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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73- 26,905 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page{s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in die adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the. photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73- 26,905 SCHWARTZ, Jerrold Joseph, 1947- LEOPOLD MAXSE AND THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY: 1906-1914. The Ohio State U niversity, Ph.D., 1973 H istory, modern University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan LEOPOLD MAXSE AND THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY: 1906-191L DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements fot* the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jerrold Joseph Schwartz, B.S., M.A. * # * # # The Ohio State University 1973 Approved by PA Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation for the many kindnesses shown to him while engaged in his research. In addition to permitting him to see the Maxse Papers, Major and Mrs. John Maxse graciously granted him personal interviews and the warm hospitality of their home. Many others helped to make his task less onerous, among them the Rt. Hon. Julian Amery, M.P.j A. J. P. Taylor and the s t a f f at the Beaverbrook Library, London^ and the staffs at the West Sussex County Records Office at Chichester, the British Museum Reading and Manuscripts Rooms and the Colindale Newspaper Library, and the Manu­ scripts Room at the University of Birmingham Library. To each of these, heartfelt thanks. Finally, to Professor Philip P. Poirier, the adviser who chose to take a personal interest far beyond his professional responsibility, a personal interest which made thi3 dissertation possible, this writer is forever indebted. i i VITA. Juno 6 , 1 9 U 7 . Bora - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1968 ................................... B.S.in Business Administration, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1970 ................................... M.A. in History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1972 ...................... University Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1971> 1972-1973 • Teaching Associate, Department of History, / The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Tudor-Stuart England. Professor Clayton R. Roberts Britain Since 1711:. Professor Philip P. Poirier Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe. Professor John Rothney i l l TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................... 11 VITA .................................................................................................................................i l l LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... v Chapter I . INTRODUCTION AND FAMILY HISTORY.................................................. 1 I I . SETTING THE POLITICAL STA G E......................................................... 12 I H . PRELIMINARY SKIRMISHES—1 ............................................................. 30 IV. PRELIMINARY SKIRMISHES—2 ............................................................. 6 £ V. PRELIMINARY SKIRMISHES—3 ............................................................. 93 VI. FINAL PREPARATIONS..............................................‘ .................................109 VII. THE BATTLE..................................................................................................118 V III. THE AFTERMATH..........................................................................................171 H . MAXSE BEFORE WORLD WAR I ......................................................................182 APPENDIX A.................................................................................................................................199 B................................................................................................................................ 200 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................202 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LAP. Leopold Amery Papers. ABP. Arthur Balfour Papers. ACP. Sir Austen Chamberlain Papers. JCP. Joseph Chamberlain Papers. BLP. Andrew Bonar Law Papers. LMP. Leopold Maxse Papers. JSP. J. St. Loe Strachey Papers. Nat. Rev. National Review. v Filmed as received without page(s) ___ UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS. Berkeley* C.M.G., K.C.M.G. (1832-1883). He became a lieutenant-colonel In the army, served in the Crimea and promulgated a reformed constitu­ tion when governor of Heligoland, Before his death he served as gov­ ernor of Newfoundland.^ Frederick Augustus was the second son, bom in 1833. He entered the navy, obtained his lieutenancy in 1852 and was promoted to the rank . of commander three y ears l a t e r . As aide-de-cam p to Lord Raglan a f te r the battle of the Alma he displayed conspicuous gallantry in. carrying dispatches, Frederick Maxse retired from the service in 1867. Bight years later he was made a rear-admiral. In retirement he sought a seat in the Commons. As a Radical candidate for the borough of Southampton in the General Election of 1868, he found himself at the bottom of the p o ll. The same was tru e in Tower Hamlets s ix y ears l a t e r . Maxse never t tried again. Because of his early service at sea, the Admiral had little formal education. This clever man passed on to his journalist son a hotheaded, warm-hearted nature as well as a propensity for amusing idiosyncracies. Indeed, the curious peculiarities, which made his character an interest­ ing study to his friend George Meredith in Beauchamp’s Career, unfitted him for modem political life, as they unfitted his son Leo. Though a professed Liberal, on certain questions like Home Rule and woman suf­ frage, he was as tenaciously conservative as the crustiest Tory. In 1886, he followed his close friend Joseph Chamberlain into Liberal Union­ ism and became a keen im perialist. His retirement years were filled with the pursuits of a cultivated country gentleman. Admiral Maxse 3lb id . became an accomplished art lover and a speaker and writer of some renown on m ilitary campaigns as well as on topics concerned with education, suffrage and Ireland. Throughout his life Maxse was ever ready to throw himself enthusiastically into controversy. He defended his usually extreme views with great ability and incisive, but always plain, lan­ guage. The Admiral entertained his large circle of friends at his home in the Surrey hills at Dunley, where he also served as Justice of the Peace for Hampshire and as county councillor for the Dorking division o f Surrey. Unfortunately, the Admiral made an unhappy marriage. In 1862, he wed Cecilia (l81j2-1917), daughter of Brig. Gen. James Steele, C.B., a Cockermouth, Cumberland squire who had .served in the army in India. The union produced four children, but the match of a restless, opinion- t ated husband with a passionate spouse devoted to the arts proved incom­ patible and they later separated. Admiral Maxse died on 2? June 1900, after a bout with typhoid contracted on a v isit he made with his younger daughter, Violet, to her husband, Lord Edward Cecil, serving in the arny in South Africa.k Elder son Frederick Ivor Maxse (1862-1958) followed his father and uncle into the m ilitary. After Rugby and Sandhurst, he saw duty in Malta, Egypt and South Africa in the Coldstream Guards* His quick mind and war experience awakened him to the danger threatening the sheltered world of Edwardian England. He displayed a flair for penetrating written criticism , denouncing, among other things, the English public school ^Dictionary of National Biography, hereafter D.N.B.; The Times, 27 June *1900. education as wholly
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