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AFRICA's PLACE in GLOBALIZATION: AFRICA, EURASIA, and THEIR BORDERLANDS Patrick Manning

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AFRICA's PLACE in GLOBALIZATION: AFRICA, EURASIA, and THEIR BORDERLANDS Patrick Manning AFRICA'S PLACE IN GLOBALIZATION: AFRICA, EURASIA, AND THEIR BORDERLANDS Patrick Manning Africa is commonly marginalized in global social studies, whether of present or past. This essay makes the case for the substantial importance of Africa through a systematic comparison with Eurasia. It documents the large area and the relatively dense population of Africa, in past and present, as com- pared with Eurasia and also with the Americas. The essay gives particular at- tention both to sub-Saharan Africa and to the long Afro-Eurasian borderland from Gibraltar to the Bab al-Mandab, and briefly explores the interactions of Africa, Eurasia, and their borderland since the beginnings of humanity. In the course of the comparison, the essay raises the question of whether the theory and methodology of historical globalization studies need to be more fully specified in order to ensure inclusion of the African region and perhaps other historical situations that have been insufficiently represented in the under- standing of globalization. Keywords: globalization, Africa, history, Eurasia, Afro-Eurasian, interaction, comparison, population, periphery, borderland. Introduction Where is Africa in studies of globalization? This essay argues that globalization studies should focus more attention on Africa and Africans, on the specific characteristics of African societies, and on the relationships between Africa and Eurasia. Africa and Afri- cans – a large terrain and a large population – continue to be treated as marginal in world affairs today, and continue to be treated as marginal in global historical studies. Some ad- justments have come recently to this marginalization as a result of the past century's global critiques of imperial hegemony and racial categorization, along with the rise of in- dependent African nations. These same factors, along with confirmation of the African origins of all humanity, have led also to revisions in historical studies. In one such revi- sion, the term ‘Afro-Eurasian’ has developed as a descriptor of the framework for long- term social interaction. In practice, however, ‘Afro-Eurasian’ analyses address only a por- tion of Africa, so that the question of Africa's marginality is not really resolved. This essay reconsiders the relative neglect of Africa in contemporary global affairs and in historical studies. While the relative weakness of Africa in global politico- military affairs must be acknowledged, I argue that Africa is of substantial significance at a global scale by other measures – first in history, and by implication in current af- fairs. The point of this comparison of Africa and Eurasia is not to argue that the two great continental regions are equal or even fully parallel, but that a detailed comparison of the two regions is instructive. I present my comparison of Africa and Eurasia as a historical study in globalization. The premise of historical studies of globalization is that globalization did not suddenly Journal of Globalization Studies, Vol. 5 No. 1, May 2014 65–81 65 66 Journal of Globalization Studies 2014 • May appear ex nihilo at the end of the twentieth century: contemporary globalization was preceded by historical globalization. Our common task is to find other sites in time, space, and population that reveal the character and the historical trajectory of processes of globalization (Hopkins 2002; Chase-Dunn 2006; Chase-Dunn and Hall 2012; Gills and Thompson 2006). In this work, I argue, we should pay close attention to the defini- tion of globalization and to the procedures adopted for historical study of globalization. My main line of argument is empirical, but I wish to begin with a brief commentary on issues in theory and method. The marginalization of Africa in social analysis began long before studies of contemporary and historical globalization took form, but global- ization studies have not yet succeeded in challenging that marginalization. As a result, I believe that there is need for revision in the theory and methodology of studies in his- torical globalization so as to provide systematic encouragement for inclusion of Africa in the analysis. Such revision might lead to other benefits for globalization studies. His- torical globalization is defined most broadly as large-scale processes and connected processes in the past (Hopkins 2002). In practice, this has brought more attention to the symptoms of globalization than to its underlying dynamics. For instance, the initial characterization of historical globalization by Hopkins and Bayly was symptomatic: they proposed ‘archaic globalization’ and ‘proto-globalization’ more as periods of time rather than as mechanisms (Hopkins 2002; Bayly 2004). To inquire into the dynamics of globalization, I begin by arguing that globalization should refer to social change, but not just any type of social change. Social change, in order to count as globalization, must be substantial