MAGAZINE ^/HISTORY

Published Quarterly by the TORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN June 1946 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY

G. C. SELLERY, Acting Editor LILLIAN KRUEGER, Associate Editor

CONTENTS

Clifford Lee Lord G. C. Sellery 385 Chats with the Editor G. C. Sellery 387 Pendarvis, Trelawny, and Polperro: Shake Rag's Cornish Houses Robert: M. Neal 391 Two Wisconsin Map Makers Alice E. Smith 402 Carl Gustaf Mellberg, Koshkonong Pioneer Albert (3. Barton 407 Indian Farm Institutes in Wisconsin J- F. Wojta 423 Bernhard Domschcke: II. The Editor and the Man JJ- Schlicher 435 BOOK NOTES 457 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE 474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY: NINETY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING 490

The WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published quarterly by the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN, 816 State Street, Madison, 6. Distributed to members as part of their dues (Annual membership, $3.00; Life, $50). Yearly subscription, $3.00; single number, 75 cents. Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume responsibility for statements made by contributors. Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Madison, Wisconsin, under the act of August 24, 1912. Copyright 1946 by the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN. Paid for by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund.

THE COVER PENDARVIS AND TRELAWNY AT MINERAL POINT. The one-story structure, Pendarvis, initiated the restoration project of the Neal-Hellum Cornish houses. Its near neighbor is Trelawny. Wet skies and lilac time add to the pictured beauty of these Shake Rag's old stone houses. Polperro is shown with the story of these early-day houses, written by Robert M. Neal for this issue.

CLIFFORD LEE LORD WISCONSIN MAGAZINE of HISTORY j|pii»^

Volume 29 June 1946 Number 4

Clifford Lee Lord

HE APPOINTMENT of Dr. Clifford Lee Lord, director of the New York Historical Association, to succeed Dr. Edward TP. Alexander as director of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN, has met with widespread approval. Mr. Lord was born in Mount Vernon, New York, September 4, 1912; he was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Crescens Hubbard of White Plains, New York, in 1937, and they have a young son. Mr. Lord took his A.B. and A.M. at Amherst and his doctorate at Columbia, all with major in American history. He was instructor in Columbia for five years prior to his appointment, in 1941, as director at Cooperstown, and he served as consultant to New York and New Jersey historical surveys in W.P.A. days. In 1944 he became a historian in the Bureau of Aeronautics and Office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations with the rank of lieutenant (j.g.), then of lieutenant, and latterly of lieutenant-commander. Here he drew up the program for the administrative history of naval aviation, and in September, 1945, was appointed head of the Naval Aviation History Unit with a staff of forty-two men, and with the special duty of writing a history of naval aviation, 1908-39. This history is to appear shortly. Dr. Lord's publications include a Historical Atlas of the United States (1944) and a List and Index of Presidential Executive Orders (3 vols., 1942-43). He prepared the Handbook to the Museums and Art Gallery of the New York Historical Associa- 385 386 G.C.SELLERY tion. He edited the quarterly journal, New York History. By far his most extensive project is an Atlas of Congressional Roll Calls, of which one large volume has been published, with eighty-eight to come. Most of the work, performed by W.P.A. assistants, has already been completed, at a cost of about a million dollars. As director of the New York Association he began with a staff of one at Ticonderoga and three at Cooperstown, and within his period of service increased it to two and eleven respectively. It was he who conceived the idea of a Farmer's Museum, which re- cently became an actuality, with a $250,000 plant and 6,000 tools and implements of the pre-machine age; and it was he who devised a state-wide school program with a monthly magazine for children of seventh-grade level, junior memberships, and junior chapters. Comparisons with Dr. Alexander are inevitable. Dr. Alexander became our director at the age of thirty-four; Dr. Lord is thirty- three. Dr. Alexander secured his experience at Cooperstown and Ticonderoga; Dr. Lord, who was chosen to succeed him there, did the same. And now again Lord succeeds Alexander. How will he get along? "It is high praise," writes the chairman of the department of history at Columbia, a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York Association, " to say that the Lords are as well-liked and as highly respected by the members of the Association as were the Alexanders." We hope, however, that Dr. Lord will not be invited to succeed Dr. Alexander again. We want to keep him in Wisconsin, where his youth, energy, ad- ministrative skill, experience, and imagination will, we trust, enjoy ample scope. He is to take office at Wisconsin about the first of June. G.C.S. Chats with the Editor

T is only fair to let the reader know with whom he is invited to chat. Chatting with unknowns has certain advantages, but I they are not reaped by those on the receiving end. And so your editor for the June number introduces himself. He is G. C. Sellery, long-time dean of the College of Letters and Science and professor of history in the University, now retired. e A . He was "dug out" by the other members of the Execu- V3't **ve Committee of the Curators, Dr. Alexander included, to carry on as Acting Director, pending the arrival of Dr. Alexander's successor, on the ground that he knew a good deal about the Society's work and was—however busily engaged on his historical masterpiece—as an emeritus, technically unem- ployed. The circumstance that Miss Krueger, the Associate Editor of the Magazine, is at her post, should reassure the dubious.

THE farewell party for the Alexanders was held in the Georgian Grill of the Memorial Union on the afternoon of January 23. It . was given by the Executive Committee of the The Presentation ^ r , . ,, r , Curators for their colleagues or the entire to the Alexanders -n J i r i_t/jrij Board and for the heads or the departments of the Historical Library. The occasion was not devoted to re- pining: the Board had wanted the Alexanders to remain and they had not wanted to go. Rather was it the idea, developed by one of the entertaining curators, that the opportunity should be used to express the gratitude of the Society for the stimulation which Dr. Alexander had given to its work and to the activities of the local historical societies, and for the cooperative aid which Mrs. Alex- ander, " with intelligence, tact, and understanding," had given him in his work. 387 388 CHATS WITH THE EDITOR [June

The Curators presented the guests of honor with a sterling tray bearing the inscription: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin to Edward and Alice Alexander 1946 There were two surprises. Naturally enough the Alexanders had learned that the tray was coming. But they did not know that the Brown County Historical Society, Harold T. I. Shannon, presi- dent, perhaps the most active of the local societies, had insisted on expressing its special obligation to the Alexanders by the pre- sentation of a beautiful sterling bowl, suitably inscribed. The other surprise was the absence of Mrs. Alexander, who was occupied with a young daughter, Mary Sheron by name, born on the morn- ing of the farewell party. Dr. Alexander left Madison, early in February, to take up his new duties as educational director at Colonial Williamsburg, Wil- liamsburg, Virginia. Mrs. Alexander and the children followed a few weeks later—after the house was finally secured.

THE vein of rich ore tapped by Curator Fred L. Holmes in his Old World Wisconsin: Around Europe in the Badger State (Eau Claire, 1944) is still in production. Robert E. Gard, , ', specialist in dramatics at the University, a member Folk Plays , « ^ . ^ .-. , ,T . ,. . J or the Committee on Peoples and Nationalities, one of the many groups organized by the State Centennial Committee, forecasts the plans of his committee for the Y)Al-A& celebration: The Committee on Peoples and Nationalities has made definite plans for the celebration of the Wisconsin Centennial year. The work of this committee is widespread and will reach into almost every community in the entire state. In order to insure adequate response from the people of Wisconsin, subcommittees of this group are being set up in each Congressional District. 1946] CHATS WITH THE EDITOR 389

The work program of the Committee on Peoples and Nationalities includes a local plan and a Milwaukee plan. Under the local plan the subcommittees will arrange festivals at suitable points in each district. These festivals will be held in May, June, or July of 1948 and will feature folk dancing, singing, drama, and sports, as well as an exhibit of handicrafts and specially prepared foods typical of each participating nationality. An educational program will also be carried on in each district with the purpose of stimu- lating the collection of more of the folklore and customs of the Wisconsin Nationalities. It is hoped, too, that a playwriting con- test may be sponsored by the Centennial Committee for the sub- mission of plays based on Wisconsin Nationalities life and themes. During May, June, and July of 1948, the various district festivals will be visited by members of the executive group of the Committee on Peoples and Nationalities, and suitable portions of the local festivals will be selected to be taken to Milwaukee for the main Centennial celebration. It is hoped that some National group activity will be conducted every day of the Milwaukee com- memoration. This activity would revolve around singing, dancing, drama; a permanent handicraft exhibit to remain during the full time of the celebration; and various national dinners served to the public from time to time during the five weeks. The Committee on Peoples and Nationalities will work closely with the Committee on Music, Art, and Drama, and with other committees whose subject fields seem to relate to the project out- lined above.

THE plans for the unveiling of the life mask of our great American air ace, Major Richard Ira Bong, of Poplar, Wisconsin, are taking form. The ceremonies have been tentatively fixed ' * for Memorial Day, on the terrace and approach ' to the eastern entrance of the Historical Library Building. Around these central ceremonies are to be organized the other exercises of Memorial Day, conducted by the organi- zations of the veterans. The State, which purchased the life mask, 390 CHATS WITH THE EDITOR will be represented by Governor Goodland, who will unveil it and present it to the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY as custodian for the people of the State; the president of the Society will accept it on their behalf; and General George C. Kenney, who was Com- manding General of the United States Army Air Forces in the Pacific during the entire war and was therefore Major Bong's Commanding Officer during the time when he made his remark- able record of air combat against the Japanese, will deliver the address. The parents of Major Bong, his widow, and the sculptor are expected to be present at the exercises. It is somewhat embarrassing to send the foregoing paragraph to the printer, knowing that the paper shortage and the other printing difficulties of the time make it altogether likely that this (June) issue of the Magazine will not reach our members until after Memorial Day. Still it may enable them to check forecast against actuality. Pendarvis, Trelawny, and Polperro Shake Rag's Cornish Houses

By ROBERT M. NEAL

HEN the people from Cornwall, that most southern and western county of England, came to this country and W especially to Mineral Point, they had within themselves the instinctive and cherished love of their heritage and home- land. That in itself is not unusual. When one realizes that the Cornish people were able to withstand Anglo-Saxon invaders for more than 400 years between the fifth and ninth centuries and to retain and preserve their way of life, the deep feeling for the land of their fathers may be better understood. In the 1800's the Cornish tin mines were declining, and wages were low. The con- stant struggle for simple family provision proved to be the in- fluence necessary to make Cornish miners migrate to all places over the globe where mines were operating. When word reached them in Cornwall of the rich mineral deposits in the Northwest Territory in America, it brought the urge and desire to have for themselves and their families more of the necessities and some of the pleasures of life. Thus in 1830 the first Cornishman direct from the old land reached the settlement that is now Mineral Point. In the next twenty years he was followed by great numbers, scattering in towns and settlements throughout the mining region. Those first ROBERT NEAL'S excellent exposition, written at our request, points the way to the restoration of other Pendarvises. Such Old-World reminders can be duplicated throughout Wisconsin, and are bound to publicize localities and bring sight-seers. " In fact," said Mr. Neal, " mention ' Pendarvis' and immediately Mineral Point is associated with it." Visitors from far and wide are attracted not only by the Cornish food, but these charming historical houses contain attractively arranged antiques, which are there for enjoyment—not for sale. The illustrations, never before published, have been supplied for this article by Mr. Neal. In addition to his many activities he is the president of the Mineral Point Historical Society. 391 392 ROBERT M. NEAL [June reaching this new settlement realized at once that they could make it not unlike the little villages of their homeland. The wooded ravines, rolling moors, and springs and streams of the old country had their counterparts in this new land. Here nature had provided a ravine where they were destined to live and find their work. The abundance of the easily available galena limestone suggested the building of the kinds of houses that they had so recently left. Soon there grew up a community of rows and groups of little stone cottages, nestling against the protecting bluffs and hills, then known as Shake-Rag-under-the-Hill and later as just Shake Rag. The menfolk, working on the eastern ridge with their windlasses and newly-mined piles of lead ore, could look down at about mealtime to see the housewives shaking a rag to tell them it was time to eat. Like most strangers coming to a new and different land, they anticipated a certain nostalgia and brought with them little me- mentoes to make their new home life less difficult and the sur- roundings more friendly. In their wooden chests or box trunks they had packed with their bedding and clothing treasured pieces of pottery and china, figures and ornaments, and occasional pieces of glassware. They continued to prepare their old-country foods from recipes which had been preserved from generation to genera- tion. Flowers and gardens were a part of each new home. So Shake Rag lived on in its Old-World manner, preserving in itself the old customs and traditions, while the fast-growing mining town spread itself over the adjoining hills and valleys to the southwest. The new generation, growing up in the broadening horizon of American education and opportunities, and usually for- getful of the past, was inclined toward more up-to-date houses. But Shake Rag and its heritage stood strong and resolute against the inroads made by modern manners and styles, until, old and weary from the struggle, it was about to pass into legendary oblivion. As far back as I can remember, I had always been interested in the old houses. Since my Cornish grandmother's frame dwell- ing was not on Shake Rag Street, the attraction for me was always 1946] CORNISH HOUSES 393 the old part of the town. When in high school, I often thought of buying one of these old houses, though I did not know what I would do with it. My early interest lay more in their artistic possibilities and the things that could be done with them than in their historical meaning. Now, of course, the whole project has a significance that I never thought it would have or ever planned to bring about. In 1935 Edgar Helium of Stoughton, Wisconsin, came to Mineral Point to buy some old building material. We met and discovered that we had a common interest in the old stone houses. I had recently returned from London, England, and during my absence from Mineral Point many of the old rock dwellings had been destroyed. This was all that was needed to bring me to the immediate determination to save and possess at least one of the old places. I had intended to return to London and to my work with Mrs. Somerset Maugham, but the unseen hand of circum- stance intervened. Edgar and I purchased the first little house, decided to recondition it, and use it for an antique shop, at least temporarily. This we did, and in the meantime we asked friends to take tea with us, tea with saffron cake and plum preserves and scalded cream and thin buttered slices of bread. Friends asked if they could bring friends. We chose the name of a little settle- ment in Cornwall as the name for this little enterprise and called our shop " Pendarvis House." This first house of two rooms located on a narrow lot, 27 by 200 feet, we bought for $10. While we were in the midst of restoring it, the opportunity came to purchase the old houses on either side. We had always wanted some of the lot to the south on which was situated a graceful white birch tree and we offered to buy this portion for a flower garden. The owner would sell only the entire lot with the house. In outward appearance the house consisted of a rock first floor and frame second and third floors with a two-story frame addition. We looked it over thor- oughly and found the two upper stories to be of hand-hewn logs covered with clapboard. 394 ROBERT M.NEAL [June

The house to the north was a two-story rock structure only about four feet away from Pendarvis House. To the north of this house were three vacant lots that belonged to the county, on which other rock cottages had once stood. It seemed essential that we should own the house and the three lots in order to protect our location. At this time the idea came to us that we could develop a typical- ly Cornish historical group of houses. The opportunity to make these purchases came at a time when we felt unable to take on this additional burden, but something seemed to inspire us and before long we were the owners of three old houses and three vacant lots. The legal and, I should like to say, social problems involved in acquiring this property were something that we recall with amaze- ment, and we wonder at our patience. Poorly kept title transactions and records were as nothing compared with the family intrigues and obstacles that we encountered. We knew fairly well what we wanted to do in the way of re- storing the houses and we constantly talked about it ourselves and with people who were interested and understood what we were wanting to do. The more we studied and considered the possibilities, the more we reali2ed that we possessed something historically and artistically unique. The three houses: a one-story and a two-story rock cottage and a three-story rock and log house, situated on two and one-half acres of land, challenged us to do an accurate job of restoration with an appropriate landscape back- ground. To this original group we have since added a recon- structed log shed and we have definite plans to rebuild two other early rock houses which we took down from distant locations and moved to our premises. From the outset the actual architectural restoration was most interesting. Neither one of us had had any training or practical experience in this type of work. We started slowly, with a pro- found and deep feeling for historical accuracy. As a result we can look at our completed re-creation with the personal conviction that we made relatively few mistakes. 1946] CORNISH HOUSES 395

The materials and methods of construction in all three houses are similar. The native limestone for the walls was quarried on the property, a fortunate fact, for these early builders had a difficult problem in transportation. The exposed natural formation from which the rock was obtained is still a conspicuous part of the property, and some of our older local friends remember when one of the quarries was "opened" to obtain building material. This Galena limestone is very heavy, a cubic foot weighing approxi- mately 125 pounds. When a piece of the limestone is first taken from the quarry, it contains a certain amount of moisture and may be easily cut or dressed into specified building size by the experienced stonecutter. The longer it is exposed to the air, the harder it becomes. For this reason it is practically impossible to recut an old stone to a new size with any degree of accuracy, and in the majority of cases the stone will break. The Cornish are noted for their ability to cut and work with stone. The faces of the three houses, the fireplaces and chimney stones, a stone sink and wall copings are testimony to this fact. Unfortunately this art is all but lost, for few craftsmen of this generation have worked and handled rock enough to know and understand the seams and formations, and how best to use the chisels, gads, and drills. The accuracy with which the five finished sides of a building stone were cut made it possible to lay stone upon stone with an extremely small amount of joining mortar. The plan or pattern in which carefully cut stones were laid to form the face of a building is known as random ashlar. In some in- stances a knife blade could not be forced between adjoining stones. Much skill and time were involved in cutting these so-called " face stones " which were used only on the fronts of the Cornish rock buildings. The actual rock walls of all the houses are eighteen inches thick, and where a face stone is not the required depth, the differ- ence is made up with mortar and less regular smaller stones. The interior side of the front wall as well as the other three exterior sides will be an irregular surface in no way resembling the beauti- 396 ROBERT M. NEAL [June fully cut fronts. Rock filling used in these walls is known as rubble. It is not surprising to learn that the heavy walls of the houses rest on the natural formation of solid rock which is nothing more than the continuation of the quarry at ground level. The narrow cracks, between the face stones and the rubble of the exterior walls, needed closing and pointing, and the mortar used is interesting and ingenious. It consists of local yellow sand and lime, the lime being burned right at hand. It was prepared in crudely built furnaces where the crushed limestone was roasted. This combination produced the hardest mortar known at the time for exterior work, and a great deal of the original pointing re- mains on the houses. The greatest amount of mortar used in the main body of the walls is local red clay of a fairly stiff consistency. We think the clay was sieved or screened in some way before the water was added, although we found pieces of lead imbedded with the clay in some of the walls that we were obliged to repair. When the sticky clay hardened around the stones, the result was a reason- ably tight bond. Our greatest problem was caused by the effects of water and ice, which forced us to rebuild one end of the small house because of its damaged condition. The entire wall had shifted a distance of fourteen inches from the ceiling, and the last tenant had solved his problem by stuffing the space with old quilts and clothing. Surface water had been a great menace until a drain was put under the highway that passed in front of the houses. The original interior plastering was done directly on the clay and rubble walls, but water damage caused cracks and discolor- ations that could not be repaired with any degree of permanence or satisfaction. We decided, for better interior conditions and espe- cially for the preservation of the houses, not to replaster on any- thing other than on wood or metal laths or insulating board. After carefully repairing the walls, we drove wooden wedges into them at intervals and used furring strips to which we nailed the laths or insulation board. The edges and corners around the deep window reveals and doors were originally protected by a rounded POLPERRO Of charming contrasts: sturdy log and feathery birch POLPERRO The kitchen and living room TRELAWNY The dining room and living room PENDARVIS DINING ROOM

