Mineralogy and Geotechnical Properties of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mineralogy and Geotechnical Properties of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi Soils and Foundations 2015;55(3):600–613 HOSTED BY The Japanese Geotechnical Society Soils and Foundations www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/sandf Mineralogy and geotechnical properties of Singapore marine clay at Changi Myint Win Boa, Arul Arulrajahb, Patimapon Sukmakc, Suksun Horpibulsukd,n aDST Consulting Engineers Inc., Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada bSwinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia cSchool of Engineering and Resources, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat, Thailand dSchool of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand Received 3 June 2014; received in revised form 8 January 2015; accepted 2 February 2015 Available online 8 May 2015 Abstract An engineering geological study was undertaken to determine the geotechnical properties and mineralogy of Singapore marine clay at Changi in the Republic of Singapore. This soft soil is a quartenary deposit that lies within submarine valleys cut in an old alluvium formation. The marine clay comprises a soft upper marine clay layer overlying a stiffer lower marine clay layer. An intermediate stiff clay layer is sandwiched between these two marine clay layers; it is believed to be the dessicated crust of the lower marine clay layer. In the present study, morphological and mineralogical observations of Singapore clay were taken by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and photographic identification. The geotechnical investigation included physical, compression, permeability and field vane shear tests. The upper marine clay was found to be soft with undrained shear strength values ranging from 10 to 30 kPa, while the lower marine clay was found to have undrained shear strength values from 30 to 60 kPa. The sensitivity of the marine clay at Changi varied from 3 to 8 and is described as highly sensitive marine clay. The upper clay 2 2 layer had a coefficient of consolidation of 0.47–0.6 m /year due to the vertical flow (cv) and a coefficient of consolidation of 2–3m/year due to 2 2 the horizontal flow (ch). The lower marine clay had a cv of 0.8–1.5 m /year and a ch of 3–5m/year, while the intermediate stiff clay had a cv of 2 2 1–4.5 m /year and a ch of 5–10 m /year. The primary clay mineral was kaolinite, followed by smectite and mica. With this high kaolinite content, the activity of the Singapore marine clay was found to be low at approximately 0.5–1.3 and classified as inactive to active clay. With reference to the intrinsic state line, natural Singapore clay (upper, intermediate and lower layers) has been classified as structured clay and is in a meta-stable state. The compression behaviour can be modelled by the Intrinsic State Line and the destructuring framework. The predicted and the measured compression curves were comparable for various depths. The successful modelling of compression curves will be useful for settlement calculations and for further research on the development of a constitutive model for Singapore marine clay. & 2015 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Marine clay; Soft soils; Field vane; Geotechnical; Geology; Hydraulic; Compressibility 1. Introduction Over the last two decades, extensive land reclamation and ground-improvement projects have been undertaken as part of the mega Changi Land Reclamation project. As part of these n Corresponding author. projects in the Republic of Singapore, the geotechnical in-situ E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.W. Bo), testing (Bo et al., 2000, 2003, 2013; Chu et al., 2002; Arulrajah [email protected] (A. Arulrajah), [email protected] (P. Sukmak), [email protected] (S. Horpibulsuk). et al., 2004b, 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2007, 2009a, 2011) and the Peer review under responsibility of The Japanese Geotechnical Society. field instrumentation (Arulrajah et al., 2004a, 2009b)ofthese http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2015.04.011 0038-0806/& 2015 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. M.W. Bo et al. / Soils and Foundations 55 (2015) 600–613 601 geotechnical projects have been reported in recent years. Department Singapore, 1976). This formation is underlain by However, there is still a lack of understanding of the engineer- old alluvium. The preliminary site investigation and geophy- ing geology, the mineralogical properties and the compressi- sical survey of the project site revealed that the Singapore bility of this particular marine clay, as these aspects have not marine clay at Changi consists of two marine members locally been previously reported. In various other countries, detailed known as the upper and lower marine clay layers. These soft to geological and geotechnical engineering characterisations of medium stiff clay members are recent deposits of estuarine marine clays have been