Metropolitan Planning Government and Economic Growth

Prof. Kuang-Hui Peng

Graduate Institute of Architecture & Urban Design, College of Design, National University of Technology [email protected]

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Contents

● Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in ● How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration ● Cases of Metropolitan Planning government & Cross- boundary Collaboration in UK & USA ● Case of Special Municipality in Taiwan ● Conclusion Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Global City Competitiveness • Over half of the world’s population lives in cities, creating over 80% of global GDP. Companies are planning their global business strategies from a city rather than from a country perspective. • Cities are competing with each other to attract business investment and top talent that will enable them to grow their economies, create jobs and improve their overall standard of living and quality of life.

北京 東京

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Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Global City Competitiveness What determines a city’s competitiveness and growth potential? Eight grouped major categories:

• economic strength (30%) • human capital (15%) • institutional effectiveness (15%) • financial maturity (10%) • global appeal (10%) • physical capital (10%) • environment and natural hazards (5%) • social and cultural character (5%)

4 Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Effectiveness Keep Economy Growing •Taiwan occupies less than 0.03% of the world’s surface and is populated by only 0.4% of the global population, but has the world’s 23rd-largest economy and is a strong economic and trade power. • Dense population, approaching to a mature economy, traditional sectors move to cheap labor countries, lacking raw physical material • A perspective future to distinguish Taiwan from others is not only the quality of thought, creativity and innovation, but also economic effectiveness

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Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Sharing Talents & Clustering Service Industries Taiwan’s economic development has moved from investment-driven to innovation- driven; move on toward knowledge-driven in the future, with sharing man power, R&D for clustering service industries in metropolitan area are important. Ã Per Capital Income

Development Stage Î 6 Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Spatial Restructuring Taiwan High Speed Rail service started in 2007, carrying out spatial restructuring of the western corridor.

1st Highway commenced in 1978 High speed rail commenced in 2007 1st spatial re-structure 2nd spatial re-structure

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Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Industrial Clustering Taipei Taoyuan Industrial Clusters Along HSR Corridor Banciao „ Information software: z Nankang Software Park z Software Park

„ Semiconductor: Taichung

z Hsinchu Science Park

z Kaohsiung Export-Processing Zone Yunlin

„ Precision machinery: z Taichung Precision Machinery Park

„ TFT-LCD: z Hsinchu Science Park Zuoying z Central Taiwan Science Park HSR station

z Southern Taiwan Science Park Sciencebased - Industrial Park (SIP)

Business Park (BP)

Industrial Estate (IE) ∗ TFT-LCD: Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display 8 8 Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Industrial Clustering Taipei Taoyuan Banciao Nangang National Industrial Clustered for economic growth Hsinchu Bio-tech Park Hsinchu Bio-medical Park Miaoli Nangan Software Park Phase II Phase I Taichung Precision Taichung Machinery Innovation Park Changhua „ Making Western Taiwan as Advanced Yunlin Innovation-Technology- Central Taiwan Science R&D Park Park Phase IV R&D Corridor, by planning Chiayi Phase III new R&D bases along HSR Chiayi Industrial stations, based on local Innovation Center resources, higher education

Tainan institutions and research institutes Zuoying Expanding the Kaohsiung HSR station

Software Park into an Sciencebased- Industrial Park (SIP)

Innovative R&D Park Business Park (BP)

Industrial Estate (IE) 9

Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Regional Development Issues and Expectations

z environmental protection: ecological environment and resources destructed by improper development z proper regional spatial planning: lacking effectiveness and efficiency of the spatial arrangement z social equity: lacking social harmony and common consensus z urban transformation: the need for sustainable development, regeneration and economic growth z promoting city competitiveness: lacking natural resources, need to upgrade local characteristics for promoting competitiveness z local collaboration: vertical and horizontal interaction among the different governments, internal coordination between various departments, and public relationship with the ordinary citizens

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Metropolitan Governance Needs Metropolitan Planning & Cross-boundary Collaboration in Taiwan

█ Catch-22 Situation of Government Governance

Intergovernmental relations, broad regional administration, cross-government management, cross-boundary management