POLPERRO BEDROOM 1946] CORNISH HOUSES 397 wood mould, known as a quirk, for which we substituted metal corners. Before applying the lath some outside walls were sealed with tarred felt to afford additional protection against moisture. Our plaster mixture was commercial plaster in special proportion with the local yellow sand which produced a warm and pleasing color not unlike the original. We used a float finish, for we found no trace of wallpaper. Originally, colored or plain whitewash and plain plaster were used. Wood for structural purposes such as rafters, sheeting, joists, studding, and some flooring was oak. Apparently in many in- stances the wood was used as soon as it was cut, some of it slightly surfaced with a broad axe or saw. Nearly all of it con- tracted and twisted after being built in and fastened with the square handmade iron nails. The oak lumber, much like the limestone, became harder the longer it was exposed to the air. One mistake we made (if it may be called such): we did not re-lay a twisted white oak floor made up of six- and eight-inch boards, which we had to remove for reasons of sanitation. Some maple and some cottonwood were also used structurally, but the doors, window seats, and all interior woodwork are of native Wis- consin white pine. The original shingles on the houses, known as shakes, were split from chunks of pine. The splitting was done with a special knife and mallet, with the grain of the wood, which prolongs the life of a roof since a sawed surface would not shed water so easily. We found some of the original shakes, which clarified our views as to the type of roof we should select. The shakes that we have used on all of the houses are of redwood laid ten inches to the weather, over heavy tarred felt, and made secure with copper nails. Many of the windows were replaced and floors relaid. In every possible case of repair or replacement throughout the restoration we used materials of the same color, texture, and period. This necessitated a reserve supply of old stone, lumber, bricks, and numerous other items that we knew we would need sooner or later. We bought all of this material from persons who were wrecking 398 ROBERTM.NEAL [June

old houses and buildings in and about the town, and no doubt we were often the brunt of jokes when seen hauling or carrying home some of our purchases. Throughout the years that the houses were used as dwellings, they underwent many changes. Porches and sheds and additions were put on, fireplaces closed, windows made into doors, and the like. The two-story house that we have named Trelawny had an entry porch, a woodshed, and a small lean-to added, while Pen- darvis had a front porch of concrete blocks in combination with part of the back of a bar from one of the local taverns. The three-story rock and log house that we call Polperro had been so remodeled and enlarged that the original structure was completely obscured. We took down a two-story addition that was built some fifty years ago and removed the clapboards that covered the old logs. The fireplace chimney had been torn down, and the two fireplace openings closed at the time the log structure was cov- ered with the clapboard; two windows had been made into doors and another window opening closed with rock. Our first large job on Polperro was the reconstruction of the chimney which we later computed had contained more than twenty-seven tons of rock. This we did along with other laborers under the instruction of Charles Curtis—"Uncle Charlie"—an eighty-five-year-old stonecutter and mason who learned his trade in Cornwall and who for more than half a century had been practicing his art in this part of the state. He suggested, if not insisted, that we personally select and lay most of the rock in this chimney so that, as trained apprentices, we could later supervise or do our own rock work after he " had left this giddy globe." Now that "Uncle Charlie" is gone, it is very difficult for us to evaluate his tremendous influence. A wise craftsman, he possessed a kindly philosophy and a quality of character that it was our good fortune to appreciate and enjoy. He walked out one day, shortly after we had started work, to see what we were doing and in his warm and gracious way said that he would like to contribute several days' work toward our project. We later employed him 1946] CORNISH HOUSES 399 for some time, and he often told us while we were working to- gether that what we were attempting to do was a reminder of the " old country " to him. We knew that he was happy to work with something that would preserve what was dear and close to him. He was more pleased with his work and association with Pen- darvis than with any other job he had had in this country. To "Uncle Charlie" we owe much of our inspiration, and the knowl- edge of his art that he passed on to us will always guide us in our future programs. After the Polperro chimney was completed in the late fall of 1937, we were able to work inside all winter, using the fireplaces on the first and second floors, and a stove on the third. The exposed beams that supported the third floor had to be carefully cleaned. The lath and plaster that had modernized the walls were removed as well as the wooden wedges and clay chinking between the logs. Two-inch lumber was shaped to fit the openings be- tween the logs, and wire lath was carefully fitted to hold the new plaster firmly in place. The logs were cleaned with wire brushes, treated with a compound to act as a preservative and also to kill any wood borers that might be present, and later oiled. The first and second floors were relaid. The joists of the second floor, logs with most of the bark left on, had warped and sagged, caus- ing a difference of seven inches between one side of the room and the other. The second-floor kitchen and the third-floor ceiling we sealed with new random-width tongue-and-groove pine behind which we put bats of rock wool for insulation. The root house that opened off the second-floor kitchen, back into the hill, was pointed and whitewashed. In these cellars potatoes, turnips, onions, and other "roots" could be kept from freezing in the winter; in the summertime scalded cream, butter, and milk would be kept cool. A root house was a part of nearly every Cornish house, either built into the hill with a stone arch construction or else a cellar- like room in the ground. There were numerous odd jobs, some of which required great care to say nothing of patience. Many a time we chafed at the de- 400 ROBERT M. NEAL [June lay and rime expended in tinkering things that then seemed incon- sequential. Looking back now, the time and consideration given this detailed work were well worth the effort. The longest job of this nature was the removal of the wallpaper and whitewash from the exposed beams and the random-width beaded pine ceiling on the second-floor log part of Polperro. This job with all its diffi- culties required five weeks! We now know that the care given to the seemingly insignificant details was necessary for the com- plete success of the finished project. The grounds surrounding the houses have from the beginning been a problem. We had no sooner finished terracing and plant- ing the land of our initial purchase than we acquired the four other pieces of property adjacent to it. Our original scheme was overshadowed by the possibility of landscaping two and a half acres, and our first little garden, only thirty-three feet wide, blinked at us punily. Only since the completion of the restoration of the houses have we been able to give any amount of thought and labor to this extensive part of our program. Stone-walled courtyards and terraces immediately back of the houses now are but the be- ginnings of gardens, walks, vistas, and open areas that will one day complement and truly display this charming bit of Old-World Cornwall. With few exceptions all the furnishings of these houses are old. We have made a definite effort to obtain our antiques from this locality, taking always into consideration the merits of each piece and the place where it is to be utilized. We were con- cerned with the earlier woods of pine, cherry, and maple; in our extensive collection we have less than a half dozen pieces of wal- nut or mahogany. The general effect of the interiors is not that of the Cornish of the old country nor probably that of the early Cornish houses in this locality, but a blending of the old country with the pioneer Cornish dwellings, combining beauty with use- fulness. For the tables upon which are served the meals of Cornish food, prepared from authentic old recipes, we use red table cloths of 1946] CORNISH HOUSES 401 the early years, bone handled knives and forks, English ironstone dishes, old goblets, and other glassware. Pasties, saffron cake, scalded (Devonshire clotted) cream, plum or citron preserves, and tea have been and always will be associated with the Cornish people and their homes. An interesting visitor going about the grounds or through the houses or enjoying one of the special meals will experience a pleasure and a satisfaction that are difficult to explain. The place is not unlike an old document, possessing a philosophy and a feeling of the past.

"By Tre, Ros, Pol, Lan, Caer [Car}, and Pen, You may know the most Cornish men." Which signifie a Town, a Heath, a Pool, a Church, a Castle or City, and a Foreland, or Promontory.* * William Camden, Remains Concerning Britain (London, 1674), 142. Two Wisconsin Map Makers

By ALICE E. SMITH

N THE year 1846 a sectional map of Wisconsin, drawn by Increase Allen Lapham, was issued from Hale's bookshop in I Milwaukee. Lapham's map differed from all earlier maps of the territory in one important respect: it was distinctly a home product, the first map of Wisconsin drawn by a Wisconsin resident and issued by a Wisconsin publisher. Its appearance marked the beginning of two series of maps that were for nearly half a century to advertise Wisconsin to the nation and to introduce countless immigrants to the geography of their new homeland. Lapham, the author of the map, had come to Milwaukee a decade before, as an engineer for the canal that Byron Kilbourn proposed to construct from that city to the Rock River. In those ten years besides carrying on his professional work, joining in many worthy civic enterprises, and pursuing numerous avocations, he had written and published several treatises dealing with Wis- consin. In 1844 his Geographical and Topographical Description of Wisconsin, a 255-page volume of facts and figures, appeared. It was printed by the Milwaukee Courier press and published and distributed by Philetus C. Hale. The only "foreign" element in the book was the frontispiece, a map of Wisconsin by an Eastern map maker.1 It may have been this discordant note that decided Lapham to draw his own maps thereafter—at any rate, the year 1846 saw the first of many Wisconsin maps produced by the young engineer. During the next ten years many of his general maps of the state and one geological one were published, and at the close of the

ALICE E. SMITH, curator of Maps and Manuscripts in the Library of the Society, has based this article primarily on the rich collection of maps in her division, which possesses every map she has mentioned. 1 Douglas C. McMurtrie, Early Printing in Wisconsin (Seattle, 1931), 57-59; letter from Lawrence Martin, Chief, Division of Maps, Library of Congress, July 2, 1943, in the Wisconsin Historical Society's files. 402 TWO WISCONSIN MAP MAKERS 403

Civil War his Wisconsin maps began to appear annually in the Legislative Manual, the forerunner of the present Blue Book. At the same time his maps of Milwaukee were coming out every year or two, and by 1869 fifteen Lapham maps of the city had been issued. Publishing a map in Lapham's day was not quite so simple a process as producing a printed sheet. A map, first of all, had to be drawn (and here Lapham's scientific knowledge and engi- neering skill came into play), then the drawing had to be engraved on a copper or zinc plate, and finally, some one, not necessarily the man who drew the map, copyrighted it and perhaps published it. To continue to keep maps accurate in a rapidly growing com- munity, frequent changes were needed, but it was cheaper to make these changes on the original plate than to recast an entirely new one for each edition. Corrections were usually made annually, and the publishing right to the plate for the year was sometimes sold to another individual or firm, or retained by the person who had secured the copyright. Thus Lapham's map of Wisconsin for 1846 was copyrighted and issued by P. C. Hale, Milwaukee's first bookdealer; maps from the same plate were issued in 1848 and 1849 by the firm of Hale and Chapman, and in 1850 and 1851 by Silas Chapman alone, but the titles of all of them name Lapham as the author. In the meantime Lapham had drawn another map of Wisconsin which he had had engraved and copyrighted in 1849 and which he pub- lished himself in that year, in 1850, 1852, and 1853. He seems to have sold the publishing right to this second plate to Chapman for the year 1856 and to Dyer and Pasmore for 1857, each of whom published it under the title of Lapham's map. This prac- tice of transferring publishing rights, widely indulged in at the time by map makers, must have been highly confusing to the con- temporary purchasers and is still so to the modern researcher who is confronted, for example, with two maps of Wisconsin for 1850, both bearing Lapham's name, but differing noticeably in format and content. Map making and publishing was merely one of a score of inter- 404 ALICE E. SMITH [June ests with Lapham, however, and he soon turned to other pursuits. But for Silas Chapman, whose connection with the business started when he became a partner of Hale's in the bookshop, map pub- lishing quickly became an important occupation and his favorite one. Chapman had come to Wisconsin in 1841 and has been characterized as "a printer by trade, a teacher by profession, an editor by occupation, a bookkeeper by force of circumstances, and a publisher from choice."2 Unlike Lapham, Chapman did not draw his own maps; he referred to himself as a map publisher. In 1853 Chapman copyrighted and published his first map of the state but did not use his name on the title. Two years later he had another plate engraved and copyrighted under the title, "Chapman's Sectional Map of Wisconsin." This map was pub- lished in four successive years by four different publishers, all of whom used the same basic plate and title. Counting all annual revisions, twenty-six Chapman maps of Wisconsin are known to have been published between the appearance of his first map and 1876, an average of more than one a year. How many hundreds or thousands of each of these twenty-six maps were produced is not recorded. The success of his Wisconsin maps encouraged Chapman to attempt " Chapman's Sectional Maps" of other territories and states. He is said to have published the very first sectional maps for Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota.3 Like his maps of Wisconsin, they all bore his copyright, but they were sometimes published by him and sometimes by others. In this way nine Chapman maps of Minnesota are known to have been issued between 1855 and 1872; five of Iowa (1856-70); one of Illinois (1856); one of Colorado (1861); two of Nebraska (1869-70); and two of Dakota Territory (1869-72), all of them items now eagerly sought by collectors. These maps of Wisconsin and of other states, some general maps of the Northwest, a few of Milwaukee and of surrounding areas, bring the total known number of Chapman maps, most of them published in Milwaukee within a period of twenty-five years, to about fifty-five.

2 Obituary sketch in Milwaukee Journal, Dec. 14, 1899. 3 Howard L. Conard, History of Milwaukee County (Chicago, 1895), 1:334. 1946] TWO WISCONSIN MAP MAKERS 405

Chapman's "Geographical Rooms" located near the Milwau- kee River, must have been a busy place at the height of his activities in the 1870's. In addition to publishing, revising, and selling his own maps, he took orders for commercial map draft- ing and publishing, served as agent for school outline maps and maps in general, undertook simple engraving and lithographic jobs, and published tracts and pamphlets and occasionally full- length books.4 For his maps printed on thin paper and conveniently folded to pocket size for tourists, he charged 50 cents. Others, that were backed, colored, and mounted on rollers and which were suitable, he pointed out, as a " beautiful ornament for the Hall or Parlor," or a " useful appendage to the School Room," he priced at $3.00. His map of Wisconsin for 1855 was accompanied by a tiny 72-page handbook of information on the state which he listed, together with the map, at 75 cents. He claimed to have sold about 3,000 copies of the first edition of the handbook; a Milwaukee city guide which he published in the 1880's reached the 13,000 mark; and the sale of his map of the county is said to have run to 100,000 copies, a high record in a city of about 150,000 population.5 At first the two map makers were forced to send their drawings to New York or Boston to be engraved. But this inconvenience was soon ended, for among the immigrants thronging to America's shores were skilled engravers and lithographers from Germany, eager to apply the training and experience they had acquired in the Old World to the making of maps in the New. Some of them —Louis Lipman, "practical lithographer"; Henry Seifert, whose firm was to win international honors in Paris; Jacob Knauber; and others—set up business in Milwaukee.6 It was in the shops of these German-born Milwaukeeans that most of the Lapham and Chapman maps were engraved after about I860, and to these craftsmen is due much of the credit for the nicety of workman- ship that characterizes the productions. Wisconsin citizens were fortunate to have their maps made in

4 Advertisement in the Milwaukee Directory for 1875—76. 5 Chapman's Hand Book of Wisconsin (1st edition, 1855; 2nd edition, 1856); Mil- waukee Sentinel, Feb. 9, 1855; Conard, History of Milwaukee County, 1:334. 6 Frank A. Flower, History of Milwaukee (Chicago, 1881), 1542. 406 ALICE E. SMITH

Milwaukee at a time when neighboring states were largely de- pendent on Eastern publishers for theirs. Lapham and Chapman visited local communities, circularized officials, and kept in close touch with boundary and governmental developments, practices that in an era of slow communication gave them a decided advan- tage over out-of-state competitors. Chapman asserted in his Hand Book that all the data used in his maps were derived from original records, and that all Wisconsin maps published in New York were copied from his, even to a servile reproduction of his errors. Lap- ham was so convinced of the accuracy and value of his output that he declared in a letter to a friend in 1859 that no one in Milwaukee who had anything to do with real estate could get along without his map of the city. Of his maps he wrote: My published maps of the state, renewed almost annually, have kept the people informed of the geography of Wisconsin; and it has often been remarked that the people of our state are better posted in the details of the geography of their own state than are those of any other—and for this they are largely indebted... to my map and books.7 So long as lake ports were a main entry into the state, and so long as the rapid advance of land surveys and settlements made each map obsolete almost as soon as it was issued, the Milwaukee map makers* productions continued to be in demand. But as more and more people began to reach Wisconsin by railroad and as settlement was stabilized, their sales diminished. Even during Lapham's and Chapman's lifetimes the need for more specialized types of maps was tending to make the preparation of them a highly skilled performance. At the same time the demand for quantity was hastening the development of methods of manifold writings and drawings. These trends, together with the increasing availability of sta- tistical data, discouraged local producers. Now, a century after the appearance of Lapham's map, commercial map making in the United States is largely carried on by a few mammoth concerns, each of which combines all the processes under one manage- ment and produces maps for the entire country.

7 Lapham to Lyman C. Draper, May 16, 1859, in Lapham Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society Library. Carl Gustaf Mellberg Koshkonong Pioneer

By ALBERT O. BARTON

HE daily work of the menfolk of the Swedish " colony " that settled on the shores of Lake Koshkonong in Jefferson TCounty in 1843 has been well set forth in two journals of this group that have come down through a century of time. The first of these, kept by Thure Ludwig Kumlien, prominent pioneer naturalist, covering the first half-dozen years of the settlement, has been well reflected in recent issues of the WISCONSIN MAG- AZINE OF HISTORY in the account of Kumlien's career written by his granddaughter, Mrs. Angie Kumlien Main of Fort Atkin- son, with illustrative extracts from his journal. The Kumlien journal covers the years 1844 to 1850 inclusive. The second journal is one kept in somewhat similar style by Carl Gustaf Mell- berg for the period from May, 1846, to mid-June, 1849. (Carl) Gustaf Mellberg was one of a group of Swedish im- migrants described as "a company of Swedish gentlemen of no- bility and learning" who arrived on the brig "Swea" in New York on August 16, 1843, and reached Milwaukee late in that month. They ended their journey at Lake Koshkonong in early September. The party on arrival included " Baron" Charles E. A. Reuterskjold,1 his wife and six children,2 Thure L. Kumlien and Christine Wallberg Kumlien, his wife; Sophia Wallberg, Mrs.

ALBERT O. BARTON, Madison, continues to do spadework in his major hobby, Wisconsin history. Again he shares with the readers some of his finds in the Mellberg diary, 1846—49, which was carefully kept by one of the original Swedish group that settled on the shores of Lake Kosh- konong in 1843. Since Mr. Barton translated the Mellberg journal from the Swedish for the Society, it is quite natural that his enthusiasm found expression in this good biographical sketch. 1 On the passenger list " Baron " is not used. A footstone at the Abraham Reuterskjold grave is inscribed, " Royal Family of Sweden." 2 One Reuterskjold child died of smallpox on the way from Milwaukee to Lake Kosh- konong when the family came in 1843. 407 408 ALBEKT O. BARTON [June

Kumlien's sister; James Benneworth and his mother, Alice Benne- worth; and Mellberg. Also among this group originally were Karl (or Charles) G. Hammarquist and Sven Gabriel Bjorkander, both single, who stopped temporarily at Pine Lake, Waukesha County.

