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Senegal: Situación Del Colectivo LGBTI+ Senegal: Situación del Colectivo LGBTI+. Comisión Española de Ayuda al Refugiado Nombre y Apellidos: Sandra Rodríguez Romero Lugar y fecha 03 de Septiembre 2018 www.cear.es Servicios Centrales: Avda. de General Perón 32, 2˚ derecha 28020 Madrid 1 ÍNDICE Parte 1: Introducción General. 3 Demográfica y Población. 3 Economía. 3 Organización Política 4 Gobierno 4 Partidos Políticos. 4 Historia y Evolución Política: 4 Parte 2: Situación de Derechos Humanos de las personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales y Transexuales (LGBT) en Senegal. 5 Introducción. 5 Personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales y Transexuales (LGBT) en Senegal 6 Tratados ratificados por el país 6 Constitución 7 Sistema legal 7 ¿Cómo considera la sociedad al Colectivo LGBTI? 8 Derechos Económicos, Sociales, Culturales: 9 Parte 3: Situación de los desplazados internos, solicitantes de asilo y refugiados. 11 -BIBLIOGRAFÍA 12 2 Parte 1: Introducción General. Nombre oficial del Estado: República de Senegal. Capital: Dakar. Forma de Gobierno: República Presidencialista. Jefe de Estado: Macky Sall. Población: 14,668,522 habitantes (Julio 2017). Superficie total: 196.722 Km2 Moneda nacional: Franco CFA Idioma oficial: Francés. 1.1 Demográfica y Población. Los grupos étnicos senegaleses se distribuyen de la siguiente forma aproximadamente: Wolof 41.6%, Pular 28.1%, Serer 15.3%, Mandinka 5.4%, Jola 3.4%, Soninke 0.8% y otros 5.4%, que incluye a los habitantes de ascendencia europea y libanesa. Se ha registrado que un 96.1% de la población se confesa Musulmana, en su mayoría de la adheridos a alguna de las cuatro hermandades Sufís, 3.6% Cristiana, mayormente Católicos Romanos y finalmente un 0.3% Animista. La población senegalesa es mayormente joven, más del 60% de la población es aún menor de 25 años y la edad media registrada para el 2016 fue de 18.8 años.1 1.2 Economía. El PIB per cápita para el año 2016 era de 958 dólares. Presenta un crecimiento sostenido del PIB por tres años consecutivos y una inflación controlada2. Sus principales socios comerciales son: Malí, Suiza, India, Costa de Marfil, Francia, China y España3. Los sectores económicos con mayor fuerza en la nación africana son el procesamiento de alimentos, la minería, la industria química, refinería de productos petrolíferos y el turismo4. 1 The CIA World FactBook, 2017. Referencia: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/sg.html (Consulta: 26 de Julio 2018 14:27) 2 Senegal Overview. The World Bank 2018. Referencia: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview (Consulta: 21 de Julio 2018 10:44) 3 Senegal. Ficha del país. Oficina de información diplomática. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. Referencia: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SENEGAL_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018. 10:30) 4 IMF Executive Board Completes Sixth Review Under the Policy Support Instrument (PSI) for Senegal. Fondo Monetario Internacional 2018. Referencia: http://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/07/02/pr18271-imf-executive-board-completes-sixth-review- for-senegal (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018 12:00) 3 1.3 Organización Política 1.3.1 Gobierno Senegal se define como una República Presidencialista, por lo que el poder Ejecutivo recae en el presidente, el cual se elige por sufragio universal directo, por un período de cinco años y constitucionalmente solo puede ejercer el cargo por dos períodos consecutivos. El poder legislativo se manifiesta en la Asamblea Nacional, de 165 diputados, electos también por sufragio universal cada cinco años, y cuyo presidente se elige anualmente5. Después de la investidura de Macky Sall en el 2012, se consolida en Senegal una nueva alternancia política por lo que se reconoce como uno de los países africanos con mayor estabilidad política, desde su independencia de Francia en 19606. Su agenda política establece como prioridad la pacificación de Casamance, la modificación de la Constitución para reducir el mandato presidencial de siete años a cinco renovable una sola vez, la reestructuración en el gasto público, asegurar la seguridad alimentaria de la población y el suministro energético; protección social, acceso a crédito de las mujeres, formación profesional y acceso al empleo de los jóvenes7. 1.3.2 Partidos Políticos. El Partido Socialista (PS) es uno de los partidos más relevantes pues había gozado de hegemonía política desde la independencia del país; sin embargo Partido Democrático Senegalés (PDS) asciende a poder con la elección del Presidente Sally. También figuran en la estructura política la Alianza de las Fuerzas del Progreso (AFP) y la Unión para la Renovación Democrática (URD)8. 1.4 Historia y Evolución Política: Las colonias francesas de Senegal y la Sudan francesa fueron fusionadas en 1959 y se les concedió su independencia para 1960. Posteriormente Senegal se unió a Gambia en 5 Senegal. Ficha del país. Oficina de información diplomática. