin America?
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Europeans in the Pacific (Read pages 24-29)
Australia and the Larger World
1. What was New Holland? Why didn't the Dutch colonize it?
2. How were aboriginals viewed by Dutch explorers?
3. What did the English first use Australia for?
The Pacific Islands and the Larger World
4. What role did Acapulco play in the Manila galleon trade?
5. What happened to Guam after Spanish colonization?
6. What happened to James Cook in Hawaii?
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Review
MATCHING Match these figures or groups with the statements that follow.
A. Hernan Cortes G. Viceroy B Motecuzoma H. James Cook C Francisco Pizano I. Cabez de Vaca D Taino J. Dona Marina E Mestizos K. Peninsulares F Conquistadores L. Atahualpa
1. The original habitants of the Caribbean Islands 2. Mixed-race descendants of European and Indian parents 3. Spanish conqueror of the Inca peoples 4. Spanish conqueror of the Aztec peoples. 5. The last Aztec emperor 6. The last Inca emperor 7. Provided both intelligence and translating services to the Spanish conquerors 8. Failed to complete the northwest passage but charted most of the Pacific Ocean in the process 9. Spanish soldiers who came to the Americas seeking gold and glory 10. Distinction claimed by those who lived in the Americas but were born in Iberia 11. Title of the Spanish king's representative in the Americas 12. A European who explored Florida and the southeast of North America
SEQUENCING Place the following clusters of events in chronological order. Consider carefully how one event leads to another, and try to determine the internal logic of each sequence.
Sequence 1 Sequence 2 English Puritan settlement of Native resistance is brutally crushed by the superior Massachusetts Spanish weapons Portuguese settlement of Brazil Columbus finds Hispaniola densely populated by English settlement of Jamestown, the Tainos. Virginia African slaves are imported to perform manual Spanish settlement of Mexico labor Spanish settlement of Hispaniola The Taino are forced to work in Spanish mines and on plantations Smallpox and measles devastate the indigenous population of the Caribbean, which dwindles to a few thousand by the mid-sixteenth century
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