Because of a somewhat close association of the Koshkonong colony with this earlier Pine Lake settlement, founded by a Swedish friend of some of the group, a brief notice of the beginnings of Swedish settlements in Wisconsin may be of interest. The tide of Swedish immigration to Wisconsin set in after the founding of the Norwegian settlements, when much of the most desirable land already had been taken up. Consequently the main Swedish currents went on to Minnesota and farther west, as did some Norwegians. There are, however, a number of Swedish groups or settlements of some importance in northern Wisconsin, in the counties of Douglas, Ashland, Burnett, Polk, Clark, Price, Oneida, and Marinette. There were individual Swedes in what is now Wisconsin as early as 1818 when Jacob Fallstrom and David Swanson were employed in northwestern Wisconsin for the American Fur Com- pany.3 Among others may also be mentioned Captain O. G. Lange, an interesting seafaring figure, who came to Milwaukee about 1836. Unonius tells of meeting Lange there to his surprise in October, 1841, and that Lange was already much "Americanized/' The first Swedish colony in Wisconsin and in the West is gener- ally considered to be that at Pine Lake, founded in the autumn of 1841 by Gustaf Unonius, a graduate of Upsala University, who through letters to Swedish newspapers attracted a considerable number of his countrymen of the educated and official class to come there and settle. Unonius took up the west half of sec- tion 33 about a mile northwest of the present village of Hartland, on the eastern shore of Pine Lake. With his wife and a maid, Chris- tine, Carl Groth, Iwar Hagberg, and Dr. William Pohlman, he came to America where he remained for seventeen years. 3 Wisconsin Historical Society, Collections, 12:160, 168 (1892). The former name was erroneously entered as " Fallstraw." ,.<"'•

CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG

1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 409

In 1842-43 several other Swedes, one Baron Thott, E. Berg- wail, B. Petterson, P. Von Schneidau, E. Webster, O. E. Dreutzer, St. Sure Lindsfelt, the Rev. Mr. Bokman, C. Carlson, and Lieuten- ant Cassel, mentioned in pioneer letters, tarried longer or shorter periods as members of this colony. A number of Norwegians and Danes later joined the colony. It was planned to build a university at New Upsala, as the Pine Lake settlement was known, it is said, and logs were cut and assembled for it, but were later utilized in constructing a cabin residence. The hard pioneer life proved too much for most of these settlers, and the colony largely disintegrated, some removing to Chicago and forming romantic alliances there. A glamorous touch was given the primitive life of these un- hardened settlers by a visit from Fredrika Bremer, celebrated Swedish novelist, on her American tour in 1849-50, as set forth in her account of her American travels. Previous to this time Margaret Fuller, the New England writer and critic of tragic memory, had visited the settlement and assisted some of the starving noble families to remove to Chicago'. Unonius was destined to play a unique role in Wisconsin pio- neer and church history. Married in April, 1841, he and his bride left Gefle, Sweden, on June 3, 1841, on the "Minnet." At that time he had attained the age of thirty-one. He came with the sole purpose of making a home in America and had no particular location in mind. While proceeding westward on the Great Lakes, he concluded to disembark at Milwaukee. Beginning as a pioneer farmer he entered Nashotah, the newly-established Episcopal Theo- logical Seminary, at its opening and became the first graduate of that school. He also became the first Swedish Episcopalian minister in the United States, and was the first Episcopalian minister both educated and ordained in Wisconsin.4 It is evident that he exercised a strong influence upon the Kosh- konong group. He brought most of the Swedish families into the Episcopal fold, Lutherans though they had previously been, and though the Rev. J. W. C. Dietrichson, the first Old-World Nor- 4J. H. A. Lacher, "Nashotah House: Wisconsin's Oldest School of Higher Learning," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 16:150 (December, 1932). 410 ALBERT O. BARTON [June

wegian minister sent to America, had located on Koshkonong Prairie in 1844 and had at times visited with the Swedish settlers. After holding various pastorates in Wisconsin and Chicago, Unonius returned to Sweden and sought reinstatement in the Lutheran Church on the ground that there was no essential differ- ence between the Lutheran and Episcopal churches. He was not successful in this attempt, but was given a government appoint- ment. In his leisure years he wrote much and in 1862 published two ponderous volumes of reminiscences (Minnen), dealing large- ly with his American experiences, remarkable for their clarity of diction and fidelity to detail, and forming an important repository of Wisconsin and pioneer history.5

Professor Rasmus B. Anderson says Mellberg. was a graduate in theology of the University of Lund and an intimate friend of the poet Esaias Tegner (1782-1846), author of the celebrated Frkhjofs Saga, one of the greatest among the poetical productions of the North. Kumlien, he says, was a bosom friend of Gunnar Wen- nerberg, the author of both the words and the music of the popular and inimitable Swedish student songs, Gluntarne. Reuterskjold he designates the "nobleman Reuterskjold." Professor Anderson says these Swedes were moved to emigrate to America because of a peculiar restlessness pervading all classes in Europe in the beginning of the 1840's, which led even such cultured men as these to seek new homes in the wilderness of America.6 Economic, religious, and family problems were prob- ably the immediately impelling influences. Kumlien had a love affair, but as both of his parents were already dead it may be doubted if the reputed objection of "his people" was the chief factor in his decision to emigrate. Reuterskjold, it is said, was threatened with financial difficulties; Mellberg was unattached. Their decision to come to Wisconsin territory may have been

sReminiscences {Minnen) of a Residence of Seventeen Years in Northwestern America (Upsala, 1861, 1862). *l£fe Story of Rasmus B. Anderson, written by himself with the assistance of Albert O. Barton (Madison, 1915), 90-91. 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 4ll

due to two natural causes. In the first place, Scandinavian im- migration, and particularly the Norwegian, already mentioned, was then heading toward Wisconsin, and farther west, almost ex- clusively. Probably an equally determining influence was the fact that Unonius two years before had established a Swedish colony at Pine Lake.7 Some of the Kumlien party had been university friends of Unonius, among them Kumlien and Mellberg, and he had perhaps written them encouraging letters relative to con- ditions of life and prospects in Wisconsin. These highly-connected Swedish families rejoiced in long and aristocratic names, doubtless given to preserve their connections with distinguished ancestral lines. Many of these names were afterwards more or less Americanized to facilitate intercourse and business with their Yankee neighbors. Thus the full name of the Rev. Mr. Unonius was Gustaf Elias Marius Unonius; Sven Gabriel Bjorkander later was known as James Bokander, a concession to the Yankees without a complete throwing overboard of the Swedish name. Abraham Reuterskjold (or Charles E. A.), of the brig "Swea" group, was named Karl Edvard Abraham Reuterskjold. He was born in 1796 and died in 1847, only four years after coming to Lake Koshkonong. His first wife's name was Johanna Albertina Frossberg and that of his second wife (as Americanized) Mary Elizabeth Landstrom. The first of his children was Anna Augusta Amalia, born in Sweden, April 4, 1827, and married in 1845 to Samuel Preston Downing of the Koshkonong group of settlers, although not Swedish.8 Next came Josephina Maximiliana Eugenia, born Janu- ary 4, 1830, in Sweden. In 1846 she was married to Charles G. Hammarquist of the Swedish group.9 Then Kasamir Kristian Carl arrived, who later changed his name to the scarcely recognizable one of Charles C. Reuterskjold. He was born August 1, 1833,

7 Filip A. Forsbeck, " New Upsala: The First Swedish Settlement in Wisconsin," Wis- consin Magazine of History, 19:175 (December, 1935). 8 Preston Downing was killed in the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, December 7, 1862. His widow afterwards married E. G. Southwick. 9 Charles G. Hammarquist was the first immigrant Swede elected to a western legislature. He was elected as assemblyman from Jefferson County in 1859 and served one term in 1860. 412 ALBERT O. BARTON [June and died at Janesville, March 11, 1923, at the then unusual age of ninety, after being struck by an automobile. He had held various local offices and conducted stores in Busseyville, Cam- bridge, and Albion. Other children of Abraham Reuterskjold were Franz Frederick Fritz, born January 5, 1836; Karl Alexander Fabian Zefanias, born May 8, 1839; and Regina Dorothea Fredrika, born 1842. According to a sketch of Gustaf Mellberg, presumably given by himself, and published in 1879, he was born in Westergoth- land, Sweden, February 23, 1812.10 He continued his education until he was thirty. He attended the Skara Gymnasium and in 1835 entered the University of Lund, where he remained four years. During 1839-41 he engaged in teaching in Stockholm and then entered Upsala University, Sweden's most celebrated seat of learning, and was graduated in 1842. The year following he emigrated to America, and his elaborate education, acquired over a long period, was to become fallow within a year as he plunged into the hardships of life on an almost savage frontier. There seems to have been a close intimacy between the gather contrasting characters, Kumlien and Mellberg. Kumlien does not refer to other members of the immigrant party, at this time, but his journal contains scores of later entries relating to Mellberg— their working together, Sunday visiting, trading, settling accounts, and the like. While the journals of both Kumlien and Mellberg give but small indication on the point, it is evident from the large number of entries relative to Sunday gatherings at their several homes that such visits were marked by intellectual symposiums on the part of the cultured members of the settlement to relieve the more prosaic exchanges on their daily toil and their unaccustomed agri- cultural ventures and hopes. It may be said that here was an exemplification of the philosopher's ideal of plain living and high thinking, of practicing the doctrine taught by TTioreau at this very time of " doing without," a discipline and self-denial made

10Hittory of Jefferson County Wisconsin (Western Historical Company, Chicago, 1879), 714. 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 413 bearable to Thoreau with intellectual and cultural resources to draw upon in compensation for the lack of material comforts and enjoyments. Professor Anderson relates that he often visited them as a youth and thus learned whole passages from saga lore and the great Swedish poets. It has been observed that among this group who gave their children the benefits of higher education was the naturalist Thure Kumlien, whose descendants bravely and creditably handed on his torch of learning and culture. Charles Hammarquist's two daughters Maria and Permelia attended Albion Academy, as did Edward the son of Gustaf Mellberg. But Mellberg's children, it is said, were driven too hard by him; in fact the girls attired in men's garb performed all manner of men's work. The failure to preserve more of their culture through their children may have been due to the hard pioneer conditions of the time, to the fact that they were surrounded by American neighbors, to the lack of schools, and possibly even to the novelty of their new life with its amazing changes and distractions. Kumlien alone left a few memorials of his culture: he brought with him a small store of paintings and drawings and added somewhat to them; also a poem or two have come from him; and an oc- casional rhapsody such as his apostrophe in farewell to his old *og cabin. His Swedish compatriots appear to have been content to leave the writing of poetry to Dr. J. C. Dundas of near-by Cambridge, better known as " Dr. Dass," who turned out reams of verse and published several booklets of rhymes, some of them on controver- sial theological subjects. Dr. Dundas had a vivid and colorful personality to match a like Chinese vest that he had acquired on one of his trips around the world as a ship's doctor before locating at Cambridge. He adopted the pen name of " Dr. Dass " in tribute to an ancestor, the Rev. Petter Dass, of two centuries earlier, also an industrious rhymesmith, who in 1678 published Nordland's Trompet, a humor- ous account of life in the far North of the time. The family was 414 ALBERT O. BARTON [June descended from a Scottish family named Dundas that had emi- grated to Norway. Mellberg first lived on forty acres two miles east of the Kum- lien farm, just beyond the village of Busseyville, near the former White Crow village. A short time later he moved to eighty acres north of this land and put up a set of buildings opposite Mrs. Sally Devoe's place. He bought forty acres of this second farm from Abraham Devoe, who was Mrs. Mellberg's uncle and is often mentioned in the Mellberg diary. It is not known whether Mell- berg bought the remainder of this land from Abraham, or whether possibly Mrs. Devoe gave it to her daughter Juliette, Mellberg's wife. He probably lived in a shanty on his new land and " batched " it at first. Jacob Devoe, husband of Sally, had died in 1845, so the widow and her daughter lived in the Devoe cabin, a historic landmark razed only within recent years. June 7, 1846, Mell- berg, aged thirty-three, and Juliette, twenty-seven, were married by the Rev. Gustaf Unonius at the Reuterskjold home in the present Busseyville, where Unonius occasionally held services. After Juliette's marriage Mrs. Devoe lived alone in her cabin for many years. She conceived a dislike for her son-in-law, who, it is said, was persona non grata upon her premises. In her old Mge she had the misfortune to fall into the large fireplace in her cabin and suffered burns and injuries. Mellberg carried her to his home across the road where she died. After her death, Mrs. Mell- berg and her husband lived for a while on the Devoe place. Mellberg probably took his cue from Kumlien in starting his diary, the two being simultaneous for about the years 1846—50. Alike in general character, they differ in one respect: Mellberg appears to have been unmoved by the charms of nature and, not knowing the flora and fauna about him as did Kumlien, his journal is silent on these topics. There is no rapture over the morning mist on Lake Koshkonong at his door, nor over its sunset glow—later celebrated in verse by Mrs. Amanda Luse Cornwall.11 While writing his journal in Swedish, Mellberg occasionally 11 Mrs. Cornwall was the wife of A. R. Cornwall, principal of Albion Academy. They were friends of the Thure Kumlien family, leaving the region in 1878. Angie Kumlien Main, "Thure Kumlien, Koshkonong Naturalist," Wisconsin Magazine of History, 27: 331-32 (March, 1944). 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 415

used English words or phrases in his entries. This accounts for quaint misspellings at times such as "howed corn" and "planted two basquets of potatoes," and so on. A word of which he seemed rather fond was " divers " or " diverse." He frequently employed the expression, "Did divers things about the house." Having an American wife, Mellberg naturally had to think and speak, more or less, in English. On the other hand Thure Kumlien seldom used English in his journal, although at times he made complete entries in this language when expressing sentimentality or humor. Reading the two diaries one naturally gets a more complete picture not only of the Swedish colony and its life but of its American neighbors. Mellberg is chiefly interesting as showing the daily work of the men (women's work is only occasionally noted, except in field or garden). His is a rather sketchy journal in a familiar pattern, detailing pioneer hardships, mutual assistance, borrowing of necessities, helpfulness in times of sickness, and so on. It was strictly an oxen era and not more than once or twice in each journal is the word "horse" mentioned, although James Benneworth, the Englishman who came with the Kumlien party, had a carriage and fine horses as early as May 23, 1844. There is little to indicate the superior education of Mellberg except perhaps his excellent handwriting. There are no comments on life, no appraisals, no speculations, no literary flights. Like- wise there is no nostalgia in its pages, no repining, no exultation at having come to a new land of freedom and opportunity. It seems strange that there is scarcely a hint of the occasional terrible pioneer privations, such as those presented in the Havighurst novel, The Winds of Spring, whose chief character is supposed to be a literary reincarnation of Thure Ludwig Kumlien. It is apparent from his own journal that Kumlien placed much reliance on his older friend Mellberg. Since Kumlien's journal antedated Mellberg's by more than two years, something of Mell- berg's activities during those two years, as well as those of other members of the " colony," may be learned from it. Kumlien's first entry mentioning Mellberg is on February 19, 4l6 ALBERT O. BARTON [June

1844, " Mellberg wrote to Bjorkander." On May 4, 1844, " Helped Mellberg a while in forenoon." Other Kumlien entries of 1844 are: June 13, Planted corn at Mellberg's and shot a bird. June 14, Helped Mellberg plant potatoes. June 23 (Sunday), Mellberg here to dinner. July 27, At the Mellbergs'. Aug. 2, Mellberg helped me clean the ground for threshing wheat. As stated above, during the two years preceding his marriage Mellberg probably lived alone in some sort of cabin on his land. He may also have stayed at times with other neighbors, since Kumlien wrote on August 16, 1845, that Mellberg moved to De- voe's on the fifteenth. He did not have his houseraising until just before his marriage in 1846. Kumlien and Mellberg continued working together in 1844. In August they did their haying together, in the fall some plow- ing, and in the winter sawing wood, and so on. In the new year, January, 1845, they threshed again (process not described). On January 6, Juliette Devoe accompanied him to the Kumliens' for the threshing, but Kumlien says they worked only a half day. On January 31 Kumlien records that he and Mrs. Kumlien and Reuterskjold and Mellberg went to the dedication of the new Norwegian Church and that Juliette remained at the Kumliens'. This was the East Koshkonong Lutheran log church in the Town of Christiana, one of the first two Lutheran churches built in Dane County under the direction of the Rev. J. W. C. Dietrichson. The churches were 36 by 28 feet in dimensions, had movable benches for seats, tables for altars, and baptismal fonts carved out of logs. Mellberg was able to lend a tub of butter and some pork to Kumlien in February of 1845. In October, the hard year of 1845, Mellberg buried the Kumliens' little daughter, "in true Swedish form." Then there is the Kumlien. entry for December 25, 1845 (Christmas Day), " I hauled the women folks to the Reuterskjolds'; there Mellberg read Hagberg's Christmas dissertation [Christmas sermon]." 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 417

February 22, 1846 (Sunday), "Mellberg and his Juliette Devoe here in evening." On March 28 Mellberg called on his neighbors and asked them to assist in his houseraising, a customary procedure in the building of log cabins. This was carried out on April 2 and 3—Mellberg, strangely enough, being ill at the time. He now had his own house and on Sunday, June 7, he was married to Juliette, On the following day he worked as usual, but, it is said, Unonius later took them to his home at Pine Lake (New Upsala) for a honeymoon trip of a day or two. Mrs. Mellberg did not move into her new home, however, until a month after their marriage. In the meantime her husband was completing the work on the house. Mellberg's journal opens rather bluntly, the day he himself moved into his home, May 16, 1846, as follows:

JOURNAL beginning 16th Maye 1846 Belonging [to] G. Mellberg Koshkonong, Jeff. Co. Wisk T. Maye Month 184612 May 16, Moved into my new house and began housekeeping for myself. May 17, Sunday. May 18, Worked on my roof. May 19, " " " May 20, Began plowing for corn. May 21, Planted corn. Mr. Hober bought 6 bushels of potatoes. May 22, Built a Lamm [flat cellar door} for my cellar also place for turf roof, etc. May 23, Went to Thorsten Olson to get some wheat but he had not cleaned it yet. May 24, Sunday. Terrible storm, with rain and hail in the night. May 25, Plowed all day. May 26, " " ". In forenoon in garden and in afternoon in big field. Borrowed 25 lbs. meal of Mr. Kirby. May 27, Plowed all day. Corn beginning to come up. Mr. Dunn got 2 bushels of potatoes at 18 cfents]. May 28, Plowed half day. Afternoon planted corn. May 29, Planted corn till 11. Rain till 12. Finished planting corn in garden & field. 12 To facilitate reading, the style of the journal has been changed slightly. The center heads containing the month and year have been omitted, and have been inserted in italics, at the left of the several items. The spelling is that of the diarist and will show variation. 418 ALBERT O. BARTON [June

May 30, In afternoon went with Halvor Funkelin to Mr. Ernst.13 Mellberg played many useful roles in the early days of the little Swedish settlement. Of apparently great physical endurance as well as of high intelligence and good judgment, he was a most dependable man, whether doing physical or administrative work. Whatever his hand found to do, he did promptly and well. He performed prodigies of labor, such as splitting hundreds of rails a day, hauling logs and stones, breaking sod, building cabins, and so on. It is probably safe to say that Mellberg excelled the record of the more celebrated rail splitter of Illinois, whose slightly earlier exploits in this respect helped to elect him President in I860. Having been a student of theology and church forms, Mellberg was also called upon to officiate at funerals. But he did more than that: he also prepared the dead for burial, made the coffins, dug the graves, conducted the burial services, and filled and leveled the graves. Unfortunately this realistic diarist gives no further details regarding these sad events to aid the later historians of his time and place. He also acted as interpreter, letter-writer, and entertainer, and served in administrative roles for the men and women of his nationality. Mellberg's high point in these services came in 1847 when he officiated at the funeral of Abraham Reuterskjold, the most prom- inent and wealthy of the Koshkonong group, whose sad fortune it was to find a grave in the frontier wilds of America, far from the land to which his family was bound by centuries of honored association. Reuterskjold had bought 320 acres of land in Au- gust, 1843, and had hoped to have a long season of comparative ease in his new western home. The Mellberg journal, which would cover some fifty ordinary book pages, appears to have been well-kept up to the end. In it is 13 The Funkelien entries in the Mellberg journal may refer to the lawsuit brought by one Funkelien against the Rev. J. W. C. Dietrichson, the new Lutheran minister, who had come from Norway in 1844 and who had built the two Koshkonong churches, the first in Wisconsin next to the Muskego Church. Dietrichson had ejected Funkelien from church for not taking a seat at the back of the church as directed. It is possible that Mellberg assisted Funkelien in the translation of legal papers in this unique case. He has spelled Funkelien, "Kunkelin" and also "Funkelin." An enlightening account of the Funkelien affair appeared in the Pastor Dietrichson sketch which was contributed by Professor Einar Haugen to the Wisconsin Magazine of History, ante, 301-18 (March, 1946). 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 419 revealed the gradual progress toward better conditions of pioneer living. In contrast to this happier phase of the record are noted a considerable number of deaths and burials. Most of these items are included in the journal extracts given herein. The diary ex- cerpts which follow, somewhat selected at random, will illustrate the Mellberg style of writing and shed revealing light on this interesting Swedish settlement. June 4 [1846], In forenoon worked on road. In afternoon translated for Halvor Funkelin. June 25, Split rails, fenced and planted tobacco, cucumbers, melons, kale, red peppers, turnips, beets, peas and potatoes. June 27, Made a hoghouse for Mr. Devoe and planted potatoes. Bjorn Anderson here.14 July 6, Worked at my house. Set radishes. Juli Ette moved to my place. July 17, Bound wheat at Bjorn Anderson's on Koshkonong prairie. Aug. 6, Made a trap for prairie chickens. Aug. 23, At the Kumelins'. Mr. Kumelin quite sick.15 From August 27 to September 4 Mellberg did house work and cared for Juliette, who had an attack of " chills and fever." And on September 10 he began cutting hay for Mr. Devoe at 75 cents a day. During September and October Mellberg helped his neighbors Devoe, Bjorkander, Preston Downing, Kumlien, Reuters- kjold, and Elisha Sheffield. Nov. 20, Helped Elisha Sheffield lay foundation for his house. Nov. 21, Killed a hog for Reuterskjold. Dec. 1, Helped Bjorkander with his fireplace El. Sheffield married. Dec. 2, Helped with washing at home. Josephina Hammarquist washed for one bushel wheat. Dec. 11, Butchered five hogs for Reuterskjold. Had chills and fever all night and afternoon. Dec. 25, Kumelins here for dinner. Jan. 1 [1847], Invited to the Reuterskjolds'. Deep snow. Jan. 3, Sunday. Mrs. Youldon buried. Jan. 7, Too cold for working. Mr. Mackady Dunn dies. Jan. 22, Sewed a pair of mittens. Mrs. Devoe here. Feb. 7, Sunday. Wrote a letter to my mother in Sweden. Feb. 14, Sunday. Mrs. Reuterskjold gave birth to a boy child before 14 Bjorn Anderson was the father of the well-known Professor Rasmus B. Anderson (1846-1936), distinguished author and educator, United States minister to Denmark, 1885-89. Bjorn Anderson was the first Norwegian settler in the town of Albion, Dane County, a pioneer of much local prominence and much native ability, whose promising career was cut short when he fell victim to cholera in 1850. With a young son, who died at the same time, he was buried in a private family cemetery near his home. 15 Generally throughout his journal Mellberg spells the name of his friend Kumlien as " Kumelin." 420 ALBERT O . B A R T O N [June