Small, beautiful and People expect the laissez-faire catch-22 Government to Government; manage situation provide better public the public affairs the services less the better

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█ Benefits of Metropolitan Planning & Collaboration „ Increase global city competitiveness „ Strengthen regional competitiveness „ Promote administrative efficiency „ Integrate natural resources „ Solve common issues: e.g. transportation, water resource, economic growth etc. „ Re-allot current financial revenue and expenditure „ Promote local self-government „ Balance regional development, reduce rural-urban disparity

competitiveness Resource Solution sharing Issues • Cross-boundary Comprehensive 0 Rural-urban disparity promote collaboration planning 0 Resource dispersion efficiency Balanced 0 Regional conflict • Cross-section collaboration development

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How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Reorganization Model Central • horizontal reorganization model Government ex. Central Government system have been reorganized & conducted since 2012

• vertical reorganization model ex. Taiwan Provincial Government was abolished in 1997, most of the functions have been transferred to the central government.

• upgrading authority model Local ex. Upgrading an ordinary city government to the special municipality Governments (e.g. upgraded Taipei to New Taipei Special municipality (Metro. Government) in 2010) • Merging adjacent boundaries model ex. Merging and City together as a Taichung Special municipality in 2010 (Metro. Government) Local governments 14 16 15 localization contract to the private to the private contract partnership government Set up central-local the Central 16 16 Government reorganize with global functions of the Departments in a government a government Adjustment of the competitiveness of the Central Government partnership Set up public-private Cross-boundary Collaboration Cross-boundary privatization abolishment

Review of Adjustment of Government Central Government Functions Organization How & Planning government Metropolitan Do for Taiwan Horizontal Reorganization Horizontal Reorganization Central government: from 37 departments downsized to 29 downsized departments Central government: from 37 █ How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Formulate a Special Municipality as a Metro. Government

Local Government Act: metropolitan area may establish special municipality (promulgated in 1999)

• Regions with population of not less than one million and two hundred fifty thousand (1,250,000) and have special requirements in their political, economic, cultural, and metropolitan developments may establish special municipalities.

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How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Formulate a Special Municipality as a Metro. Government Local Government Act: merge /cities together into a special municipality (added and promulgated in 2009) • For the purpose of the needs of national spatial planning and balanced development of the different regions, local governments can be upgraded into special municipalities or merged with other special municipalities or counties / cities into a special municipality. • It shall formulate plans for changes and consult with the relevant local governments, and submit the plan to the central government for approval. The plan mainly includes: ÎName of the new special municipality; ÎScope, population, and areas of the administrative districts before and after the change into a special municipality; ÎTopographic map indicating the boundaries of the administrative regions before and after the change; ÎAssessment of the impact on the local politics, finance, economy, culture, metropolitan development, and transportation after the change; ÎPlans of the relevant agencies and schools with regards to their change in organizational structure, operations, personnel transfer, asset transfer; Î Guidelines of the relevant agencies and schools with regards to budget formulation and implementation after the change. 18 How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Encourage Local Collaboration Local Government Act: the ways of collaboration and priority for collaborative projects (added and promulgated in 2010)

• The ways of collaboration: For the purpose of facilitating resources use, or improving the resident’s well-being, a local government may together with other local governments, establish organizations for regional collaboration, enter into agreements or use other methods of collaboration. Approval from the relevant councils shall be required. • Priority for collaborative projects: In relation to construction plans proposed by the local government that involves different regions or the regional collaboration, the higher-level competent authority shall provide priority financial or other necessary assistance. • Administrative agreements: When a local government enters into administrative agreements with other local governments, the following shall be clearly indicated in the agreement: 1. Parties to the administrative agreement. 2. Scope and methods of collaboration. 3. Basis for the allocation of expenses. 4. Period of collaboration. 5. Preconditions for the agreement to take effect, when the agreement start to take effect.

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How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Spatial Structure recommended by National Spatial Plan

z 3 living circles Northern City-region Central City-region Southern City-region z 7 development regions Taipei, New Taipei, , Ilan region; Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli region; Taichung, Changhua, Nantou region; Yunlin, Chiayi, Tainan region; Kaohsiung, Pingtung region; Hualien, Taitung region; , , Lienchiang region.

