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DOCUMENT RESUME ; 11)089-019 SO 012 718

AUTHOR. Bodenman, Paul S. TITLE Site Educational System of . Education around the world. INSTITUTION. Office of Education (DHFW), Washington, D.C. 'REPORT NO DHEW-0E-79-19137 PUB CM 80 NOTE *: 36p.: Small print_throughout document may not reproduce clearly from EDPS in paper copy. AVAIIABLE.FRCM-SupOrintendent cf Documents, USovernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ($2.00,.stock no.

07177080-01993-1) - , ECFS PPIC7 MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage: DESCRIPTOpS Adult Education; *Comparative Education: *EduCational Administration: Educational Needs: Educatianal Pesearch: *Educational Trends: Elementary : Toreiqr. Courtries; Higher Education: Postsecondary Education: *School Organization; Special Fducation: *Teacher Education; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Switzerla:nd

ABSTPACT I The document discusses the highly developed, divers'ified, and decentralized system cf . Because cf the political, geographic, and linguistic diversity of education it Switzerland, this brief report 4s limited to maior .characteristics and patterns of education common to most Swiss cantons. Topics of the report invclude school.structure: administration: intercantcnal coordination: grading system: Elementary, secondary, upper secondary, vocational, special, and teacher education: universities and otheT higher education institutions: adult education; and educa+Acional research. The author .stresses that coordination among cantons i a serious problem. The language of instruction is German in 19 cantons, French in- five, and Italian in ore. In most secondary sghools a second natnal language tcmpulsory. Primary education proltides the first level of compul4sory education and lasts from four to six years. Lower' secondary education, consisting of general educatione_extends through grade 9. Upper secondary education includes academic, general, vocatidonalgechnical, and teacher training. Tegcher educatioh is jargely +he resporsibility,of the cantons. Universities are -el-f-governirg bodies; all holders cf federally recognized Swiss maturity *certificates (issued at the upper secondary level) are eligible for unrestricted admission to any university. Educational trends include standOrdization of terminology, programs, and examinations among cho.ptcns: Closer cooperation among researchers, teachers, and administrators; more independent study-for students: and improvement of inserviM andpreser.vice teacher education. (Author/KO) U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 1/ EDUCATION THiS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- *DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM EDUCATION AROUND THE WORLD THE PERSON OR ORGANIZAJION ORIGIN ATIN6 if POINTS OF VIEW cIR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE The Educational Systelm of Switzerland SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

by Paul S. Bodenman formerly Specialist in International Education Office of Education

U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Joseph A. Caliiano, Jr., SecretarY 7. 'Mary F. Berry, Assistant Secreatry for Echication

OffiCe of Educatidn' Ernest L. Boyer, C94iss1oner obert Leestma; Associate Commissionerfor Institutional -Development and Internationaf Ed4ration

AM"

THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE

Official Name: Swiss Confederation. 'Population: 6.5 million, including about million Location: Central , bounded on the north by foreigners (1-975 estimate). °V the Federal .Repuf)lic of Gerreany, on the east by People: The population reflects the 3 major lan- Austi-ia and Liechten5tein, on the south by , guage areas that surround thecOuntry: About 65 and on the west by Pcance percentGerman-spea'sking,18 percent French- Size: 15.941 square miles. speakint, and 12 percent Italian-speaking. Some- rt Major Subdivisions: 23 Cantons, 3 of which are. what less than 1 percent speakRorna;tsh, and the ---- divided into half-Cantons, making a total of 26 remainier speak a variety of languages foreign to political units. Switzerland. Official Languages: German, French. and Italian. Literacy: 99 percent. Romansh, a dialect based on Latin, is recognized Typeof Government: Confederated republic. as a fourth lauage of the country, butdoes' not have the same status as the other three: e.g,. of- Religion: 49.4 percent Roman Catholic:47.8 per- ficl arepublishedinGerman. cent Protestant, 2.8 percent other confessions or French, and Italian only. none.

THE BASIC SYSTEM their struggle against foreign rule. In 1315 the Swiss defeated the Hapsburg army and secured their in dependence as the Swiss Confeder:ation. Historical Backgrynd joined the Confederatiskn in 1332. By the end of the Switzerland dates its origin as an independent State 16th century the number of cantons had reached 13. from August 1, 1291, when the three Cantons bor Six were added in 1803 while Switzerland was under dering Uri, , and Unter- the control of French armies, and then three more in waldenformed an "eternal alliance" to carry on 1814 to make a total of 22 Cantons.

1

. AUG educational and cultural af- Switzerlandregaineditsindependencefrom autonomy, especially time. France through the'Congress of Vienna in1815 and fairs, which has been retained to. the present virtually in- organized itself...as a confederation of -22Cantons.. A Swiss educOon, therefore, consists of 25 Federal Constitution was adopted in i848 and exten- dependent school systems atthe cantonal level. . , of ih- sively revised in 1874. The Constitution of 1874, cur- These are again differentiated by language for struction.In addition, there are substantial(lit-- , rently id effect, established Federal responsibility defense, trade, and legal matters, butretained a ferences among the Cantons in geography and popu- cantonal large measure of .sovereignty for the Cantons.All lation density; whicH, in turn, affect the powers not specificallydelegated to the Federal educational systems. Government are held by thc Cantons. Before the Protestant , education was After the An additional Canton (Jura) was established asof conducted primarily in monastery schools. retained in SepteMberc24, 1978. This 23rd Canton wAsformed Reformation, many of these schools.were while Protestant areas developed from the three French-speaking districts thafborder Catholic, areas. puhlic schools. Altar the FrenchRevolution,.public on Fiance in the Cantonof , with the capital at Some Deliernont. As of fall 1978, cantonal functions are edncation developed rapidly in all Cantons. Swiss educator such as Pestalozzi in the'19th cen still in the process,of being established inJura, and ma4 contributions of the educational system continues' to operatein the tury and Piaget in the 20th, same pattern as it hadwhen Jura was part of the lasting internationarimportance. Today, Switzerland possesses a highly,developed, , particularry since theschool year in education Bern begins in the spring. For this reason,Jura will. diversified, and decentralized system of preschool through the university not be considered as a separateCanton in this study.--. extending from vocational, and Three Cantons have divided themselvesinto half- level arid encompassing academi, Baseinistrict: technical, training designed to. deuelopthe- whole Cantons: into Basel-City and and abilities of its into and ; and Ap- spectrum of skills,interests, population to meet the needs of theindividual and of penzell into -Inner Rhodes andAppenzell- and maintained Outer Rhodes. Since-the governmental structureof the nation. Switzerland has achieved theliall-Cantons is parallel to those of theCantons. ,a very highstandard of living. A well-eduaited poin1- lati6n is eonsidered to be the major resourcethat has there are 25 administrative units at thecantonal level (the 22 Cantons, with the 23dJuranot counted made-this possible. for reasons explained above. plus thethree addi- tional units from the split'of three Cantons). These Structure units, with theiL standard Swissabbreviations, are as The politiCal, geographic, andlinguistic diversity almost impossible to follows: . of Swiss education makes it German spraking.(19) sKak of a Swiss educational system in a narrow sense (A(;) Obwalden ((W) Qf e term. Abrief report such as tbis' must limit St. Gallen (SG) , Ap)enzell. Outer Rhodes (AR) itself toNthe major characteristics and patternsThat Aprnzdl. Inner Rhodes (Al) SchaffhauWn (SM) Cantons,omitting Ihe Bawl City (BS) Schwyz (Si.) are commontomost ['Lel Distrift (W) (SO) numerous local variatiops.Chart I presents a simpli- Bet n ( BE) (TG) lied diagrani of the genr4aI structure ofeducation in ((;L) Uri (UR) V(,) Switzerland. Graulmenden ((;R) Compulsory education begins at age 6 or7 and /Zurich (ZU) Lucerne (Ltl) the Canton. Nidwalden (NW) continues for 8 or 9 years, depending on Preschool education under either public orprivate Itahan-speakrng (1) Frenchspeaking (5) aged 3 to 6.' FribArg (FR) i( ino (To control is generally offered for children and is being ((;E) Itis readily available in urban areas Neuchatel (NE) expanded into rural communities.Primary educä (VS) tion varies in duration from 4 to 6 years,depending (VD) upon the Canton. the The development of the SwissConfederation over Los'Ver secondary education, which extends to 9th year). varies 600 years by successive affiliationof separate political end of compulsory cdhcation (8th. or of school. The entitics resulted in/a very high degreeof cantonal in difficulty depending upon the type different types can be classified in two groups basic schools,, which ' Spelling follows common English usage. schools and advanced schools. Basic chart 1.Simplified diagram of the structure of education in Switzerland

Universities and Teacher- Higher technical institutes of training institutes and spe- technology institutes cialized schools

Ag, School. year 19-20

13 18-19

12 17-18

11 Teacher- Commercial General 16-17 training schools secondary institutes schools 10 15-16

15-16

9 LOWER SECONDARY EDUCATION 14-15

8 Basic: Oberschule Advanced: Realschule, Se kundarschule, Progymnasium 13-14 Comprehensive

7 12-13

6 11-12

5 10-11 4. 9-10 PRIMARY EDUCATION 3 41 8-9 2 7-8

1

6-7 PRESCHOOL EDUCATION

Source: Adapted frourEugene Egger and Emile Blanc. Education in Switzerland. Geneva, 1974. P..12. 'are open to all students who have completed primary Gallen), and a faculty of theology (Lucerne), now in school, enable them to fulfill minimum compulsory process of expansion into a generaluniversity. Niucation requirements, whereupon most begin, a Table 1 presents enrollments at all levels of educa- combination of .apprenticeship,and part-tithe voca- tion in 1976-77. tional education. The various kinds ofady'anced schools. which have more difficult curriculums than Table L.Enrollments in educational institutions, by levd that of the basic school, frequently require.entran'ce and type of school: 1976-77 . examinations. Within this category some schools are more advanced than others, withthe most difficult one preparing students to enteracademic secondary Type of school Number of students schools at the upper secondary level. . . Terminology varies from Canton tee Canton, and 6 not all Cantons offer alltypes.In some, notably Elementary: Geneva and to some extent other French-speaking lireschool Pr.imary 503.153 Cantons, all types of lower secondary education are Fotal 635.689 conducted in a comprehensive school. The primary and lower secondary levelsalso -include special classes or special schools for all types Lower secondary .148.273 of handicapped children (discussed later). Basic level Advanced level 205.806 The upper secondary (post-compulsory) level can Comprehensive 6.742 be divided into five major types as shown on the Total 360.821 'chart: ( I ) Part-time and fail-time vocational educa- tion\ the former usually accompanied by anappre-n- Special educatio(primary and lower riceshipvaryinginlengthfrom 2to4years: secondary) 4(1.155 (2) general educatiOn not designed for imiversity entrance, 2 to 3 years in length, andfrequently a prerequisite for some types of specialized vocational Upper secondary: training;(3) commercial training,leadingto a General education. 39.619 diploma in 3 years (grades 10-12) or to a cantonal Academic secondary st, hook Ge MI al secondary schools 11.434 maturitycertificatein 4:1(4 )teachertraining. lotal 51.053 generally 4 or 5 years in length beginning with grade 9 or 10, and leading to a diploma or cantonal maturity certificate; and (5) academic secondary 'leacher edu( ation education(at a Gymnasium, gymnase,college, For the preSchool level 1.992 liceo),generally grades 9 or 10 to -13, leading to.the Ent the primary kyel 12.286 1.645 federally controlled maturity certificate, which is the For special subjects Total 15.923 basic prerequisite for unlimited admission to higher ed.ucation. In some cases the academic secondary school is organized asa single unit extending through yoca t tonal educa t ion') both the lower and upper secondary level (e.g., in the 10,170 76.185 grades 7-13 are witn one school for Industry and crafts Technical fields 14.371 some types Of theGymnasium). Commerce and administration 56,499 - Higher education institutions can be divided into Nursing and health care 13,311 dire major groups: (I) Higher technical institutes All others 19.913 190.399 (or colleges of engineering) and otherspecialized Total schools at the postsecondary (not university) level; (2) teacher-training institutions for kindergarten.and otal. uppet secondary 257.375 elementary teachers, teachers of spetialized areas such as domestic science, and in some casesteachers 'Of all students in secovdary vocational education. 89 percent level;and (3) university-level for the lower secondary are enrolled in part tiMe schools. 'institutions. consisting of 2 Federal institutes of tech- Source: Eidgenoessisches Statistisches Amt. Schuelerstatistik: nology.7 cantonal universities,aschool of eco- Schuljahr 1967/68Bern, 1978. pp. 63.70; Mid ,Studenten nomics,business and public adrninistration(St. slaissighWintersemester 1976/77. Bern. 1977. p. 9.

4 Table 'I.Continued Federal laws and regulations have been issued to implement the above articles. Some: of the major Type of school Number of ones are: students Federal law of 1854, which established the 1Aderal Institute of Technology at Zurich This bw was amended in 1968 to place Higher education: the Institute of Technology of the University of 1zausanne Nonuniversity: under Federal contrril. parallel to the one at Zuhch Teacher education 3.720 Technical education 8,046, Federal law of 18.77 on freedom of domicile for members of the Commerce and administration 1.989 medical profession. enabling the Confederation to control Ad others 4.422 requirements for admission to midical schools and-to issue _Total ...... 18,177 related regulations for secondarY school leaving certificates. (Such regulations were issued in"1906. 1925, 1968. and 1972.) Universities and equivalent institutions 54.198 Federal law of 1903 witli amendments to provide financial aid

Total, higher education . -72.375 to the Cantons for primary education..

:s Grand total 1,366445 Foideral law of 1928 on tuberculosis control, which led to school medical services in ad Cantons. Legal Basis' Federal law of 1963, amended 1967 and 1972 on vocational The fundamental document from whicit educar training. superseling the law of 1930. the original legislation tion laiV is derived is the Federal Constitution of on this subjec t May 24, 1874, as arnended which assigns respon- Federal law of 1965 to:provide financial grants lo the Cantons sibility for education primarily to the Cabtons but lor deltaying the costs of study grants. lists specific responsibilities for the Confederation. Major Federal and cantonal responsibilities are listed Federal law of 1968.'anumded 1972 on aid to universities. in the following articles: Federal law of 1972 to primmie physical education and sports.