8 a.m. and it died 3/4 before 12 same day. Mr. Reuterskjold died the following night 55 minutes after 11. Feb. 15, Prepared and laid out corpse and began digging grave. Very cold. Feb. 16, Conducted funeral of C. E. Abr. Reuterskjold and small child at 10 in forenoon. Feb. 25, Borrowed 22 bushel sacks full of wheat of Mr. Kirby and took to Catfish mill. Feb. 26, Returned from mill in terrible weather. March 3, Wrote concept [outline] of letter for Mrs. Reuterskjold for Sweden. March 6, To court of probate to witness Mr. Reuterskjold's testament. March 10, Cut wood. Preston Downing's daughter died at 12 o'clock noon of croup. March 15, Took inventory of Reuterskjold's estate. [At Dow's, Cam- bridge.] March 29, Split 353 rails for Mr. Bingham. April 2, Do. 32 rails. Altogether 1,200 at 31 1/2 cents a hundred. Visited Marsden, Kumelin, and Bjorkander. April 9, Juli Ette delivered of girl baby at 2 a.m. weight 10 5/8 lbs. June 4, Began digging a well. June 7, Finished planting Mrs. Reuterskjold's potatoes. July 14, Carried our daughter up to Abr. Devoe's and back again. Also split a few rails for Downing. July 15, At Abr. Devoe's. Lucretia Devoe, born Doty, dies at half past 7 [klk 1/2 7] in afternoon, at an age of 25 years. July 16, Dug Lucretia's grave. Hoed my beans. July 17, Lucretia Devoe buried. Preaching by Mr. Ahlderson. The text was Job 30:23.16 Aug. 1, Sunday. Past [or] Unonius preaches at 4 o'clock in afternoon at Reuterskjold's. Aug 2, Rainy. Did diverse things. Aug. 4, Pastor Unonius calls on us on his way home. Afternoon cut wheat. Aug. 10, Hunted for Mr. [sic] Reuterskjold's oxen all forenoon. In August Mellberg helped many of his neighbors at cradling, shocking, stacking, and threshing wheat. In September he plowed for them for winter wheat and sowed and harrowed for them. He also wrote letters for Mrs. Reuterskjold to Sweden and in estate matters. In October he helped dig potatoes, set out shrubs, chink cabins and stables, etc. Nov. 1, Worked for Hamilton Hull at 75 cts per day. Planed 300 feet of boards for Thorsten Olsen for wheat in 1846. Nov. 2, Worked for Hamilton Hull at 75 cts per day. Planted 25 fruit trees. M " For I know that thou wilt bring me to death and to the house appointed for all living." 1946] CARL GUSTAF MELLBERG 421

Nov. 9, In afternoon cut rails for Downing. Thure Kumelin's birthday. Nov. 14, Sunday. Mr. Bingham wants me to furnish 1,000 rails at 75 cts [per 100} ready by March, 1848. Nov. 29, Threshed at Abr. Devoe, 327 Bush, wheat, 70 Bush. oats. Nov. 30, Butchered 8 hogs for Mr. [?] Kirby. Dec. 8, Stormy weather. Got a pair of breeches Kentucki jeans, cost $2.25. Dec. 15, Butchered 13 hogs for Mr. Devoe. Bought a pig that weighed 90 pounds for 3 cts a pound. Dec. 20, To Fort Atkinson and paid my tax 5.75 cts Dec. 31, Hauled a load of wood for Mrs. Reuterskfjold]. Called on all the Swedes and greeted them and helped them celebrate New Year's day. Jan. 1 [1848], All my countrymen here. Mellberg cut his foot on January 11 while splitting rails and was unable to work much for two weeks. By February 3 he had split 1,000 rails for Bingham. On Sunday, February 6, there was a great Mormon baptism, when many of his Yankee neighbors were baptized. On the twenty-second he records that his daughter Amelia had her first tooth. In March and April he often went to the mill, sometimes in terrible weather; he also gave much time to the Reuterskjold estate. April 22, ... In afternoon dug a grave for Preston Downing's daughter, who died this morning at 4 o'clock. April 23, Easter. At funeral at Pr. Downings'. His first daughter died March 10, 1847. May 8, ... In afternoon at election for state offices. May 25, ... Amelia stood by herself for first time. May 27, Weeded and replanted my corn. June 3, ... Hived a swarm of bees for Mrs. Devoe June 25, Sunday. Bjorkander, Youldon, and Pr. Downing come home from pineries to the Kumelins'. July 18, Cradled for Thos. Sheffield Abr. Devoe married to Miss Mary Kirby. In the summer and autumn of 1848 Mellberg did a great variety of farm work for himself and neighbors. He records that on Sep- tember 7 the Hammarquists had a daughter; and on September 23 Elisha Sheffield's son died. On November 3 there was a foot of snow, and an entry of several lines (for December 10 through March 21) relates, "N.B. Busy with cutting, sawing, and hauling all the time from November 10, 1848, to March 22, 1849. Un- usually cold weather all this winter. Spring floods began the 19th 422 ALBERT O. BARTON of February." His entry for June 1 reads, "Rested after a long period of hard work." Mellberg's last journal notation was made on June 13, 1849. A hard worker and a good manager, Mellberg made his farms pay. As his children grew up and he advanced in years, it is re- lated that he gradually reverted to his earlier status as a " gentle- man " and took on something of the character of a country squire, leaving the farm to his children and hired help. As local government developed he became popular because of his education and natural abilities. He held numerous local offices and was town clerk for years; he did much work for his neighbors in the drawing of papers, in writing letters, and settling estates and accounts. It must have been a comforting thought in his retirement that his days of almost incredible hardship were but a memory. When the weight of years made it necessary for the Mellbergs to retire from the farm, their son Edward bought them a home at Fort Atkinson for $2,000. Edward paid his sister Gustavia $1,500 for her share in the farm which he then acquired free of debt. Both of the Mellbergs died at Fort Atkinson. Records in the register of deeds office at Jefferson indicate that Gustaf Mellberg, who was born in 1812, died December 19, 1892, at the age of eighty years. Juliette, born in 1819, survived him slightly over twelve years, dying January, 1905, at the age of eighty-five years, eight months, and five days. Both are buried in the Busseyville cemetery, near their old farm home, the scene of their early joys and trials of pioneer life. The Mellberg journal, in the possession of the WISCONSIN HIS- TORICAL SOCIETY since 1932, has enriched the history of the Kosh- konong region. Tradition has it that this pioneer kept other journals as well, but as yet these have not come to light. He has done well in picturing for us the struggle on the Koshkonong frontier in this single century-old journal, and on the long roll of Swedish Americans who with brain and brawn helped build Wisconsin he should have a permanent place. Indian Farm Institutes in Wisconsin By J. F. WOJTA

HE MENOMINI Indians, whose home is on the Keshena Reservation, Shawano County, were planning their annual Tfair which was to be held in September, 1914, at Keshena, Wisconsin. They sent a request for a judge and speaker to the administration of the Agricultural Extension Service of the College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, of which H. L. Russell, then dean, was the director, and K. L. Hatch, now retired, the associate extension director. The request was granted, and I was delegated to perform this service. The fair showed the diversification of the Indians' accomplish- ments and activities. Prizes were awarded for vegetables, farm crops, beadwork, woven baskets, blankets, bows and arrows, buck- skin articles, and other handicraft. A number of wigwams, also in the competition, were constructed of cattails and wild grass and were particularly admired by the white spectators. The walls were impervious to the rain which pelted down during the celebra- tion. The floor of one wigwam was covered with beautiful hand- made rugs woven out of wild grass and others out of colored flex- ible wood; the interior was very tastefully decorated with a number of homemade blankets of various colors. There was also a display of moccasins, a shirt, several belts, necklaces, and caps fringed with colored beads. The Indian families—including the squaws, papooses, and the aged Indians—showed great pride while the inspection of the wigwams was taking place. With the aid of Ernest Oshkosh, the grandson of Chief Osh- J. F. WOJTA, when a member of the staff of the College of Agriculture, Madison, was the state leader of the county agents, and devoted from ten to fourteen days a year, on the average, to serving as an instructor at the" Indian Farm Institutes and demonstrational meetings; he was the judge at their annual reservation fairs and speaker at their powwows. Professor Wojta during his twenty-seven years of professional contact with the Indians has come to know them intimately. 423 424 J . F . WOJTA [June kosh, as interpreter, the Indians were instructed in the way root and garden crops were grown. They seemed to like my talk, and later put the lesson into practice. When the prizes were distributed, the interpreter explained to the prize-winners why their exhibits had taken first or second place, and they were greatly pleased with his comments. The following winter the Agricultural Extension Service of the college sponsored one-week Farm Schools and Courses under my leadership. This type of education became very popular with the farmers throughout the state, and the Indians, under the super- vision of the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs, became interested. This prompted Superintendent A. S. Nicholson to appeal to the college for similar work for his Indians on the Keshena Reservation. More schools had been listed for the white farmers than could be conveniently handled that winter, but since the Indians showed an interest in becoming better farmers, the extension service gladly cooperated with the reserva- tion officials to provide such a course. These schools were designated as "Indian Farm Institutes"; no charge was made for this service by the university. The reservation superintendent was usually in charge of the institute. The county agent in whose county the meeting was held and occasionally members of the extension service and college faculty assisted me with talks and demonstrations. The first Indian Institute was planned for the Menomini for the spring of 1915, which would enable the Indians to put into practice, during the following summer, some of the lessons they had learned. It was rumored at the agency office that the success or failure of the institute would be determined largely by the im- pression made on the first day. The tidings, whether good or indifferent, would be made known by word of mouth to the inhabitants of the most remote sections of the reservation by the following morning. If favorable, the attendance would increase day by day, and if unfavorable, it would decrease to a handful. This is how such a four-day school proceeded. At the opening of each session the Indians were asked whether they could under- 1946] INDIAN FARM INSTITUTES 425

stand the English language, and usually from 80 to 90 percent responded that they could. As a matter of custom and to make sure the listeners understood, interpreters from the audience were selected who would translate important statements into the Indian language. Since the Indian has no scientific vocabulary, it became necessary for the speakers to use simple words in order to be understood. At one of these meetings Billy Catfish interpreted. It took him from two to three times as long as it took me to bring out the thought in the native's language. It was not unusual to hear someone in the assembly correct the interpreter when he made an inaccurate statement. Stereopticon slides on farming and Indian activities were an entertaining and helpful feature of the institute. Demonstrations, during which the Indians were given an oppor- tunity to ask questions, proved very successful. At the initial Menomini meeting a poultry demonstration had been planned, and three hens were used in teaching the facts related to successful poultry raising. Moses Tucker, an Indian, informed me that he intended to raise a flock of several hundred hens the coming year and was going to invest $1,000, or more if necessary, in a poultry house. It would be natural to wonder how he came by $1,000! He had a family consisting of a wife and twelve children, and shortly an allotment was due from the government which in his case amounted to that sum. He planned to use this in his new venture. Tucker, however, was inexperienced, and was warned of the risks involved, such as diseases of fowls, improper feeding and housing, inroads made by predatory animals, insects, and the like. He was told to begin his experiment with twenty-five hens and if he managed them successfully for a year, he could then enlarge the number. He was furnished information on the construction of a poultry house: the space required for nesting, feeding, scratch- ing, and so on. The result was that Tucker's poultry house was built the following spring and was stocked with white leghorn hens. He was well pleased at the end of the year and not only enlarged his flock but began the raising of ducks and geese. 426 J . F . W O J T A [June

At the close of this first farm institute Ernest Oshkosh spoke with feeling to the audience in his native tongue: I wish to express our gratitude and appreciation to the gentleman from the University of Wisconsin, whose presence in our midst for the last few days will mean much to our progress; when our forefathers clasped hands with the first white man, that stepped on the American soil, they pledged to walk side by side, hand in hand, and to reflect a true brotherly love to each other. We see these pledges in our treaties with them. They both pledged to be loyal to only one flag (the Old Glory). We have abandoned our wigwams and [have transformed] our once happy hunting grounds into beautiful agricultural communities. We have adopted the white men's costume and are now following their steps of industrious habits. Knowing that we are striving, they are showing us loyalty by extending their helping hand. Therefore, my fellow Menomini Indians, we must heed what we have heard during our four-day Farmers' Institute, and make every effort to show the good results which go to demonstrate our ability as self-support- ing good promising and useful citizens for the future, and that is one way to be loyal to our white brothers. After some of the Indians on other reservations and on farm allotments saw the manner in which the Menomini were putting into practice the lessons they were taught at the schools, they soon appealed to the Agricultural Extension Service for such instruc- tion. In order not to interfere with the work among the white farmers, it was finally agreed to devote four annual institutes to the Indians, only two to be held in succession on the same reserva- tion. This made for fair distribution over a period of years among the tribes throughout the state. The Winnebago, who did not live on a reservation but were scattered among the white farmers in central Wisconsin, had their institute in the theater at Mauston, Juneau County. Coming during the period of World War I increased food production was stressed. The interpreter selected at this school was Frank Decorah. Again the demonstration method was used, this time to teach the Winnebago how to raise a successful potato crop. Eight Indians were selected who took their places at a table, and each was asked to cut a potato in the way he would prepare it for planting. Their familiarity with preparing potatoes for planting was perhaps equal to that of many city folks. The first demonstrator cut thin slices from the surface, leaving 1946] INDIAN FARM INSTITUTES 427 his potato almost intact; he explained that he planted the pealings and ate the large portion, but did not raise a good crop. He was told the bud must be planted and also a portion of the tuber in order that the sprout might receive nourishment. The next Indian divided his potato into small cubes, but his planting showed up poorly because some of the sections had no buds. The third Indian cut his potato indiscriminately into three pieces, and since the tip contains most of the buds, the part cut at the butt would germinate poorly or not at all. Big John, who secured the best results, cut his potato into four sections longitudinally. Since each part con- tained one or more buds, his potato crop was successful. He was held in high esteem during the remainder of the institute, be- cause of his ability as a potato-grower! Some years later—August 12, 1922—the Winnebago powwow at Valley Junction, Monroe County, carried on during several days and nights, was a summer highlight. At that time friends came from a distance and visited and feasted in family fashion. At this celebration I was invited to give a talk in the afternoon and show stereopticon slides in the evening. Pony races, individual athletic stunts, and feasting furnished powwow excitement and pleasure. The food was prepared in picnic style. A large galvanized iron kettle was hung outdoors, containing the quarters of a hog or a steer, under which a steady fire was kept burning until the meat was cooked. Pieces were sliced off from time to time, as the meat became tender, and were served in barbecue style; bread, biscuits, and coffee were arranged on a large table, and everyone helped himself. Each Indian family then sat in a circle on the ground and feasted with their papooses and their friends. Their dogs, too, would be on hand. Their ponies were at large, close to the powwow grounds, later to participate in the races. After the feasting was over, the crowd assembled in a large circular tent which was well ventilated since the sides were open. Seats were placed in the rear for the spectators, and a dream drum was located in a smaller circle at the front of the large tent. The keeper of the drum, who kept it tuned, had it mounted on four 428 J. F. WOJTA [June supports which were beautifully trimmed with feathers, furs, and beads in symbolic design. Each support had a ceremonial sig- nificance. Usually two Indians beat the drum at a dance. The rhythmic sounds emanating from the dream drum with heavy and light accents brought about skillful movements in the execution of the dance. A weird chant by the participants accompanied the performance. The men in the circle danced close to the drum while the women occupied the outer circle. In the afternoon the Indians listened to a talk on the manage- ment of horses, and the planting of gardens which included in- formation on the growing of cucumbers for salting stations. Mike White Eagle was the interpreter at this meeting, and frequently some well-meaning Indian in the audience would grunt his ap- proval. Lantern slides were shown in the evening in a hall seating about 150 persons. Whenever a picture appeared of a local red man or of some familiar activity among them, applause ensued; occasional- ly a war whoop indicated that enthusiasm had gone out of bounds. All appeared to enjoy themselves, but midway in the lecture some over-zealous dancer beat the drum in the large circular tent, which was the call to commence the powwow dance. Immediately there was a stampede for the door, and in less than ten minutes the hall was clear of all except a dozen faithful Indians, who remained to the end. This unfortunate episode may be attributed to two cars filled with guests on the grounds. They wished to see the powwow dance and had induced the dancer to beat the drum and call the Indians for the exhibition dance. The performance started at once, and the ceremony was continued until early the follow- ing morning. In order to provide schools for the Winnebago, whose small farms were not contiguous, meetings were also held at such cities as Wisconsin Rapids, Black River Falls, and other points. LaPointe Reservation, in Ashland County, is the home of a band of the Chippewa. At their village of Odanah their first in- stitute was opened on March 29, 1918. Each day soil samples from the farms of the Indians were tested for acidity. When the Truog Soil Tester was placed in readiness for operation, the spec- 1946] INDIAN FARM INSTITUTES 429 tators viewed it with much interest. A soil sample together with water and zinc sulphide was placed in the flask and brought to boil over a flame, after which a moistened strip of white lead acetate test paper was placed over the mouth of the flask, and as the sulphide gas was freed by the acids of the soil, it formed a black lead compound which darkened the white paper to a degree equivalent to the amount of acidity present in the soil tested. The degree of soil acidity was then determined by comparing the darkness of the test paper with the standard chart, showing the quantity of lime needed to neutralize the acidity. This process puzzled the onlookers. When they saw the white test paper gradually turn dark, their curiosity was aroused more and more; they left their seats and advanced closer and closer to the apparatus, so as to get a better view. It became necessary to admonish them to stand back, in order properly to operate the tester. Since the existence of evil spirits still was a belief among some of the Indians, the great curiosity manifested was to be expected. At an institute conducted on April 27, 1932, it was learned that the Stearns Lumber Company had abandoned its sawmill at Odanah, after completing the sawing of its logs and wood prod- ucts. Since the Chippewa did not have storage facilities for their winter food supply, it was suggested that if the bricks in the walls of the engine room were available, they be used to construct a root cellar on high and well-drained ground, as a trial for the summer and winter storage of food. A cellar plan was furnished, and the Indians volunteered to lay the brick; the construction was under the supervision of the superintendent of the reservation. The re- sult was a neat cellar completed shortly after, ready for use. Two more were built that year out of brick and logs. This was only the beginning. The following winter the struc- tures were inspected and a few suggestions were offered for im- provement. The potatoes, cabbages, onions, rutabagas, beets, carrots, pumpkins, squashes, and canned goods had been stored satisfac- torily. In some instances the cellar was shared by several families. The enterprise proved so successful to this group that twelve other log root cellars were constructed the following year on the reserva- 430 J. F. WOJTA [June tion by individual farmers. It was observed that some were built into a sidehill while others were on a level, the sides and tops covered with earth so as to retain the warmth. The space inside was neatly arranged. The reservation nurse had taught the squaws how to can vegetables, small fruits, and meats. Today one sees not only pits and root cellars, but basements under some of the houses, which are used for storing the winter supply of food on every reser- vation. Root cellar construction was perhaps one of the most successful and helpful projects initiated during my institute days. A successful farm school was held in the spring of 1923 at Lac du Flambeau, Vilas County, for another group of Chippewa living on the Lac du Flambeau Reservation, which was in charge of the reservation superintendent, J. W. Balmer. At nine o'clock in the morning 375 Indians, from all quarters of the reservation, were seated in the school auditorium ready to receive information on better farming. Joe Wildcat and John Lynch were the interpreters. A discussion on the growing of cucumbers and beans opened the institute. Remedies for ridding the plots of bean-eating chip- munks and squirrels and the bean weevil were sought. At the close of the morning session a dinner was served which was financed by the federal government. When the group convened for the afternoon, there was a talk on root cellar building which was put into practice as above described. The next day approximately 500 men, women, and children attended the institute. A talk on potato spraying was given, after which a brave said that he had a simple and more practical method than the one used by the white farmer. His ingenuity was evident in developing his own method, which he explained thus: You make a small bag out of gingham cloth, large enough to hold about a pint of Paris Green, then tie and suspend the bag from the end of a short stick. Next you hold the poison over a potato plant, and with a stick held in the other hand you give the short stick a sharp rap at a point near the bag. The fine particles of dust will then drop on the leaves of the potato plant. Follow row after row. The best time to dust is when the dew is on the plant or shortly after the rain stops. Among the Lac du Flambeau Indians who spoke were George Armour, nominal chief of the tribe; John Whitefeather, president 1946] INDIAN FARM INSTITUTES 431 of the annual fair; Big George, the tallest and heaviest brave on the reservation; Jake Patterson, Rising Sun, and Anawaba, the suc- cessful farmers of the group. They appreciated the fact that the conductor, the "wise white man," had made it possible for the Indians to get up-to-date information on practical farming methods. They hoped that those present would take home the lessons taught and put them into practice, in order to become better farmers. At the tip of Bayfield County, in the northernmost part of Wisconsin, is another band of Chippewa Indians. Their home is on the Red Cliff Reservation. Though far removed from the Agricultural Extension Service center, they too were on the institute list some two decades ago. Ranking high among the Indian groups as farmers, they wished to get some firsthand information on sheep raising. Thereupon the late Professor Frank Kleinheinz, the shep- herd at the University Experiment Station at Madison, was assigned to assist at the first institute at Red Cliff. The town hall held more than 150 Indians, their wives, four white men, and a negro family. The subject of sheep raising was discussed, covering the phases of pasturing, winter feeding, shelter, insect pests, lambing care, and the like. Thorough consideration was given to the kill- ing of sheep by wolves, foxes, and dogs. Since Indians are much attached to their dogs and allow them to run at large on the reservations, sheep raising would have been a discouraging project from the start. The decision was reached that the enterprise was not adaptable to the Red Cliff Reservation. A farmers institute was held on June 17, 1930, for a band of Chippewa known as Lac Court Oreilles, at their reservation and village of the same name. The subjects presented at these meet- ings were root cellars and pits, gardening, insect pests, poultry raising, and the management of horses. Vegetable growing became their chief interest which resulted in the organization of a garden club by twenty-five junior and adult Indians. They named their club "Natamagie " Club (every- thing good). The enthusiasm among the members in a number of cases led the squaws and their husbands each to clear the brush from the wilderness areas and to convert the space into gardens. 432 J . F . WOJTA [June