undertaken, but they are still lacking origin. The upper and lower marine clays are separated by a for Singapore marine clay. layer of medium stiff to stiff clay with a thickness of 2–5m. Karakouzian et al. (2003) reported on shear strength mea- This layer, locally termed as intermediate clay, is reddish in surements taken in Norfolk, USA with the usage of field vane colour and is believed to be the desiccated crust of the lower shear tests. Jung et al. (2012) reported on stress–strain responses marine clay resulting from the exposure of the seabed to the of reconstituted glacial clays in Chicago, USA. Horpibulsuk atmosphere during the rise and fall of the sea levels in the et al. (2007) and Abuel-Naga et al. (2009) reported on the geological past. engineering properties and geological history of soft Bangkok The onset of the Wurm/Wisconsin glacial period, occurring clay, Thailand. The mineralogical, chemical and geotechnical approximately 75,000 years ago, brought about an extremely properties of Bangkok clay were compared with those of Ariake rapid drop in sea level to about 140 m below the present sea clay, a Japanese clay, by Ohtsubo et al. (2000). Kim et al. level approximately 18,000 years ago. There has been a (2012) reported on the engineering properties and geological tremendous transgression of the sea over the land in the last history of soft clays in Songdo, South Korea. Yan and Ma 10,000–20,000 years. With the further uplift of land and the (2010) characterised marine deposits in Macau. Liu et al. (2011) regression of the seas, more erosion and deposition have taken characterised marine clays in Lianyougang. The results of these place. The present marine clay formation in Eastern Singapore geological studies, which included the mineralogical and has been formed by these cycles of aggregation and erosion geotechnical investigation of shear strength, hydraulic conduc- throughout the geological ages (Public Works Department tivity and compression, are vital for research and design. An Singapore, 1976). This conclusion is based on evidence that understanding of the compressive behaviour is essential for desiccation occurred on the intermediate clay layer during the geological and geotechnical engineering purposes and is the recession of the sea level after the ice age. core basis for modelling the stress–strain relationships of soils (e.g., Pestana and Whittle, 1995; Hong and Onitsuka, 1998; Potts and Zdravkovic, 1999; Baudet and Stallebrass, 2001; Chai et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2011, 2013). 3. Site and laboratory investigations Along the same lines, authors' intention in this study is to report on the geological aspects of Singapore marine clay at 3.1. Site investigation Changi inclusive of the geological history, clay mineralogy and geotechnical properties such as physical, compression, Marine bathymetric surveys, together with marine geophy- hydraulic conductivity and shear strength. The research site is sical seismic reflection surveys of the project area, were carried located in the Eastern part of the Republic of Singapore where out with the help of a water surface-towed boomer profiling Singapore marine clay is prevalent. This soft clay is a system. The elevations of the bases of the compressible layers quartenary deposit that lies within submarine valleys cut in and the distribution of soft marine clay pockets deposited in an old alluvium formation and is locally known as the Kallang submarine valley cuts were determined from marine bathy- formation. The study area was submerged underwater with a metric and seismic reflection surveys. seabed elevation varying from À2 mCD to À8 mCD (Admir- The seismic survey vessel was fitted with a trisponder, an alty Chart Datum, where the mean sea level is þ1.6 mCD) and echo sounder and a boomer profiling system. The survey is underlain by marine clay up to 40 m in thickness in certain operation was run at lines with spacing of 50 m in alternate areas. Detailed geotechnical properties and a mineralogical directions. Cross lines were run at a spacing of 50 m in analysis of the Singapore marine clay were undertaken in this alternate directions. For horizontal control of the survey, a study. The in-situ stress state of Singapore marine clay was trisponder positioning system was used to control the location examined and the compression behaviour was analysed. The of the survey vessel along the pre-computed lines. For vertical destructuring framework, which was proposed by Liu and control of the survey, the tidal reduction of the survey area was Carter (1999, 2000) and verified by some soils, was adapted to carried out using tides observed with a tide gauge. Tidal data model the compression curves of natural Singapore marine was obtained from the Hydrographical Department of the Port clay. The predicted and measured compression curves were of Singapore. compared to illustrate the applicability of the framework. The echo sounder enabled the contouring of the seabed elevation profile, while the boomer enabled the plotting of the 2.