Article 27 aUthorizes the Confederation to set up a Federal The major body of Swiss education law. however, university and other highereducation institutions or visubsidite Onsists of the education laws of the individual Can-

such institutions,. The responsibility for primary education. tons. which define their responsi1;ilities, which is to be compulsory and free, is assigned to the Cantons. delegate with the provision that they shall receive financial grants from substantial functions (especially in primary, educa- the Confederation to enable them to fulfill thk obligafion. non) to the local communities. and provide for (Although the Constitution doe t mention secondary educa oiganization of education at all levels. tion. this is also a responsibility of th Cantons under the prin- ciple that responsibilities not specifka y assigned to the Con federation arc responsibilities of the Ca tons.) The Confedera Administration tion may provide study grants and 'other arms of aid to educa tion. require and issue instructions onhysical training and Three levels of government participate in school polls. and promote and subsidize scien fic research... administration: Federal. cantonal, and local (com- Article 3 empowers the Cantons to requ se proof of proficiency munal). 'Fhere is no Federal ministry or department

from persons who wish to practice one 1 the professions for of education. Federal responsibilities as defined by 4,4h h advanced education is necessary. tionally recognized the Constitutiow and im-pleinenting laws are assigned certificates are to be provided through Fmk. 1 legislation. to Ow elisting 'VeCieral depprtments most directly cc werned. 4 Article 77 empowers the Confederation to legi late on voi a tional training in industry, crafts, trades. ag culture. and e primary unit of educational administratiOn is domestic work. the dnton. Si re each Canton and half-Canton is virt a ly indepdent in educational and cnitural Article 45 guarantees all Swiss citizens thrightto reside airs, SvViss anywhere on Swiss tcrritory. ucation can,be said'to consist of 25 systems. (Asxplained earlier, the new Canton of Article 49 states that freedom of conscience and creed shall be Jura isnot bein considered as a separale unit iii this inviolable. Parents and guardians have complete authority study.) Within e Canton the administration, of' over religious instruction for children to age 16. primary education is'carried out almost entirely by/ 'Adapted from Eugene Egger and Emil Blanc. Education in the local communat w. h varying degrees of cani Switzerland. Genev.:: Swiss EducationarDocumentation Center. tonal supervision as defid by cantonal education 1974. pp..4.7. laws.

5 s.

'Local leve7.School administration at the local both elected by the voters. In 23 Cantons (or' half- level reflects the historic Swiss tradition of direct Cantons), one member of the executive council is the democracy. The population as a whale participates cantonal director of education, and in the other two 0 in various4 ways in school affairs.Inall Cantons (Obwalden and Uri) the president of the couneif e7(cept Geneva (which administers itsschools at the serves in this capacity. Drafts of school laws are cantonallevel)thelocal community ordistrict- generally prepared by committees appointed by the (Bezirk)has a local school board(Ortsschulbehoerde, executive council and ate submitted by the Itter`to Or(sschulvorstand).'generallyconsistingoflay the legislative body for action. In most Ca tons all members who are usually elected by the voters of the laws except those of very limited scope, or minor district and exercise general authority over elemcn significance must be submitted to the electorate for tary schools. In some cases school districts e,xist sepa- approval by direct referendum. Consequently, the rately from the local political subdivisions. while in electorate must be kept informed and its support. others the political subdivisions (town, district) also must be obtained in order to make anysignificant constitute the schoril district. changes in the educational sysrem. l.jcal school .boards are responsible first of all for Cantonal education laws provide for the organiza- providing thematerial .necessitiesfor schools tion and administration of education at all levels buildings,furniture, and teaching and learning exceptaslimited by Federal law (e.g.,Federal materials such as textbooks and other instr 1 ctional regulation of school leaving certificates and Federal materials.In addition they have responbilities laws on vocational education). While responsibility directly concerned with the instructional 'program. for elementary educationisdelegatedtolocal These include appointment of teachers, approval of authorities, administration of secondary education the program of -studies (generally prepared- by the and of higher education within the limits of prin- staff of the school in accordance with cantonal direc- ciples of university autonomy is the direct respon: tives), general supervision ca teachers and pupils, sibility of cantonal authorities. ofthe schoolhealth progfam, and supervision The cantonal director of education(Erziehungs- reports to the Canton on school conditions and prob- direktor)is supported by a staff(Erziehungsdirek- lems. Generally members of the boards-are required tiott).The members of 'thisstaff,usuallye are to visit schools, thereby exercisingdirect lay supervi- appointed by the cantonal parliament or executive sion. Professional supervision is generally exercised council.. In addition to the director, the staff in by school inspectors employed at the cantonal level. lalerCantonsincludes a, secretarygeneral, Cantonal authority over local school administra- specialists for the various levels of education, and tion is never arbitrary and is limited to constitutional school inspectors. In small Cantons the staff may provNions and cantonal school law. Beyond these, have only two or three professional members. -cantonal authorities may issue, recommendations to Most secmidary schoOlsare. cantonal 'schools, the local authorities, ,whigfi, however; do not have administered directly by the Cantonal staffthrough . the force of instructions or orders. secondary school principals. A few secondary schools Cantonal level.The major organs of government (e.g., four in Bern) are communal and are adminis- arethe executive council at the cantonal level tered jointly by communal and cantonal authorities. (RegierungskollegiumorR.egierungsrat, sometimes _ called the cabinet) and the legislative body (fre. Lay participation at the cantonal level is exercised' quently called the p.arliament ordie great council), through supervisory or *advisory bodies. Nineteen Cantons have superVisorybodies- (Schulaufsichts- kollegien)of 6 to 12 persons who partieipate in can- tonal sehool administration with voting rights. The 'Official Swiss terminology varies widely, not only among the major language groups. but even among Cadtlighwitt the same other sbt have lay bodies that serve in an advisory official -language. To avoid overburdening the text with non. capacity only.. Enghsh terms. Swiss equivalents will usually be given in German, alsoparticipatesdirectlyinthe 'the language of 19 Cantons, a practice followed frequently by The t anton Swiss authors writing in English(e.g,, Eugene Egger, cf. Selected administration of higher education. The three major Reading List). Terms for major school levels or types common to institutional categories are teacher-training insti- all Cantons will be provided in three languages. Schools or other tutes, higher technical institutes andother special- ,organizations characteristic of a single language group will be izedschools,Induniversity-levelinstitutions. given ill the peginent language. The glossary in three languages Teacaer education is 'administered directly by the augments the number of terms used in the textand.will facilitate comparisons among schools and organizational units. Cantons.

4*,

114 Higher technical institutes may be aaministered by, a cultural Research(A bteilungfuerLandwirtschaftund single Canton or, in some cases, may involve joint Forschungsanstalten) and of vocational education through the participation by several Cantons. In the latter cate- Office of Industry.Trades. and 4.abor (Bundesam( fuer Indu.strie, Gewerbe, und Arbeit).' gory, such institutionsareusually administered primarily .13y the Canton in which they are located Military Department ,Adrninistration of the Federal School of with someparticipationbytheother Cantons Physical Education and Sport (Eadgenoessische Turn-und invoNed. For example, the Central Swiss Technical Sportschule). Collegeat Lucerne-(Zentralschweizerisches TechnikumLuzern) is administered by the Canton of Intercantonal Coordination Lucernewithparticieation byUri, Schwyz, Because of the great diversity and decentralization . Obwalden, Nidwalden, Zug, Valais, and the city of of Swiss education, coordination among Cantons is a 'Lucerne. The two half-CAuons of Basel have a single serious problem, one that has become incre,asingly college ofvngineering (Technikum beider Basel). acute in recent years as the population has become The Swiss College of Graphic Arts in more mobile and the society more complext An (Ecole superieure suisse des arts graphiquts ETS) is important step toward coordination was already" administered by the Canton of Vaud and serves all of taken in 1897 with establishment of the Swiss Con Switzerland. ferenceofCantonalDirectorsofEducation At the university level. cantonal administration is (SchweizerischeKonferenzderErziehungs coordinatedwiththeprinciplesofuniversity direktoren,frequently shortened to Conference of autonomy. The two Institutes of Technology are Education Dirvtors and writtenasErziehungs administered at the Federal level. The seven univer- direktorenkonferenz,EDK,orDirecteursde sities(Zurich, Bern,Basel,,Geneva,' l'instruction publique, DIP). :Fileconference main- Lausanne, and Neuchatel) are administered by the tains a headquarters in Geneva, and the directors Cantons in which they are,located although they als6 meet at least once a year. Meetings are also held by provide higher education facilities to the Cantons the secretaries-general of cantonal departments of withoutuniversities.The -Schoolof Economics, education, by specialists for the various levels (ele- Busines,s, and Public Administration is administered mentary, secondary, vocational, and higper educa jointly by the Canton ard City of St. Gallen, and the tion), and by school inspectors. The conference is new university at Luceine Will be administered by a divided into four geographic regions which, in addi group of Cantonshe)-61k1 byLucerne. Lion to participating in the work of the organization Federal level.The most important functions at as a whole, carry on projects of concern to .their the Federal level are regulation of secondary school particular regions. The regions are: (1) the French maturity certificates,(which has had a marked speaking Cantons and the Italian-speaking , influence on the standardi_zation of secondary educa- (25 the Northwestern Region, (3) the Central Region, tion), extensive participation in vocational educa . and (4) the Eastern Region. tion, provision of financial aid to the Cantons for Two other organizations also perform important primary education, administration pf study grants at coordination functions. At the secondary level the the secondary and higher education, level, adminis- conference of Swiss Secondary School Directors tration of the two Federal Institutes' of Technology, (KonferenzSchweizerischerGytnnasialrektoren), andgeneralsupportofhigher education and established in 1913, has played an important leader- research. ship role among academic secondary schools and has Control of secondary school maturity certificates is influenced the development and revision of Federal exercised hy a special commission established for that regulations for secondary school leaving (maturity) purpose. Other functions are distr;buted by Depart . certifidites. Coordination at the university levelis ment as follows: achieved primarily through the Swiss Central Office Department of the,:Intersbr S-Upporr of higher education and for University Affairs(Schweizerische Zentralstelle research. exercise4 by the Office for Science and Research established (Amt fuer Wissemichaft und Forschung) and an office for fuer, Hochschulwesen), in1920 with Federal Institutes of Technology and Affiliated Initiiutions headquarters in Zurich. (Esdgenoessische Techinscheflochschulenmat. A nnex- Concordat on School Coordination. (Kankardat Anstallen). The. Department also administers_the national ueber die Schulkoordination.)An agreement among archives, the nationaHibrary. and the national museum. the Cantons, designated officially astheConcordat Department of Public Economy Administtation of agricul- oti School Coordination, was adopted unanimously tural education through the Division of Agriculture arkd Agri by the Conference of Education Directors(EDK)on

7 October 29, 1970, and became effective on June 9, expenditure for public education and research at all 1971, with approval of the Federal Council and levels was 7.42 billion Swiss francs,4 approximately 5 ratification by 10 Cantons. By 1974, 20 Cantons had percent ofthegross ngtional product and about 20 accepted the Concordat percent of the total expenditures of the'Confedera- The objectives of the concordat are to develop tion, the Cantons. and the communities. Tgble 2 common policies among the Cantons on matters such presents a distribution of expenditures by source and as the entrance age for elementary education, dura- level of education. Expenditures by private schools tion of compulsory schooling, length of schooling are substantial, but statistics are notavailable. required for the secondary school matiirity examina- tion, beginning of the school year (spring or fall). Tabk 2.Distribution of education and research funds by coordination of curriculum (especially in mathe- source and by level of education: 1974. matics and in the introduction of the second foreign

language), transferability among schools, standard- Level 'TotalPercent of4a1 funds by source ization of terminology for ;imilar types of schools, (in billions of francs')Federal Cantonal Local mutual recognition of diplomas..and cooperation in All levels 7.42 19 45 36 planning, reSearch, and statistics. Although major Hementary differences among the Cantonssittill exist, the con.- edln anon 3 86 I 40 59 cordat is proving to be an important instrument for Seconder,/ 0 90 4 87 9 achievingclosercoordinatio4 andarticulation education Vocational throughout the entire educational system. education 0 82 30 'Swiss Documentation Center for Teaching and Higher education and Education.In 1962 the Federal Government and reseal". h 1.65 67 33 the Conference of Education Directors (EDK) jointly 'Exchange rate in 1974. 1 = $.337 U.S.: in January the Swiss Documentation Center for established 1979.I Swiss Fran( $.617 U.S. Teaching andEducation (Schweizerische Dokumen- Source: Adapted from Eugene Egger. Emik Blanc, andUrsula lationsstelle fuer Schul-und Bildungsfragen; 'Centre Rohrer. Das Schulwesen in der SchweizGenf. Schweizerische suisse de documentation en matiere d'enseignement Dokumentationsstelle fuer Scbul- und Bildungsfragen, 1976. P.. et d'education),generally called the Swiss Educa- 46. tional Documentation Center, with headquarters in Geneva. The center is the major source of informa- Language, of Instruction tion on Swiss education. Through its documentation and information service,the center supports the The language of instruction is German in 19 Can- vtork of the Conference of Education Directors, tons. French in 5, and Italianin 1. Romansh is used thereby contributing to coordination of education. as the language ofinstruction at the elementary level in Grau- amonohe Cantons. in ,Romansh-speaking areas,primarily Prior to 1967 there was no central source for school buenden, with German as a second language, but at statistics in Switzerland. In 1967 the center assumed the upper secondary level German becomes I he responsibility for,kollecting school statistics and from language of instructikm. 1967 to 1976 it was the sole source of school statistics In secondary schools with hwre than minimum on a national basis.Beginning with the 1976-77 curricularrequirements, a second flational language schvol year, the task ot. cellecTing and compiling is compulsory: French in German areas, German in national school statistics was assigned to the Federal French areas, and either French or German in the Statistical Office. Italian area. All secondary school maturity examina- The director of the ce ter serves as the executive tiOns include at least two national languages. secretary of:the Swiss C.ference of Cantonal Direc: At the university level, the primary language of torsofEducation nd normallyrepresents instriction is German at the universities of Basel, Switzerland at internional education Conferences Bern, and Zurich, the Federal Institute of Tec,h- and in international ganizations. nology. at Zurich, and the .School of Economics, Business, and Public Administration at St. Gallen. Finance Since the Institute of Technology at Zurich was the The Federal Go ernment1, the Cantons, and the local communitieor districtsallparticipatein 'Exchange rate in 1974.14wis.s franc= $.337 U.S.: in January fingncingpublic/ education. In j974thetotal 1979 franc = $.617 U. ,

8 only .Fetleral _institutionuntil 1968, italso used ducted andcertificatesissued _bythecantonal French and Italian extensively. The language of acaLlemic secondary schools (see p. 13). instruction is French at the universities of Geneva, At the university levd, a'grade scale from 4.(best)

Lausanne, Neuchatd, and Fribourg and atthe to 1 (pasiing) are normally used. Final uttiversity Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne. Since grades are usually designated as summa cum kude the has both large 'French and(with highest honors), magna cum laude (with high Germanpopulations,theuniversityusessome honors), cum laude (with honors), or rite (in the or- German along with Frenchas the language ofdinary manner). instruoion. The university also participat s in quer- university activities of German- as wdl asofrench- speakinguniversities(e.g.,inan ociati.of German-speakinguniversities,Koor a jons MENTARY EDUCATION konferenzderdeutschschweizerHochs'eh'ulen, organized in 1977). Elementa yeducationincludespreschooland mary e uration. The former.is generally offered Academic Calendar in kindergartens or infant schools. Traditionally the primary school had included the In some Cantons the school year starts in e fall, totalfulltime compulsoryeducationprogr.am, in others in the spring. A primary object' e of the beginning at age 6 or 7 depending on the Canton. Concordat on School Coordination was o have all and continuing for 7, 8, or 9 years. The Concordat Cantons start the school year between gust 15 and on School Coordination recommends 9 years of com- October 15. The Concordat received aajor setback puls'ory education beginning at age 6.Progress when the two most populous Canton (Zurich and toward this objective is being made, so that the dura Bern) rejectedthisprovision. Conse uently,the tion of compulsory education today is either 8 orl ,timing of the school year still variesubstantMly years beginning at age 6 or 7. among Cantons. In current usage tb,e term "primary education- At the universitylevd,the academi generally limited to that portion of the compulsory divided into two semesters, the ,first beginning about education period that pPovides a common program October 1( Wintersemes(er)i, and the second in the of studies for all children with no differentiation in early spring (Sommercemes(er). Some universities rms.of u educational or vocational objectives. offer short courses in the summer. This varies fr. to 6 years. What was formerly con sidered the upper level of the primary school is now included in the lower secondary levd, extending Grading System from the primary school as defined abbve to the end Almost all Cantons'follow a 6-point grading scale of compulsory education, which is moving toward atthe elementaty and secondarylevel:6 best the total 'of 9 years shown on chart 1. (excdlent),5 good,4 satisfactory,3 unsatis- The Concordat has recOmrnended a standard factory, 2 inadequate, 1 completelyunsatis- school year of 38 weeks for. both elementary and factory (failure). There are a few exceptions (e.g., secondary education, designation of vacation periods the Canton of Vaud uses a 10-point system with 10 being left to the Cantons. The school week usually the best and 1representing failure). includes 6 days,'with Wednesday and Saturday after- Decisions on promotion from grade to grade are noons free.41some regions a 5-day week is being made within individual schools. Where entrance introduced with a full free day on Saturday. Vass examinations are required to proceed from one leyel periods generally are 45 to 50 minutes in length. The of education to another (e.g., from the primary to a primary levd usually has from 20 to 30 class periods lower secondary levd with an entrance examination),'per week, varying 'with the grade lrvd. The second- . examination standards are determined by cantonal ary has from 30 to 36 periods. authorities in cooperation with the schools, but the Teachers generally have 28 to 30 periods per week examinations are administered by the schools. Even at the compulsory level, 22 to 26 at the upper second- at.the certificate of maturity level (academic second- ary levd. ary school leaving certificate), where examination Coeducation is the common pattern at the com- requirements are established by the Federal Govern- pulsory school level and is-being introduced at the ment, the largest number of examin.ations are con- upper secondary school level.