At a later period the La Pointe and the Menomini reservations adopted the same name for their garden clubs. These vegetable gardens, at least 6x8 rods in size, were super- vised by John Swiftbird, a successful gardener, who taught the Lac Court Oreilles how to cultivate them and keep them free from weeds. As an inducement twelve money prizes were awarded by the committee to the winners of the best-managed gardens. How successfully the Chippewa have been in their garden projects was set forth in a letter written in the early 1940's by Superintendent J. C. Cavill, of the Great Lakes Agency, Ashland. He wrote: During the past several years, the 4H Garden Clubs have steadily been organized, and last year reached a very satisfactory climax. At one time we had the largest 4H Club in the state for any community its size on the Bad River Reservation [meaning La Pointe]. In addition the Lac du Flambeau, Red Cliff, and this Reservation had splendid Clubs with very high percentage of completions—as high as 80 percent of the mem- bers enrolled completed their projects. Many Indian youths and adults took prizes at the various county fairs, and all in all made excellent showing. In addition to the gardens, two Indian groups have gone into a large scale production. The Lac Court Oreilles group last year operated a tribal farm of thirty acres on which they produced 60,000 pounds of canning beans, which was definitely a success. This year, instead [of] operating this project on [a] tribal basis, individuals will use the land to raise beans commercially. Another group planted thirty acres of potatoes successfully and will again continue the project this year. Though the Oneida of Brown County were served by an institute in the early twenties, more and more of the individual farmers continued to sell their allotted reservation farms to the white men and only a few remained. The reservation has been dissolved, and the Oneida now find employment in industries and on the farms in the eastern section of the state. During the recent war they were engaged in defense plants. The Potawatomi had no reservation and were living on lands provided for them in Forest County. Their first farm institute was held at Laona in the spring of 1932. They were taught by demon- stration how to treat potatoes for scab in a formaldehyde solution and were fascinated by the demonstration. Adopting this method, their potato yields were greatly increased the following year. Some of them proved to be successful farmers. Especially so was Billy 1946] INDIAN FARM INSTITUTES 433

Ritchie, who lived on a small farm and owned four cows. When the summer tourists came to the Stone Lake resort, he sold milk to them and provided them with strawberries, red raspberries, black- berries, and blueberries. During my connection with the Indian Farm Institutes I par- ticipated in a conference looking toward the improvement of the economic conditions among the Stockbridges.1 This group was settled on approximately 15,000 acres in Shawano County, having been removed, after some delay, from the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago in accordance with the Treaty of 1856. I was enabled to attend these meetings at the invitation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which were held in the fall of 1939 at Bowler, Shawano County. There was also a three-day field study of the region upon which the tribe was being rehabilitated, and of the old region, in order to determine soil conditions. Upon the results of the soil analysis the conclusion was reached that the poverty among the Indians was caused by the poor land upon which they had lived, and not by lack of industry. The essentials that had to be met in order to improve living conditions upon the reservation were an adequate food supply, reasonable clothing and shelter. To accomplish this, land use, Federal Credit Revolving Funds, subsistence plans for twenty-acre assignments, analysis of soil and further rehabilitation of the Indians upon the more productive land, a community berry in- dustry, a cooperative sawmill industry for tribal and commercial output, the encouragement of community marketing, and com- munity use of timber and pasture resources were some of the subjects discussed. The recommendations growing out of the meetings were lengthy and are not listed completely here. Subsistence gardening and farming should be the first activity, supplemented, it was thought, by food production from a small flock of chickens, one or two pigs, and a cow as the beginning of any possible later expansion. It was proposed that the Stockbridges as a corporation should borrow a substantial sum from the Credit Revolving Funds ^The writer is indebted to Professor W. W. Clark, associate director, Agricultural Extension Service, University of Wisconsin, for the use of the files on the Indian Agricultural Extension work for the period discussed in this article. 434 j. F. WOJTA in order to develop a large-scale land clearing program of the highest type land, since the land under the Rehabilitation plan was covered with brush and young trees, and its improvement could not be undertaken individually without the necessary equip- ment and finances. The participants of the study recommended especially that several key-tracts of land for timber and conservation purposes, owned by the white men, be acquired, as well as the areas within the reservation owned by them, in order to eliminate in the latter case the administrative complications which would be caused by white ownership. It was further recommended that the program be carried out under the supervision of Extension per- sonnel. I am sure that definite progress has been made in the transition of the Wisconsin Indian tribes from their once nomadic life to their present-day farmlife. Among the creditable contributions to their communities are increased garden production; the construction of root cellars and pits for the preservation of their food supplies; the employment in some localities, of farm agents—similar to the county agents—county nurses, and home demonstration agents; participation in the competitive 4-H Club work; and the organi- zation of several threshing machine clubs, pointing to increased grain production. At the Indian Farm Institutes the teaching was done simply and concretely, concentrating on only a few subjects, not for- getting to stress the dignity of labor as a means of self-support. Fishing and hunting have ever been in the blood of the Indians; their pleasure shut out the thought that the time would arrive when this source of sustenance would decrease, unless controlled. To meet this condition, they were taught that routine farm labor must be substituted, and their handicraft continued to supplement incomes. From my association with the Indians through the Agri- cultural Extension Service I am sure that they have improved their general habits, have learned many of the white man's farm- ing methods and succeeded reasonably well. It must not be for- gotten that the white man in turn has been enriched by the sharing of the Indians' folklore, handicraft, and pageantry. Bernard Domschcke IL The Editor and the Man

By J. J. SCHLICHER

OMSCHCKE was editor and publisher of the Atlas from March, 1856, to April, 1861. The Atlas was a weekly D from the spring of 1856 to the fall of 1858, and a daily from November 29, 1858, to April 26, 1861. These five years include the longest and far the most important period of his activity as an editor. In September, 1861, he became the first editor of the Milwaukee Her old, published by W. W. Coleman, and continued in this position for about a year, when, with the entire staff of the paper, he resigned to enlist in the Union army. Publication of the Her old was not resumed until 1866, when Domschcke was again its editor for two years. Domschcke's first editorial which has been preserved appeared in the Atlas of November 15, 1856, and deals with the results of Buchanan's election, as follows: The comforting assurance expressed by a number of Democratic papers, that with Mr. Buchanan a certain liberalism will appear in the govern- ment, is without any foundation, and only raises hopes that can never be fulfilled. [Domschcke compares the situation with that in a monarchy when a bad king has died, and his subjects rejoice in the prospect of a new and better era. But while a tyrant is dead, another is alive, and the country will suffer as before.] So it will be with Mr. Buchanan. Pierce passes, and we are glad to see him depart; Buchanan appears, and many expect peace and happiness under him. But who knows whether in I860 more curses will not follow him than followed Mr. Pierce and his kitchen cabinet. What justifies us in expecting a liberal administration on the part of Mr. Buchanan? His political past, think you? or his diplomatic past, whose great achievement was his participation in the ridiculous Ostend Conference, or his age? Are we to hope for something good or at least something better from Mr. Buchanan than we were given by his weak predecessor? We might as well give ourselves up to the illusion that old THIS IS the concluding installment of the two-part sketch of Bernhard Domschcke, a pioneer journalist, written by DR. J. J. SCHLICHER, a retired member of the faculty of the University of Wisconsin. 435 436 J.J.SCHLICHER [June

Cass might yet become an Abolitionist after the manner of Lloyd Gar- rison, or that Stephen A. Douglas might become an honest man Buchanan was nominated by the plotting of the Southern aristocracy, it was their votes that elected him, and they will dictate the course which he is to follow. It will not be an independent course like that of Andrew Jackson. Under Buchanan the relation between North and South must reach the point of conflict. For we do not believe that we are mistaken when we think that the Republican party will gain in strength and be- come an army ready for battle when the Southern rascals move forward to change free territories into more room for the extension of slavery. From the standpoint of radical Republicanism one may in the end be quite satisfied with the election of Buchanan. The contrasts will become sharper, and the old policy of compromise will come to an end. It is well known that a sound war is better than a rotten peace. Freedom and slavery cannot under any circumstances dwell under the same roof. America must either perish with slavery or with freedom become the greatest power on earth.1 A few weeks later, in the Atlas of December 20, there appeared an article, entitled, "A Scene from the Artistic life of German Athens." The two actors in the scene were Domschcke and a flute- player of the Milwaukee Musical Society, a doctor named Jung (Young). On the preceding Sunday, when the flute-playing doctor was on his way up the aisle to the stage, where the orchestra was assembling for a concert, he spied Domschcke in the audience, and began at once loudly to express his indignation at a criticism of his playing which had appeared in the Atlas. The number in ques- tion had been advertised as a duet for flute and piano, but Dom- schcke in his account of the performance had said that it was really a trio, for piano, flute, and a pair of bellows. The doctor is repre- sented as well-to-do and proud of his playing and of his member- ship in the Musical Society, and in no soft tones he informed the astonished listeners in the audience that he had been a member of the orchestra for six years, and now a tramp like Domschcke, who came from Lord knows where, was trying to give him directions. "You ought to be thrown out," he shouted, "How can I help it if my flute is stuffed up? I can't find anyone to clean it out for me." Complaining bitterly about the hoodlum reporters, he got this reply from Domschcke in the next issue of the Atlas: Ah, yes, most worthy Herr Doctor, those hoodlum reporters have always been a nuisance to pretentious mediocrity and never have any respect for 1This passage, and with two exceptions all other quotations from Domschcke, are translations by the writer. 1946} BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 437

the empty big-head, even for you. You have money, my dear Sir, we have none; you have houses, we have none; you are an alderman, we have the honor not to be one; but we possess a pen, of which hollow heads are afraid, and the inflexible determination to belabor every case of presumption and every charlatan with this pen. Injured self-esteem may then rant, it may curse, threaten bodily injury—it is all one to us; we straighten the Devil's belt for him, to say nothing of Doctor Jung, whom no one has ever thought of as a relative of the Prince of Cunning. You see, Herr Doctor, we are entirely just to you; we say that you are a fairly useful member of the orchestra, but that never, even when your flute no longer suffers from constipation, will you be able to manage the piece which you undertook to play in that concert. Anyone who understands music will agree with us. By your making an uproar and reminding me of the six years that you have devoted to the soft tones of the flute, shout- ing that I ought to be thrown out, you will accomplish exactly nothing, not even the flip of a finger. There will be no halt in the writing, in spite of the City Council and in spite of the Musical Society; and if the doctor's advice is followed, to stop giving free tickets to the press, we will then really begin to lambaste the fear which the performers have of their critics. Good day, Herr Doctor. Personal outbursts like these are not frequent in what we have of Domschcke's writing, and as time went on, they more and more took the milder form of ridicule, but they cannot be omitted altogether if we are to have a complete picture of the man. Really much more surprising is his keen insight and independent judg- ment in matters of politics and government. As an example of the latter we may quote part of an editorial which appeared in the Atlas of March 7, 1857, entitled "Forward": There is danger to Republicanism when the ranks of its honest and determined members have been joined by politicians, and still others are attempting to join them who do not share Republican principles, and only claim to be Republicans for selfish reasons or may be altogether op- posed to them and merely aiming to destroy the Republican party In some states, for the purpose of immediate results, the policy has been adopted of concluding alliances with totally different elements, and now, in Pennsylvania, they are engaged in trying to form a union of all anti- democratic elements on a platform made of unsound planks. But all such combinations and compromises will only be damaging to the Re- publican party and be of service to the slave-holding classes. It is an unholy policy to consider a temporary advantage of more importance than a principle or even to betray it. The strength of a party does not depend on the number of its members, but on the soundness of its basic principles. A small party of reliable character is better than a union of many elements at the expense of principle, determination, and honesty. In the fore part of the same week Domschcke had been in Madison, which, in Horace Greeley's opinion, he says, is the most 438 J. J. SCHLICHER [June beautiful place in the West. A promenade through the city on Sunday, with a raw wind blowing, convinced Domschcke that spending a winter in Madison without friends and acquaintances would be somewhat like living in a monastery. He had been in Madison two years before and had put up at the Capital House, the first hotel in the city. A cold leg of turkey, a boiled turnip, three crackers, and a glass of water had been his dinner, and after spending a day in the crowded hotel, he had the pleasure of being charged $2.00. The legislators usually lived in this hotel, he says, and as their daily wage was $2.50, after paying for board and lodging they had only 50 cents left, which would about serve to supply them with the necessary chewing tobacco. This year he was trying another hotel, which was not much better. There were no towels or wash basins in* the rooms, he says, and the guests had to wash in a " universal trough " in the basement, with only a single towel. To describe this towel, he says, is impossible; to forget it hard. The Atlas of May 2, 1857, has a long editorial, entitled " Prac- tical Abolitionism," which explores a new possibility, in substance as follows: While the Republican party has at the beginning taken its stand on preventing the further extension of slavery, this can only be a temporary expedient. Meanwhile in the border States another factor is being dis- cussed in the papers of Virginia, Maryland, and places like St. Louis. What they see in slavery is that it is ruining the soil and causing the more enterprising members of the Southern communities to sell out and move west or northwest, where they can make a new start with better prospects. One element in the situation is that the South is falling be- hind the North in the growth of industry, the means of communication, and development generally. The suggestion is made that the next census will perhaps show this very clearly. The great immigration from Europe in the last two decades had benefitted the North almost exclusively. The papers think that a gradual change, without violence or depriving the Southerners of their property [in slaves], can be made for the good of all. Soon after the appearance of this editorial, Domschcke went on a trip covering parts of Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, and sent in accounts of his experiences for publication in the Atlas: on May 23 from Dubuque, on June 6 from St. Paul, and on June 23 from shipboard on the Mississippi. At the end of his trip he at- tended the Saengerfest at Chicago on June 27. During his absence 1946} BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 439 his friend, Dr. Guenther, had seen to the editorial work on the Atlas, in addition to writing a number of articles for publication in it, some of which did not appear until after Domschcke's re- turn. Dr. Guenther continued for several years to be a frequent contributor to the Atlas, even when Domschcke himself did the editorial work. After his return Domschcke published the following paragraph of appreciation and gratitude: In the last few weeks we have seen many a city, have enjoyed many a beautiful landscape, and have found a most friendly reception, but to forget Milwaukee was impossible. Even in Dubuque, on whose beautiful hills we spent delightful days, the friendly picture of Milwaukee often rose before our eyes, and in the last few weeks we longed for the return to our home. In telling of our journey we must not forget all the friends in Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois, who so generously welcomed us at their homes and did everything they could to make our stay a pleasure. Nor, finally, must we forget to give expression to our deep thanks and the feel- ing of our obligation to Dr. Guenther, who edited the Atlas during our absence, and to Mr. Bidder, who willingly took on the burden of its finances during our absence, and likewise to the foreman of the press, Mr. Luft, for their zeal, attention, and careful management. For several reasons 1858 was an important year for Domschcke and the Atlas. It was in this year that the Republicans had for the first time come into complete possession of the government offices of the state, and as a consequence the state printing was given to Domschcke. The money which he earned in this way enabled him to build up the Atlas into a paper that appealed not only to the voter and the businessman, but to the general reader as well. The result of this expansion was that in November the Atlas was changed to a daily, though after the manner of the times it continued its weekly edition also. More than that, soon after the new state administration came into power in January, 1858, a joint committee, representing both the Senate and the Assembly, was appointed to investigate the charges of bribery against the preceding legislature and other state officials and men of influence by the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad, as a reward for their assistance in securing the right of way for that corporation. The investigation extended from March 4 to April 9, 1858, during which time thirty-two witnesses were 440 J. J. SCHLICHER [June examined. On May 13, 5,000 copies of the committee's report were ordered printed.2 In the Atlas of May 15, while the information, as he had it, was still incomplete, Domschcke had this to say about it: In the Legislature the final report of the investigation was read, from which it appears that Wisconsin harbors a pack of purchasable subjects worthy to stand by the side of the New York rascals and the robbers of California. The LaCrosse Railroad Company had bought up nearly all the officers of the State, the Governor,3 the Senators, the Assemblymen, publishers of newspapers, and private persons, in such a sink of baseness, venality, and shabbiness in our State—all honest people in the Union can point the finger of scorn at Wisconsin. Corrupt, venal, insatiable crooks, thieves a la Jack Shephard, a rabble whose like are confined in the prison at Waupun, blackguards and gallows birds, have been at the head of our administration and have given the population a disgusting example of pollution. The complete list is not yet at hand, but we publish the names and the sums for which they were purchased as the telegraphic re- ports in the English papers of yesterday gave them.4 It was no doubt the results brought out by this investigation that led the editors of six German Republican papers in Wisconsin to meet in Milwaukee on August 21, and draft a statement embody- ing their position, which was published in the Milwaukee Sentinel of August 30, 1858. Their reason for publishing it in an English- language paper they state as follows: The difference of languages impedes a full and free exchange of ideas between the American and German presses. The present condition of the Republican party is such that all its component elements should well understand each other, and for this reason we take this unusual way of communicating with our American friends: "The success of the Republican principles and of the party which bears that name depends upon the conviction and the enthusiasm of the masses and not upon mere political management, as the old corrupt party or- 2 According to the committee's report the sums to be paid, in stock or bonds of the railroad, were as follows: Thirteen senators received $175,000. The standard for a senator was $10,000, but 4 received $20,000 each, and of these 1 insisted on $5,000 in addition for his son, and received it. Fifty-nine members of the Assembly received $355,000. The standard sum was $5,000, but 8 received $10,000 each; 1, $20,000. Seven other state officials received $51,000. Four of these received $10,000 each, 2 received $2,000 each, and 1 received $1,000. Twenty-five other individuals received a total of $246,000. Five of these received $25,000 each; 8, $10,000 each; 4, $5,000 each; 1 received $2,000; and 4, $1,000 each. Altogether, 102 individuals received a total of $827,000. 8 The governor referred to was Coles Bashford, whose term extended from 1856 to 1858. For details see note 5 below. 4 While Domschcke's list is, as he says, incomplete, it also contains some important names, Bashford's among them, in the case of which certain details appear to have been lacking at the time the committee's report was sent to the printer, and which are there- fore not contained in the report as given above. 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 441 ganizations understood and practiced it. All tricky operations which aim only at temporary expediency and the personal promotion of individuals, will lower the character of the party without subserving its true ends. In so far, what opponents might call good management, would be mis- management with us "The Republican party of this State has been particularly unfortunate. Our late executive, although elected on the very issue of political honesty, could not clear himself of the charge of corrupt practices.5 The present administration, indeed, stands above all accusations of this kind; yet we have to deplore some acts which are detrimental to the unity and welfare of the Republican party. Corrupt opponents of Republicanism, and at the same time most unworthy individuals, have been patronized and en- couraged, while true and good men have been unceremoniously thrown aside. Acts like these, and the accompanying circumstances, could not but jeopardize the confidence of the Republican masses in their leaders and representatives, discourage honest zeal, and demoralize the working of the party organization *" That portion of the German population who have cooperated with the Republican party were actuated by an unselfish devotion to great principles. They supported the organization zealously and, to judge from their perpetually increasing numbers, not without success, and none could deplore more sincerely than they to see the propagation of Republi- canism jeopardized by the mismanagement of the party. " We lay these lines before our American friends to have them under- stand what ideas guide us and, we trust, the great mass of German Re- publicans throughout this State, in our political course. H. Cordier, of the Waechter am Winnebago, Oshkosh. Bernhard Domschcke, of the Atlas, Milwaukee. H. Lindeman, of the Madison Zeitung. C. Roeser, of the Wisconsin Democrat, Manitowoc. Carl Schurz, of the Volkszeitung, Watertown. Winter & Ritchie, of the Volksblatt, Racine." Ten days after this statement had appeared in the Sentinel, Domschcke addressed the following communication to its editor: I find in the Sentinel of this morning a lengthy article against the views of the Republican editors of the State in regard to party matters, 5 According to the Wisconsin Blue Book of 1887 (page 112), Bashford, the Republican candidate for the governorship, had on January 7, 1856, taken the oath of office as governor, and begun proceedings to oust William A. Barstow (a Democrat, who had been governor during the previous two years), on the ground that Barstow had been wrongfully counted in by means of fictitious and fraudulent supplemental returns from unpeopled districts in the northern part of the state. The supreme court found Barstow to be an usurper, counted in on fraudulent returns, and Bashford became governor in March, 1856. "When, two years later, Byron Kilbourn, president of the La Crosse Railroad, and a member of his staff were checking up on the members of the legislature and others who were entitled to the gratuity, as Kilbourn called it, they found one voucher entitling some- one to $50,000, but without his name. The assistant called Kilbourn's attention to it and said that this must be intended for the governor (i.e. Bashford). Kilbourn smiled and said he was a good guesser. Later on, after the adjournment of the legislature, Kilbourn handed Bashford $50,000 in Jiffy bonds and assured him that the company would pay him the money on them. But without waiting for them to grow in value Bashford preferred to cash them in, for $15,000. 442 J. J. SCHLICHER [June

