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A Human-Computer Integrated Approach Towards Content Based Image Retrieval Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2010 A Human-Computer Integrated Approach Towards Content Based Image Retrieval Phani Nandan Kidambi Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Engineering Commons Repository Citation Kidambi, Phani Nandan, "A Human-Computer Integrated Approach Towards Content Based Image Retrieval" (2010). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1027. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1027 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HUMAN-COMPUTER INTEGRATED APPROACH TOWARDS CONTENT BASED IMAGE RETRIEVAL A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By PHANI KIDAMBI B. Tech., Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, 2004 M.S., Wright State University, 2006 2010 Wright State University Copyright by Phani Kidambi 2010 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES November 18, 2010 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE DISSERTATION PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Phani Kidambi ENTITLED A Human-Computer Integrated Approach towards Content Based Image Retrieval BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________ S. Narayanan, Ph.D., P.E. Dissertation Director ______________________________ Ramana Grandhi, Ph.D. Director, Ph.D. in Engineering Program ______________________________ Andrew Hsu, Ph.D. Dean, School of Graduate Studies Committee on Final Examination ______________________________ S. Narayanan, Ph.D., P.E. ______________________________ Jennie Gallimore, Ph.D. ______________________________ Fred Garber, Ph.D. ______________________________ Yan Liu, Ph.D. ______________________________ Richard Koubek, Ph.D. Abstract Kidambi, Phani. Ph.D., Engineering Ph.D. Program, Wright State University, 2010. A Human- Computer Integrated Approach Towards Content Based Image Retrieval. Digital photography technologies permit quick and easy uploading of any image to the web. Millions of images being are uploaded on the World Wide Web every day by a wide range of users. Most of the uploaded images are not readily accessible as they are not organized so as to allow efficient searching, retrieval, and ultimately browsing. Currently major commercial search engines utilize a process known as Annotation Based Image Retrieval (ABIR) to execute search requests focused on retrieving an image. Even though the information sought is an image, the ABIR technique primarily relies on textual information associated with an image to complete the search and retrieval process. For the first phase of the study, using the game of cricket as the domain, this research compared the performance of three commonly used search engines for image retrieval: Google, Yahoo and MSN Live. Factors used for the evaluation of these search engines include query types, number of images retrieved, and the type of search engine. Results of the empirical evaluation show that while the Google search engine performed better than Yahoo and MSN Live in situations where there is no refiner, the performance of all three search engines dropped drastically when a refiner was added. The other methodology to search for images is Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) which searches for the images based on the image features such as color, texture, and shape is still at a nascent stage and has not been incorporated in the commercial search engines. The image features are at a low level compared to the high level iv textual features. The gap between the low level image features and the high level textual features is termed as Semantic Gap. Semantic gap has been the factor that limits the Content Based algorithms to perform effectively. This research addresses the issue of the image retrieval problem by systematically coupling the ABIR and the CBIR algorithms and uses the human input wherever needed to reduce the semantic gap. The key research question addressed by this study is whether a human integrated approach helps in better image retrieval. In this research, a systematic study to identify the role of human annotation in the search and retrieval of images was performed. Results showed that as long as a subject matter expert is annotating the image, there was no variability in the performance of search engines, in measures of precision and recall. Moreover, empirical results suggested that the human integrated approach results in a better performance when compared to the pure Annotation Based Image Retrieval or the Content Based Image Retrieval. Further research can be developed to slowly replace some aspects of the human input with machine learning algorithms. One of the primary contributions of the framework was to demonstrate a novel framework which systematically reduces the semantic gap by using the human input, the ABIR and the CBIR algorithms. Some of the other contributions include a methodology for systematically evaluating the effectiveness of the image search engines, and a methodology for using both generic and domain specific templates for the ABIR and the CBIR algorithms. v Table of Contents Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Problem .......................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Annotation Based Image Retrieval ....................................................................................... 6 2.2 Content Based Image Retrieval .......................................................................................... 10 2.2.1 Noise Removal from images ........................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Color ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Texture ......................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3.1 Statistical Methods: ............................................................................................... 13 2.2.3.2 Transformation Based Method ............................................................................. 15 2.2.4 Shape Analysis ............................................................................................................. 17 2.3 Semantic Gap ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Relevance Feedback – Human Reasoning in Image Retrieval ........................................... 19 2.4.1 Boolean Model ............................................................................................................. 19 2.4.2 Vector Space Model ..................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Probabilistic Model ...................................................................................................... 20 2.5 Indexing .............................................................................................................................. 21 2.6 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Proposed Research Framework..................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Phase 1 – Baseline Performance Metrics in Image Retrieval ....................................................... 27 4.1 Evaluating the major search engines on various query types ............................................. 28 4.1.1 Query types: ................................................................................................................. 28 4.1.2 Methodology: ............................................................................................................... 29 4.1.3 Statistical Analysis of the model.................................................................................. 33 4.1.4 Analysis of the Experiment .......................................................................................... 37 4.2 Understanding the user goals in the web image search ...................................................... 48 Chapter 5 ......................................................................................................................................
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