9 Preschool Education some support from public funds.Enrollment at the preschool level in 1976-77 was 132,536 (table 1). Preschool education( VorichulischeErziehung) isoffered in kindergartens or infant schOols for children beginning at age 3 or 4 years, but emphasis PrimaryEduca tion . .is placed on the 2 upper years. Although preschool , education is voluntary, an Pstimated 95 percent of all The primaryschool(Primarschule, 4co1e 5-year old children in the cities attend these schools. primaire; scuola elementare)provides the first level' The value of preschooled.ucationisgenerally.of compulsory education, lastinglor 4 years in two recognizedthroughout thecountry,and major Cantons (Bern and- Basel-City), 5 years in Five Can- efforts are being made to provide these opportunities tons (Basel-District, , Aargau, Ticino, for children in rural and mountainous areas. Con- and Neuchatel), an i 6 years in 17 Cantons. Until currently, training facilities are being expanded for recently one Canton Vaud) ended the undifferen- kindergarten teachers, who are in short supply. tiated primary period at the end of the third year, Kindergartens in German-speaking areas tend to but experiments are now in progress to extend this maintain a clear distinction between preschool and period to 5 or 6 years. A final decision on the dura- ptlimary school programs. In Frenchspeaking areas, tion has not been made. kindergarten programs frequentlyinclude some Typicallythe primary 'schoolconsistsofe self- formal instruction in reading and the rudiments ofcontained classroomsforeach' grade,with One arithmetic. The presence of large numbers of foreignteacher teaching all subjects. In some rural areas, workers with their families in. Switzerland in recent primarily in mountainous regions, small 1. or 2room years has added an additional taskto preschoolschools that offer the total primary program are still programs namely,teaching thelocal swiss in existence. However, these,are being eliminated by language to young foreign children who speak a non- forming school centers and by redistriCting. Swiss nguage at home. The objective of the first year of schooling is .to Kind'è.gartens or infant schools may be eitherprovide an orderly transition from play activities to, public or vate. Ine'the former case, costs are borne organized school tasks, to develop vocabulary and by the Canto e.g., Geneva and Baser-City) or by self-expression, and to introduce reading and arith- localgovernmeIvs.Attendanceisfree.Private metic. In the second and third year, majqr emphasis'. kindergartens may be operitedbyindividuals, isplaced on the native language,In German. groups of parents, social organizations, or churches.speaking Cantonsthisincludestransitionfrom They generally charge fees, although many receivespoken dialects to high German. Arithmetic, local /

Table 3.Number of houn per weekift-tachsubject in the primary school of the Canton of Lucerne: 1977

Grade

2 3 4 5 6

Subject b b g ko. g b g Total 24 23 25 25 25 25 27 28 30 30-31 30 30.31

Religion 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Language and krwledge of homeland 6-7 7 .6-7 (reading, writing, oral). 9 9 8 . 8 8 7 7 7 05 Arnhnietic 5 5 5 5 Arithmetic/geometry 5 5 6 6 6 6 Drawing, handicraft. design 3 3 4 2 .4 2 3 2 '3 2 3 2 History, geography. nature study 3 5 5 5 5 Writing 1 1 2 2 2 2 Singing 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 Gymnastics 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 Needlework. etc. 3 3 3 3

'b = boys; g = girls Source: Swiss Educational Documentation Center, Geneva (single sheet).

10 4 7 .k

geography(Heimatkunde),writing, drawing.sing- The basictype (Grundansprueche)is in fact the ing, and physical education round put the program. former upper primarrschool that extended through The remainder of the primary stage continues and the compulsory school period. Terminology for this expands the programs of (helov)er grades and levelvarieswidely.In spme Canterns the term prepares the pupa for the differentiated patterns of Pritnarschulehas been retained, whemeas in others the secondary school. this levelis called the upper school(Oberschule). 'Tabte '3 'presents the program of st'udies of the Other designations areAbsch1u.ssklassen1Berufs- *primary school of the Canton of Larne. Emphasis wahlklassen; enseignement secondaire du ler cycle, throughout the primary level is clearly on German classes pratiques; scuola maggiore.In the Cantons and arithmetic. . that have introduced a comprehensive lower second. Upon completing primary schobl all children 'pro- ary school, the deSignation usually is the orientation ceed automatically `to the lower secondary level ,in cycle(cycle d'orientation). order to fulfill the compulsory education 'require- The program of studies of the basic type consists of ment. Differentiation then begins on the basis, of the 'nativelanguage.mathematics,elementary Lndividual differences 'in ability and future voca- science, geography, history. drawing, writing, sing- tional or academic objectives. ir4; physical education,and industrialarts qr The totil enrollment in .primary edujation in arnestic science, totaling about 32 hours .per week. 1976-77 was 503.153 (table 1 ) Upon completing this type. pupils generally pro- ceed to an apprenticeship combined with parttime SECONDARY EDUCATION vocational education or to npnvocational continuing educition. Secondary edutation includm allgeneral and vocational/technital edUcation from the end of P.upilsr with qualifkltions and aspirations for a' 'more difficult type of generally enter the primary school to tte beginning of higher education.' educatidn advanced type lower The lower secondary level con,ists entirely of.general (erweilerte Ansprueche) of education and 'extends through the compulsory secondary school. Ihis type includes schools of a con- Realschuleatc school period, sigown. on the chart as grade 9. the siderable range of difficUlty: wirsh tyre typical leVel, althoUgh compulsory education termi the lower end of the scale and theSekiindarschule nates with grade 8 in some Cantons. The upper usually more toward the middle. In French-speaking Cantons a school of this type may be called the col- secondary or postcompulsory level can be classified as academic. general', vocational/technical (includ legemoderneorenseignernent secondaire infrieure, in Italian,scuola maggiore.An ing commercial).Pand teacher-training. This level classes modernes; typically begins with grade 10 as shown on the chart entrance examination may be required.' (grade 9 in Cantons with 8 year4. of compulsory The most difficult type of advanced lower second- education) and continues for 2. or 4 years depend- ary education, frequently called the loweriddle ing on the type of program. school(untereMalelschule,Kantonschule,Pro- en.seignement, Chart 1 represents a simplification of the actual gymnasium,Untergymnasiurn; siivation. In some cases, programs extend through secondaire mfgrieur, sections classiques el scienti- both the lower and upper secondary levels, in somefiques; ginnasio)is to prep'are studentslor adinisscon cases from the upper secondary into the higher to the academic upper secondary schOols that lead to education level. Numerous variations exist among university admissiOn.All schools inthis category theCantons. Major differences that are not reflected require entrance examinations. in the simplified chart will be pointed out in subse- . The curriculum continues to emphasize the native quent sections of this report. language and adds a second national language. It also raises the content level of other subjects such as Lower Secondary Education history. geography: mathematics, and science. The broad objectives of the lower secqndary level Advanced lowersecondaryeducation is the are to provide not only minimum educational pro- preparatory stage for a wide variety of schools anci grams for all children through the compulsory school occupations: Vocational programs requiring more level but also programs of greater difficult/ leading than -.basic lower secondary, full-time vocational to the highly differentiated offerings of the' upper ,schools,texcher-traininginstitutes,commercial secondary level. Thus the process of selection begins schools,'-and some academic secondary schools. atthis level. Table 4 presents th'e progrards of studies for the

11 .0 0 . 9 004 ... VSekundarschule(grades7-9)in.the Canton ,,of Ta,bles.,Numberof heturs per week in lower secondary.. lfvel of the academic secondaiischool Lucerne. . .(flostorgymnasium) to( doe Canton of St. Gallen, grades 7 and 8: 1977

4 Table 4,,;Number Of hours per week in the lower secondary3 school-(Sekutedarschule), grades .2.9; in the Canton ;\ Semester

of Lucerne: 1977. Subject 1 *2 3 4 1/4 Total V 33 34 35-34 ° 33

Religion 2 2 Grade' - g /German . 4 4 4 4. 7.... 8 9 Latin 3 6 6 6 6 subject 1. b4sgirls ATFT-is boys girls French 3 4 .5 4 2 2 2 2 Total 33 32.33 34 31.3528-2931 1,4 Hiiitry ,, 2. 2 . 2 ' 2 sk 321/2 .iGeraphy Math.ema tics 5 5 5 5 Religion /-- 2 2 2 2 2 BiolOgy Ad nature study 2 2 2 2 . t6 6 5 , 5 5 115 " 2 4 Drawing. 1/4 2,....- 2 2 ',, .5 4 5 4 4- 2 2 21 1 -Arithmetic.and 4: Music ' 4y'tymnastics I 3 3 algebra, 4 4 4 4

Geometry . 2 2 2 2 2 Source:Swiss Educational Documetation Center. Geneva ,DookkeCping '''' 1 - t (single sheet). History, and c,.. ,cit izenship 2 2 2 2 r \ 4 GeograPhy )2 2 2 2 co

N'aturestudy 2' 2 2 2 1-2. 3 1 Writing 1

Drawing and design , 2 3 g,....t2 1-2 1-2 schooys Technical drawing 2 schbolsOgitielschulen)ormaturity

Shiging I. I 2 111 1.2 1 1 (Maturitaetsschulen). Specific names include Gyrri- 2 Gymnastics . 3 2' 3 2 nasium, Oberrealschisle, Kollegium, hoehere Mittel-

Needlework. etc. . 3 " 3 schule, Kanionschule; college, acadhnie, gymnase; Home economics.. 4 liceo.With admission based on completion of primary school in a few 'cases, but more generally on . 'Numbered 1, 2.and 3 in the school. Source: Swiss Educational Documentation Center, Geneva completion of theadvanced types of lowertecondary (single sheet.). - school, they provide progratnsdesighed specifically to prepare students for unrestricted university admis- The lower middle school may be organized as an sion. Tihey.,usually extend through the 12th or 13th integral part of the upper secondary school.. For year offull--t-ii ne. schooling. a'nd terminate with the k example, the has an 8-year Certificateof maturity '(Maturitaetsatisweis; Gymnasium based on 5 years of primary education. maturit1). More frequently, the lower middle school is separate Ingeneral,academic secondary Jschoolsare and comprises grades 7 to 9 or 7 and 8. Table 5 administered by eargonal authorities, although occa presents the 2-year program (grades 7 and 8) of the sionallybymunicipalitiesornongoverrunerit Untergymnasium of St. Gallen. agencieg such as churches. The Federal Government Total enrollments in all types of lower secondary has no direct responsibility for the scjools. However, schools in 1976-77 was 360,821 (table 1).. sinceeachcitizencanpract hisprofession anywhere in Switzerland, theederal Government has become involved in st'andardizing medical educa- Upper Secondary 'Education tion,: One method, of achieving this was through The five types of secondary schools at the post- regulatingthetequirementsforthematurity compulsory level (as shown in chart . I)are the certificate. academie secondary schools, teacher-training ,Thsti-' Current Federal regulati controlling maturity tutes,commercialschools,generalsecondary certificates( Verordnung uerdie.Anerkennung vdt schools,andpart-time and full-time vocational Maturitaeisausweisen)' we in: )9,68 and amended in 1972. These regutions htve a profound Academic secondary schools. Academic, second- effect on all acaslemic secondary education and alr ary schools as -a group are generallycalled middle have influenced university programs. A.-

-12 1).. N.