and especially against the Atlas. The writer of these remarks pretends to be a German Republican, but I am inclined to the belief that he is a tool in the hands of a certain clique hostile to true Republicanism. If he will give me his name, that I may know with whom I am dealing, he shall have a proper reply. If he is a Republican and known as such, he can have no objection to giving his name. The lengthy article covered two and one fourth long columns, all but the first in fine print, and was signed " H." It was a confused and aimless piece of writing, apparently favoring Randall, the present governor, and so far as can be gathered from it, de- fending the practice of appointing unworthy men to subordinate positions. Domschcke's request for the writer's name, as one might have foreseen, remained unanswered.

When the first daily edition of the Atlas appeared on Novem- ber 29, 1858, it contained a brief prospectus. Fritz Anneke would join the editorial staff and Carl Schurz would be a contributor. There would be a man in charge of business news and advertise- ments, another to keep the paper's accounts, and one in charge of the presswork. In a second paragraph it was made clear that while the Atlas was a Republican paper in the sense that it stood for the principles of that party, it would under no circumstances give up its freedom and its independence, and would follow its party only so long as it remained true to its principles and its methods. On April 13, 1859, Domschcke had an editorial in the Atlas, entitled "Die deutsche Partei" (The German Party). This was a movement, started in the state of New York, to bring together in a union all enlightened persons of German birth, in order to counteract the strong nativistic tendencies in the public life of America. Basing their purpose upon the preamble of the Con- stitution, the promoters of the movement issued an invitation to a meeting to be held in Cleveland on the twenty-eighth of June. The movement was at once attacked by Domschcke with his own brand of ridicule as German nativism undertaking to kill every 1946} BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 443 other kind. For persons of no other nationality had been invited to the Cleveland meeting. He laughed at the idea that any united action could be secured from such a motley of delegates as would appear at a meeting of every imaginable society, club, or con- gregation that would be free to attend. He returned to the subject on April 23, explaining that the right way to accomplish anything in this line was to send trustworthy delegates to the various political conventions who could best present their local point of view. He might have saved himself the trouble, for the proposal of a meet- ing at Cleveland hardly aroused even the slightest interest any- where. This does not mean that Domschcke was unaware of the handi- cap of the foreign-born when it was a matter of making their influence felt in the field of politics. To be sure, he had himself so completely adopted the American point of view that he did not suffer from this particular handicap. But he drew the line when a man like Schurz, who was respected for his great ability and high character by native and foreign-born alike, suffered from pure jealousy and narrow-mindedness on the part of his political opponents. He says in the Atlas of April 30, 1859: Some of these unscrupulous scribblers act like mad dogs, bark and howl and rattle their chains as if the devil had them by the throat And why? Because a German has won the respect of a large number of Americans, because a German Republican is fighting against nativism and is trying to bring the German name, which has been degraded by the Democratic party, to honor again. The American Democratic papers abuse Mr. Schurz because in his speeches he has never said that slavery is a blessing, and their German imitators are provoked when they see that the efforts of a German are successful and widely recognized. By this time, 1859, Schurz had, through his masterly speeches on the issues of the day, become a national figure. With his un- usual linguistic gift, he was now able to speak quite as effectively in English as in German. It is therefore not strange that, with a state election to be held in the coming November, he should, as Domschcke puts it, be considered by thousands of citizens of all nationalities as a worthy candidate for the governorship of Wis- consin. 444 J. J. SCHLICHER [June

The situation, as it had developed, put Domschcke in a difficult position, as his editorial in the Atlas of August 13 shows. He admitted that no fault could be found with the administration of Governor Randall, who was therefore entitled to a second term. But compared with Schurz he was only a better than average politician. Not only was Schurz certain to give the state an ad- ministration that would enhance its standing, but his election would correspond with the dearest wish of all those who were active in promoting a higher standard of government. Schurz himself showed no great interest in being a candidate for the governorship, having been defeated two years before when he was on the Republican ticket as a candidate for the position of lieuten- ant governor. As a consequence he was defeated by Randall at the nominating convention in September. Domschcke's position in the matter is made clear in the Atlas of September 5, under the heading, "The Republican Convention and the Candidacy of Mr. Schurz," a part of which is as follows: Much as we were pleased that Mr. Schurz was considered for such an honor [the governorship], we and some others favored the view that it might be better to abstain from his candidacy for this year. Many of our acquaintances were of a different opinion and considered the chances of Mr. Schurz very favorable. We replied that then we should at least allow the American papers to make the beginning, so that in this way the re- sponsibility would not rest upon the Germans. With this wish there was however no general agreement. It is possible that this circumstance may have contributed to the defeat of Mr. Schurz. But it was mainly due to the fact that Randall had given a good administration and was widely known So it came about that Mr. Schurz was not nominated, although the most prominent of the liberal Americans worked for him. We deeply regret the defeat of Mr. Schurz, although we expected it. An offer to Schurz of the position of lieutenant governor on the ticket was refused by him, as were various positions offered to others to placate the Germans. The Atlas of September 6 con- tains the speech of Schurz after his refusal of the offer made to him. It is in part as follows: I am acting only in justice to myself when I say that it is not at this moment that I have come to this conclusion, but long ago (I have made no secret of it), and nothing has occurred to make me change my mind. In this respect there can hardly be a misunderstanding between the Re- publicans and myself. And the gentleman also whom you have honored 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 445 with the nomination for the governorship will not misunderstand my decision. In the struggle for free principles we have long stood side by side, have fought many a hard battle, and have won many a splendid victory. The small services which I may have contributed in your ranks I have considered as the performance of a high duty. Whether on the state ticket or not, you will find me true to the prin- ciples in which I believe, true to the cause which I have honestly made an effort to serve. To preserve for the state of Wisconsin the proud and exalted position which it holds, and to assure a decisive victory in the great national conflict which is before us, it is this which guides my steps, this is the deepest wish of my heart, and the whole extent of my ambition. The defeat of Schurz in the nominating convention was a great disappointment to his ardent supporters. They were in a bad humor and ready to blame some one for what had happened. An expression of their attitude appeared in a declaration signed by three German Republicans (Frankfurt, Geiler, and Luft) 6 and published in the Democratic Banner und Volksfreund, of Novem- ber 5, 1859- According to that paper, it had first been offered to Domschcke, but he had refused to publish it. The last paragraph, containing its substance, is as follows: So far as the undersigned are concerned, they have found no occasion to change the view held by all German and many American delegates, of the nativistic character of the convention. They are clear as to their stand in the coming election. , They do not care to continue performing the work of house servants within the party. They are in favor of a complete carrying out of the principles which the Republican party pretends to follow, and, in case they are to be abandoned, they consider a temporary defeat far better than victories that depart from the goal. We look upon the continuous support of a party as a mistaken way to win the respect of the Americans, but believe that submitting to them will only bring us their contempt. While Frankfurt did not blame Domschcke personally and made it plain that he wished to remain on good terms with him, he did say that he understood the difficulty of his position as an active Republican. But, so far as Domschcke's position was concerned, these mat- ters were of no great importance. Very soon much more serious accusations were made, involving his personal honesty. The charge had been made in the Boston Pionier (Heinzen's paper) by a

6 Luft, who had been press foreman of the Atlas, had given up that position in Jufy of the current year (1859). 446 J. J. SCHLICHER [June correspondent from Wisconsin against the editor of the Atlas, that in his political actions he had been influenced by financial con- siderations. To this Domschcke's reply was as follows: When in 1854 we started the publication of our paper, several Demo- cratic papers accused us of being in the pay of the Know-Nothing group. When in 1856 we worked for Fremont, Democratic papers said that Fre- mont had bought us up. And now, in 1859, an unknown correspondent comes with the charge that we had declared our opposition to the German organization because a temporary abandonment of the Republican party would have been a matter of great financial importance to us. We protest most decidedly against such insinuations; we have never taken a stand for or against a person or a cause for the sake of financial advantage, but have always followed our convictions. If we were given to the evil practice of which our malicious enemies accuse us, perhaps our financial situation might be more brilliant than it is. We never think of the financial effect when it is a question of presenting or defending our convictions, and more than once have suffered a financial loss by openly and freely speaking our mind when a person bent on making money would have held his tongue. It seems almost as if with many Germans it had become second nature to consider every one purchasable who does not agree with their views. We are altogether in favor of prosecuting him who rates money higher than principles and betrays the latter for the former, but we protest against the unscrupulous practice of accusing every one of dishonesty who holds a different view from that of his accuser. The date of this reply by Domschcke was October 25, 1859. Soon after the election of that year, two events occurred which, for different reasons, greatly embittered the relations between North and South. One was the execution of John Brown; the other the publication of a book by a Southerner, entitled "The Impending Crisis of the South; How to Meet It." It was the first of these, especially when added to a growing intolerance, in Virginia and elsewhere, toward individuals who expressed views at variance with those current in the South, which all but monopolized the news- paper space, especially in the Eastern and border states, with editorials and indignant accounts telling of the last meeting be- tween John Brown and his wife, and of the execution itself. This continued for more than two weeks, with ever new reproductions of what had been printed in other accounts and other editorials. As for Domschcke, the pages which contained two articles written by him in the Atlas on the subject, have been so imperfectly pre- 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 447 served that no account can be given, even of a short section of either. Aside from quotations, first printed in other papers, we have by him an article enumerating cases of violence, fines, and imprisonment for expression of opinion in the South and a second one in which freedom of speech in the South is compared with that under the absolute monarchs of Europe. An editorial, in the Atlas of December 9, entitled " Dangerous Doctrines," presents Domschcke's view of the existing situation and his manner of treating it: The resolutions adopted at the meeting on December 2,7 have greatly alarmed the conservatives, and they have already made attempts to free the Republican party from the terrible suspicion of any agreement with those resolutions. Remarks are heard about Red Republicanism, revolution- ary tendencies, and dangerous doctrines, and whatever other words of horror the conservatives are accustomed to employ. A solemn effort is made to guard against any suspicion of sympathy with those Republicans who strangely are of a different opinion from that of the New York Tribune and other papers that agree with it. They pat the infamous pro- slavery rabble on the shoulder and whisper to them: our dear American brethren of the South, you must not think that we Republicans believe in such dangerous doctrines; we are as calm as a canary, and John Brown was a fool. Why, we are glad to let you keep your slaves, and the Good Lord keep us from touching a hair of your head; just be easy and don't feel bad; we really mean well. Where this cowardice, this obsequiousness, this eternal yielding will land us, I have repeatedly explained; let us now ask to what extent these resolutions are Dangerous Doctrines. As an introduction to the resolutions passed at the German meeting, the freeing of the slaves was approved. Is this a " Dangerous Doctrine " ? Are we to regard freedom as a mere theoretical matter, and condemn every actual granting of it as a fact? Shall we for all time be content with the much-mouthed expressions: Slavery is not wrong; and shall we disapprove of every attempt to remove the wrong? The Republican party was absolutely right when it proclaimed as its first fundamental principle that slavery shall not be further extended. But can anyone believe that the slavery movement can be stopped on this principle? It may be that another concession will be agreed to, a new compromise made, but the final goal must lie and will lie beyond the merely negative principle. This result may be put off and delayed for an indefinite time, but in the end it must come about, for the logic of the movement demands it, and the natural course of its development, which even by tyrannical measures may be only halted, but never forever prevented. It was thus that a keen observer in the North forsaw the end of slavery, but in the distant future. It was quite another matter 7 The resolutions had been adopted at a meeting of German Republicans. 448 J.J.SCHLICHER [June

when after years of patient labor Hinton R. Helper, a son of the South, whose ancestors had lived there for generations, came to the conclusion that slavery itself was inexorably reducing the South to a condition of inferiority to the North. This he published in a book of some 400 pages, entitled, " The Impending Crisis of the South." The results of his study are compactly summed up by him in two paragraphs: In our opinion, an opinion which we have formed from data obtained by assiduous researches and comparisons, from laborious investigations, logical reasoning, earnest reflection, the causes which have impeded the progress and prosperity of the South, which have dwindled our commerce and other similar pursuits into the most contemptible insignificance, sunk a large majority of our people in galling poverty and ignorance, rendered a small minority conceited and tyrannical, and driven the rest away from their homes, entailed upon us a humiliating dependence upon the Free States, disgraced us in the recesses of our own souls and brought us under reproach in the eyes of all civilized nations, may all be traced to one common source, and there find solution in the most hateful and horrible word that was ever incorporated into the vocabulary of human economy—Slavery. Reared amidst the institution of slavery, believing it to be wrong both in principle and in practice, and having seen and felt its evil influences upon individuals, communities and states, we deem it a duty, no less than a privilege, to enter our protest against it, and to use our most strenuous efforts to overturn and abolish it. Then we are an abolitionist? Yes! Not only a free-soiler, but an abolitionist, in the fullest sense of the term. We are not only in favor of keeping it out of the territories, but, carrying our opposition to the institution a step further, we here unhesitatingly declare ouself in favor of its immediate and uncon- ditional abolition, in every state of the confederacy where it now exists. Patriotism makes us a free-soiler; state pride makes us an emancipationist, a profound sense of duty to the South makes us an abolitionist; a reason- able degree of fellow-feeling for the negro makes us a colonizationist. These were no mere assertions that could be denied. They were simply a brief summary of a book in which every detail was backed by the census reports and corroborated by a wealth of opinion expressed by the great and respected men of the past and present. It is not strange that from now on the opponents of slavery found the book a valuable source for quotation, and that within three years after its first appearance 140,000 copies had been printed, and not only an enlarged second edition, but also a cheap pamphlet edition for wide distribution was called for. It would be a foolish view to see no connection between all this and the 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 449

split in the Democratic Party at the Charleston convention a few months later. As the weeks passed into the new year, the tension in the South grew more and more apparent. On the fifth of December the Postmaster General had sent out an order not to deliver mail that might tend to stir up the slaves or make them dissatisfied, and cited two sections of the laws of Virginia dealing with the punishment of all who had anything to do with the circulation of such mail. And about the same time the postmaster of Lynchburg, Virginia, notified the publisher of the New York Tribune that he would no longer distribute copies of his paper because it bore the character of an incendiary publication whose circulation was forbidden by the laws of the land and the concern for the welfare of society.8 On January 9, I860, Domschcke refers again to what he had said in the Atlas of the preceding day, that groups were being formed in the Southern states which aimed at the discontinuance of commercial relations with the Free States. There was widespread discussion of having the legislatures pass laws forbidding such intercourse. Domschcke comments on the absurdity of such action, by which the large cities of the South would be the chief losers. It may possibly have been an effort to get relief from this un- healthy condition of things that in the Atlas of March 20 Dom- schcke published a comic satire, detailing in eight scenes the ex- periences of a German Democratic candidate for office in Milwau- kee. The names of the characters are all fictitious and fanciful, but their actions and behavior, though exaggerated, impress the reader as highly plausible. The whole account is much too long to reproduce here, and we shall present only the first scene, in which Jacob Timotheus Pitch-In (Greifzu) decides to become a candidate. Mr. Pitch-In at home: For many years it has been my ambition to climb the Democratic ladder into the Paradise where the office-holders carouse. Yes, I was born in Arcadia, and so I have a right to the pleasures of the Democratic heaven, and, by the almighty dollar, I'll see that I get my share. 8 From the Atlas of December 5 and 15, 1859. 450 J.J.SCHLICHER [June

