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PUB CM 80 NOTE *: 36P.: Small Print Throughout Document May Not Reproduce Clearly from EDPS in Paper Copy DOCUMENT RESUME ; 11)089-019 SO 012 718 AUTHOR. Bodenman, Paul S. TITLE Site Educational System of Switzerland. Education around the world. INSTITUTION. Office of Education (DHFW), Washington, D.C. 'REPORT NO DHEW-0E-79-19137 PUB CM 80 NOTE *: 36p.: Small print_throughout document may not reproduce clearly from EDPS in paper copy. AVAIIABLE.FRCM-SupOrintendent cf Documents, USovernment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ($2.00,.stock no. 07177080-01993-1) - , ECFS PPIC7 MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage: DESCRIPTOpS Adult Education; *Comparative Education: *EduCational Administration: Educational Needs: Educatianal Pesearch: *Educational Trends: Elementary Secondary Education: Toreiqr. Courtries; Higher Education: Postsecondary Education: *School Organization; Special Fducation: *Teacher Education; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Switzerla:nd ABSTPACT I The document discusses the highly developed, divers'ified, and decentralized system cf education in Switzerland. Because cf the political, geographic, and linguistic diversity of education it Switzerland, this brief report 4s limited to maior .characteristics and patterns of education common to most Swiss cantons. Topics of the report invclude school.structure: administration: intercantcnal coordination: grading system: Elementary, secondary, upper secondary, vocational, special, and teacher education: universities and otheT higher education institutions: adult education; and educa+Acional research. The author .stresses that coordination among cantons i a serious problem. The language of instruction is German in 19 cantons, French in- five, and Italian in ore. In most secondary sghools a second natnal language tcmpulsory. Primary education proltides the first level of compul4sory education and lasts from four to six years. Lower' secondary education, consisting of general educatione_extends through grade 9. Upper secondary education includes academic, general, vocatidonalgechnical, and teacher training. Tegcher educatioh is jargely +he resporsibility,of the cantons. Universities are -el-f-governirg bodies; all holders cf federally recognized Swiss maturity *certificates (issued at the upper secondary level) are eligible for unrestricted admission to any university. Educational trends include standOrdization of terminology, programs, and examinations among cho.ptcns: Closer cooperation among researchers, teachers, and administrators; more independent study-for students: and improvement of inserviM andpreser.vice teacher education. (Author/KO) U.S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 1/ EDUCATION THiS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- *DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM EDUCATION AROUND THE WORLD THE PERSON OR ORGANIZAJION ORIGIN ATIN6 if POINTS OF VIEW cIR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE The Educational Systelm of Switzerland SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY by Paul S. Bodenman formerly Specialist in International Education Office of Education U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Joseph A. Caliiano, Jr., SecretarY 7. 'Mary F. Berry, Assistant Secreatry for Echication OffiCe of Educatidn' Ernest L. Boyer, C94iss1oner obert Leestma; Associate Commissionerfor Institutional -Development and Internationaf Ed4ration AM" THE COUNTRY AND THE PEOPLE Official Name: Swiss Confederation. 'Population: 6.5 million, including about million Location: Central Europe, bounded on the north by foreigners (1-975 estimate). °V the Federal .Repuf)lic of Gerreany, on the east by People: The population reflects the 3 major lan- Austi-ia and Liechten5tein, on the south by Italy, guage areas that surround thecOuntry: About 65 and on the west by Pcance percentGerman-spea'sking,18 percent French- Size: 15.941 square miles. speakint, and 12 percent Italian-speaking. Some- rt Major Subdivisions: 23 Cantons, 3 of which are. what less than 1 percent speakRorna;tsh, and the ---- divided into half-Cantons, making a total of 26 remainier speak a variety of languages foreign to political units. Switzerland. Official Languages: German, French. and Italian. Literacy: 99 percent. Romansh, a dialect based on Latin, is recognized Typeof Government: Confederated republic. as a fourth lauage of the country, butdoes' not have the same status as the other three: e.g,. of- Religion: 49.4 percent Roman Catholic:47.8 per- ficl arepublishedinGerman. cent Protestant, 2.8 percent other confessions or French, and Italian only. none. THE BASIC SYSTEM their struggle against foreign rule. In 1315 the Swiss defeated the Hapsburg army and secured their in dependence as the Swiss Confeder:ation. Lucerne Historical Backgrynd joined the Confederatiskn in 1332. By the end of the Switzerland dates its origin as an independent State 16th century the number of cantons had reached 13. from August 1, 1291, when the three Cantons bor Six were added in 1803 while Switzerland was under dering Lake Lucerne Uri, Schwyz, and Unter- the control of French armies, and then three more in waldenformed an "eternal alliance" to carry on 1814 to make a total of 22 Cantons. 