The Federal ,Government recognizes fiv peg Of 444.e.Maturity "Certificatesare awarded fromthree maturity certificates reflecting different ram sources, with the Cirst awarding the largest number: . ,emphases, as folloWs: (1) Cantotialsaclemic secondary schools and a small A,Greek..Latili number of privats sehools recognized for this purpose -... . B. Latin-modern language by the Federal GOvernrant (e.g., the Gymnasium.. of C.Mathematics-science t the monastery at Einsiedeln); (2) private schools D. Modern language. 1. . ..s whose students take 'rnaturity itxaminitions adimin- E. Economics and sociology -114/irischaft.swissenschaft) Types A, B, and C represent proge-amV)that have isteredbytheFederalMaturityExamination crommission; and (3)evening sttondary schools P been standard for many years. Types D and E, added o administered,by large cities (Zurich, Basel, Geneva, by the amendments of 1972, prt ided access to lf,.gber education for students wh'specialized in Bern, bausanne,St.Gal1en, and Ltisegte) that modert9 languages but did not also take Latin andiprepare young achiltsforth.. stand*rdi?alurity -.. . examinations. -Ml federa4 recognized ty Atealiffty s,fo; those infields with. a social science emphasis. . suecessful candidates for unrcstricted, ildimission tt Candidates fOr allfive types of certificates are. .. . . examined in their native lanuage (German, French,'. all faculties of the universities. 1 ,,---- In addition to the federally recognized certificatest ". or Italian); in a second offiNal Swiss language; and , t inhistory.geography,mathematics,physiCs. 'some Cantons issue cantonal maniritycertificates chmistry, drawing, and music: In addition, candi- (e.g., in teacher-training or commercialtr'o'grams), dates for type A ,are examined in Latin and Greek; which qualify students for admission to some univer-' for type B. in Latin and the third national lanpage; siO faculties but.glo not provide unrestricted access-to for type C, in descriptive geometry and the .third. higher educ'ation.\,., national language or English; for type D, 1n English Table 6- presents the program of studies for types i. or the third national language or another modern A, B. and C in Geneva. . , language (Spanish. "Russign); for type E,in eco In 1976-77,npper academic year, secondary s.chool nomics and the third national language. enrollments itrere 39,619 (table 1). In 1975-76, 7,337 jia lN

Table 6.Number of hours per week in an academic secondary schoollrellege de Geneve, Gymnase), in type A (classical)', B (Latin), and C (scientific), grades 10 to IN, Canton of.Geneva: 1977r0 fr 6

Classical (A) Latin (B) (C) Subjett Grade'

I .2 31.2 3S2 IL 4S I 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 .... Total . 32 32 32 32 32 32' 30 30 31 30 29 32 33 .29 I

Frvnch . 4 4 .1 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 1 .,, ... German %, 3 3. 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3

Latin.. *, . 5 F; 5 4 .5 5 4 4 5 ,.. Greek . . 6 5 6 4 6 * English 2 2 2 2 *- 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 ,Matbemafics.,. 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 6 5 6 5 . Descriptive geometry 2 2 2 3 Geography 2 2 .. 2 2 3 History 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

% Philosophy 2 2 3 2 2 2 f Physics ..., 2 2 -3 I Chemistry ° -.1 2 3 3 2 3 3 Biology / 3 ; I 2 2 2 3 2 \ MiiSic 2 . 2 2 2 * 2 2 *History of art, music. theater , . 14

..Physical edUration 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 . 2 2 2

'Numbered I through 4 in the school. 2L =literary option: Sr scientific option. 'In' the Latin and scientific types. Italian may be substituted for F.nglish. Source: Swiss Educational Documentation Center, Geneva (single sheet)-,c

. 13 recognizedmaturitycertificateswere the, latter being classified as a subdivIsion of the. awarded, distributed among thc five types as follows: former. A-501; B-3,709; C-2,.282; D-312; and E-533. Mostepf vocational education has been regulated Types B and C accounted for 82 percent of the total. by the Federal Government since 1930 and is pre- General secondary education.A number of Can- "sently operating under the vocational education law tons maitain general secOndary schools thatdo'not of September 20. 1963 (effective April 15, 1965), and lead to a maturity certificate but usually provide 2- the implementing regulations of March 30. 1965. A or 3year programs leading to a diploma. Conse- draftrevisiondf existing laws and regulations, ently as 4,group they are called diploma middle eporron a New Federal Law for Vocational Educa- schocils (Diplommittelschulen) and the education tion (Botschaft zu einem.neuen Bundesgesetz ueber level achieved by their graduates is called middle die Berufsbildung), was presented by the Govern- maturity(mittlereReife).Theseschoolswere ment .to the Federal Assembly (Legislative Body) oh developed primarily to provideogeneral education for January 26, 1977. As of late 1978, the draft was still girls and women who did not enroll in the academic under discussion. t secondary school but who desired more education In 1975 regulations were in effect for vocational than that provided by the compuliory school, or who education in 269 occupations, including preservice, I needed additional general education as a prere- and inservice education ir .technical fields (e.g.. quisite for some specialized programs (e.g., prepar- engineering technologies),industry,trades, com- ing them to be kindergarten or domestic science merce, banking, insurance. transportation: home teachers). These objectives are indicated in.the titles economics. and other service occupations. They of some of the classes and schools: Continuation, regulate apprenticeship contracts, vocational school-. connecting, or preparatory classes (Fortbildungs- ing, terminal examinations, inseevice training, arid `\ Anschluss: und Vorbereitungsklassen); schools for Federal subsidies. daughters .(Toechterschulen); and higher secondary The vocational education law does not regulate school, general cultural section (Gymnase: Section training for occtipations in the fields of education. culture génrale).. nursing.social welfare, scienceN art,agriculture, Completion of the prograins of these schools leads forestry, and fisheries. to intermediate professions generally in paramedical, Administration of the Federal law is the responsi- social welfare, and educational fields,the latter bility of the Canton& which draw for assistance upon usually in kindergartens, domestic science, and art the, Federal Department of Public Economy with its schools. They are gradually losingtheir purely'Office of Industry, Trades, and Labor, arid Division "daughter" school character and becoming coeduca- s4f Agriculakre. The Cantons also encourage the tional. In '1976-77 they enrolled 11,434 students. active participation of labor and tra-ae organizations. Vocational and technical education (including The most coml.-non form of vocational education commercial schools) and teacher education will be consists of apprenticeship in a public or private discussed in separate sections. enterprise with the acpmpanying general or theoret- ical education" being offered in part-time vocational schools. A second form combines both practical and VOCATIONAL EDUCATION theoretical training in full-time vocational schools. Vocational education (berufliche Ausbildung or Berufsbildung) is a broadwoncept including all types of upper seconclart education except general educa- Apprenticeship $tith Part-Time Vocational tion and teacher education, and extending in iome Education cases (notably in technical fields)into the tertiary level.BoththeFederal Department of Public In 1975 approximately 70 percent of the'boys and Economy, which has primary responsibilityfor 33 percent of the girls who completed the compulsory Feder& participation in vocational education -(see school level entered an apprenticeship combined p. 7), and the Federal StatisticalOffice use the term with part-time vocational education. The practical in this sense. Vocational education is job-oriented, training is supervised by an apprenticeship instructor emphasizing practical training in a specific vocation, (Lehrmeister)inapublic or privateenterprise accompanied by tyhateVer additional education isaccording to specific requirements laid down by needed to entar the vocatiOn. No sharp distinction Federal regulations. The theoretic-al subject matter between vocational and technical ectucation is made, ast4well as additional general education required for

14 4 the specific trade or occupation is offered in a part- shown on the chart at the postsecondary level. They time vocational school (Berufsschule), usually 1 day are not, however, of university level. per week. Commercial schools. Full-time commereial The major types of part-time vocational schools schools generally offer a 3-year program leading to a are trade and industrial schools (Gewerbliche Berufs- diploma (HaVelidiplomschulen) or a 4.year pro- schulen),commercialschools(Kaufmaennischegram leading to a cantonal certificate of maturity Berufsschulen),andschoolsof r design(Handelsmaturitaetsschulen). Comparable schools in (Kunstgewerbeschulen). The latter frequently are French Cantons and in Ticino are, respectively, e, cole full-timeschools. Correspding d signationsin superteure de commerce and scuola superiore di French and Italian are, reildectively, apentissage et commercio. Both types of programs may be offered cours cornplementaires professionales, cycle d'orien- in the same school. The diploma is the equivalent of lationcommerciale,andtirocinioecorsi per the certificate of proficiency awarded by the corre- apprendisti, scuola commerciale. The length ofspondingpart-timeschoolwithapprenticeship apprenticeship varies from 2 to 4"Years, depending . (Kaufmaennische Berufsschule). Graduates gener- cm the field. Upon completing the program students ally enter business or continue their education. Grad- takea terminalexamination(Lehrabschluss. uates of both the diploma anal the maturity schools pruefung) and receive a Federal certificate of profi. may enter advanced programs in the same field. ciency (Eidgenoessisches Faehigkeitszeugnis). Holders of the cantonal certificate of maturity also : Laige industries frequently conduct a completemay enter some faculties of the universities. The vocational education program for their apprentices,diploma schools ire considered part of vocational including thepArt.timetheoretical and generaleducation. The maturity, programs, however, are training required by Federal regulations. considered part of general .education leading to In 1968 a more advanced type of part-time voca higher education. tional school for especially able students, known as' the yocational middle school (Berufsmittelschule), The add/tion in 1972 of the E-ty.pe maturity certi- was introduced to strengthen the theoretical andficate (eConomics and sociology) to the federally general education of the vocational school. The recognizedcertificatesprovidedacertificlateof Vocational middle school usuallY consists of three maturity similar to that of the-commercial school but sections general, technical and design. The courseleading.to unrestricted rather than limited university adrnission. The type E certificate is usually offered in typically lasts 6 seMesters, each of 20 weeksturation,- with 1 full day or its equivalent of instruction per academic secondary sehoole with a business emphasis (Wirtschaftswissoushaftliches Gymnasium). There is week... 'Common subjects are the native language, foreign language, and current history. These aresubstantial duplication in the progwm a these . augmented by subjects dealing with the particularschools and tahat of .the Handelsinaturitaetsschule (the commercial school with the 4.year program). trade and by some electives. -,. Since only the former leads.to a certificate of matti- rity that provides unrestricted university admission, Secondary Full-time Vocational Schools itis conceivable that it will eventually replace the latter entirely. Full-time vocational schools may be cantonal, AtpTransportation andcommlnicationschools. municipal, or private. They receive Federal financialThese schools (Verkehrsschulen) are often organized support and in many cases some support from tradeunder a common administrative staff with a com- associations. mercial school. They provide a .2-year program Full-time vocational schools include a great variety leadingtoadiploma specificallydesignedfor of types which may, however, .be classified into two entrance into the Federal railroad, communications groups by levelthose that accegt students upon(mail, telegraph), and excise tax service. completion of compulsory education, and those that require a higher level of training or experience for Trade, and industrial schools.-- In a number of admission. The former include commercial schools trades and industries, full-tirne schools offer com- leading to a diploma, transportation and comMuni- bined programs of practical, theoretical, and general cation schools, trade and industrial schools, schools education equivalent to the dual system of- appren. of design, and schools of agriculture and home eCo- ticeship and part-time schooling. Notable among nomics. The latter include-higher technical institutes,these are the workshops known as Lehrwerkstaetten and other advanced specialized schools that arein German, ateliers in French, and scuole cantonale

15 d'art!' e mistiere in Italian. These provide training inquently called colleges of engineering (Ingenieur- 'metal trades-, textiles, and other fiHdst leading to theschulen) or Technikum,train eniineering staffs Federal proficiency, certificate. In reality, the full- beycind the scope of secondary technical education time schools provide a broader program than the-teat below that of the university. Table 7 presents the part.tirle schools so that their graduates generally 15full-timeinstitutesinthis group and the 8 -have areadvantage in applying for admission to more equivalent part-time or evening institutes that have advanced schools. been developed in recent years. The latter meet the Schoolsofclfsign.The schoolsofdesign standards o( the former but require a longer period

,(Kunstgewerbeschulen, beaux arts, arts decoratifsrof time to complete the program. centro Icolastico industrie artistiche) offer programs in graOtic arts and design, generally in 3-yqar pro: Table 7.Higher technical institutes (Hoehere -Technitche grams leading to a diploma. .Graduates may enter Lchranstalteta,HTL) with e,prtillments: 1975 numerous occupations in industry -or ,continue to advanced education, especially in the fine arts. Location Enrollment The Schools of agriculture and home economics. Total 6,886 schoolsofagriculture° (Landwirtschaftsschulen, d'agricullure, scuole agricole) arc adminis Full-time tere(1 by the Division of Agriculture of the Federal Department of Economics. They generally offgr full- Total 5,118 time programs', in winter 'months only, over a 2.Year Winterthur 706

period. Various programs in home economics are Bienne . . 404

. 524 offeredbycantonalandmunicipalschools Burgdorf Fribourg 196 auswirtschaftsschulen, me'nagres, scuole Geneva . . 985

donomia domestica). Numerous Cantons coMbine IA'.1 Ic 311

a ricultural or home economics educatidn withaddi- Luga no!Trevano . 89

tional general education in someschools (A llgemeine LauNanne% Yverden . . 225 und landwirtschaftlicheForibildungssi.hulen, Lucerne . 317 St. Imier 37 e'coles hauswirtschaftlicheFortbildungsschulen; Basel- Mutton, . 460

complementatres agricoles rrthwOres et de.,culture Brugg-Windisch . 283 gene rale).. Buchs 215 In 1976-77 there were 190.399 students engaged in Rapperswil 319 vocational education at the secondary school level, I.ausanne (1cTle romande des arts graphiques) 47 89 percent of whom wpere in part-time programs Evening (table 1): . Total 1,768 Pospecondary Vocational Schools Zurich 595 St. Gallen 148 Vocational And technica'1, schools, with eiltrance Bern 315 requirements hither than completion of compulsory Geneva. . 152 schooling occupy aposition between the upper Lucerne 114 secondary and university levels. They are shown on Lausanne . 155 Grenchen (S0) 158 the chart as higher wchnical institutes and special- Chu r ; 131 ized schools. Although their primary purpose is to train students for advanced positions that do not Source:Schweuerische Schu1statuttk,1975/1976. Genf. Schw. require a university degree, they also qualify students DokumentatiortsItclle fuer Schul- und Bildungsfragen.1977. in many cases to matriculate at the universities or P. 40. institutes of technology. The major groups in.this category are the higher technical institutes, the tech- Candidates for admission generally must have nicians schools, and the higher schools of economics completed a vocational training program and must and administration'. possess a certificate of proficiency. Inexceptional Higher Technical In.stitutes or Colleges of Engi- cases a candidate may present the required general neering.,--- The 'higher techniCal institutes (1-loehere education and evidence of successful practical expe- Technische Lehranstalten, liTL; ecoles techniques rience in the pertinent subject area. Holders of the superieures, ETS; scuole tecnica superiore, STS) fre-elachemic secondary schocertificate of maturity are

16 , examined in general education only and. mast corn,t Other specialized schools.In addition'tothe plete at least 11/2 years of experience in the field they schools described above, there are various specialized wish to pursue before being admitted to the technical schools (Fachschulen) under cantonal,municip:y,or institute. private administration that provide training in nar Courses require 6 semesters of full-time study or row fields. These include hotel 'Schools, schoolsfor the equiv'alent in part-time study. Programs are of; druggists. textile schools, schools for building trades. fered in 16 fields (not all in every institution): (1) Ar- schools for librarians, and schools for chccsemaking, chitectural engineering, (2) urban planning, (3) land- gardening, fOrestry, fruiqand winegrowing. In many trades advanced inservice training\pro- _ scape architecture, (4) civil engineering, (5) survey- ing,'(6) mechanical.engineering, (7) automobile en- grams terminate withcOminations. Some of the gineering, (8) microengineering, (9) chemistry, (10) training for these examinations is carried on in voca chemical engineering, (l\1) plastics engineering, (12)°norm! and technical schools and some in training electrical engineerink,.(13) nuclear engineering, (14) centers maintained by, trade or industrial associa- medical engineering, and (15) printing engineering. tions. Schools that are not included under-the law con- After completing 6 semesters, students must pre- trolling vocational education, such as schools of sent a 3week written assignment and take.both oral social work or school,s, for paramedical professions, andwrittenexaminations. 'Thetypicaldegree are administered bycantonal authtorities and in some awardedisengineer-technicianfollowed by the cases by the Swiss Red Cross. designationoftheschool(Ingenieur-Techniker HTL;d'ingAieur-technicien ETS;ingegnere- Swiss Institute for Vocational Education tecnico STS). Technicians Schools.Intreased complexity of The Swip Institute -foic, Vocational Education industrial technology has created a need for highly (SchweizerischesInstitut fuer Berufspaedagogik)2 trained technicians at a level between that of the established May 17. 1972, represents an important forward step both in training vocational teachers (to vocationalschoolgraduateandthegraduate engineer-technician. In recent years special institu- be discussed in a following section) and in developing , teaching materials. The institute maintains a docu tions (Technikerschulen) havebeL developed within the framework of inservice education. In 1975 there mentation center on vocational education, evaluates were 20 such schools wA varying lengths and. levels teaching aids and materials. and promotg research. of trainLing. The_draft vocational education taw ofIn 1975 the documentation center distfibuted 10 all 1977 includes a section designed to standardize these shipments of teaching materials. Courses for schools and define requirements for them. Graduates general education subjects accompanying vocational of these schools' will be aut6orized to use the title education have been revised, and cursesIor voca- tional subjects in various fields are in the process of technician, technicianS school (Techniker TS). being revised. Enrollment in technical fields at-the higher educa- Oon le'vel (not including the two university-level insti tutes of technology) in 1976-77 was 8,046 (table, 1). SPECIAL EDUCATION 'Higher schools of economics and administration. ,The need kir special educatioh for physically and In recent years six higher schbols of economics and mentally handicapped children has long been recog- administfation (HoehereWirischafts- und nized in Switzerland. Splial classes or special schools,

