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Geology and Ore Deposits of the Cuyuna North Range Minnesota

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Geology and Ore Deposits of the Cuyuna North Range Minnesota Geology and Ore Deposits of the Cuyuna North Range Minnesota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 407 Geology and Ore Deposits of the Cuyuna North Range Minnesota By ROBERT GORDON SCHMIDT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 407 The occurrence and origin of Precambrian iron ore and manganiferous iron ore UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U.S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Schmidt, Robert Gordon, 1924- Geology and ore deposits of the Cuyuna North range, Minnesota. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1963. v, 96 p. illus., maps, diagrs., tables and portfolio (col. maps, diagrs. (part col.)) 29 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey. Professional paper 407) Bibliography: p. 87-91. l.Geology Minnesota Cuyuna North range. 2.Ore-deposits Min­ nesota Cuyuna North Range. S.Iron ores Minnesota Cuyuna North range. I.Title: The Cuyuna North range, Minnesota. (Series) For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, B.C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_ _ _______________________________________ l Mineral deposits______-_________-----------_-------- 48 Introduction _______________________________________ 3 Iron ores and manganiferous iron ores _____________ 48 History of the district.__________________________ 5 Iron-ore minerals._________-_-___-_______--- 48 Previous geologic investigations________________ 7 Manganese-ore minerals. ____________________ 48 Present investigation____________________________ 8 Miscellaneous minerals. _____________________ 49 Acknowledgments___ _ _________________________ 9 Classification of ore_____________________________ 49 General geology.___________________________________ 9 Commercial grades of ore.___________________ 49 Regional setting._______________________________ 9 Types of ore observed in the field.____.____-_- 49 Cuyuna district.________________._______________ 11 Laminated ore__________________________ 49 Sedimentary rocks..________________________________ 12 Gnarled ore_---_-----------_---_- _-- 49 Mahnomen formation___________________________ 14 Bedded wash ore_ __________.____-___--- 51 Mahnomen No. 1 mine_._ ______ _____________ 15 Wash ore with conspicuous replacement Mahnomen No. 3 mine______________________ 15 textures__ ___________________________ 51 Other exposures and drill hole sections of the Specular ore-__--______-_-_------------- 52 Mahnomen formation.____________________ 15 Cindery and .massive ore_------___------- 53 Trommald formation..__________________________ 18 Solution-banded ore_________-__-_-___--- 53 Thin-bedded facies________________________ 20 Distribution of types relative to facies __________ 53 Thick-bedded facies._____.__________________ 22 Distribution of manganese in the iron-formations-__ 53 Clastic material included in the Trommald for­ Distribution of phosphorus in the Trommald forma- mation. ___________________________ 24 tion__._______________________._____-_-_--- 54 Sandy layers in the Trommald formation __ 24 Magnetic attraction as related to the iron-formation. 55 Argillaceous layers in the thin-bedded facies. 25 Origin and occurrence of ore__ _ __________---__--- 55 Rabbit Lake formation._________________________ 26 Relation of major ore bodies to geologic features 57 Black argillite and slate.____________________ 27 Occurrence of ore in the Trommald formation __ 57 Upper iron-formation lenses._________________ 28 Thin-bedded facies____________________ 57 Thickness of formation ______________________ 29 Distribution of ore minerals and ore Chlorite and chlorite-biotite schists ___________ 29 textures _________________________ 58 Conditions of sedimentation in the Cuyuna district. _ 30 Relative time of formation________-_- 58 Mahnomen formation. ______________________ 30 Shapes of brown ore bodies and rela­ Trommald formation________________________ 31 tion to unoxidized iron-formation.__ 58 Source of iron-rich sediments and conditions Association of brown ore with non- of sedimentation______________________ 31 tronitic iron-formation.____________ 59 Rabbit Lake formation._____________________ 33 Red-brown ores-_________--_--_----- 59 Correlation of the Cuyuna sequence.______________ 35 Relation of ore to structure in the thin- Comparison of the proposed stratigraphic sec­ bedded facies________-_----_------ 60 tion and others formerly described-___ 35 Boron content related to origin of ore. 60 North range___ _______________________ 35 Thick-bedded facies_____________________ 60 South range____________________________ 38 Occurrence of ore in upper iron-formation within Correlation with the Emily and Mesabi dis­ the Rabbit Lake formation. _____________ 61 tricts________________________ 39 Suggested origin_________________----------- 61 Keweenawan series______________________________ 40 Recommendations for further exploration._______.. 