Recommended publications
  • Sediment Properties of Pantai Punggur
    SEDIMENT PROPERTIES OF PANTAI PUNGGUR 1ZARINA MD ALI, 2LAI WAI TAN, 3SYED MOHD MOHARJIR SYED TAHAR, 4AYU FADILLAH ABD HAKIMD Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor E-mail: [email protected] Abstract- Pantai Punggur or Punggur beach is one of the critically eroded locations identified along the south-west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Before erosion mitigation is proposed, initial investigations including the determination of sediment properties along the shore should be made. In this study, pantai Punggur has been found to be a very mild-sloped mud flat with slope between 1:400 and 1:1000. From the soil samples collected along the shoreline in 2012 and 2013, Punggur beach is classified as having marine-clay sand with 75.83% to 122.63% moisture content and 2.2% to 11.2% organic content. Along the landward limit of the nearshore zone, the sediment consisted of well-graded sand while along the seaward limit, the sediment consisted of marine clay. Specific gravity for the sand is found to be between 1.1 and 1.85, while for the marine clay is 2.62. Based on Stokes’ equation, the settling velocities obtained for sand samples are between 0.020 m/s and 1.197 m/s, and for clay samples are between 7.15 107 m/s to 3.23 105 m/s. Keywords- Erosion; marine clay sand; Punggur; sediment properties I. INTRODUCTION Tampok (Ahmad, 2009). Malaysia coastline faces problems of over-fishing, Due to the wind shield by the Sumatera, the west coast pollution, coral reef destruction, deforestation, and of Peninsular Malaysia is characterized by mud flat erosion, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Polypropylene Fibre on Compressibility and Swelling Behaviour of Soft Clay
    Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 NCCETCE - 2016 Conference Proceedings Effect of Polypropylene Fibre on Compressibility and Swelling Behaviour of Soft Clay Neethu T. M1 Dr. Abdu Rahiman.K.U2 Student : Dep of Civil Engg. Assistant Professor : Dep of Civil Engg. School of Engineering CUSAT School of Engineering CUSAT Cochin Cochin Abstract:- The soil is reinforced with polypropylene fibre is shear strength and high compressibility. Improvement of modified method to develop in recent years. It is a synthetic type certain desired properties like bearing capacity, shear fibre. Many studies have being reported in the literature on the Strength (c and Φ) and permeability characteristics of soil can performance evaluation of clayey soil. Although sample studies be undertaken by a variety of ground improvement have being reported with randomly distributed fibres, relatively techniques such as the use of prefabricated vertical drains or less amount of work is found in respect of polypropylene fibres with Cochin marine clay. The sample is prepared in the field soil stabilization. Incorporating reinforcement inclusions condition. Then the soil is reinforced with varying fibre within soil is also an effective and reliable technique in order percentage and fibre length (F=0%,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,fibre to improve the engineering properties of soil. In comparison length =30mm,6mm,9mm,120mm).The experimental with conventional geosynthetics (strips, geotextile, geogrid, investigation being undertaken for the performance evaluation etc.), there are some advantages in using randomly distributed of polypropylene fibre- marine clay is reported ,evaluated the fibre as reinforcement.. effect of polypropylene fibre on swell and compressibility of the clay.
    [Show full text]
  • Stabilization of Marine Clay Soil Using Polyurethane
    MATEC Web of Conferences 250, 01004 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825001004 SEPKA-ISEED 2018 Stabilization of Marine Clay Soil Using Polyurethane Samaila Saleh1 & *, Nur Zurairahetty Mohd Yunus2, Kamarudin Ahmad3 and Nazri Ali4 1Postgraduate Researcher, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 3 & 4 Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract. Many chemicals stabilisation techniques are being employed all over the world to improve the engineering and physical properties of the problematic soils and reduce the potential damages caused by them. Out of those chemical stabilisation technics, application of Polyurethane to improve the strength of marine clay was investigated in the laboratory. Characterization of the soil geotechnical properties was carried out by conducting laboratory test that includes natural moisture content, Atterberg limits, grains sizes analyses, specific gravity, moisture-density relationship, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), organic matter content and PH tests. Unconfined compressive strength test at optimum moisture content with varying the dose of the Polyurethane content was conducted to test the effectiveness of Polyurethane as a chemical stabiliser. The result of the preliminary tests of the sample shows that the soil has a liquid limit of 65%, plastic limit of 26% and plasticity index of 53%. The percentages of gravel, sand and fines in the marine clay sample were 0 %, 1.32 % and 98.68 % respectively %. The results of the UCS test also revealed that Polyurethane stabilisation improved the strength of marine clay by 230%.