, waltungsschiden) have been,established to provide arc available during the compulsory school period in advanced training for graduates of cOmmercialall Cantons. Geneially pupils who cannot progress apprenticeships with part-time 'schooling or holders (hrough the primary school at the normal pace are of diplomas or maturity certificates of commercial grouped in small classes within the school. For those schools who in addition have extensive successful with extreme handicaps, special schools araiPmain- experienceinbusiness or publicadministrationletained suchas those for the mentally retarded, the These schools enable their graduates to qualify forblind, and the deaf and dumb. Wherever possible. advanced positions in business or administration. rftaladjusted but normally intelligent children attend The program consists of a 1-year preliminary cOurse regular schools where there are special programs And followed by a 2-year main course. In the' last 2 guidance for them. semesterssomespecializationispossible(e.g., Some special schog are publitc institutions main- accounting, marketing, or adminis(ration). tained by the Cantons orilarge cities, while others are 17 private and are frequently maintained by religiousstu4 and use the teaching materials of the Canton in organizations. Private schools receive financial assist-which they are located. Others have complete free- ance from cantonal and local authorities and to sOmedom in establishing their curriculum. extent from the Federal Government. About .75 Approximately 9 percent of all students below the public institutions and numerous small private onesuniversity level (preschool through non-university provide boarding facilitik. Enrollments in specialhigher education) are enrolled in private schools, classes and special schools at the primary and lowertwo-thitds of them in scliools that receive some secondary level in 1976-77 totaled 40,155. Federal public funds. The highest percentages occur it t the statistics do not distinguish between the two levelsupper secondary level (24 15ercent) and the non- and include both under the primary (the larger) university higher education level (43 percent). group (table 1). .-

PRIVATE SCHOOLS AUXILIARY SCHOOL SERVICES Private schools exist in substantial numbers and are authorized in all Cantons. They can be classified-Guidance Services in four groups; The Vocational Education Act of 1963 devoted an I. Schools that parallel or replace the public elementary and entire chapter to guidance and established principles secondary schoOls and offer essentially the same programs. thathavebeenretainedinsubsequentacts. These are found most frequently in Cantons with a Roman Guidance services are the responsibility of sthe Can- Catholic majority. Since these schools generally receive financial support from the Cantons. they may be con tons, each of which maintains a central guidance sidered to have quasi-official status. agency staffed with trained personnel. The Federal . Government promotes gui ance services by pro- 2: Schools that enroll primarily foreign students and enable'viding financial support. them to obtain the diplomas or leaving certificates of their Guidance 'services are or anized at the commu- own countries (e.g.. the American school at Leysin offers nity, regional, and canton 1level. In 18 Cantons American-type high school certificates.and has recently expanded io the bachelor's degree level on the American illese services are administe ed by. the Department pattern). This group also incl.ides schools that specializein of Education, in 6 by the-Department of Com- commercial and foreign languageiraining. A large number merce, and in1 by the Department of Interior. of these are members of a Central associatitiri of private The Swiss Association for Vocatiottal Guidance, schools (Zentralverband Schweizerische Erziehungsinanule (Schweizerischer Verband fuer Berufsberatung), es- und Privaischulen). tablished in 1902, cooperates with all agéncies con, 3. Vocational schools conducted and financed by trade asso- cerned with guidancein schools, industrief, ciations or by industries. These maintain close relatipnships eminent departments, private associations, and in- with the corresponding public institutions and are subject stsitutes, It promotes and-conducts preservice and in- to. the Federal and cantonal regulations for vocational service training for guidance personnel and serves as slucation. an information center for all aspects of guidance ser- 4. Swiss schools in foreign countries. These receive substantial vices. Federal subsidies. In addition. each school usually has a InGerman-speaking Switzerlandfull-time. A "patron" Canton ,in Switzerland that supplies it with mate . guidance persoqnel are trained primarily by .the rials and frequently furloughs some of itsown teaChers to Institute for Applied Psychology in Zurich,and by the wOrk in tht school. Swiss Association for Vocational:Guidance. The asso- Since the language of instruction in the schools of.ciation)in cooperation with cantonal education Betn, the capital city, is German, a rivate school, departinehts, also provides a 2-year part-time train-4( "Ecole de langue françaire" has been established to ingprogramforteachers whoparticipatein provide instructibninthe French language for guidance services in the schools. In French-speaking *, children of Federal employees from the French- Switzerland, guidance personnel are trained- ai the . speaking Cantons and children of foreign diplomats universities. who prefer Frenth to German as the language of Guidance in the schoolsgenerally begins in the last instruction. .The school is subsidized both by theyear of compulsory education, but the trend is to Federal Government:and the Canton of Bern. start it earlier. The service is lorovided by teachers The private sehopts that include the compulsory who have had the special training described above.or period and enroll Swiss children follow the course of try fulj- time cbunselors. .o 18 at) Academic and professional guidance at the univer- offeredinthe same schoolsthattrain primary sity level is organized centrally in almost all Cantons. teachers. These courses frequently have a distinctive An intercantonal organization serving several Can; name 41cole normale pour maitresses enfantines. tonshas been establishedinLucerne (lentral-Candidates enter these courses upon completing schweizerische Beratungsstelle). compulsory education; Courses last 3 or 4 years and are similar in emphasis to those in German-speaking Medical, Psychological, and Social Services" areas. One Canton, Geneva, requires kindergarten teachers to have received a secondary school cer- Medical, psychological, and social services are the tificate of maturity and to have completed a 3-year responsibility, of the Cantons, in sOrne cases of the ., training course at the university. cities, with financial support from the Federal level. In 1976-77 the total enrollment in training courses The most important services include: Health educa- for kindergarten teachers was 1,992 (table 1). tionprogramsrequiredbytheFederalAnti- Tuberculosis Law, periodic physical examinations of Primary School Teachers pupils and teachers, sChool dental services, supervi- In most Cantons, primary school teachers are sion of sanitary facilities in the schools, examination trained in 4- or 5-year institutes (Lehrersemmarien), ofchildrentodetermine schoolreadiness(as whichthey enter after completing compulsory educa- required), and services for handicapped children. tion. The 4-year institutes usually offer general edu- These seryices are frequemly centered in large cationandpedagogical ' traipingconcurrently. cities and serve rural ateas with mobile teams. Graduates receive a diploma (Lehrer Patent), and in TEACHER EDUCATION addition, in some Cantons, a cantonal certificate of maturitythatadmits themto someuniVersity Except in the vocational field, teacher education is faculties. , the responsibility of the Cantons, which issue regula- Two_Cantons, Geneva and 'Basel-City, requir0 pro- tions, courses of study, and examination require-spective primary school teachers to acquirettie ments and providecertification(certificatesof secondary school certificate of maturity and enter the maturity in some cases). Programs are offered at the university for training courses of 2. years' duration at secondary level, higher education level,or both, Basel and of yearsat Geneva. The courses depending on the education levelat which the emphasize pedag gical d'aining and teaching prac- teacher will Lee employed. tice,since stude its have completed their general In 1976-77 the total enrollment in teacher educa- education before entry. tion was 15,923 at the secondary level and 3,720 at Five-year programs are usudlly divided into two the non-university higher education level (table 1). parts, with the lower (Unterseminar) offering general Figures on enrollments of prospective teachers aAt the educittion at the secondary level, and the upper universities are not av'ailable. (Oberseminar) offering pedagogical training at the postsecondary level. Holders of certificates of matu- Kindergarten Teachers rityfrom academic secondary schoolsarealso InGerman-speakingCantons,kindergarten qualified for admissien to the Upper level. institutes teachers are usually trained in special Lower Secondary School Teachers - (Kindergaertnerinneoseminarien)attheupper secondary level (extending in some case's into the Teachersforlowersecondaryschools postsecondary level). These institutes may be can- (Oberschulen,Realschulen,Sekundarschulen) tonal, municipal, or private. Candidates for admis- usually enter teacher-training programs upon receiv- 86, mon. must be 1,7 or 18 years old with 10 years (9 in ing a secondary school certificate of maturity or the primay school teachets certificate. Three-year train- some cases) of general education. This educatibn _

usually has been.obtained by attendance in the corn- ing prrams forlower. secondaryteachers' are ) 1 - pulsory schools and then in the general secondary offered 13departments of education at universities, schools.Entrance,' examinations include singing, or in a few cases (irnasel, St. Gallen, and Aargau) in drawing,handicrafts, and gymnastics. Trainingh gher teacher-training institutes independent of the courses last 2 or 3 years and emphasize chiid psychol- u iversities. Courses include psychOlogy, pedagogy, ogy, sociology, music, and handicrafts. and practical training. Teachers are trained in sub-

. In most French-speaking Cantons and in Italian- ject groups, either language-history or mathematics-

speak)ilig Ticino,.training courses generally arescience. Upon completing the course they receive.a

19 4

diploma.(Sekundarlehrerpatent.) that specifies the stenography are supplied by pfofessibnai tationg,

subject group they are authorized to teach. in these subject areas. k. Teachers of Special Subjects Upper Secondary School Teachers Training courses of different lengths are offered by

Teachers for the upper secondary school(Gym- a variety of institutionsforteachers of music, nasium, gymnase, co114e, liceo) must be university drawing, and gymnastics. Teachers of these subjects graduates. Subject-matter study in two or three fields normally hold general elementary or secOndaryCerti- ". is completed at the university, usually in 8 semesters. ficates and teach one or more subjects in additinn to Following this, psychological and pedagogical train- their specialty. ing is provided in I- or 2-year seminars organized in Teachers of home economics and h ndicrafts are some cases by universities and in others by cantonal trainedin specializedinstitutes(HauIwrschafts. authorities. These seminars lead to teacher certifica;lehrerinnenseminare,instituts ménaOres, docenti tion.In French-speaking. Cantons, graduates are economica domestica). Coursesusuaily last 2 to 4 assigned to lower secondary schools for some experi- years and follow- a completed generalor' vocational ence before obtaining permanent assignments at the education program. upper level. Teachers for the Handicapped

Vocational/Technical School Teachers efts Teachers for special classes or Tecial schools for the handicapped(*Sonderschulen,lasses spiciales) Requirements for training vocational teachers are,tusually hold general teachingcertificates and have included in Federal regulations for vocational educa- had successfulteaching experience with normal tion, but admi;n1§tration of the schools is the respon- children. Specific training for special education is sibility of the individual Cantons. Teachers for trade offered in university institutes (in Basel, Geneva, and andindustrialschoolsconstitutetwogroups: Fribourg) or in a comparable private institute in Teachers of general subjects and teachers of voca- Zurich. Because of a shortage of trained special edu- tional subjects. The former are drawn from elemen- cationteachers, some Cantons organizespecial tary or secondary teachers with succeisful teaching courses for primary school teachers who mustbe experience or qualified holders of maturity certifi- assigned to special classes. kates who complete a 4-semester course conducted by the Swiss Institute for Vocational Education, empha- U niversity Professors sizing the native language, political and economic University professors are selected from candidates studies, general business,accounting, and peda- who have completed outstanding doctoral disserta- gogical studies, including practice teaching. tions and have continued their research activities. Teachers of vocational subjects 'at the secondary Prospective professors generally begin as assistants at level that are also offered at.an advanced level at the the university and proceed through intermediate higher technical institutes(HTL, ETS)must com- ranks as research assistants And lecturers. To attain plete the pertinent course at a higher technical insti- the highest rank (ordinary professor), a candidate tute and have practical experience in order to teach must perform significant research,write a second in the vocational schools. In subjectsnrot offered by dissertation,and present demonstration lectures the higher technical institutes, candidates must have before his colleagues. a cestificate of cornpletionfrom a technicians school or have passed the Advanced vocationalexamination Inservice Training that is requirmir the master's diploma. In addition they must have completed a 2-semester course in psy- Inservice training was initiated in the past primar- chology, pedagoe, and.practjce teaching conducted ily by teachers' organizations to improve the quality by the Swiss Institute for Vocational Education. ofthe professionand toassistteachers in keeping The majority of teachers in part-time and full- abreast of the times. In recent years, as school time commerCialschools(Kaufmaennisc he reformsandreorganizationincieased,school Berufsschulen, Handelsdiplomschulen)are urtiver- authorities recognized the need for inservice training sky graduates. Language teachers in these schools and established it ondlegal basis in many Cantons. may be university graduates, graduates oflanguage Cintonal and regional institutes were established to schools, or "practitioners." Teachers of typing and develop,and offer the necessary courses.