20 How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ Three Major City-regions Development Vision

The main national gateway, An international Taiwan’s economic and trade metropolitan region core, an international with prime cultural and metropolitan region with living centers and an strong creative research emerging Sci-tech capabilities and substantial cluster. cultural assets, and a high- tech industrial belt.

An international port city and an international metropolitan region with heritage cultural and maritime dual nuclei.

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How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

█ The Whole Picture of Public System Reform reorganization of the central government

central – local partnership a subsidiary agency of the central government–local government partnership merge city/county together (metropolitan government)

cross-adjacent boundary partnership

cross-nonadjacent boundary partnership 22 How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration █ Framework for Evaluating Major Projects Priority for integrated metropolitan collaborative projects Spatial strategies Competent Ministries/Depts. Council for Economic Planning & Construction

National Spatial Development Strategies

Integrated Evaluation Planning for Comprehensive National Construction Plan collaboration boundary Cross-

Northern Central Taiwan Yunlin, Chiayi, Hualien, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Region region Tainan Region Taitung Region Pingtung Region Platform Platform Platform Platform Platform implementation

Individual Special Municipalities / Cities / Counties

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How Taiwan Do for Metropolitan Planning government & Cross-boundary Collaboration

Approval Competent process Following the National Spatial Plan and annual policies authority •Principles for central subsidy Council for Economic Planning & Construction Submitted projects by local government and metro. collaborative platform • Submit projects for subsidy Local governments (LG) / Metro. platform

• Review & approval of applying subsidy projects Council for Economic Planning & Construction/competent Depts. Metro. Collaborative Platform mediate the integration of plan • Implementation of subsidized projects LG./ Metro. Platform/CEPC/competent Depts.

Forming the public construction plan • Mediation of projects LG./CEPC/competent Depts.

Conducting the public construction plans by approved procedure • Final decision of the public construction plans All the competent Depts.

Integrated Evaluation Planning for Comprehensive National Construction Plan 24 25

Cases of Metropolitan Planning government & Cross- boundary Collaboration in UK, USA

● Examples of local collaboration for metropolitan planning example Greater London Association of Bay Area Metropolitan Service , Authority, GLA Governments, ABAG METRO member 33 boroughs & city, 101 cities, 9 counties, 7mi. 1.3 million residents, 24 cities, 2 1579 km² of Greater pop., 19,000km in the San in Portland Metropolitan Area London. Francisco Bay Area type Elected strategic Metropolitan Planning Elected metropolitan government for agency formed by local government metropolitan London agreement mission Improve the Strengthen cooperation and Growth management, provide coordination between coordination among local regional coordination and set the local authorities governments regional standards function Coordinate land use Limited statutory authority, Provide a regional land use, planning, produces a solve local differences long term growth strategic London Plan, through workable management, transportation local councils are compromises planning, make sure local legally bound to planning coordinated comply with the plan. metropolitan area. 26 Metropolitan Service District Association of Bay Area Governments Great London Authority 27 28 29

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32 33

34 35

36 37 37

38 38 39 39

40 40 Case of Taichung Special Municipality

Location & relationship

Taichung County

Taichung City

Changhua County

Nantou County

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Case of Taichung Special Municipality Demographics z Population stably increased in Taichung City/county z Average population growth rate of Taichung City/County (0.96%) was higher than that of the Central Region as a whole (0.33%) in recent 10 years

Central Region Taichung city Taichung county Taichung city/county year

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007 2008 42 42 average 42 Case of Taichung Special Municipality Industrial Economy by region ‹ industry & commercial census in 2006 by City/County • Taichung city: a growth rate of total production increased by 41.68% in recent 5 years • Taichung county: a growth rate of total production increased by 59.45% in recent 5 years • Taichung city/county: accounted 46.19% of the total production of the Central Region

Total production in 2001 Total production in 2006 Rate of the total Growth rate 2001- region (NTD 1000) (NTD 1000) production in 2006 2006 (%)