    [Show full text]
  • Overconsolidated Clays: Shales
    TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 873 Overconsolidated Clays: 11 Shales 001411672 Transportation Research Record Issue : 873 - ------ - --------------1 ~IT"ID TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 1982 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Officers DARRELL V MANNING, Chairman LAWRENCE D. DAHMS, Vice Chairman THOMAS B. DEEN, Executive Director Members RAY A. BARNHART, JR., Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation (ex officio) FRANCIS B. FRANCOIS, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio) WILLIAM J. HARRIS, JR., Vice President, Research and Test Depart1111mt, Association of American Raili'oads (ex officio) J. LYNN HFLMS, Admi11istro1or, Ji'f!deral A11iatio11 Admi11is1ratio11, U.S. D<:par/111(1 111 of 1'rrmsportation (ex officio) Tl IOMAS D. LARSON, Secretory of '/)'a11spor1a/io11, Pen11sylva11ia Deµart111 e111 of 1'ra11sporration (ex officio, Past Chair111an , 1981) RAYMOND A. PECK, JR., Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Ad111i11ls1rotio11, U.S. Department of 'f'ronsporta1io11 (ex officio) ARTHUR E. TEELE, JR., Administrator, Urban Mass Transportation Admi11istrotio11, U.S. Deparrmenr of Tro11spor1ation (ex officio) CHARLEY V. WOOTAN, Director, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University (ex officio, Past Chairman, 1980) GEORGE J. BEAN, Director of Aviation, Hillsborough County (F1orida) Aviation Authority JOHN R. BORCHERT, Professor, Department of Geography, University of Minnesota RICHARD P. BRAUN, Commissioner, Minnesota Deportment of Transportation ARTHUR J. BRUEN, JR., Vice President, Con tinentol Illinois National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago JOSEPH M. CLAPP, Senior Vice President and Member, Board of Directors, Roadway Express, Inc. ALAN G. DUSTIN, President, Chief Executive, and Chief Operating Officer, Boston and Maine Corporation ROBERT E. FARRIS, Commissioner, Tennessee Department of 1'ronsportation ADRIANA GIANTURCO, Director, California Department of Transportation JACK R.
    [Show full text]
  • 19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 1995 19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144 Mary Anne Holmes University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Holmes, Mary Anne, "19. Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered During Leg 144" (1995). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 63. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/63 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Haggerty, J.A., Premoli Silva, I., Rack, F., and McNutt, M.K. (Eds.), 1995 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 144 19. PEDOGENIC ALTERATION OF BASALTS RECOVERED DURING LEG 1441 Mary Anne Holmes2 ABSTRACT Basalts erupted to form the atolls and guyots of the Western Pacific have been altered in various ways, ranging from hydro- thermal alteration to subaerial weathering by meteoric waters in a tropical environment. Subaerial weathering has been moderate to extreme. Moderate subaerial weathering is expressed by dissolution or replacement of primary minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase feldspar) and alteration of glassy or aphanitic matrix to clay minerals, goethite, and hematite. The clay minerals are kaolinite or a brown smectite. Kaolinite concentrations decrease downhole and smectite concentrations increase. Although primary minerals are generally not preserved, primary structures, such as vesicles (generally filled by secondary or tertiary minerals), flow structure, or relict breccia structure, remain evident.
    [Show full text]
  • Sidebar-Surficial Geology Map, Maine Geological Survey
    Maine Geological Survey Address: 22 State House Station, Augusta, Maine 04333 Telephone: 207-287-2801 E-mail: [email protected] MAINE Home page: http://www.maine.gov/doc/nrimc/nrimc.htm Sidebar from Detailed Surficial Geology Map SURFICIAL GEOLOGY OF MAINE Continental glaciers like the ice sheet now covering Antarctica years ago, when the land surface rebounded as the weight of the ice probably extended across Maine several times during the Pleistocene sheet was removed. Epoch, between about 1.5 million and 10,000 years ago. The slow- Meltwater streams deposited sand and gravel in tunnels within moving ice superficially changed the landscape as it scraped over the ice. These deposits remained as ridges (eskers) when the surround- mountains and valleys (Figure 1), eroding and transporting boulders ing ice disappeared (Figure 5). Maine's esker systems can be traced and other rock debris for miles (Figure 2). The sediments that cover for up to 100 miles, and are among the longest in the country. much of Maine are largely the product of glaciation. Glacial ice Other sand and gravel deposits formed as mounds (kames) and deposited some of these materials, while others washed into the sea or terraces adjacent to melting ice, or as outwash in valleys in front of the accumulated in meltwater streams and lakes as the ice receded. Earlier glacier. Many of these water-laid deposits are well layered, in contrast stream patterns were disrupted, creating hundreds of ponds and lakes to the chaotic mixture of boulders and sediment of all sizes (till) that across the state.