20 2i 4 a

For teachers at the compulsory school level botii Organization and Control mandatoryand elective inservice courses have been TheFederalInstitutesofTechnology.The developed. The former are frequently offered during FederalInstitute of Technology the school day, the latter during vacation periods, (Eidgenoesszsche Techni.sche Hockschule, ETH)at Zurich, founded in frequently in2-or 3-week sessions.Participants 4855, was the first Federal educational institutionin generallyreceivecompensationtocovertheir Switzerland. Its French-speaking counterpart,Ecole expenses. Polytechnique FMerale de Lausanne(EPFL), was Teachers' organizations beyond the compulsory founded as a priv.ate technical school in 1853. In school level have also been active in inservice pro- 1869itwas incorporatedinto the Academy of grams. The academic secondary school teachers' Lausanne, which became' the University of Lausanne association (Verein schweithrischer Gymnasiallehrer) with lk affiliated subject-matter associations, has in WO, In 1969 it Was transferrAi from the univer- sity /to Federal control as the Federal Institute of been patikularly active and has conducted a major Te hnology at Lausanne. Both institutions offer the study conierence every 4 years. At the request of this foll1bwing courses:Civil engineering;agricultural association,.theSwissConferenceof Cantonal en ineering and surveying; mechanical engineering; Directors of Education organized the Swiss Center for el ctrical engineering;physics, chemistry, mathe- the InservieEducationofSecondarySchool -. atics; materials (metallurgy, concrete, etc.), and Teachers(SchweizerischeZentralstelle fuerdie a, chitecture. Wei(erbildung der Mittelschullehrer, WBZ)which assumed its activities in 1968 and has taken leader- "fable8.Uoiwrsities and equivalent institutions with date If" ship in inservice.training. at' this level. Programs are founaed and enrollments: Winter semester, 1976-77 conducted annually, with expenses being shared by the Federal Government and by the1Cantons, which _ Date provide additional funds to reimburse participants at Institution founded Enrollment # least partially for their expenses. _ The inservice training of vocational teachers has Total 54;198 /-* been in operation for many years and is now the University of Basel 1460 5471 responsibility of the Swiss Institute for Vocational University of Bern . 1834 6863 Education, augmented by inservice activities of the University of Fribourg 1889 3969 trade associations. University of Geneva 1559 7849 In recent years teachers and teachers organiza University of Lausanne 1890 4631 University of Neuchatel 1909 1753 tions have taken an increasingly active part in school University of Zurich 1833 12791 reorganization, curriculum study and revisions, and Federal Institute of Technology. school reform deliberations. The conference of teach- Zurich 1855 7156 ers'associations(Konferenz der Schweizer:Schen Federal Institute of "fechnology. Lausanne 1969 1857 Lehrerorganisationen, KOSLO)andits member School of Economics. Business, and ..)// assciciations work closely with the educational au- Pubhc iidministration. St. Gallen .. 1899 1696 thorities at all levels so that teachers are exerting an .Theological Faculty. Luceene' .*. . 1970 162 increasing influence on all aspects of school affairs. °In existence since the 17th Century, .the Faculty wis granted the right to award degrees in 1970. Sourceilliktes of founding Eugene Egger and Emire Blanc. UNIVERSITIES AND EQUIVALENT Education iwitzerland.Geneva: Swiss Educational Documenta ORcANIZATIONS tionCenter, 19,74. p.23. Enrollmonts Eidgenoessisches Statistisches Amt.Studenten.statistik,Wintersemester 1976/77. The university level consists, of two Federal in- Been, 1977. p. 9. stitutes of technology, seven cantonal general univer- sities, the School of Economics, Business and Public The Institiite of Technology at Zurich, in addition Administration at St.Gallen, and a theological to the above, offers biological sciences, forestry, mili- facility at Lucerne. A general university is in the ad- tary science, pharmacy, and physical education. The vanced planning stage at Lucerne and will absorb Federal Institute for Reactor Research and the Swiss. the faculty of theologyjable 8 presents a list ofthe' Institute for Nuclear Research are both affiliated 11 institutions with M dates of founding andwith it. number of students enrolled in the winter semester of The general Universities.-The sevengeneral 1976-77.- universities are-tontrolled by the Cantons in which

21 they are located. Three (Basel, Bern, and Zurich) are Although theuniversitywillbe administered -locsated in German-speaking Cantons and use Ger- by the Canton of Lucerne, it will be supported by man as the language ofinstruction. The other four other Cantons through an interuniversitycon. (Geneva-, Lausanne, Neuchatel, and Fribourg) are in cordat, including the Cantons of Lucerne, Uri, French.speaking Cantons and use French as the Schwyz, Obwalden, Nidwalden, and Zug. Additional language of instruction. Fribourg also uses German Cantons can participate in the support of the new extensively. university by adopting the concordat. Because of its intergantonal nature, the new university will be The universUies are divided into sixfaculties: named officially the Central Swiss University of Theology.law,economics ' andsocialscience, Lucerne (Zentralschweizer (4niversitaet Luzern). medicine,arts (German: 'PhilosophieI;French: Major fields of study will be arts and...sciences; lettres),and sciences .(German:PhilosophieII; law,economics, and French: sciences). A major task of the arts and psychology ancii education; political science; and theology (the existing faculty of. sciences faculties is the sUbject.matter training of theology). Each department will accept students as prospective secondary school teachers. All seven uni- soon as fadilities and staff are available. It isantici- versities offer some courses in all faculties; but since. pated that all departments will be in operation not the universities vary widely .in size, they also differ later than the 1982 academic year. substantially in the number and scope of-courses they can offer. Administration and Finance In addition to the faculties, some 'universities nrintain programs or* institutes not assi6ed to a Universities are essentially self-governing bodies, particular faculty; e.g., a school to train gymnastics two at the Federal level, the others at thecantonal teachers (Basel, Bern. Geneva, Neuchatel); a school level. Broadly speaking, general administrative and of psychology and educational science (Geneva); and fiscal matters are supervised brFederal or cantonal 41. a school for interpreters (Geneva). authorities, while academic administration is con- ducted by the universities themselves. The S. Gallen School of Economics, Business,and General. supervision of each university is exercised Public Administration (Hochschule fuer Wirtschafts. by a university council (Universitaetsrat) consisting of The St. qiillen School is und Sozialwissenschaften). representAvesofthecantonal(orFederal) maintained jointly by the. Canton and Nbe city of St. authorities, the chief,.cantonal education officer ex is German. Gallen. The language of ihstruction officio, representatives of scienific, business, and departments are in business administration,public affairs interesti, and me+ers of the univer . economics, jurisprudence, technology and natural',sity itself (the rector ex officio, repr entatives of the sciences, and cultural sciences. Specialized Work is -academic staff, and of the studentody). . carried on in a number of attached institutes: Swiss The legislative body within thEuniversity is the InternationalEconomics,Regionid Institutefor senate (Senat),chaired' by the rector and represent- Studies and 'Market Research; Swiss Institute ofing an parts of the university. The rector and his Public Adrhinistration; Swiss Research Institute ofassistants constitute the executive staff. The rector, Small Business; Institute of Insurance Economics; nominated by the senate and elected by the univer. Institute of Business Management; Latin American sity counc',fulfills his responsibilities on a full-time InitituterInstitutefor Tourism and Transport basis. 1-li hiefassistantisanadministrative Economy; Institute of Public Finance and Fiscal s cretary, responsible forgeneral management and and Law; Institute for Marketing and Distribution; fisca maiters. A senate committee consisting of the Instabte of Banking. rectoind six to eight representatives of the senate The Central Sw4sUniversity of Lucerne. condikts day-to-day operations between meetings of Because of sharply increasing university enrollments, the, senate as a whole. plans for expanding the university system have been Under the highly decentralizrd pattern of Swiss in progress for several years. The two most advanced education, universities traditionally were financed by plans were to found new institutions at Aargau and the Cantons in which they are located. Thus a small Lucerne. Because of financial problems, plans for number of Cantons provided, higher education for the institution at Aargau were su5pended,4n. 1977. the country as a 'whole. Consitiuently. the need for a Plans for a university at Lucerne, however, are pro- more equitable distribution ofthe costs of higher ceeding on schedule. The faculty of theology already education became a major issue leading to increased in existence will become part of the new university. Federal participation in education. Current Federal

22 4 .. participation in higher education was established by usually require 2 to 4 years of study beyond the first. the Federal Law for the Promotion of Higher Educa- The typical degree is the doctorate (Doktor, Docteur) tion of June 28, 196b4Bundesgesetz ueber die in the specific field of study (e.g., Dr. med., M.D.). Hochschulfoerderung). In 1974-75, 670ercent of Table 9 presents the total number of degrees isSued the costs of university education and research for the by the 11 universities in 1975. country as a whole were provitled by the Federal

Government. 41, Table 9.Number of diplomas and doctorates awarded by In 1965 the Federal Council had established a univertities and equivalent institutions,' by major scientific council (Wissens' chaftsrat), to serve as an fields: 1975 advisory body for higher education and research. Following a 1971 revision of the 1968 law concerning Institution ( Total Diplomas Doctorates

Federal participation, the Government formed the 'Teal 6,656 4,972 14584 Swiss University Council (Schweizerische Hochschul- Federal Institutes of konfere nt to improve coordination among the uni- Techmlogy 1,121 869 252 versities,e Federal Government, and the Cantons. Universities and the two .-., othet equivalent University Admission institutions 5,535 4,103 1,432

Arts 87.3 663 . 210 All holders of federally recognized Swiss maturity Economics rand social certificates types A to E are eligible for unrestricted sciences 1,060 920 140 admission to any university faculty. Applicantf with Law 582 455 127 Medicine 1,683 1.043 640 foreign credentials are accepted on the basis of com- Sciences 92)4 691 283 parability with Swiss requirements. Admission to Theology 101 82. 19 meaical faculties is limited to holders of tile Swiss Other .... 262 249 13 maturity, certificate. Cantonas1 certificates of matu- rity provide admission to some faculties. Graduates Source:.EidgenoessischesStatistischesAmt.Statistik,des of higher technical institutes with good records are Hochschulwesens in der Schweiz, 1975/76.4Bern, 1977. P. 62. admitted to the Federal institutes of technology. An unusually Jarge number of Swiss university In addition to first-degree examinations given by stuaents,19 percent,are foreigners. *This fact, the universities, comparable examinations, known as coupled with 'the increasini demand for higher extra-university examinations, are given by cantonal eclocation by Swiss secondary schoolgraduates. has authorities for lawyers, .notaries, and especially for resulted in a sharp.increase in university enrollments, secondary school teachers who complete their peda- from 35,972 in 1967-68 to 54,198 in 1976-77, an, gogical training in cantonal seminars after leaving increase of 51 percent in 9 years. Consequently there "the university. Some examinations are also given by has been active discussion in recent years on the church authorities in theological fields. In 1975, a advisability of establishing a numerous clausus, that totalof 852 extra-university examinations were is, restricted enrollments in overcrowded fields. 0 only spedfic step taken in this direction is the restric- tion of medical education to holders of the Swiss OTHER HIGHER EDUCATION maturity certificate. INSTITUTIONS 3 Chart 1 presents three groups of institutions at the Programs of Studies ind Degrees higher education level: (1) Universities and institutes Programs of studies and degrees are offered at two of technology, (2) teacher-training institutes, and levels. The first requires 3 or 4 years of study and (3) higher technical training scnools and other spe- leads to a diploma (Diplom) in German-language cializedinstitutions. The firsttwo groups have universities and a licentiate (license) in French- already been discussed, and many of the institutions Tlanguageuniversities.The dhiplomatrequently in the third group were described in the section on specifies the subject in which it% awarded. Course vocational and technical education. Among the requirements vary among universities. Some univer- schools in this third group however, are' some that sities do not grant a'first-level degree, but grant only have not yet been discusscolleges of art and a second-level degree upon completion of a program rivet and a few other instituns that do not fit into of studies including both levels. Second-level studies Ary general category.

23 Colleges of art and music are genyrally classified at The C:G. Jung Institute (C.C. Jung-In.stitute), founded ir their spe- Zurich in 1948. This research and teaching insthute for ana the higher education level, but because of lytical psychology as conceiVed and developed by Jung provides cialized nature are not included in the .university clinical and professional prrams leading to a diploma and grbup and do not appear in university statistics. The courses and seminars in German and English. It also maintains usual entrance requirement is the secondary .school an international picture archive andgallery. certificate of maturity or demonstrated proficiency study. Graduates at a high level in the deSired field of4 receive a diplor/ta:that qualifies them for professional positions in the field. A number of schools also offer ADULT EDUCATION graduate studies to the doctoral level. Table 10 if i 1 e SwissFederatronforAdultEducation presents a list of these sChools. (Sc wtizerucheVereinigung fuer Erwachsenen- bildung;Fe'carationsuisse pour reducation des Table 10.Schools of art and music with date founded and adults, FSEA) celebratedits 25th anniversary in enrollments (when available): 1975 1976. It has 28 member organizations, most of them private, representing a variety of interests ahd pro-

Date grams. The first organization to join thefederation Institution founded Enrollment was the Associationof Swiss Popular Universities --- (Volkshachschulen), institutions concerned more with Total (partial) 10,681 cultural than with vocational objectives. Other more School of Art of Geneva: recent member, e.g., the Center forContidting .1748 School of Fine Arts . Vocational Education (Zentralstelle fuer berufliche School of Decorative Arts . 1876 Weiterbildung)-- emphasizeincreasedvocational taritonal School of Fine Arts and proficiency. Still others are concerned with civic 1821 120 Applied Art. Lausanne education, parent education,library services,or Academy of Music. Geneva . 1886 ConservatorYand Academy of Music. language training. 1 rribourg . . Federal regulations on secondary school leaving Conservatory of Music. Geneva 1835 300. certificates issued in 1968 (see p. 13) recognizedthe Conservatory of,Music. Lausanne .. 1861 - 1.300 equivalency of certificatrkissued by evening schools Conservatoi y of Music. Neuchatel . . . . to those issued by the standard academicsecondary Consery ory of Music in Bern 1858 Conservat ry and College of Music. schools, thereby providing the opportunity for per- Zurich 1876 3.000 sons who had interrupted theirformal education to Music Acad y of the City of resume it on a part-time basis.Establishment of Basel 1867 2.891 -evening higher technical institutes comparable to the 4.1School of Musc, and Conservatory. correspondingfull-timeinstitutesprovided new Winterthur 1873 2,300 Music Academy. Zurich 1891 770 opportunities for people in technical fields to con- tinue their training to.the highest nonuniversity level. Source; The World. of Learning,1976-77. London: Europa In recent years theconcept of recurrent education, Publications LiMited. 1976. 27th ed. Vol. 2. p. 11h4. promoted bytheUnitedNationsEducational, : _Other specialized schools include the following: Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) The -Minageineni Development Institute (Institute pour and by the Organization for Economic Cooperation l'Etude des Methodes de Directant lEntergrise). founded in and Development (OECD), hasfieen widely discussed Lausanne in 1957. which offers a I.year course leading to a in Switzerland,, a member of both organizations. master's degreeinbusinessadministration (M.B.A.). a 19week course for middle managers. 3-week seminarsfor Recurrent education is defined by OECD as'"a com- senior executives. and a variety qf shortterm general mahage- prehensive educational strategy for all post com- . ment courses. pulsoryorpost-basiceducation,theessential characteristic of which is the distribution of educa- The SwissInsauteforInternationalSttslies (Schwtheilsches Institut fuer A uslandsforschung). founded in tion over the total lifespan of the individual in a Zurich in1943. which conducts research on international recurring way: i.e., in alternation with other activ- affairs. ities, principally with work but also with leisure and retirement." It attempts to remove artificialdistincgt The Textileanikshion School (Textil- Cid Modeschule). tions between full-time and part.time education and a fouhlled in St. Gallen in 1878. which offers courses in textile between education at the adolescent and at the adult design. lace and embroidery. _fashion design, and general training for the textik industry. level.

