Clay Microstructure
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The Retention of Organic Matter in Soils
Biogeochemistry 5: 35-70 (1988) © Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht Printed in the Netherlands The retention of organic matter in soils J.M. OADES Department of Soil Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Key words: organic matter, turnover, organomineral interactions, clay, base status, cation bridges, oxide surfaces Abstract. The turnover of C in soils is controlled mainly by water regimes and temperature, but is modified by factors such as size and physicochemical properties of C additions in litter or root systems, distribution of C throughout the soil as root systems, or addition as litter, distribution of C within the soil matrix and its interaction with clay surfaces. Soil factors which retard mineralization of C in soils are identified from correlations of C contents of soils with other properties such as clay content and base status. The rate and extent of C mineralization depends on the chemistry of the added organic matter and interaction with clays of the microbial biomass and metabolites. The organomineral interactions are shown to depend on cation bridges involving mainly Ca in neutral to alkaline soils, Al in acid soils and adsorption of organic materials on iron oxide surfaces. The various organomineral interactions lead to aggregations of clay particles and organic materials, which stabilizes both soil structure and the carbon compounds within the aggregates. Introduction Soils represent a major pool (172 x 10'°t) in the cycling of C from the atmosphere to the biosphere and are the habitat for terrestrial photosynthet- ic organisms which fix some 11 x 1 0"°tCy-1, about one half of which eventually finds it way into soils. -
Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale. -
Sediment Properties of Pantai Punggur
SEDIMENT PROPERTIES OF PANTAI PUNGGUR 1ZARINA MD ALI, 2LAI WAI TAN, 3SYED MOHD MOHARJIR SYED TAHAR, 4AYU FADILLAH ABD HAKIMD Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor E-mail: [email protected] Abstract- Pantai Punggur or Punggur beach is one of the critically eroded locations identified along the south-west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Before erosion mitigation is proposed, initial investigations including the determination of sediment properties along the shore should be made. In this study, pantai Punggur has been found to be a very mild-sloped mud flat with slope between 1:400 and 1:1000. From the soil samples collected along the shoreline in 2012 and 2013, Punggur beach is classified as having marine-clay sand with 75.83% to 122.63% moisture content and 2.2% to 11.2% organic content. Along the landward limit of the nearshore zone, the sediment consisted of well-graded sand while along the seaward limit, the sediment consisted of marine clay. Specific gravity for the sand is found to be between 1.1 and 1.85, while for the marine clay is 2.62. Based on Stokes’ equation, the settling velocities obtained for sand samples are between 0.020 m/s and 1.197 m/s, and for clay samples are between 7.15 107 m/s to 3.23 105 m/s. Keywords- Erosion; marine clay sand; Punggur; sediment properties I. INTRODUCTION Tampok (Ahmad, 2009). Malaysia coastline faces problems of over-fishing, Due to the wind shield by the Sumatera, the west coast pollution, coral reef destruction, deforestation, and of Peninsular Malaysia is characterized by mud flat erosion, among others. -
Impact of Plant Roots and Soil Organisms on Soil Micromorphology and Hydraulic Properties
CMYK Biologia, Bratislava, 61/Suppl. 19: S339—S343, 2006 S339 Impact of plant roots and soil organisms on soil micromorphology and hydraulic properties Radka Kodešová1,VítKodeš2, Anna Žigová3 &JiříŠimůnek4 1Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Department of Soil Science and Geology, Kamýcka 129,CZ–16521 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Water Quality, Na Šabatce 17,CZ–14306 Prague, Czech Republic 3Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová 269,CZ–16502 Prague, Czech Republic 4University of California Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521,USA Abstract: A soil micromorphological study was performed to demonstrate the impact of soil organisms on soil pore structure. Two examples are shown here. First, the influence of earthworms, enchytraeids and moles on the pore structure of a Greyic Phaeozem is demonstrated by comparing two soil samples taken from the same depth of the soil profile that either were affected or not affected by these organisms. The detected image porosity of the organism-affected soil sample was 5 times larger then the porosity of the not-affected sample. The second example shows macropores created by roots and soil microorganisms in a Haplic Luvisol and subsequently affected by clay coatings. Their presence was reflected in the soil water retention curve, which displayed multiple S-shaped features as obtained from the water balance carried out for the multi-step outflow experiment. The dual permeability models implemented in HYDRUS-1D was applied to obtain parameters characterizing multimodal soil hydraulic properties using the numerical inversion of the multi-step outflow experiment. -
Effect of Polypropylene Fibre on Compressibility and Swelling Behaviour of Soft Clay
Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 NCCETCE - 2016 Conference Proceedings Effect of Polypropylene Fibre on Compressibility and Swelling Behaviour of Soft Clay Neethu T. M1 Dr. Abdu Rahiman.K.U2 Student : Dep of Civil Engg. Assistant Professor : Dep of Civil Engg. School of Engineering CUSAT School of Engineering CUSAT Cochin Cochin Abstract:- The soil is reinforced with polypropylene fibre is shear strength and high compressibility. Improvement of modified method to develop in recent years. It is a synthetic type certain desired properties like bearing capacity, shear fibre. Many studies have being reported in the literature on the Strength (c and Φ) and permeability characteristics of soil can performance evaluation of clayey soil. Although sample studies be undertaken by a variety of ground improvement have being reported with randomly distributed fibres, relatively techniques such as the use of prefabricated vertical drains or less amount of work is found in respect of polypropylene fibres with Cochin marine clay. The sample is prepared in the field soil stabilization. Incorporating reinforcement inclusions condition. Then the soil is reinforced with varying fibre within soil is also an effective and reliable technique in order percentage and fibre length (F=0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,fibre to improve the engineering properties of soil. In comparison length =30mm,6mm,9mm,120mm).The experimental with conventional geosynthetics (strips, geotextile, geogrid, investigation being undertaken for the performance evaluation etc.), there are some advantages in using randomly distributed of polypropylene fibre- marine clay is reported ,evaluated the fibre as reinforcement.. effect of polypropylene fibre on swell and compressibility of the clay. -