Taiwan Northern region

Southern region Eastern region Central region Central region Taichung county

Taichung city

Changhua county 43

Taichung city/county

Case of Taichung Special Municipality

Political boundaries, population and areas before and after Taichung City /County merged (accounted by 2009)

Items Before merged After merged

Taichung County Taichung City Taichung Special City Population 1,559,454 1,068,537 2,627,991

Area (KM2) 2,051.4712 163.4256 2,214.8968

No. of 21 8 29

No. of 411 214 625

Pop. density 760 6,538 1,187 (pop./km2) 44 Case of Taichung Special Municipality

Change of the number of councilor in City/County and Township after merged (accounted by 2009)

Items Before merged After merged

Taichung Taichung City Taichung County Special city

No. of councilor in 57 46 52 City/County

No. of councilor in 282 0 0 Township

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Item Taichung County Taichung City Special Municipality

Population in 2009 1,559,178 1,070,145 2,629,323 Land Urban land 34,664.63 hec 16,342.56 hec 51,007.19 hec area Non‐urban 17,477.09hec 0 17,477.09hec land Total 205,141.72 hec 16,342.56c he 221,484.28 hec No. of Township 21 8 29 Financial revenue NT$ 21.656 billion NT$ 19.754 billion NT$ 63.024 billion No. of School U6, SH27, JH46, P166 U12, SH18, JH24, P66 U18, SH45, JH70, P232 Economy No. of factory:13,002 No. of factory:3,318 No. of factory:16,320 No. of com. store:62,498 No. of com. store:26,190 No. of com. store:88,688 Agricultural product:18.2bi Agricultural product:18.2bi Transportation Seaport, airport, highway, Highway, railway sta. Seaport, airport, highway, HSR sta. railway sta. HSR sta. railway sta. . Target population 1.61 million 1.32 million 2.93 million in urbanized area Residential area 5,306 hec 4,043 hec 9,349 hec Commercial area 444 hec 501 hec 945 hec Industrial area 1,916 hec 660 hec 2,576 hec 46 Public facility area 5,559 hec 5,169 hec 10,728 hec Case of Taichung Special Municipality Challenges of the new municipality: planning & collaboration for economic growth

integrate industrial estates with better division of work in the metropolitan region

Industrial Re-locate those machinery strategy; public industry in agricultural area to Transform traditional facility & service; industries to a higher the proper area avoiding from administrative environmental destruction Tec. oriented R&D and effectiveness talents sharing

Integrate and upgrade tourism industry & marketing planning 47

Case of Taichung Special Municipality

Sharing resources

Transportation system Blue belt system

48 sewage treatment plant Incinerator & landfill Case of Taichung Special Municipality Industrial Economic Environment of Central Region

Industrial Estates of central Region R&D Institutes of Central Region 49

Case of Taichung Special Municipality Promoting Sci-Tec & machinery industrial clustering axis

• 大肚山科技走廊：中科一、二期；精機園區一、二期 • 中科三期后里基地 • 烏日溪南產業區 • 台中港關連工業區 • 豐洲工業區

國際性產業佈局與消費機能導入1/4

50 Case of Taichung Special Municipality Spatial Development • Promoting a sustainable and international metropolitan growth pole • Double nuclei: Taichung + Fengyuan ＝〉dual nuclei metropolitan pattern

Fengyuan city center

Taichung city center Eco-tourism region

Living region Hillside region

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Conclusion

z The catalyst of metropolitan planning and regional collaboration is “mutually beneficial & pooling of interest for the local governments” z Local governments each other has a common view & sincere intention of driving toward a collaborative planning z Local leaders have to realize their responsibilities for solving the conflicts between individual locality, changing self standpoint, seeking resolution, establishing effective communication system each other z Building a collaborative atmosphere in the initial stage, searching for local political and civilian supports, cultivating people with a macro regional view, making gradual mutual-believing for establishing a long term collaborative mechanism.

52 Metropolitan Planning Government and Economic Growth

Thank you

Professor: Kuang-Hui Peng [email protected] National Taipei University of Technology 53