24 - 4.2 I

The Federal Government has no authority forAorgatiiiation has received substantial Federal funds general education: In 1973 the following constitu-'4o,i4vo promote the development of future scientists. tional amendment was proposed and rejected: In 1971 the Federal Department of the Interior "'The Federal Government may lay down principleson the .and the Swiss Conferente of Cantonal Directors of organization and development of education for adults and out Education jointly founded the Swiss Coordination of school education for adolescents. Center .for Research in Education(Schweizerische Recurrent education, therefore, aside from voca- Koordinationsstelle fuer Bildungsforschung) to 'pro- tional training, remains strictly a cantonal function. mote exAlange of information and cooperation Several Cantons have taken legislativeaction to among agencies and individuals concerned with define their,responsibilities in this field. Most'of the Neducationalresearch,educationa ractice,and acfivity in recurrent education .continues to becar- educational administration. , ried on by pTivate groups with substantial aid from Switzerland isa member of foot. internationtl the Cantons and communities. A comprehensive organizations concerned with educational research: report on developments in recurrent education in The InternationalBureauof.4 Education(IBE), Switzerland has recentbeen published by OECD. located in Geneva, nowapart of UNESCO; The (See Selected Reading list.) Council for Cultural Cooperation of the Council of In additiOn to the evening secondary schools and Europe; The European Documentation and Infor- higher technical institutes, numerous private schools mation System par Education (EUDISED), similar in prvide training in many fields (e.g., business traiq- purpose to the Educational Resources Information ing, foreigen language study), either through evening Center (ERIC) in the United States; and two units of or correspondence courses? andin atleast one the Organization for Economic Cooperation and De- school- through television. velopment (OECD) concerned with education the Municipal and cantonallibraries and the.National EclOaiion Committee and the Center for Educa- Library prottide maluable resources for 'individual or tional Research and Innovation,(CERI). F,r..oup recurrent educatiOn activities. All libraries) lend available materials, to anyone who requests them: THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF ZURICH Because of the high degree of decentralization 'and EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH local variations in both political and educational matters, the discussion of education.in the preceding Research in education is conducted primarily at sections of this report necessarily has been presented the cantonal br intercantonal lever with substantial in summary fashion. A more specific picture of Swiss financial Kelp from the Federal Government. At the education in operation can best be given through a cantonal level, most of the research is performed by more detailed look at a single Canton that includesa the universities,by specialized institutes such as great variety of educational institutions and practices pedagogicalcenters,orbyspecialcommittees. initssystem. The Canton of Zurich, the most Important agencies at the intercantontal level are the populous, presentsinitseducationalsystem Swiss Conference of Cantonal Directdits of Education examples of almost all types of Swiss schools, includ- and its specializecrcornrnittees, and the Swiss.Higher ing the largest general university and the larger of Education Conference(Schwekerzsche Hochschul- the two Federal institutes of technology. Chart 2 konferenz). presents the structure of education in Zurich. The Federal Government provides support within The school year in Zurich begins in the spring. the4framework of universitysupport legislation and Compulsory"education begins for children who have researchsppport legislation. Italso conducts reached their 6th birthday on or before the begin- research through% own agencies. These include the ning of the school year and lasts for 9 years. Felleralinstitutes of technOlogy, the Swiss Science Council(SchuteizerischerWissenschaftsrat),the Office for Science and 1esearch of the- Federal Elementary Education Department Of the Interior(Amt fuer. Wissenschaft Both municipal and private kindergartens and und Forschung des Eidgenoessischen Departements other preschool programs are available on a volun- des Innern), and theSwiss Nati6nal Science Founda- tary basis for children aged 3 to 6. Public kinder- tion(Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Foerderung gartens are supported by the communities but may der wissenschaftlichenForschung). Thelatter receive some financial aidfrom, the Canton. Private

25

4 Chart 2.Structure of education in the Cantonof Zurich 4 Age: 6-11 12 13 14 15 16 If 18 Lower Upper iHigher Pitimary sevandary secondary

Cantonal school Gyinnasium I, types A and B University of Zurich 8 a 10 113 Federal Institute ,9 Gymnasium II, type B, and Gymnpsium, types C, D, and E of Technology 9 10 IIIEl 1E1 Commercial school Diploma Colleges of music Lower IM.110111M1.1111=11 Zurich, Winterthur secondary 9 10 Pre.- 8 Teacber-training institute course Lower 9 10 111 Upper TT secondary (Sekundarschule El In TT seminar 2 yrs. Lower TT seminar serninar r CO ISIII School of socia work

Home econ. TT seminar Lower Diploma secondary niddle TT seminar I IS for special 8 9 sdhool Kinder arten TT seminar r (Sekundarschu(e) 113 3 yrs. Domestic crafts education , m TT seMinar o prtols arY 113 c ool or women Higher 10 technical CI IS institute Lower Vocational middle school secondary ra 02 8 9 Part-time vocational Higher school (2-4 years) 'school of (Realsehule) IIIIII Commerce and Work School of design administration experience 9 (2-5 years) 10 - 4 133 113 111 III Swiss tixtile school 10 Vocational M Ea.46 exploratory Worksho for caenters course 10 ElMI Key: workers Domestic 9 School formetal El=Year, full-time arts 10 alEl 113 Aricultural school =Year, part-time Basic lower 10 r secondary I Experience (Ober:chute) El 8 9 = Half year Special classes and special schools TT =Teacher traiiting 1-6 8 9

0

26 t eg a.. kindergartensenerally are self-supporting but May The most advanced schools at the lower secondary receive some su port from public funds. ° level are the cantonal schools, leading to Gymnasium All children enter the 6-year primary khoolI at the upper secondary level (grades 10 to 13), (Primarschule), after which they all proceed to theincluding type A (Latin-Greek emphasis) and type lower secondary level to complete their compulsory B (Latin-modern language emphavsis). educationand,iftheywish,topursue more Paralleltothe primary school and the lower advanced objectives. secondary level through grade 8, special courses and special schools are provided for the handicapped. Lower Secondary Schools The Canton of Zurieh offers more options at the Upper Secondary Schools lower secondary level than any other Canton. All The upper secondary level consists of academic 'three common types of lower secondary schools and general secondary schools, teacher training,, and (Obersc4ule, Realschule, Sekundarschule) are repre- voca tiona 1/ technical educa tion. sented, the third in both a 2-year and a 3-year form. Part-time vocational schools include commercial, In addition, the cantonal schools (Kantonschulen) trade, andindustrial,' schools,(kaufmaennische, offer the first,3 virs (grades 7 to 9) of the 13-year is gewerbliche, und industrielle Berufsschaien), offer- gymnasium in type. 4i (Latin-Greek emphasis) and idg or 4-year, courses, with apprenticeships. (-) type B (Latin-modsynlanguage emphasis). Most students enter these from the Oberschule or k The Oberschule represents the former uppet levelRealschule, but some students from the 3-year of r prirstary school and soffers the curriculum ofSekundarschule also enter apprenticeships (Lehre). , least difficulty at the lower secondary level. TheThe vocational middle school (Berufsmittelschule) in 3-yearcoufseenablespupilstocomplete the Zurich completes this category. compulsory edkation requirement and to enter Full-time vocational schools include an agricul- part-time vocational.schools combined withappren- tural school, grades 10 and Il (Landwirtschaftliche "s, ^ ticeship. Schule Lindau); a school for metal workers, grades The Realschule does' nisi differ substantially from 10 to 13 (Metalarbeiterschule Winterthur); work- theOberschule but offers"Frenchasa second shops for furniture and cabinet makers, grades 10 to language, somewhat more emAasis on mathematics 13 (Lehrwerkstaetten fuer-Moebelschreiner); several and science, and some industrial dr' domestiC arts. schpols- of a;.t and design, varying in length from 2 to Graduates generally continue their edueation in 5 years (Kunstgewerbeschulen); and 3-yearcommer- part-time or full-time 4vocational schools. Pupils of cialschools itHandettschulen)inWetzikon and both the Oberschule and the Realschule have several Winterthur. options in the 9th grade: wortexperience (Werkjahr), Two schools for women(Schweizerillauen- vocational exploratory, courses (Berufswahlklassen),. fachichule Zurich and Berufs- und Frauenfach- or-dimestir arts Tauslarts,choftlfeliajiihfakiiiir- 'schule Winterthur), grades 10 to 12, offer a cornbi- The 2-year SeIrpndarschule. provides theprere- nation Of general and vocational education that does quisite for a 'numberaof upper secondary schools that not lead to higher education but to some teacher- begin with the 9th rather than the 10th grade;e.g., training programs. Gymnasium II (starting witlfgrade 9 rather than 10), General upper secondary education is offered by type Bi Gymnasiurntype C.(mathematics-science the fi'Ve types of Gymnasia, all of which lead -to errephasis), type (modern language emphasis), and Unlimited university admission. The city of Zurich t9pe E (economics and sociology emphasis);commer- also has an evening Gymnasium. The 4-year diploma cialschools;andtheteacher-trainingschools business school (Handelsschule, Diplom) in Zurich is (Lehramtsschulen) in the cities of Wetzikon and generally classified with 'general rather than with Winterthur.. voca tional educa tion. The 3-year Sekunddrschule leads to a number of Teacher education for elemehtary school teachers 'upper secondary schools that begin with the 10th. is representedbytwoteacher-trainingschools grade: The teacher-traiking school (Unterseminar) (Lehrarntsschulen) and a parallel institute (Unter- inthe city of Zurich, commercial schoo)s, and semindr). The former offer a terminal program (31/2 diplornamiddleschools(Diftlorarhiitelschylen), years). The latter offers a 4-year program followed some of which lead to more vinccl specializect by an upper divisiorflOberseminat 41 the 14th year. eschools.4/3 oth -txpes of Se uldqrschulen require Students in the Lehrttmtsschulen, upon completion entrance examinftions. .4* of their program., can take a half-year pre-course and

27 then enter the Oberseminar inurich, The 14th year Teachers for the Sekundarschule and all upper their is properly classified as higher father thansecondary levelacademic secondaryschoolsreceive substantive training at the university or theinstitute education, ' of technology. the Univer- Higher Educatiop The univemity level is represented by sity of Zurich and the FederalInstitute of Tech- All three categories of postsecondaryeducation nology. In fall 1976 the'two institutions enrolled 9, shown on chart 1are representedin the Zurich 19.947 students, 37 percent of the total Swissuniver- education, teacher educa- system: higher aechnical .. sity enrollments. The Canton also hasconservatories tion, and university eduCalion. and schools of music at Zurich andWinterthur. Higher technical educationisoffered by the Thusobthe educational system of the Canton-of engineeringschoolinWinterthur (Technikum Zurich. multitracked beginning with the7th grade Winterthur IngenieurschuleHTL), afull-time. and extending through the.highest levels ofacademic 6-semester school, and by the eveningtechnical education and research, presents acomprehensive school (A bendtechnikum) in Zurich, whichoffers a program, characterized by awide variety of offer- parallel course on a part-time basis, extended over a ings. both in content and in difficulty.designed to Innger period of time. meet the educational needsof children grid youth, The advancedsctioolof commerce and with ample opportunity to progress towhatever level administration (HoehereWirtschafts-undVer. their inclinations and talents may lead them. waltungsYchulel is in the same general category asthe higher technical schools. Studentsgenerally enter these schools after having completed apart-time TRENDS vocational school with apprenticeship andhaving education level had practical experience in their fields.Students may The major trend at the compulsory the Cantons so alsobeaamitted from other upper secondary is to increase coordination among from the schools. schools. Entrance examinations are usuallyrequired. that pupils may rit ore easily transrer For this purpose, The schoOl for social work (Schulefuer' soziaN of one Canton to hose of another. higher degree of stan- Arbeit), which offers a 21/2"-year programbeginning Cantons are working toward a programs, and with grade 10, can also de classified in thisgeneral dardization among terminology, examinations. The Concordat on SchoolCoordina category. tion was adopeed in ,1970 to provideleadership in this Teacher ectucation at the higher education level is , represented by a variety of schools. The 0 berseminareffort. . establishing 9 (with the 141h year) has already been noted. Grad- Progress has been made toward education (age 9 to 15) in all te2h in the primary schools. After years of compulsory uates of this.level beginning at age -2 years of expertente They maytmer a 2-yrartraini,ng CantOns,--A variation of 6 to 9 years beginning institute for teachers in the lower secondary schools 6, 7, or 8 has been narrowed-to 8 or 9 years 1 15th and 16th at age 6 or 7. (Real- Und Oberschullehrerseminar) is year of schooling. '4he need for changes in the educational' system experimen- Other teacher-training facilities include:A train- increasingly recognized so that education cooperation ing" institutefor kindergartenteachers (Kinder- tationis being expanded and closer, and administrators is gaertnerinnenseminar), atraininginstitutefor among researchers, teachers, being promoted. The trend in classroomsis toward teachers of domestic handicrafts(Arbeitslehrerin-.. for teachers of more independent studyfor pupils and more inter- nenseminar) and a training institute at the com- home economics(Hauswirtschaftslehrerin- disciplinary cooperation,especially nenseminar). All three of these offer 2-year coursesat pulsory school level. A variation the grade 13- and 14-level.i.idents enterfrom one The lower secondary school shows more schools at any other level. of the upper secondary schools,fiequently from the among the Cantons than schools for women in Zurich. andWinterthur. Speiial efforts are being made to achieve greater onmathematics After acquiring at leastyear of teachingexperi- comparability,withemphasis national ence, graduates ofitheOberseminar or the traihing'education and instruction in a second institute for kinderkarten teachers may 4tter a2-year langutige. , increasing - training institute (15th and 16th yearsof schooling) In tettnical and vocational education, general for spe'cial education teachers(Heilpaedagogisches emphasis is being placed on improving Seminar). education content.

28 ". Increasedattentionisbeing directed toward establis l *ng a 'new university at Lucerne. University improvinginservice andpreservicetraining ofcosts ha e bebn distributed more equitably among r teachers for all types of schools. Cantons 1;y increasedFederalparticipationin Opportunities for admission to higher education universitwoducation. At the adult educa&ew, level the (bothnonuniversity anduniversity)have beenconcept of "recurring education" is receniing wider expanded by development of evening academic acceptance, secondary schools and evening higher technical Although; Switzerland has 25 distinct (cantonal) institutes as well as by addition of two new types (D educational systems, the need for closer coordination and E) of maturity certificates for the academic among the Cantons and especially the rising costs of secondary schools. education have greatly stimulated participation by The university level is experiencing a substantial the Federal Government in education at all levelsa increase in enrollments from yeafto year. The addi- trend that is considered likely to continue somewhat tional students are being accommodated primarily further in varying degrees in different sectors. by expanding existinginstitutions,butalso by 's

k

3 29 GLOSSARY OF SELECTEDEDUOATIONAL TERMS

German Eidgenoessisches Faehigkeits- Federal certificate of profi German English zeugnis ciency (vocational A education) Terminal class (lower A Inch lussklasse Eidgenoessisches Statistisches secondary) Ana Federal Statistical Office A bleilung fuer Landwirtschaft Eidgenoessische Technische und Forschungsanstalten .: . Division of Agriculture and Federal Institute of .Agricultural Research Hochschule Technology A llgemeineundlandwirt- Eidgenoessuche Turn- und schaftlicheFort bildungs- Federal School for Sport General and agricultural sporischule ,schule and Gymnastics continuation school Erweiterte Ansprueche Expanded curricular Ami fuer .Wissenschaftund requirements of lower Forschung des Eidgenoess- secondai y school above (schen 'Departementsdes the basic type VP Office for Science and birzern Erziehungsdirektion Cantonal education staff Research of the Federal Cantonal Director of Department of the Erziehungsdirektor Education Interior Erziehungsdireltiorenlionferenz, EDK Swiss Conference of Cantonal Directors of Education Berufliche Ausbildung or Berufsbitdung Vocational education. (In Swiss usage this includes Fachschule Specialized school. 'technical education at generally offering the upper secondary /Is training in a single field and noii-university ter- Foribildungs- Anschluss, Und tiary level.) Vorbereituifgsklusse Continuation, connecting. Vocational school with and preparatory class Berufimittelschule Specialized school for augmented curriculum Frauenfachschule Part-time vocational school women, often with con- Berufsschule ilocational orientation class tinuing general education Berufswahlklasse Vezirk Local school district Botschuft xis einem neuen Part-time trade and indus- Bundesgesets ueber die Gewerbliche Berufsscliule trial school Berufsbildung Report on a New Federal the Law for Vocational grundansprueche Basic requirements Education minimum type of the lower secondary school Bunclgsamt fuer Indu.strie, The commonest name of Gewerbe, und Arbeit Federal Office of Industry. Gymnasium ,Trades, and Labor the academic secondary '(Federal Department of schoolusually grades 9 Public Economy) Or 10 tO .13 Bundesgesetz ueber die Federal law for the Promo- Hochschulfoerderung H tion of Higher Education Commercial school leading Handelsdiplomschule to a diploma Commercial school leading Handelsrnaturitaelsschule to a cantonal certificate D. of maturity Diplom s. Diploma Diploma middle school: HaUswirtschafiliche Fort- Diplommittelschule Home economics continua- general secondary school bildungsschule tion school not leading to university Hauswirtschaftlicher education One-year course in Jahreskurs Dolaor Doctorate (academic domestic arts, usually at degree) ninth-grade level Dr. Med Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