A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils
springer.com Environment : Natural Resources Pal, D.K. A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils Applies the basic principles of pedology to the soils of the tropical environments of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity Documents the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in terms of pedology, paleopedology, polygenesis, and edaphology Highlights methodologies for enhancing the productivity of tropical soils in the context of climate change in India This book discusses how to apply the basic principles of pedology to the tropical soils of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity. The book showcases the research contributions on pedology, geomorphology, mineralogy, Springer micromorphology and climate change collected from the literature on three major soil types: 1st ed. 2017, XIV, 180 p. 44 1st shrink-swell soils, red ferruginous (RF) soils and the soils that occur in the tropical illus., 18 illus. in color. edition environments of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP).It also provides insights into several aspects of five pedogenetically important soil orders like Alfisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, Vertisols and Inceptisols found in tropical Indian environments. Documenting the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in soil science in terms of pedology, paleopedology, Printed book polygenesis and edaphology, it provides a knowledge base that is critical when attempting to Hardcover bridge the gap between food production and -
Stabilization of Marine Clay Soil Using Polyurethane
MATEC Web of Conferences 250, 01004 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825001004 SEPKA-ISEED 2018 Stabilization of Marine Clay Soil Using Polyurethane Samaila Saleh1 & *, Nur Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus2, Kamarudin Ahmad3 and Nazri Ali4 1Postgraduate Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 3 & 4 Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. Many chemicals stabilisation techniques are being employed all over the world to improve the engineering and physical properties of the problematic soils and reduce the potential damages caused by them. Out of those chemical stabilisation technics, application of Polyurethane to improve the strength of marine clay was investigated in the laboratory. Characterization of the soil geotechnical properties was carried out by conducting laboratory test that includes natural moisture content, Atterberg limits, grains sizes analyses, specific gravity, moisture-density relationship, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), organic matter content and PH tests. Unconfined compressive strength test at optimum moisture content with varying the dose of the Polyurethane content was conducted to test the effectiveness of Polyurethane as a chemical stabiliser. The result of the preliminary tests of the sample shows that the soil has a liquid limit of 65%, plastic limit of 26% and plasticity index of 53%. The percentages of gravel, sand and fines in the marine clay sample were 0 %, 1.32 % and 98.68 % respectively %. The results of the UCS test also revealed that Polyurethane stabilisation improved the strength of marine clay by 230%. -
Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: an Indian Commentary
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280114947 Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary ARTICLE · JULY 2015 DOI: 10.2136/sh14-08-0011 DOWNLOADS VIEWS 21 27 1 AUTHOR: Tapas Bhattacharyya International Crops Research Institute for Se… 110 PUBLICATIONS 848 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Tapas Bhattacharyya Retrieved on: 19 August 2015 provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Published July 17, 2015 Review Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary T. Bhattacharyya,* P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, and D.K. Pal More than 50 yr ago US soil taxonomy was adopted in India. Since then many researchers have contributed their thoughts to enrich the soil taxonomy. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) as a premier soil survey institute has been consistently using benchmark soil series to understand the rationale of the soil taxonomy, keeping in view the soil genesis from different rock systems under various physiographic locations in tropical India. The present review is a humble effort to present this information. ne of the fundamental requirements of any natural science minerals, higher categories of soil classification were conceptu- Ois to classify the proposed bodies or the objects stud- alized (Duchaufour, 1968). The concept of genetic profiles was ied (Joel, 1926). Soils do not exist as discrete objects like plants used in early and current Russian soil classification schemes and animals but occur in nature as a complex and dynamic (Gerasimov, 1975; Gorajichkin et al., 2003). -
Overconsolidated Clays: Shales