1 . AUG educational and cultural af- Switzerlandregaineditsindependencefrom autonomy, especially time. France through the'Congress of Vienna in1815 and fairs, which has been retained to. the present virtually in- organized itself...as a confederation of -22Cantons.. A Swiss educOon, therefore, consists of 25 Federal Constitution was adopted in i848 and exten- dependent school systems atthe cantonal level. , of ih- sively revised in 1874. The Constitution of 1874, cur- These are again differentiated by language for struction.In addition, there are substantial(lit-- , rently id effect, established Federal responsibility defense, trade, and legal matters, butretained a ferences among the Cantons in geography and popu- cantonal large measure of .sovereignty for the Cantons.All lation density; whicH, in turn, affect the powers not specificallydelegated to the Federal educational systems. Government are held by thc Cantons. Before the Protestant Reformation, education was After the An additional Canton (Jura) was established asof conducted primarily in monastery schools. retained in SepteMberc24, 1978. This 23rd Canton wAsformed Reformation, many of these schools.were while Protestant areas developed from the three French-speaking districts thafborder Catholic, areas. puhlic schools. Altar the FrenchRevolution,.public on Fiance in the Cantonof Bern, with the capital at Some Deliernont. As of fall 1978, cantonal functions are edncation developed rapidly in all Cantons. Swiss educator such as Pestalozzi in the'19th cen still in the process,of being established inJura, and ma4 contributions of the educational system continues' to operatein the tury and Piaget in the 20th, same pattern as it hadwhen Jura was part of the lasting internationarimportance. Today, Switzerland possesses a highly,developed, Canton of Bern, particularry since theschool year in education Bern begins in the spring. For this reason,Jura will. diversified, and decentralized system of preschool through the university not be considered as a separateCanton in this study.--. extending from vocational, and Three Cantons have divided themselvesinto half- level arid encompassing academi, Baseinistrict: technical, training designed to. deuelopthe- whole Cantons: Basel into Basel-City and and abilities of its UnterWalden into Obwalden and Nidwalden; and Ap- spectrum of skills,interests, population to meet the needs of theindividual and of penzell into Appenzell-Inner Rhodes andAppenzell- and maintained Outer Rhodes. Since-the governmental structureof the nation. Switzerland has achieved theliall-Cantons is parallel to those of theCantons. ,a very highstandard of living. A well-eduaited poin1- lati6n is eonsidered to be the major resourcethat has there are 25 administrative units at thecantonal level (the 22 Cantons, with the 23dJuranot counted made-this possible. for reasons explained above. plus thethree addi- tional units from the split'of three Cantons). These Structure units, with theiL standard Swissabbreviations, are as The politiCal, geographic, andlinguistic diversity almost impossible to follows: . of Swiss education makes it German spraking.(19) sKak of a Swiss educational system in a narrow sense Aargau (A(;) Obwalden ((W) Qf e term. Abrief report such as tbis' must limit St. Gallen (SG) , Ap)enzell. Outer Rhodes (AR) itself toNthe major characteristics and patternsThat Aprnzdl. Inner Rhodes (Al) SchaffhauWn (SM) Cantons,omitting Ihe Bawl City (BS) Schwyz (Si.) are commontomost ['Lel Distrift (W) Solothurn (SO) numerous local variatiops.Chart I presents a simpli- Bet n ( BE) Thurgau (TG) lied diagrani of the genr4aI structure ofeducation in Glarus ((;L) Uri (UR) Zug V(,) Switzerland. Graulmenden ((;R) Compulsory education begins at age 6 or7 and /Zurich (ZU) Lucerne (Ltl) the Canton. Nidwalden (NW) continues for 8 or 9 years, depending on Preschool education under either public orprivate Itahan-speakrng (1) Frenchspeaking (5) aged 3 to 6.' FribArg (FR) i( ino (To control is generally offered for children and is being Geneva ((;E) Itis readily available in urban areas Neuchatel (NE) expanded into rural communities.Primary educä Valais (VS) tion varies in duration from 4 to 6 years,depending Vaud (VD) upon the Canton. the The development of the SwissConfederation over Los'Ver secondary education, which extends to 9th year). varies 600 years by successive affiliationof separate political end of compulsory cdhcation (8th. or of school. The entitics resulted in/a
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