in magnitude, must affect a broad geographical region, and must occur rapidly. But how much of each? The growing literature now in print on epi- sodes of globalization in history has naturally assumed that a historical process may qualify as globalization even it the social change was not fully planetary, nor instan- taneous, nor of completely revolutionary magnitude (Hopkins 2002). But what proc- esses of change count as globalization? Can the impulse to globalization be exogenous as well as endogenous? For instance, can the response to such an exogenous change as the sudden climatic change as the Younger Dryas cooling episode (12,000 years ago) be seen as globalization? For socially endogenous change, should we give separate consid- eration to the initiation and the propagation of change? Does the change take place in one spot and then spread by diffusion? Does the change take place system-wide? Is the expanding scale of globalization irreversible, or is globalization followed sometimes by ‘de-globalization’? In addition to defining the nature of past globalization, we face the question of how best to study it. While globalization is about the world as a whole, it is difficult in practice to analyze the whole world at once. One ends up selecting sites that appear to be central to the processes of globalization or appear to lend themselves particularly to understanding how those processes work. Yet by selecting eclectically we risk replicating inherited nar- ratives of civilizational hegemony rather than conduct innovative and critical sort of social analysis. We should be cautious about focusing our attention on the same centers and heroes that have been the high point of so much past celebration of empire and civiliza- tion. Do certain populations encompass key elements of globalization? Is it best to rank populations by GDP, either aggregate or per capita? By the nature of their interactions with each other? Do we analyze sites in isolation, on the assumption that globalization results from episodes of invention within centers of wealth? Similarly, do the magnitude Manning • Africa's Place in Globalization 67 of cities, states, and armies provide the best indices of globalization? Can we also seek to trace interconnection of sites, to see if their connections bring innovations? The present study focuses on a critique of the marginalization of Africa and Africans both in current affairs and in historical analysis. The stages of this essay make the case for greater attention to Africa in the study of global change and review the typology of epi- sodes in globalization. Part 1 makes the case that Africa is more important today than commonly realized in area, population and other measures. Part 2 presents several al- ternative spatial frameworks for considering Africa and Eurasia separately and together. The point is not to argue that there is one best spatial framework, but that the various frameworks have strengths and weaknesses which, properly deployed, can improve global analysis. Part 3 presents a rapid, long-term review of the interplay of Africa and Eurasia, with particular attention to the long borderland connecting the two continents. At the conclusion of these relatively straightforward exercises, I argue that attention to the macro-dimensions and interactions of Africa and Eurasia will lead to better understanding of Africa itself, better recognition of Africa's past and present in the world, and better un- derstanding of which instances of past social change qualify properly as globalization. Africa in the World Today Area and population I begin with a crude comparison of the geographic areas and population sizes of the three largest continental units: Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas, along with Oceania. Table 1 gives commonly cited figures for 2010. The first point is that Africa is rela- tively large in area: it is 55 per cent of the area of Eurasia, and over 70 per cent of the area of the Americas. Second, Africa is very populous. A simple way to sum up current world population is to note that we have a total of seven billion humans, five billion in Asia and one billion each for Africa and the Americas. If we break Eurasia up into re- gions, we can say that there is just over a billion in East Asia, well over a billion in South Asia, just under a billion in Europe, and just over a billion spread around Southeast, Central, and West Asia. Africa, in aggregate population, is roughly the equal of each of these units. Third, Africa is relatively densely populated. African population is currently 150 per cent that of the Americas; it is just under 40 per cent of the Eurasian population density. (A simplified version of this calculation would be to say that Africa has half the area of Eurasia and one fifth the population of Eurasia, so that the African population density is two fifths that of Eurasia.) The large and barren regions of each continent, when considered explicitly, bring even more attention to Africa. The Sahara, with an area of over nine million square kilometers and a population of four million, is nearly one third of the area of Africa.
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