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 873 Overconsolidated Clays: 11 Shales 001411672 Transportation Research Record Issue : 873 - ------ - --------------1 ~IT"ID TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1982 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Officers DARRELL V MANNING, Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Vice Chairman THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director Members RAY A. BARNHART, JR., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President, Research and Test Depart1111mt, Association of American Raili'oads (ex officio) J. LYNN HFLMS, Admi11istro1or, Ji'f!deral A11iatio11 Admi11is1ratio11, U.S. D<:par/111(1 111 of 1'rrmsportation (ex officio) Tl IOMAS D. LARSON, Secretory of '/)'a11spor1a/io11, Pen11sylva11ia Deµart111 e111 of 1'ra11sporration (ex officio, Past Chair111an , 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Ad111i11ls1rotio11, U.S. Department of 'f'ronsporta1io11 (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Admi11istrotio11, U.S. Deparrmenr of Tro11spor1ation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1980) GEORGE J. BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (F1orida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Deportment of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Con tinentol Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President and Member, Board of Directors, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President, Chief Executive, and Chief Operating Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of 1'ronsportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R. -
Mineralogy and Geotechnical Properties of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi
Soils and Foundations 2015;55(3):600–613 HOSTED BY The Japanese Geotechnical Society Soils and Foundations www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sandf Mineralogy and geotechnical properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi Myint Win Boa, Arul Arulrajahb, Patimapon Sukmakc, Suksun Horpibulsukd,n aDST Consulting Engineers Inc., Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada bSwinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia cSchool of Engineering and Resources, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat, Thailand dSchool of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand Received 3 June 2014; received in revised form 8 January 2015; accepted 2 February 2015 Available online 8 May 2015 Abstract An engineering geological study was undertaken to determine the geotechnical properties and mineralogy of Singapore marine clay at Changi in the Republic of Singapore. This soft soil is a quartenary deposit that lies within submarine valleys cut in an old alluvium formation. The marine clay comprises a soft upper marine clay layer overlying a stiffer lower marine clay layer. An intermediate stiff clay layer is sandwiched between these two marine clay layers; it is believed to be the dessicated crust of the lower marine clay layer. In the present study, morphological and mineralogical observations of Singapore clay were taken by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and photographic identification. The geotechnical investigation included physical, compression, permeability and field vane shear tests. The upper marine clay was found to be soft with undrained shear strength values ranging from 10 to 30 kPa, while the lower marine clay was found to have undrained shear strength values from 30 to 60 kPa. -
19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 1995 19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144 Mary Anne Holmes University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Holmes, Mary Anne, "19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144" (1995). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 63. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/63 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Haggerty, J.A., Premoli Silva, I., Rack, F., and McNutt, M.K. (Eds.), 1995 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 144 19. PEDOGENIC ALTERATION OF BASALTS RECOVERED DURING LEG 1441 Mary Anne Holmes2 ABSTRACT Basalts erupted to form the atolls and guyots of the Western Pacific have been altered in various ways, ranging from hydro- thermal alteration to subaerial weathering by meteoric waters in a tropical environment. Subaerial weathering has been moderate to extreme. Moderate subaerial weathering is expressed by dissolution or replacement of primary minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase feldspar) and alteration of glassy or aphanitic matrix to clay minerals, goethite, and hematite. The clay minerals are kaolinite or a brown smectite. Kaolinite concentrations decrease downhole and smectite concentrations increase. Although primary minerals are generally not preserved, primary structures, such as vesicles (generally filled by secondary or tertiary minerals), flow structure, or relict breccia structure, remain evident. -
Sidebar-Surficial Geology Map, Maine Geological Survey
Maine Geological Survey Address: 22 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333 Telephone: 207-287-2801 E-mail: [email protected] MAINE Home page: http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/nrimc.htm Sidebar from Detailed Surficial Geology Map SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF MAINE Continental glaciers like the ice sheet now covering Antarctica years ago, when the land surface rebounded as the weight of the ice probably extended across Maine several times during the Pleistocene sheet was removed. Epoch, between about 1.5 million and 10,000 years ago. The slow- Meltwater streams deposited sand and gravel in tunnels within moving ice superficially changed the landscape as it scraped over the ice. These deposits remained as ridges (eskers) when the surround- mountains and valleys (Figure 1), eroding and transporting boulders ing ice disappeared (Figure 5). Maine's esker systems can be traced and other rock debris for miles (Figure 2). The sediments that cover for up to 100 miles, and are among the longest in the country. much of Maine are largely the product of glaciation. Glacial ice Other sand and gravel deposits formed as mounds (kames) and deposited some of these materials, while others washed into the sea or terraces adjacent to melting ice, or as outwash in valleys in front of the accumulated in meltwater streams and lakes as the ice receded. Earlier glacier. Many of these water-laid deposits are well layered, in contrast stream patterns were disrupted, creating hundreds of ponds and lakes to the chaotic mixture of boulders and sediment of all sizes (till) that across the state.