    [Show full text]
  • GLACIAL LAKE and GLACIAL MARINE CLAYS of the Farmington Area, Maine
    Maine Geological Survey John R. Rand, State Geologist GLACIAL LAKE AND GLACIAL MARINE CLAYS of the Farmington Area, Maine Origin and Possible Use as Lightweight Aggregate by Dabney W. Caldwell Special Geologic Studies Series #3 Department of Economic Development Augusta, Maine June 1, 1959 Maine Geological Survey John R. Rand, State Geologist GLACIAL LAKE AND GLACIAL MARINE CLAYS of the Farmington Area, Maine Origin and Possible Use as Lightweight Aggregate by Dabney W. Caldwell Special Geologic Studies Series #3 Department of Economic Development Augusta, Maine June 1, 1959 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Page Figure l. Map showing location of Sandy River - Farmington area, r-Iaine 7 Figure 2. Stratigraphic section exposed on west bank of Sandy River, Farm- ington Falls, Maine ......................................................................... 9 Figure 3. Stratigraphy of McCurdy Stream valley, New Sharon, Maine ...... 10 Figure 4. Stratigraphic section between Adams Brook and Baker Stream, Farmington, l'-1aine .......................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Generalized section of Sandy River valley, l'-laine ........................ 13 Figure 6. Stratigraphic section exposed on the southeast bank of the Sandy River, New Sharon, Maine .................................... Inside back cover Figure 7. Photograph of sediments exposed at Locality D, Sandy River, New Sharon, ~laine .......................................................................... 23 Figure 8. Photograph of varved clay at
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Marine Clay
    Journal of Oceanography and Marine Research Editorial Review on Marine Clay Vinay kagana* Department of Water Resources Engineering. College of Engineering and Technology [CET], Bhubaneswar, Orisaa, India DESCRIPTION This adjustment of construction to the earth particles is because of a trade in cations with the essential design of a dirt molecule. Marine mud is a kind of dirt found in beach front districts all This fundamental design of the earth molecule is known as a throughout the planet. In the northern, deglaciated locales, it silica tetrahedral or aluminum octahedral. They are the can here and there be fast earth, which is infamous for being fundamental design of earth particles making out of one cation, associated with avalanches. normally silica or aluminum encompassed by hydroxide anions, Marine mud is a molecule of soil that is committed to a these particles structure in sheets shaping what we know as mud molecule size class, this is normally connected with USDA's particles and have unmistakable properties to them including grouping with sand at 0.05mm, sediment at 0.05-.002mm and miniature porosity which is the capacity of dirt to hold water dirt being under 0.002 mm in measurement. Combined with against the power of gravity, recoil swell limit and retention the reality this size of molecule was saved inside a marine abilities. framework including the disintegration and transportation of At the point when clay is saved in the sea, the presence of the mud into the sea. abundance particles in seawater prompts a free, open Marine mud is a kind of mud found in waterfront locales all construction of the dirt particles to frame, an interaction known throughout the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Properties of Marine Clays from the Eastern Coast of India
    Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol.1 (6), pp.109-114, September, 2009 Available online at http:// www.academicjournals.org/JETR © 2009 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Engineering properties of marine clays from the eastern coast of India S. Basack1 and R. D. Purkayastha2 1Department of Applied Mechanics, Bengal Engineering and Science University, Howrah, India. 2Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. Accepted 31 July, 2009 The paper deals with the engineering properties of a marine clay collected from Visakhapatnam, India. First of all, the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties were determined. Thereafter, the strength and stiffness of the soil-water matrix were established. The properties under cyclic stress reversal were also studied. The detailed test results and observations are discussed sequentially in the paper. Key words: Atterberg limit, cyclic degradation, marine clay, rate of loading, undrained cohesion. INTRODUCTION The soil found in the ocean bed is classified as marine usually subjected to wave induced cyclic stresses which soil. It can even be located onshore as well. The pro- are induced in the soil. Remarkable works of Idriss et al. perties of marine soil depend significantly on its initial (1978), Vucetic et al. (1988), Kagawa (1992) and Hyde et conditions. The properties of saturated marine soil differ al. (1993) related to properties of marine soil under cyclic significantly from moist soil and dry soil. Marine clay is stress are notable. microcrystalline in nature and clay minerals like chlorite, Marine clay is uncommon type of clay and normally exists kaolinite and illite and non clay minerals like quartz and in soft consistency.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabbri Memorial: Acadia National Park, Maine