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. Referencia: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SENEGAL_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018. 10:55) 6 Senegal Overview. The World Bank 2018. Referencia: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview (Consulta: 21 de Julio 2018 10:44) 7 Senegal. Ficha del país. Oficina de información diplomática. Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación. Referencia: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/SENEGAL_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018. 10:55) 8 Ibídem. 4 la confederación nominal de Senegambia en 1982, tras haber disuelto su primera adhesión. Sin embargo, la integración nunca fue exitosa y se disolvió en 1989 originando el Movimiento de las Fuerzas Democráticas de índole antiseparatista, trayendo al país diversas situaciones de conflicto. Se han llegado a varios pactos de pacificación, pero ninguno fue especialmente exitoso, hasta el 2012 cuando se declara un “alto al fuego” no oficial9. El Partido Socialista gobernó Senegal por 40 años consecutivos hasta las elecciones del año 2000 que le dieron la victoria a Abdoulaye Wade, resultado que se replicó en el 2007. Wade por medio de diversas reformas constitucionales procuro aumentar el poder del Ejecutivo y debilitar la oposición; no obstante, su popularidad se vio comprometida en su tercera campaña electoral contra Macky Sall, quien logra acceder al cargo presidencial, habiendo llevado una campaña bastante polémica y logrado aglutinar el apoyo de todos los oponentes que no llegaron a la segunda vuelta electoral10. Parte 2: Situación de Derechos Humanos de las personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales y Transexuales (LGBT) en Senegal. 2.1 Introducción. Las problemáticas más relevantes en materia de Derechos Humanos en Senegal, implican los asesinatos arbitrarios e ilegales, los arrestos indiscriminados y los repetidos casos de torturas llevado a cabo por las fuerzas de seguridad. Así como también la ausencia de independencia judicial, la limitación a la liberta de expresión, la corrupción acentuada en el sector judicial, en los cuerpos de seguridad y cargos ejecutivos. La escasa contraloría y prosecución de casos de violencia contra los grupos vulnerables, como niños, niñas, mujeres y personas pertenecientes al colectivo LGBT. Aunado a las altas tasas de infanticidio, tráfico humano, abuso sexual y laboral, y la criminalización de diversas conductas sexuales11. 9 The CIA World FactBook, 2017. Referencia: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/sg.html (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018 13:27) 10 Ibídem. 11 U.S. Department of State: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017 Senegal. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Referencia: https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper (Consulta: 27 de Julio 2018 13:48) 5 En Senegal desde 1965 se penalizan las relaciones homosexuales y otros actos “antinaturales”, así definidos en su Código Penal, así como tampoco se reconoce el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo. Esta postura, a diferencia de otros países africanos que también establecen normas contra la sodomía, no fue heredada de la época colonial, sino se implementa después de que el país se independizara de Francia. La debida protección y reconocimiento de la comunidad LGBT es sin duda uno de los retos actuales del país12. La discriminación y la persecución de los individuos que a ella pertenecen originan diversas violaciones a sus derechos y frecuentemente, el exilio o el desplazamiento de los mismos en busca de seguridad y libertad. 2.2 Personas Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales y Transexuales (LGBT) en Senegal La Asociación Internacional de Lesbianas, Gays, Bisexuales e Intersex (ILGA), establece que en Senegal se penaliza la homosexualidad, así como cualquier otra preferencia sexual divergente a la heterosexual. Cualquiera de estas conductas es definida como “Antinatural” y así se asume ante la ley y la sociedad desde el nacimiento del código penal en 1965. En el año 2013, durante el segundo ciclo de las Evaluación Periódica Universal, Bélgica, México, Holanda, Grecia, Alemania, Irlanda y Suiza unieron sus voces para emitir 13 recomendaciones desde la perspectiva de Orientación Sexual e Identidad de Genero (SOGI, por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, el gobierno senegalés rechazó las observaciones y estableció que la correcta interpretación de su Código Penal sugería la penalización de los actos antinaturales en público y negó que en Senegal se persiguiese o incriminara a las personas por su orientación sexual real o posible13. Tratados ratificados por el país La República de Senegal
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