62 Cretaceous system._____________________________ 40 Thin-bedded facies_______________-_--__--- 63 Pleistocene series.______________________________ 40 Thick-bedded facies.._______________________ 63 Igneous rocks._____________________________________ 41 Exploration for manganiferous ores ___________ 64 Dike rocks.____________________________________ 41 Low-grade manganese reserves__________-_-____-- 64 Volcanic rocks__________________________________ 42 Description of mines. ____________--------------_--__ 65 Veins and fracture fillings..__________________________ 43 Kennedy mine...-----.------------------------- 65 Structural features..________________________________ 45 Rabbit Lake mine. -___-__-_-__--.-------------- 67 Folds__ ---------______-_.____________________ 45 Northland mine. ______________----_--_--------- 67 Faults_----------___-._______________________ 46 Milford mine_______-________-----_------------- 67 Metamorphism. _ ___________________________________ 47 Preston mine______-_____--__------------------- 67 Sedimentary rocks______________________________ 47 Gloria mine____________________----------_----- 67 Igneous rocks._________________________________ 48 Algoma mine________________-----__--_------- 68 IV CONTENTS Description of mines Continued Page Description of mines Continued Page Ferro mine_________________ 68 Mahnomen No. 1 mine_________________. 78 Joan No. 4 mine____________ 69 Mahnomen No. 3 mine._________________ 79 Merritt mine_______________ 69 Hillcrest Extension mine_____-______-___. 79 Pontiac mine__-_-_________- Mahnomen No. 4 mine__--______------_. 79 Joan No. 3 mine__-_________ 69 Sultana-Hopkins mine___________________ 80 North Yawkey mine ________ 69 Louise mines.___________-______---_--_. 80 Manuel mine. _____________ 69 Mahnomen No. 2 mine________--___-_. 81 Croft mine________________. 70 Arko mine____________________________ 81 Meacham mine_..__________. 70 Alstead-North Hillcrest mine_____________ 82 Thompson mine ___________ 71 Mangan No. 1 mines-_-_--____-_--__-__- 82 Portsmouth mine __________ 71 Joan No. 1 mines.___--_________-_-_-__. 83 Armour No. 2 mines _______ 72 Maroco mine. __________________________ 84 Armour No. 1 mine________ 73 Section Six mine________________________ 84 Ironton mine______________ 74 Virginia mine-_______-_____________---. 84 Bonnie Belle mine _________ 74 Mallen mine.__________________________ 85 Pennington mine.--------- 74 Carlson-Nelson mine.___________________ 85 Feigh mine________-______- 75 Rowe mine___________________________ 85 South Hillcrest mine. ______ 76 Snowshoe mine_________________________ 85 Huntington mine__________ 76 Sagamore mine and the Syracuse property. 86 Martin mine. _____________ 77 Selected references-_________________________ 87 Mangan No. 2 mine_______- 77 Index._______-_----__--_---_-----_-----_-. 93 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in separate volume] PLATE 1. Regional bedrock geologic map of central Minnesota. 2. Bedrock geologic map of the North range, Cuyuna district, Minnesota. 3. Detailed geologic map and sections of the Crosby-Ironton-Trommald area. 4. Detailed geologic map and sections of the Rowe-Sagamore mine area. 5. The North range, Cuyuna district, showing distribution of the thin-bedded and thick-bedded facies of the Trommald formation and the total thickness of the Trommald formation. 6. Stratigraphic sections of the middle Precambrian rocks of the Cuyuna North range showing changes of facies and thickness in the Trommald formation. 7. Bedrock geologic map of Feigh-Pennington-Armour mines area showing geologic contacts previous to mining and positions of sections on plate 8. 8. Isometric sections in the Feigh-Pennington-Armour mines area. 9. Generalized distribution of manganese in the Trommald formation, Cuyuna North range. 10. Approximate outlines of ore mined from the thin-bedded facies of the Trommald formation. 11. Approximate outlines of ore mined from the thick-bedded facies of the Trommald formation. Page FIGURE 1. Index map showing location of North range, Cuyuna district____________________________-____----------- 4 2. Unoxidized thin-bedded Trommald formation, northwest side of Portsmouth mine, SE>£SE>£ sec. 2, T. 46 N., R. 29 W_------_--__---------_-___-_---__---------- -________--___-_----------------------------------- 20 3. Straight-bedded subfacies, thick-bedded Trommald formation, northeast end of Joan No. 1 mine_ ______--_--_- 22 4. Wash ore in wavy-bedded subfacies, thick-bedded Trommald formation, southwest end of Joan No. 1 mine_-__- 24 5. Single bed of mottled chert, straight-bedded
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