I'll smile like the sun in May, I'll bend my back like a thin cane, hop about like a dancing-master, play the coquette like an old maid, flatter people like an attendant at court, in order to please the Idol which is called the Democratic Masses, so that they will deign to favor me with an office, even if I have to steal it from hell. What a grain of corn is for a sparrow, a meaty bone for a dog, a fat mouse for a tom-cat, an office is for me. When I think of an office, my tongue clucks and my fingers grow longer. O blessed Democratic Idol, you are not all-wise, for you cannot see what is in my heart, and do not know how great is my contempt for you, but you have an eye only for the external, and are gracious to those who waft incense before you. Come then, come then, my old noddle, get busy; show me how to work this thing. I want to get ahead of all the others who have tried their hands at this job before. Spirit of Deception, stand by me. Timotheus must have an office, or he will perish. In all of Domschcke's experience there was nothing more con- temptible than the accusations frequently made against him, that he was the servant of some one else or was being paid for the stand he took as an editor. So on April 12, I860, he found it necessary to defend himself against the following charges which Heinzen had published in his Pionier: 1. The Atlas is a sheet in the service of the Republican Party. 2. It is the servant of Schurz who is stumping the country for Seward. 3. It has no right to oppose the Democrats because it is not independent. 4. It is far removed from radicalism, though it once called itself radical. 5. If it cannot exist as a daily without the Republican Party, it should recover its honor as a weekly. To this Domschcke replied that he had always been for the principles of the Republican party, even before that party was in existence; that he belonged to it because it represents most fully what he had always stood for; and that he is in no way its servant, as Heinzen asserts. As for a separate representation by the Ger- mans at the presidential nominating convention, which is being proposed, he is certain that in Wisconsin, at least, the delegates which have been chosen by the usual method will stand the test of high quality and worthiness better than any limited group chosen for a specific purpose, and calls attention to the prominent place in the delegation given to Carl Schurz. Once more, on May 4, shortly before the nominating convention was to meet, he made this final reply to his enemies: That the Atlas has here in Wisconsin had to fight for every inch of 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 451 its ground, and has only with the greatest persistance and tenacity suc- ceeded in maintaining its position as an organ of independent action, means nothing to those two newspapers,9 just because the Atlas is opposed to a separate convention. That the Atlas is not a speculator or an office- seeker, but has been well satisfied with a modest income, and has held the promotion of independent action higher than private gain, does not protect it from the charge of contemptible venality. That during the last half year, for months, the editor of the Atlas had the management of the paper resting entirely upon his shoulders, that in addition to the tiresome labor of translation for the political as well as the local department and, what was to him the hardest of all, had to look after the finances, and to labor day after day, from early morning till midnight, did not protect him against the most hateful suspicion of his honesty and the most un- deserved blame in the matter of his editorial activity, merely because he had the misfortune to disagree with the view of the papers just referred to regarding a German convention. That this indicated an approaching crisis in Domschcke's affairs was to appear a few months later, when the census showed his total possessions to consist of $300.10 Yet the Atlas continued to appear until April 26, 1861, when the Milwaukee Sentinel had this notice: The daily Atlas, so long and favorably known as the unflinching advocate of Republican principles in this city and state, is no more.—Circumstances have double-locked its forms and put a seal upon the lips of its gifted editor. Here is his valedictory: "To the Readers and Patrons of the Atlas: " The publication of the Atlas has been discontinued. It has been my endeavor to the best of my ability to sustain the paper, but I had to yield to circumstances. It is not the object of these lines to communicate the reasons that led to this result; it only remains my painful duty to acquaint you of the fact. " During seven years I have been at my post in this city, and have battled for the principles of the party of freedom with honest intentions, and with unselfish motives. My will, courage, and zeal are not lamed, but I have succumbed to financial embarrassments. I stand impoverished on the ruins of an enterprise that for others might have been the source of opulence, but I find satisfaction in the consciousness that I have labored according to my conviction, and perhaps an opportunity will be given me to appear again before the readers of the Atlas after a lapse of time. If not, these lines may express my last farewell and my heartiest thanks for the many tokens of friendship shown me during my sojourn in Milwaukee." 9 The two newspapers were Heinzen's Pionier and the New York Demokrat. 10 The weakness of the Atlas when compared with its competitors appears further in the list of its subscribers as we find it in the Census. The Atlas had 1,800 weekly and 700 daily subscribers; its chief German competitor, the Banner und Volksfreund, had 3,000 and 1,200 respectively, and the leading English language newspaper, the Sentinel, had 13,500 and 3,400. 452 J. J. SCHLICHER [June

Eleven days later the Sentinel had this announcement: Mr. Bernhard Domschcke, late editor of the Atlas in this city, has received a letter containing the names of 140 prominent citizens of this city, requesting him to publish another daily, and promising him liberal support. Mr. Domschcke replies in the Banner yesterday that he is quite willing to put on the harness again if the means are forthcoming. We sincerely hope Mr. Domschcke will succeed in establishing a newspaper on a sure foundation. The fulfillment of this hope was not long delayed. By Sept- ember 23 the new paper, called the Milwaukee Her old, made its first appearance. It was published by an active young man, named W. W. Coleman, and Domschcke was its editor. This was an ideal combination, which freed Domschcke from that part of the undertaking for which he was least fitted and allowed him to devote himself entirely to the editorial work. But for the present it lasted only eleven months. The Civil War was on, and not going well for the armies of the North. Nothing seems to have survived of the paper itself during this period, but we may guess what its spirit must have been when we are told that its staff resigned and entered the war as volunteers. Of Domschcke's ex- periences in the war, especially during his captivity, he wrote a book, entitled Twenty Months as a Prisoner of War, which was published by W. W. Coleman, Milwaukee, in 1865. This vivid and detailed account of what turned out to be the most important single experience of Domschcke's life, calls for at least a brief summary at this point. After the battle of Chancellorsville, when Domschcke was promoted to the rank of captain, the detachment of the Army of the Potomac to which he belonged had been moving back and forth in northern Virginia and Maryland, waiting to see where Lee would strike next. Here on June 30 the order came for them to move in the direction of Gettysburg the next morning. After marching for several hours through bogs and puddles made by the continuous rain of the day before, an order reached them from Gettysburg to proceed there with all possible speed. Domschcke speaks of it as the most difficult and exhausting march they had ever made. When they reached the rough country south of Gettysburg, it was again raining hard and the men could scarcely advance at all. But repeated orders now urged them to make every possible effort, for be- yond the town the battle had already begun. Passing through its streets at double quick, they found the Union troops being hard pressed by a superior force of the enemy. In their exhausted condition the new 1946] BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 453 arrivals were soon surrounded and pushed back toward the town. Here it was that Domschcke and a fellow officer with forty-six men of their regiment were taken prisoners. Since they had orders not to accept parole, they became an unwelcome burden for the retreating Confederate army, which did not improve their lot. Their first rations had been raw meat and a little flour, which they had no means of cooking. They had the comfort, such as it was, that their enemies had evidently lost the battle. By way of the Shenandoah Valley they were taken as far as Staunton, and then by train to Richmond, which they reached on July 18. Here they were lodged in a large three-story building, a former ware- house, which had, as the sign read, been occupied by Libby and Son, Ship Chandlers and Grocers. Both of the two upper floors were divided into three large rooms, each about 50 by 70 feet in size, which were at the time not yet completely occupied by prisoners. Their food, brought to them by negroes, consisted of small portions of wheat bread and pails of unsalted or oversalted rice soup. Later, as the number of prisoners in- creased, a part of one large middle room was partitioned off as a space for eating and cooking. The prisoners were divided into messes of twenty or twenty-five men, each under a commissary. In each mess the captive officers took their turn, two each day, at cooking and serving the meals, and afterward at cleaning up. The worst thing that happened at Libby was the formation of an inner clique, which by courting the prison officials could count on favors of all kinds, better food and the granting of requests. The clique was spoken of by the common lot as the "Royal Family." Through their influence the release of prisoners could be secured for friends on the outside, and it was not long before a regular traffic developed by which persons in the North used their influence to secure the freedom of Southern prisoners in turn. A particular indignity practiced by the prison officials was that when permission was granted to the prisoners to receive food, clothing, &c, from friends or relatives in the North, they would require a receipt from those for whom gifts had been received, but would send the boxes or packages to a warehouse, where they would open them and take out what they wanted for their own use. They would not distribute what remained for some time, when perishable things would often be spoiled. This was one of the ways by which the " Royal Family " managed to live in luxury. During the winter which followed there was a famine in Richmond, and the poor people would come to the prison, begging for something to eat, for the Southern papers gave their readers the impression that the prisoners were living in abundance and were constantly being supplied from the North. But the famine was real. Even the soldiers standing guard at the prison were glad enough if they could pick up something to take home to their hungry families. Among the captives was a chaplain of a New York cavalry regiment, who started things to make the time pass: a debating club, a French class and a class in stenography, a class in Spanish and one in German, religious meetings, imitations of the actor Forest in Shakespearean roles, a lecture on mesmerism. A paper, the Libby Chronicle, was started. But 454 J.J.SCHLICHER [June none of these things lasted long. There was little to read. Besides the Southern papers only a few books, among them a biography of Stonewall Jackson, which Domschcke evidently read. For he discusses it intelligently and gives his own estimate of him, not denying his greatness, but stressing his mysticism and calling him an eccentric (ein Sonderling). The greatest excitement at Libby was caused when it was found one morning that about 100 of the captives had escaped through a tunnel which had been dug with infinite patience and secrecy from the filthy basement of the prison to a warehouse on the other side of an open square. The soul of the undertaking was a Colonel Streight, who had spurned the invitation of the " Royal Family" to join them, and had once spent three weeks in the foul, dark cells of the basement for having attempted to escape on a previous occasion. But he had his revenge. While about half of the hundred or more who had escaped through the tunnel were caught and brought back by a wide search the next day, among those who got away to safety was Colonel Streight. On the evening of May 6, 1864, an order was read commanding all captives to be ready the next morning to be transferred elsewhere. After destroying all that part of the considerable equipment which some of them had acquired for their use and comfort but could not take with them, and with a loaf of cornbread each to last them twenty-four hours, they started away on a freight train the next morning for Danville, near the border of North Carolina. Here they were lodged in one of six brick tobacco houses. The food was better and more abundant than at Libby, but they had to get their water from a river, about a dozen at a time. On May 12 the order was given that they would leave again the next morning. That day, partly in open flat cars and partly walking through the rain, they reached Charlotte, North Carolina, where they camped in a forest and received cooked beef and crackers, their first food in two days. It began to rain again and, wet through, they boarded another freight train, whose roof afforded no protection. At Augusta, on the Georgia line, they were given crackers and salt pork, again the first food in two days. Then, once more in freight cars, they were taken to Macon, Georgia. Here an enclosure had been built for them, with a board wall twelve feet high. Every fifth day each prisoner now received seven pints of coarse corn meal, a fourth or a fifth of a pound of pork, half a pint of sorghum, two soup spoons full of salt and likewise of rice or beans, and for his cleanli- ness a soup spoon full of soft soap. Much the same diet was furnished them on other days. The corn was made into either pone or mush. There was a scarcity of knives and forks, so that they often had to wait a long time for their turn. They were at Macon a little over two months. Domschcke has a long account of official stupidity, meanness, ill-treatment of infectious diseases, attempts at escape, and irritability on the part of those in charge over what must by now have become evident, that Grant was closing in on Rich- mond and Sherman starting his march to> cut the South in two. It was perhaps an attempt to prevent being cut off completely that led those in charge to send most of the prisoners to Savannah. The treatment they received there was, according to Domschcke, in all respects the best the 1946} BERNARD DOMSCHCKE 455 captives received anywhere. It was strict, he says, but they were otherwise treated like human beings. The populace also, who were present in great numbers, seemed kindly disposed. After about two months of this, the prisoners were moved on to Charleston. Here they were at first wedged into a narrow space between the jail and the workhouse, with the gallows in one corner of it. There were a few small tents, but most of the prisoners had to sleep on the bare ground. The place swarmed with insects and was at times made hideous by the howling of the incarcerated criminals in the jail. But relief came when the offer was made to the captive officers to permit them to move into a hospital near-by, if they would give their word not to attempt escape. The formula they agreed to, half a page in length, is given by Domschcke in his book. But their stay in Charleston was less than a month. Yellow fever broke out there, which compelled their removal to Columbia in the center of the same state. Here at first they were kept in a forest a few miles from the city, under guard. Since winter was coming on, they were put to work cutting down trees to build log cabins for their protection. This was finally accomplished, but by that time many of them no longer had shoes and their clothing had turned to rags. Even those who had money to buy clothing and food found that prices had gone so high it did not go far. Under these circumstances sickness and even deaths were now a common occurrence. By the first of December winter was upon them, and they were moved into the city of Columbia and lodged in about two acres of the garden of the insane asylum, which was surrounded by a ten-foot board fence. Here they remained till February 13, when at last they were moved farther north with the prospect of being exchanged. The exchange took place near Wilmington, North Carolina, on Febru- ary 28, 1865. As we have stated in the introductory note, the publication of the Milwaukee Herold, which is often referred to as the successor of Domschcke's Atlas, was not resumed till the latter part of 1866. The daily edition has been well preserved from October 9 of that year (number 10 of the resumed publication) till December 14, 1867 (number 368). The weekly edition has been preserved from October 18, 1866, till October 1, 1868, but it is unbound, and badly frayed at the edges. Apparently, as before, the publisher of the Herold left Dom- schcke with an entirely free hand as its editor. But the times had changed, and Domschcke and his task could not be what they had been. It was easy enough, for instance, to diagnose the case of Andrew Johnson, but to expect any beneficial results from it would be useless. Should Jeff Davis be punished for treason, as Wendell Phillips said, or pardoned, as Horace Greeley said? 456 J. J. SCHLICHER

Domschcke discussed the question in a long editorial and finally concluded that pardon would be the right way for the future Union. And when, in June, 1867, a correspondent from Kentucky informed him that the plan to hold a Democratic convention at Louisville on the Fourth of July had been abandoned, owing to the lack of interest in it, both in the North and in the South, he was sorry to hear it, because he thought something of value could have been learned at the meeting. This does not mean that Domschcke had lost his old-time ability to express himself. Even a cursory reading convinces one that his language had lost none of its clarity and directness. What was lacking was the importance to himself of the things he was writing about, and his former intimate connection with what he was trying to accomplish or prevent. Compared with his earlier activity in Milwaukee, all this seemed now in a high degree unreal. But after all it was, no doubt, his long captivity and its priva- tions which had so undermined/his constitution that he broke down completely after these last two years of work. For some months he was an invalid, confined to his room till he died on May 5, 1869. It is worth noting how closely two Milwaukee papers, one a friend and the other an opponent politically, agree in their estimate of Domschcke at the time of his death. Said the Milwaukee Sentinel: In the death of this gifted man the press loses one of its brightest intellects, whose progressive spirit has done much to elevate the standard of German journalism throughout the land. And the Democratic Milwaukee Seebote has these words of praise: As everyone knows, the departed belongs to our political opponents, but never and under no circumstances, even in the heat of a political campaign, did he disregard the limits which characterize the tactful journalist. For this reason there always existed a friendly relation between him and the entire press of Milwaukee, and he was widely respected and beloved. He was one of the most gifted and capable German journalists in the United States. {CONCLUSION} Book Notes

A Nation of Nations. By Louis ADAMIC. (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1945. Pp. 399. $3.50.) Mr. Louis Adamic, journalist, man of letters, and vigorous pro- pagandist for his native Yugoslavia, produces a constant stream of articles and books. The work under review is the fourth volume in a series devoted to American immigrants and immigration. In this one he discusses the contributions made to American life, culture, and in- stitutions by natives, and descendants of natives, of Italy, Spain, Mexico, France, Holland, Sweden, Russia, Germany, Yugoslavia, Norway, Greece, Poland, and Ireland, and by the Negroes. A further volume will be devoted to other European national groups; even minor ones such as Albanians, Basques, Icelanders, and Manx will be included; but Jews, Esthonians, Letts, Lithuanians, and Ukrainians will appar- ently be omitted. The latter volume will also discuss the role played by Asiatics, Indians, and Latin Americans. The author arrived in the United States in 1913 as a boy of four- teen. He is, therefore, one of the large number of immigrants from Southeastern Europe entering this country shortly before the outbreak of World War I. It was this so-called new immigration that aroused apprehension lest the old American stock and American institutions might be imperiled. To safeguard the country Congress passed the restrictive immigration laws of the early 1920's. The new legislation implied that the peoples from eastern and southern Europe were less fitted to maintain American traditions than were those from the British Isles and the Northwestern sections of the European continent. Large racial units in our population were thus branded as " inferior." Mr. Adamic belonged to one of them; and he apparently resolved to do all in his power to remove the stigma and to prove that other races and nationalities besides the Anglo-Saxon had made valuable contributions toward the making of the United States. He equipped himself for this task by extensive travel, voluminous correspondence, numerous interviews, and wide reading in both the large and growing scholarly literature relating to the general aspects of immigration and that pub- lished by organizations of immigrants and their descendants. 457 458 BOOK NOTES [June

In A Nation of Nations Mr. Adamic has cast his net wide. He presents an impressive array of data; and he marshals his evidence with much skill. In contrast to other writers on immigrants and im- migration, such as Professor Carl Wittke, Mr. Adamic allocates much space to the " new immigrants," and insists that many of them, notably the Poles, were well represented among the founding fathers of our country. With considerable vehemence and some ill-temper he de- nounces the bias and partiality of American historians who, in telling the story of the building of America, have extolled the services of Anglo-Saxon Protestants and ignored those of other racial groups. Mr. Adamic believes that the Irish in particular have been wilfully neglected and asserts that hundreds of Irishmen were at Jamestown in 1609 and that thousands of genuine sons of Erin entered New England in the seventeenth century. The story of the Scotch-Irish in America he denounces as a myth, as a plot to deprive the Irish of their just due. American historians are charged with vile offenses against the canons of historical scholarship. In a passage of question- able taste (p. 307) Mr. Adamic insinuates that professors writing on American History may have been corrupted by Carnegie pensions and by a desire to achieve " the distinction of training successful candidates for Rhodes Scholarships." Statements of this type will properly be dismissed as balderdash. They will, however, prejudice readers and divert attention from the merits of A Nation of Nations. It must be admitted that earlier works on the history of the United States, such as those by John Fiske, failed properly to recognize the contributions made by non-Anglo-Saxons; and that patriotic organizations in misguided zeal for Americanizing late arrivals have at times erred by claiming special virtues for those who came from certain European areas. Such sins of omission and commission have been and are being resented by Americans who do not belong to the favored categories among our citizens. It is, in- deed, natural and proper for Americans to object to attempts at creat- ing a caste system in our land. Early in our history American statesmen affirmed their belief that all men are created equal, and despite lapses this article of faith has been practiced more widely in the United States than anywhere else in the world at any time in recorded history. Mr. Adamic is therefore on firm ground when he opposes the un- American doctrine that rights and virtues are hereditable for some 1946] BOOK NOTES 459

Americans but not for others. He is not a pioneer in this, because in recent years American historians have presented our history in a more just and a truer perspective than did the earlier ones. Never- theless Mr. Adamic's story is one which bears repeating. Moreover, the mass of data which he has collected tends to show that the much- vaunted melting pot has not functioned so effectively as we sometimes like to believe. He proves that we have non-assimilated people within our borders. Among the most interesting of these is the Spanish- speaking element in our Southwest, to which Mr. Adamic gives con- siderable space. A Nation of Nations presents clear testimony to the industry, earnest- ness, and dialectical skill of its author; but it also reveals serious defects in his scholarship and in his judgment. Errors of facts, such as that Carl Schurz was President Hayes's secretary of state (p. 181) are, alas, inescapable in any work containing a wealth of details. A more serious blemish is, however, Mr. Adamic's inability to winnow data. Facts and legends are often given an equal status. Confusion of standards prevails also in his selections for the lists of distinguished Americans of foreign birth or parentage. The author has apparently a penchant for those who get publicity in the press and on the radio. But the gravest defect of this book lies in the strained interpretation of the term " nation." The author equates "nation " with national origin. None will dispute the fact that Americans are of diverse origins, but when Mr. Adamic claims that descendants of Irishmen or Polish immigrants in the United States remain Irishmen or Poles generation after generation he shows a singular lack of appreciation of what the uprooting and the transplanting have done both to in- dividuals and to groups. While the process of Americanization has been impeded by those who claim pre-eminence because of Anglo- Saxon ancestry as well as by foreign propaganda, this process has on the whole been amazingly successful. The youth who attend our schools and fight our wars, the men and women who toil on farms, in shops, and in factories have with very few exceptions but one nationality—the American. Their common American characteristics far outnumber and outweigh the traces of their diverse origins. Much too often Mr. Adamic's emotions outweigh his judgment. Sneers at Anglo-Saxon Protestants and allegations that they are re- sponsible for American racial intolerance are in bad taste and his- 460 BOOK NOTES [June torically ill-founded. To charge, for example, that the animosity toward Negroes among Polish Americans in Detroit is due to Ameri- canization means ignoring the economic bases of racial conflicts. The history of Poland and of the Balkans (and of the other lands) is so replete with evidence of racial and religious intolerance that to assert that immigrants from those lands have acquired it in the United States is to fly in the face of well-authenticated facts. A Nation of Nations reveals unfortunately that European national neuroses exist on this side the Atlantic; and its author needs to ponder the quotation he prints (pp; 134-35) from The Swedish Trade Journal. Surely "our country needs a brotherhood of spirit more binding than any brother- hood of blood." The fears and hatreds of Europe must not be per- petuated in the United States. Americans of whatever race, color, or origin must not be saddled with Old World national animosities. Let the dead bury their dead; we must walk the path of life away from ancient hatreds. Propagandists who seek to keep them alive are merchants of death. As our country is politically a union, one and indivisable, so we must strive to make it one nation. University of Wisconsin PAUL KNAPLUND