    A* \/3L archeological investigations ACADIA FABBRI MEMORIAL NATIONAL PARK / MAINE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 96B0 3 19B5 t-idr\rtrtltb DEPOSITORY ^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation http://archive.org/details/archeologicalinvOOrhod ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT FABBRI MEMORIAL 1983 ACADIA NATIONAL PARK Bar Harbor, Maine By Diane Lee Rhodes Artifact Analysis and Historical Data Section by Dennis Naglich National Park Service Denver Service Center Northeast Team Denver, Colorado A. Abstract In the fall of 1983, research, archeological survey, testing, and mapping were conducted at the Fabbri Memorial, Acadia National Park, in response to proposals for development of visitor facilities at the site. During field work a number of structural remains, features, and artifacts were found; these relate to an early 1800s home or farmsite, a late-19th century summer home converted to a country club, and a Navy radio station extant from 1917 to 1935. The site has been declared eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. With the exception of the water tower base and artesian well area, which would be destroyed, development impacts could be minimized through specific design and construction restrictions. Completion of compliance procedures and archeological monitoring is necessary if development is chosen. in TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. Abstract . iii B. List of Tables . vi C. List of Figures . vii D. List of Photographs . viii E. Management Summary 1 F. Project Description . 2 G. Natural Setting . 11 H. Site Description 14 I. Previous Investigations 19 J. Prehistory Overview 19 K Historical Data . 20 L. Research . 62 M Methodology- -Field Investigations 64 N.
    [Show full text]
  • A Method for Interpreting the In-Situ Consolidation State of Surficial
    A Method for Interpreting the In-Situ Consolidation State of Surficial Seabed Sediments using a Free-Fall Penetrometer Jared Dorvinen Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Civil Engineering Nina Stark, Chair Bernardo Castellanos Jennifer L. Irish September 1, 2016 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Free-Fall Penetrometer, Marine Clay, Self-weight Consolidation, Erosion ©Copyright 2016, Jared Dorvinen A Method for Interpreting the In-Situ Consolidation State of Surficial Seabed Sediments using a Free-Fall Penetrometer Jared Dorvinen ABSTRACT (academic) Free-fall penetrometers (FFP) are useful instruments for the rapid characterization of seabed sediments. However, the interpretation of FFP data remains largely a skilled task. In order to increase the reliability of results obtained using these instruments, in both expert and non-expert hands, it is advantageous to establish well defined and repeatable procedures for instrument use and data interpretation. The purpose of this research was therefore to develop and refine methods for the interpretation of FFP data. Data were gathered with the FFP Nimrod during two surveys following dredging in Sydney Harbour, Nova Scotia. The challenge of interpreting the data from these two surveys in an efficient and consistent manner was the basis of this work and led to the development of new techniques for improving resolution of the mud-line, identifying areas of erosion and deposition, and qualitatively evaluating the consolidation state of cohesive marine sediments. The method developed for improving the resolution of the mud-line simply describes a pro- cedure of combining the data from different accelerometers with different accuracies and ranges to more clearly define the point of impact with the seafloor.
    [Show full text]
  • Geotechnical Interpretive Report
    Geotechnical Interpretive Report Document Ref: AGH-CEP0-EG-REP-0009 Geotechnical Interpretive Report In May 2016 the Special Minister of State asked Infrastructure Victoria to provide advice on the future capacity of Victoria’s commercial ports. Specifically, the Minister has asked for advice on when the need for a second container port is likely to arise and which variables may alter this timeline. The Minister has also asked for advice on where a second container port would ideally be located and under what conditions, including the suitability of, and barriers to investing in, sites at the Port of Hastings and the Bay West location. In undertaking this task, Infrastructure Victoria reviewed work that was completed as part of the Port of Hastings development project before it was cancelled in 2014. This document forms part of the initial work undertaken for the proposed port development at Hastings. Infrastructure Victoria considers that much of the previous Hastings work, although preliminary in nature, is relevant and suitable for informing a strategic assessment. Therefore, Infrastructure Victoria has made the reports previously commissioned for the development project part of the evidence base on which Infrastructure Victoria will use in providing the Minister with advice. The opinions, conclusions and any recommendations in this document are based on conditions encountered and information reviewed at the date of preparation of the document and for the purposes of the Port of Hastings Development Project. Infrastructure Victoria and its consultants have used the information contained in these reports as an input but have not wholly relied on all the information presented in these reports.
    [Show full text]