80 Hauswirtschaftslthrerinnen-. seminar Training institute for home Landwirtschaftsschule School of agriculture economics teachers LOrabschlusspruefung Final examination for Hatuioirtschaftsschule Home economics school apprentices Heilpaedagogisches Seminar... Training institute for lehre Apprenticeship teachers of the handi- Lehrer Patent Primary teachers certificate capped Lehrerseminar Teacher-training institute Heim. tkunde . Local geography and com- Lehimeister Apprenticeship instructor munity study "knowl- Lehrwerkstaette Fuh-time trade and indus- edge of the immtdiate trial school homeland" Lehrwerkstaette fuer Moe bel- Hochschule fuer Wirtschafts- schreiner Full-time trade school for und Sozialwissen.schaften ... . School of Economics, Busi- carpenters and cabinet- -4 ness, and Public Ad- makers ministration (St. Gallen) Hoeh'ere Mittelschule Academic upper secondary Maturitaetsausweis Certificate of maturity school (school-leaving certificate Hoehere Technische of the academic second Lehratutaft-HTL Higher Technical Institute ary school) (college of engineering) Maturitaetsschule SeeMittelschule at the higher education Metalarbeiterschule School for metal workers level "Mittelschule General term for the upper Hoehere Wirtschafts- und secondary school, usually Verwaltungsschule Higher school of economics 4 grades 9 or 10 to IS. and administration rot Without a prefix it usually refers to the academic school, Ingenieurschuk- SeeHoehere Technuche synonymous withhoeheri Lehranstalt Mittleschuk Ingenieur-Techniker HTL .. Degree awarded to gradu- Mittlere "Middle Maturity", level ate of higher technical achieved With completion institute of the Diploma middle sChoo I 0 I Kantonschule SeeProgymnasium.(In one Oberrealschale Gymnasium,type C casethe Kanton.schule (mathematics-science includes the entire emphasis) Gymnasium) ObersChule Basic type of lower second Kaufmaennuche Berufs- ary school, formerly the schule Parttime commercial upper level of the school primary school Kindergaertnerinnenseminar Oberseminar The higher education level (pl. -semirwreirtr)-TT.-:' . .. Training institute for of a teachertraining kindergarten teachers institute, Kollegium SeeMittelschule Ortsschulbehoerde Local school board KonfereiuSchweircrisc her Ortsschulvoriland Same as Ortsschulbehoerde Gymna.sialrektoren Conference of Swiss Secondary School Philosophic I Al-ts (university faculty or Director? department) Konfereiu der Schtherischen Philosophie II Sciences (university faculty Lehrerorganisationen department) KOSLO Conference of Swiss Primarschuk Primary school (Grades 1.to Teachers Organizations 4, S. or 6) Konkordat ueber die Schul- Progymnasium The lower grades of the koordiOation Concordat on School academic secondary Coordination school, extending KoordOuttionskokerenz der -2 through the lower sec- deutschschweizer Hoch. ondaxy level (grades 5. schukn Coordinating Conference 6, or 7 throughoRdes 8 of GermanSwiu or 9), sometimes oria- (Germanspeaking) nized as an integral pan Universities of the upper academic Kunsigeuierbeschule School of design school 4 t, Schweizerische Zentralstelle futr Lower secondary school, dieWeiterbildungder Realschule Swiss Center for the the first level of difficul1y Mdtelschullehrer 'above the basic type Inservice Education of Secondary School Real- un Oberschullehrer- Teachers seminar Teacher-training institute for lower secondary Sekundarlehrerpateni Teaching certificate for the advanced lower sec school teasthers Canton4I executive council ondary level Regierungskollegium Lower secondary school Same as Regterungs. Sekundarschule Regierungsrat representing an inter- kollegiam mediate level of difficulty between the Realschule and the preacailemic schools (Progymnasiurn) Senal University senate (legislative body) Schtdaufsichtskollegium (pl. en) Lay supervisory body at the Sommersemester Summer sem (starts in cantonal level the early spring d ends Schule (pl. Schulen) School in mid-summer) Sonderschule School for the handicapped Stchule fuer soziale Arbeil . School for social workers Schulstatistik School statistics riP - Schulwesen Education, school system . - Title awarded to graduates ,Schtveizerische Dokumenta- Teclmiker TS of the technicians schoots tiOnsstelle fuer Schttl- und Technicians school, be- Bildungsfragen Swiss Documentation Techntkerschule tenter for Teaching and tween the level of Education, generally vocational schools and called the Swiss Educa- advanced technical institutes tional Documentation i Center Technikum Same as Hoehere Techi nische Lehranstall Schweizerische Hochschul- Technikum beider Basel Higher Technical Institute - konferenz Swiss University Council maintained by the 2 Schwetierisches Institut fuer half-Cantons of Basel Auslandsforschung Swiss Institute (err Inter- national Studies _Text& und Madeschule T-.-extile aria-Fashion School Schweizerisches Institut fuer (St. Gallen) Secondary school fur girls, Berufspaedagogik Swiss Institute for Voca- Toechterschule tional Education usually offering general - education not leading to Schweizerische Konferenz der university entrance. Erziehungsdirektoren Swiss Conference of tantonal Directors of Education Schweizerische Koordinations- Universimetsrat University supervisdry Vent fuir Bildungsfors- council chung Swiss Coordination Center UnierelIttelschule See Progymnasiu in for Research m Educa- Untergymnasium.. See Progyntnasium tion Unterseminar Secondary school level of a teacher-training institute SchweizerisiherNationalfonds zur Foerderung der wissen- V schafthChen Forschung &Was National Science Foundation Perrin schweizerischer Cymnasiallehrer Asiociation of Academic SchtveiterikherVerband fuer Secondary School Berufsberatung Swiss Association (or Voca- tnal Guidance Teachers Transportation and corn- Vereinigung Verkehrsschule Schweizerische 4, municatimis school fuer Erwachsenen. Verordnung ueber die bildung Swiss Federation for Adult Education Anerkennung von Mawr- Regulations Poncerning Schweizetischer Mom.. itaelsausweisen the recognition of certifi schaftsrot Swiss Science Council cates of maturity Schweizerische Zentrizistelle fuer Volkshockschule -Popular univrcrsity" (adult Hocluchulwesen Swiss Central Office for education institution) University Affairs

32 Vorschule Preschool ClasSiq finales Terminal classes in the Vorschulische.Erziehung Preschool education. lower secondary school Classes spiciales Special education for the . W handicapped Wirkjahr Year of work experiente College Secondary school (level (vocational orientation) usually included in the WMtersemester Winter semester at the title: e.g., infrieure, uoiversities. starting superieu.re) about October I College moderne Intermediate type of lower Wtrtschaftswissenschaft Primarily economics, but secondary school, corre used frequently to in sponding to the clude sociology Sekundarschule Wittschaftswissenschaftliches Courscomplimentairesnon 4 Gymnasium Gymnasium leading to the professio nn els General nonvocational type E (economics COUrse emphasis) maturity Cycle d'orientation Orientation cycle: several certificate or all( lower secondary schools organized as a comprehensive school Zentralschwetieruches 'Technikurn Luzern Central Swiss Higher Tech nical Instieute at .Lucerne 4 Zentraisch weizer Untverntaet D d'inginieurtechriicien Luzern Central Swiss UniversityV Degree awarded to graduate of higher Lucerne (in process of r development) technical institute Zentralschweizerische Berat Dtrecteurs de l'instruction Swiss Conference of ungsstelk Central Swiss Guidance pu bliq ue, DIP Office Cal-Ilona! Directors of Zentralsiellefuerberufliche Education Docteur Doctorate (academic Wetterbildung ...... Center for continuing vocational education degree) Zentralverband Schwetierische Erziehangsinstttute und/ Prwatschulen Cetwal Associatiorrof Swiss *rEducational Institutes &ale . School

and Priyate Schools 4,Ecole dagriculture . School of agrkulture Ecole atelier Rilltime trade and industrial school Ecole commerctale . Commercial school French Ecole annplérnentatre S. agricolatninageres et de

French English culture ginerale . . Parttime school of agricul . A ture. home economics. Accidhnte Academic secondary school and general education Apprentissage et cours Ecole d'art School of art and design consplementatres profes Ecole languefrancaue . Private school in Bern us..

stonnels . .. Apprenticeship with accom ing French as the panying part.time language of instruction vocational schools for children.gi Federal workers from French speaking Cantons Beaux arts, arts decorattfs Fine arts and design Ecole minag'eres School of home economics . . Ecole normale Teachertraining institution Ecole normale pour maieresses Centre suisse de documentattr enfantines Training school for en matihe d'enseignement et preschool teachers d'education . Swiss Educational Docu Ecole Polytechnique, Federal de mentation Center Lausanne Federal Institute of Certificat de maturite. Certificate of mitturity TechnolOgy at Lausanne (school leaving certificate Ecole primatre Primary schoo) of the academic second . Ecole secondaiKe Secondary school (title ary school) usuilly includes level and. Classes enfantines Preprimary school type of program) -e 43 3 4 Italian Ecole supbrieure de jeunes English files Upper secondary sckI for Italian girls (some with g ral A curriculum, others Attestato de Maturita Ceitificate of Matuliky leading to maturity (school leaving certificate , certificate) . of the academic second. Ecole technique supirieure ary school) ETS Higher technical institute Enseignement priscolaire Preschool educaiion Casa dei bambini Preprimary school Enseignement secondaire Secondary education Centroscolasticoindustrie Enseignement secondaire, artistiche School of art and 'design classes prat iq ues Lower secondary basic type (comparable to Ober- schule) Educazione prescolastica ' Preschool education

EnsesinemenI secondaire Educazione professionale. . Technical and vocational infirieur,section mod- education erne See College modeTe Enseignement secondaire I Academic secondaLy school inférieur, section classiques Ginnasio ......

et scientifiques . Lower secondary, type (sezione mIeriorelower leading to the upper level; sezione superiore academic secondary upper level) school Ensesgnement technique et professinnnel Technical and vocational Ingegnere-tecnico STS Degree awarded to education graduate of higher technical institute L Liceo Academic upper secondary Fidération suisse pour l'iduca- school (same as upper lion des adults ,Swiss Federation for Adult level of ginnasio) Education

Scuola School Scuola cantanale d'arti e Gymnase Upper academic secondary mestiere Cantonal school of art and school (same as German design Gymnasium) Scuola d'agricoltura School bf agriculture \ Gymnase, Section culture Scuola di commercio Com'mercial school gnJraIe General secondary school Scuola di economia not leading to inaturity domestica School of home economics certificate Scuola elementare Primary school Scuola laboratorio Full.time trade and indus. Institutpourl'Etudedes trial school difethodesdesDirection Scuola magistra le Teachertraining institute z l'Enterprise Management Development Scuola maggiore Lower secondary school Institute (formerly the upper pri- Institute mitnagltres SchopLof home economics mary school)* Scuola speciale School for the'handicapped Scuola Techniche Superwri TS Higher technical institute Lettres .t arts (as in Atts and Sciences) Tirocinio e corn per apprendisti Apprenticeship with part- time accompanying voca- tional schools Technivm Highei technical institute

A

34. SELECTED READING LIST

(The author is especially indebted to Dr. Eugene Egger. Director Luck:. J.Murray (ed.). Modern Switzerland. "Education in of the Swiss Eductional Documentation. Center: the Fcderal Switzerland.- by Eugene Egger. Palo Alto, CA: .Society for the Statistical Office; and the Swiss Coordination Center for Research Prorrloti6n of Science and Scholarship. Inc., 1978. pp. 227-254.

in hill( ation lot. publications. inanv of them in the (;elman Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development , language. that were used in th'e preparation ol this Tidy). OECD) ClasoDeation ol Educational SystmnsAustralia, Lux t'mbourg Switzerland. "Switzerland (1972)." Paris: OECD. 1975 British Council. Education Prolde Switzerland. London. pp. 57 104. 1 he Council, 1976. 21 pp. + appendixes. -Center for Educational Research and Develop ment(JERI).Recurrent Education: Switzerliind. (Policy and Chapman. Eunice.. Switzerland A Study of ihe Educational Develnpiliwnt in OECD MemberCountries). Paris: OECD. 1976. System ol Switzerland and Guide to the Academic Placement ol 114 pp Students Iron, Switzerland in l'nited States Eduratumal Th.sie . toss Documentation Center Jor Teaching and Education, tirin;'(World t,;ducation Series). Washington: American Associa and the General Secretariat of the Conference of Cantonal Direr non of.Collegiatc Registrars and Admissions Officers ( AACRAO). tori u/ Education ( ;eneva:.1 he Center. 1974. 4 pp. Imitheo 1965. 101 pp. graphe I). Council of Europe. Cnundl for Cultural Co operation. School- Uni 'ed Nations Educational. Scientilk and Cultural Organiza Syiteini .4 Guide (Education in Europe Series. 2nd Revised don (!I\ILSCO)World Survey of Education V Educational Edition). "Switzerland." Strasbourg. 1970. pp. 231-245. Polic, Legislation 'and Adminthration. Paris: UNESCO.. 1971. Egger. Eugene- Education in Switzerland. Zurich: Pro Ihd pp.093 1102 .3 vetica. Information and Press Service, 1968. 40 pp. U/S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Offiee of Fcl cation Eduzaturnal Data Swiss Conlederation Washingtoll. -SchoolsinSwitzerlang."in -Educationin :.. U.S. Goverilmen( Printing Officr. 196119 pp. Earope Edited by Walter Schulze. Weinheim and Bawl Vet lag U.N. Department 'of State. Ihir4isround Nutec SwitzerlonV, Julius Beltz. Vol.I. pp. 717-803: Vol.II (Statistics), pp. 185. Washington. D.C.: United Stiin4 C:overnment Printing Office. 216 /1978. 7 pp

Egger. Eugene and Emile Bland:. Education in Switzerland Western European Mutation VII. No. 1 2 (SpringSlimmer Celle% J. Swiss Educational Documentation 1971-17 plh. / 1475). "hlin anon-in Syciticiland... 204 pp Guild Armin and PierreEmeric Mandl: Values,Jrends and / The World al Learning. 1976 77. 27th hliticzn. "SWitzei laud

Alternatives in Swiss Society.4 Prospective Analysts New 'York London Europa Publicat ionsLim lied. 1976 Vol. I I. Praeger Publishers. Inc. 1973. 240 pp. pp. 1143 1164

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979

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