Meet Abraham Lincoln: Profiles of the Prairie President. By G. LYNN SUMNER. (Privately printed for Abraham Lincoln Book Shop, Chicago, 1946. Pp. 78. $5.00.) Here is a beautifully printed and well-written book organized around a good idea—that of presenting Lincoln through the medium of his interests. The author, a New York advertising executive, hopes that by this method he can interest more people, especially young ones, in the study of Lincoln's life. The subject matter is indicated by the chapter headings: Lincoln and His Books, Lincoln and the Women He Loved, Lincoln and His Cabinet, Lincoln and His Generals, Lincoln and the Union. The idea was better than the execution. The author is not suf- ficiently familiar with Lincolniana, particularly with the latest and best monographic studies. Consequently he makes a number of factual errors and repeats some old generalizations that have been exploded by recent scholars. As examples of errors of fact: Lincoln was nominated on the third ballot in I860, not the fourth; the Whig John Bell was not the candidate of one faction of the Democratic 1946] BOOK NOTES 461

Party in the election of the same year; Lee's offensive against Hooker at Chancellorsville was not a " counter-attack," and Hooker was not removed from command in 1863 but relieved at his own request. The author's unfamiliarity with some phases of contemporary scholarship is also shown in the sections dealing with the women Lincoln loved and with the Civil War. In the former Mr. Sumner accepts the older versions of the Ann Rutledge and Mary Todd stories and ignores recent evidence that throws new light on Lincoln's relations with these women. The chapter on the Civil War is mainly a rehash of older partisan writing. Many of the charges here repeated against General McClellan have since been disproved. In his description of the cam- paigns the author goes from the Peninsula to Antietam, apparently without remembering that between these engagements McClellan's army had been transferred to Pope and that second Manassas had been fought. In spite of its faults, the book is nevertheless accurate in its general- izations about the main facts of Lincoln's character. Some of the tributes to Lincoln are done with sensitive restraint. For this reason Lincoln collectors will want to add it to their libraries. Louisiana State University T. HARRY WILLIAMS

DuBay: Son-in-Law of Oshkosh. By Merton E. Krug. (C. C. Nelson Publishing Company, Appleton [1946]. Pp. xlviii, 335. $3.50.) The central section of this book is the "Journal of the DuBay Murder Trial" (pp. 125-309) with twenty-two portraits (sixteen of them from the gallery of the State Historical Society) of the prominent men who participated in the affair in one capacity or another and of Chief Oshkosh. The "Journal," as Mr. Krug points out (p. 125), is compiled from three Madison newspapers (the trial was held in Madison). The com- piling consisted in the verbatim transcription of a continuous narrative from the newspaper reports of the trial. The basic one, naturally, was the Weekly Argus and Democrat for December 8, rather than either one of the dailies which printed day-by-day reports of the trial, which took place December 1-5, 1857. The Weekly's complete report is departed from, now and then, in favor of the fuller or clearer report of one of the dailies on a specific point or points. No historical criticism is indulged in and nothing is interpolated or added by the compiler. 462 BOOK NOTES [June

The reporting of 1857 is extraordinarily full and readable; the ad- dresses to the jury read as if the speakers had furnished manuscripts to the reporters. The homicide itself was not unusual, resulting as it did from a quarrel over the ownership of a piece of land near Portage. But the leading counsel for the People, Luther S. Dixon, and the lead- ing counsel for the defence, Harlow S. Orton, were first-rate advocates, each of them in later days chief justice of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, and their addresses to the jury trying DuBay for murder, and the skillful examinations and cross examinations of the witnesses, still excite the interest of judges and lawyers and of laymen as well. The copying of the voluminous report by the compiler from bound volumes of newspapers with the awkward spread of forty by twenty-six inches when open is surprisingly accurate. There are no real gaps or lacunae. Once, in a moment of scrupulosity, the compiler omitted some words—swear words—with the judicial observation, " [Some vile profanity has here been deleted.]" (p. 222). The student of colloquial malediction will be pleased to learn that the omitted words are to be found, intact and understandable, in another context at the turn of pp. 217-18. The cuss words in question are current to-day. Indeed there has been little if any change in English swear words since the days of Joan of Arc, when the English soldiers in France were known by the French as the Bigods and the Goddams. The first section of the book (pp. 3-121) was intended to furnish a background for the fuller understanding of the trial. But the author, unwisely and " not without certain misgivings," handicapped himself in the performance of this task by seeking also to weave the new ma- terials which he had found " into a readable narrative, without draw- ing from [upon] published historical works for additional material," and with the intent " that this volume should tell a wholly new and heretofore untold story..." (p. xv). The result of these warring purposes is not a happy one. Strangely enough in the first section of the book there are numerous errors in spelling. Thus, on page 6 Cyprien Tanguay, Dictionnaire Genealogique, is cited in a footnote as Cypien Tanguay, Dictionaire Genealogique, while in the text itself the French-Canadian author be- comes Tanquay and Angelique becomes Angelicque. On page 8 " The Diary of Martin McLeod" is quoted as " Martain McLoad's Diary." Jairus Fairchild, father of the governor, appears as Jarius 1946] BOOK NOTES 463

(p. 46), and F. J. Turner's father, Andrew Jackson Turner, is named Alfred J. Turner (p. 104). This section should have had a thorough verification of the spelling of the names. The third section of the book, the "Conclusion" (pp. 310-24), briefly tells of the abortive re-trial of the case, the first and fully- reported trial having resulted in a hopelessly divided jury. It might have been made briefer by the exclusion of matter not pertinent to the case. The title of the book raises expectations which are not realized. Chief Oshkosh and Oshkosh's daughter play no role whatever in the story. At the time of his trial for murder DuBay was the son-in-law of a white man, Oshkosh's daughter having been out of the picture for some three years. Moreover, " the volume as a whole makes no claim to biographical completeness" (p. xvi). What then should have been the title? Surely something like The Trial of John DuBay for Murder. It was a happy thought on the part of Mr. Krug to republish, be- tween book covers, a full account of the trial of John DuBay in the very words recorded by the skilled Madison reporters of the year 1857. For this and for the pictures of some of the great men of our earlier period we are much in his debt. University of Wisconsin G. C. SELLERY

Western Reserve University Centennial History of the School of Medi- cine. By FREDERICK CLAYTON WAITE. (Western Reserve Uni- versity Press, Cleveland, 1946. Pp. xiii, 588. $6.00.) This Centennial History of the Western Reserve School of Medi- cine is an excellent and readable account of the life history of a Middle Western institution that has gained renown in the field of medical education. Among the most interesting chapters are those which have to do with pioneer medical education and the subsequent rise of the institutional and independent medical schools. Medical colleges do not seem to have birth certificates, and it is therefore not quite clear whether the Western Reserve School of Medicine really began with the delivery of the first lectures in 1843 or with the legis- lative amendment to the Western Reserve College charter in 1844. At any rate the medical school has functioned without interruption since November 1, 1843. Its infancy was by no means uneventful. There 464 BOOK NOTES [June were attacks by rival medical schools and internal differences of opin- ions on many matters of policy. Union with the last competing school was not achieved until 1910. The Western Reserve School of Medi- cine has seen the curriculum develop from a sixteen-week series of lectures without laboratory work, open to applicants without any previous preparation, to the modern four-year school which teaches well-prepared students in lecture room, laboratory, and clinic. In the early days students talked of the teacher rather than the course he taught. This was because their " ticket" admitted them to the lectures of Dr. X rather than to those on a specific subject. Until 1880 medical education consisted of two distinct but correlated parts; practical experience with the preceptor and at least two courses of lectures in a medical college. The courses of lectures did not change unless a new professor came in. The student therefore usually heard the same lectures in his second session, since the student body was not graded into classes. Western Reserve always took a leading part in the evolution of our present-day medical education. The second woman in America to be graduated from a regular medical school was Mrs. Nancy Talbot Clarke, who graduated from the Medical Department of Western Reserve College in 1852. (The first was Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., Geneva Medical College, 1849.) The faculty minutes of 1850 record the motion that " respectable ladies be admitted to the lectures on the same terms as gentlemen.'* Emily Blackwell, the sister of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, was the second woman to graduate from Western Reserve. She had been refused further registration at Rush Medical College and so came to the more liberal Ohio institution. The American Medical Association in 1856 advised against coeducation for women, however, and no more were admitted until 1879. A few were admitted in the eighties but they were again barred until 1918. No school is greater than its teachers and administrators. A brief account of the founders and subsequent professors down to the present time is an interesting part of Dr. Waite's book. The references at the end of each chapter are of value to any medical historian who is interested in the educational development of the Middle West. The volume is well-printed, readable, and documented with references and appendices. Dr. Waite is an experienced and competent medical historian. Al- 1946] BOOK NOTES 465 though his volume was prepared as a centennial history of the School of Western Reserve University, the author does not limit himself entirely to its affairs. He uses local history to illustrate the develop- ment of medical education in America. University of Wisconsin WALTER J. MEEK

Meet Your Neighbor. By MARY GATES MUGGAH and PAUL H. RAIHLE. (Chippewa Falls Book Agency, Chippewa Falls, Wis- consin, 1945. Pp. 177. $2.00.) This volume, with its mystifying title, is a good example of the slapdash type of semihistorical writing seemingly so popular in these days of short cuts to culture. It consists of a series of sketches of fifty-four more or less historical figures, or, as expressed by the authors, "stories of Wisconsin people whose adventures, accomplishments, romances, humor, and courage are a great part of the history of Wis- consin." The use of the word " history " indicates the sense in which the writers wish these stories to be taken by their readers. The sketches may be described as covering a sort of glorified historical service club of Wisconsin—one representative of each activity or profession— from Father Marquette to Julius P. Heil. They are of uneven merit and length and cast in a half-dozen forms. Some familiar perennials, like Langlade and Red Bird, are given fulsome sketches in approved rewrite form. Some sketches are merely anecdotal, others are in the form of interviews, and some savor of children's stories. The volume, with some revision, would be suitable for radio scripts, but can scarcely be regarded as a contribution to history since every subject sketched is given a clean bill of moral health; there is not a sinner among them. Four women managed to slip into this galaxy of celebrities. Most fortunate and favored of the national elements presented are the Irish. Out of the fifty-four personages on parade at least ten are of Irish blood while scarcely any Scottish, German, French, or Polish names are included, and not one Norwegian. No lover of the land of the shamrock and the harp will begrudge this wreath to the Irish, the finest and most generous-hearted people on earth, with now and then a decided exception to prove the rule. The German and Norwegian state builders have long been overdone by their own writers anyway. Many of the sketches are admirably written and contain no readily 466 BOOK NOTES [June noticeable errors in fact or judgment. But many others fairly reek with errors, typographical and otherwise. This weakens and largely destroys the usefulness of the work. When avowed writers of history betray unfamiliarity with names, dates, and the significance of events, they lose the confidence of their, readers. This hasty hodgepodge of stories has, in spots, all the earmarks of cramming for examinations and "stabbing" at facts. Lack of space precludes calling attention to more than a few such errors. In the chapter on Billy Mitchell, early advocate of air defense in war, the Mitchell name is persistently spelled with one "1." Shades of the great railroad builder of early Wisconsin, Alexander Mitchell, he of the " hundred-room house," and of his son, United States Senator John Lendrum (not Lindrum, as given) Mitchell, both of whom are also spelled in this mutilated form! In " The Sweet Bye and Bye " sketch the hymn writers Bennett and Webster are pictured as gossiping with store cronies about Teddy Roosevelt, Taft, and Bryan while composing their celebrated hymn. As a matter of fact, " The Sweet Bye and Bye " was written in 1868, nearly thirty years before " T. R." and Bryan appeared on the political scene. Ella Wheeler Wilcox was not born in 1855, but in 1850, and in Johnstown, Rock County, and she did not die in London, but at Short Beach, Connecticut. A chapter is given to Pat O'Dea, the celebrated kangaroo kicker of football fame, and the pathetic flop of bringing him back to Wisconsin many years afterward; but his equally celebrated teammate Bohemian " Ikey" Karel is " Irished " as " Carroll, later Judge Carroll," while Paul Tratt, famous quarterback, who is still living, is spelled " Trat." Alas ! what is football fame? In the La Follette sketch, Wendell Willkie's name is spelled through- out with only one " 1" in Willkie, and America's entrance into World War I is given as 1914 instead of 1917. Moral: no guesswork goes in book-writing, for criticism is narrow and fault-catching and delights in exposing it. Madison ALBERT O. BARTON

Quaker Pioneers. By HARRIET FYFFE RICHARDSON. (Privately printed, Milwaukee, 1940. Pp. 129.) This book is noted especially for the Lincolniana enthusiasts. The 1946] BOOKNOTES 467

author writes of the friendship which existed between Abraham Lin- coln and her grandfather, Jesse W. Fell, and of his part in bringing Lincoln forward as a possible presidential candidate. The family still has in its possession the letter which Lincoln wrote to Jesse W. Fell, upon request, in which he sketched briefly the facts of his life. A facsimile of it is reproduced in the book. And it gives detailed ac- counts of the Fell family members, based on the author's vivid mem- ories of more than fifty years.

A History of the Town of Two Creeks, Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. By JOSEPH F. WOJTA. (Little Printing Company, Madison, 1945. Pp. 72. $0.60.) Professor J. F. Wojta, who has retired from the staff of the Wis- consin College of Agriculture, has now found leisure to write of his former home, the Town of Two Creeks. Much that is contained in these pages was formerly contributed to the Wisconsin Magazine of History in the form of historical sketches (December, 1941, June, 1944). His grandparents, his parents, and a number of early settlers were responsible for some of the information included in this his- tory, and the informality of the narrative is pleasing. Mention must be made of the attractive illustrations that highlight the booklet. It is to be regretted that the printer's copy was not edited with more care.

A five-page mimeograph sketch written in 1945 by Ruth Thompson, entitled "A Family Tale of Rosendale, Fond du Lac County, Wis- consin," is the early story of this community as seen through the eyes of the author's forebears, the first of whom arrived in 1853. There are sketches of the Hills, the Thompsons, and the Jennings, whose love of the rich soil of the region brought both pleasure and prosperous days. Excerpts from family letters and the diary of Grand- father Jennings are excellent reading. It is good local history.

Peace ... Comes to the Marquette Campus is a fifteen-page brochure in black, white, and blue format. The reader is taken on an imaginary tour over the campus of Marquette, and the problem of providing facilities and special courses, aid, counsel, and assistance to the war veterans is explained to him. The purpose of the publication is to create interest in the Marquette Fund. The needs are (1) a central library, (2) a memorial building, (3) dormitory facilities, (4) an endowment. 468 BOOK NOTES [June

The beautiful calendar for 1946 put out by the Marathon Corpora- tion of Menasha was inspired, so far as the pictures are concerned, by Curator Fred L. Holmes's popular (and instructive) book entitled Old World Wisconsin (Eau Claire, 1944), and bears that legend. The calendar sheets, 21 by 16 inches, have colored illustrations re- flecting the constructive activities or diversions of our fellow citizens of Dutch, German, Polish, Scandinavian, and Swiss extractions. The pictures are works of art which might well be reproduced in their full color and reduced in size to be slipped into the book which in- spired them. Next year's calendar, one may hope, will give us similar pictures of other Old-World contemporaries.

The Milwaukee Association of Commerce has compiled a pro- fusely illustrated, concisely storied piece of publicity, entitled Mil- waukee Has Everything (31 pp.)? and in its foreword interprets the title as " everything for your industry, for your living and for your recreation." The pictures, arranged in artistic sequence, are so factual that the text is almost superfluous. The significant items about Mil- waukee and the statistical industrial matter in the end pages are a treasury of thumbnail information.

To rub out the day's cares the leisurely pages of As the Journal Told It, Volume II (81 pp.), are recommended. The compilation is an apparently random selection and putting together of stories and pictures appearing in the Milwaukee Journal from day to day. No story was assigned especially to a " top " reporter for the purpose of incorporation in this series. Comedy and tragedy and the daily routine of living are depicted with color and freshness. All discriminating readers applaud staff writers capable of such work. Is there still a style of writing known as " journalese "? It seems to have departed.

The Chequamegon region's part in World War II is recorded in a voluminous New Year's edition of the Ashland Daily Press. The hours of labor devoted to the production of this eighty-six page issue, from the moment of its conception to the printing of its final page, can only be regarded as a great cooperative enterprise, guided through- out by the executive ability of the Daily Press office. If the remain- ing counties of the state could boast of such detailed information for their service men and women, the future history of World War II 1946] BOOK NOTES 469 from Wisconsin's angle would be all but written. Congratulations to the Ashland Daily Press and its co-workers for making the writing of the state's history a less arduous task. The edition is a master- piece of historical newspaper recording. A special section was added to the April 27, 1946, edition of the Daily Press, containing scores of the many tributes received from the World's great and near great acknowledging the New Year's World War II edition published by the Press. Praise and congratula- tions were received from ranking military and naval personnel, King George VI of England, United States senators and cabinet officers, editors and publishers at home and abroad, directors and deans of schools of journalism, and state officials. Messages came from Admiral Leahy, General Eisenhower, Admiral Nimitz, Secretary Fred M. Vinson, Marshall Field of the Chicago Sun, Governor Goodland, Charles Merz of the New York Times, John S. Knight of the Chicago Daily News, President Hugh Baillie of the United Press Association, and Chester Bowles of the Office of Price Administration, to name only a few. The special supplement appeared a few days before the death of John C. Chappie, who was known as the " Squibber " in the Chequa- megon Bay region, and contains this tribute to him, "Of the many worthwhile things of which the Squibber has been the driving force during his career, the World War II edition of the Daily Press was outstanding. It was his conception; his l go ahead' signal made it possible." Assemblyman Chappie died at Ashland on May 1.

The Society of the Daughters of Colonial Wars was organized in the State of Wisconsin May 1, 1945, at Racine. The mimeographed Year Book, 1945-1947 (22 pp.), contains the roll of the National officers, National councilors, organizing and charter members of the State, State officers, State councilors, State committees, members and their ancestors, and the Wisconsin by-laws, 1945.

The following church publication, marking the anniversary date of its founding, was acquired by the Society: Madison, Ninetieth Jubilee, St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Congregation, 1856-1946 (28 pp.). 470 BOOK NOTES [June

ARTICLES Bernard DeVoto's account in Harper's Magazine for January, 1946 (pp. 38-39), of the conversations he overheard recently on two diagonal railroad trips across Wisconsin makes painful reading. He starts off with a eulogy of the State which had seemed to him " a more nearly complete realization of the promise which the democratic ideal made to the American people than any other commonwealth." He ends with the crass anti-negro remarks he listened to from native- born Wisconsinites.

The leading article in the Bulletin of the New York Public Library for January, 1946, is Louise Seaman Bechtel's "Books in Search of Children." She is suspicious of the off-hand criterion of interesting- ness, of the dictum, " let them read what they like." " To place a book," she quotes with approval, " any book, in a pupil's hands merely because he likes it amounts to educational nihilism The pupil who is taught that all print must give him pleasurable emotions is not being taught." Sister Mary Edmond makes specific suggestions, along the Bechtel line, in " The Development of Independent Reading Habits in the Library," Wilson Library Bulletin, December, 1945. The laissez faire doctrine, however, does not lack defenders. Gerald W. Johnson, in his charming A Little Night-Music, recommends allowing the chil- dren to read anything in the family library. This may not controvert the Bechtel thesis. But Jacques Barzun goes all out for freedom (or license): " Let me say at once that all books are good and that con- sequently a child should be allowed to read everything he lays his hands on. Trash is excellent; great works containing passages of tragic or passionate import are admirable. Unless a child is clearly morbid, he will take in what he can and dismiss the rest with a lordly indiffer- ence..." {Teacher in America, Boston, 1945, pp. 63-64). Neither party to the argument will fail to find admirable Mary Katharine Reely's classified list of "Forty Good Books Published in 1945," in Wisconsin Library Bulletin, December, 1945.

" Dime Novel Texas; or, the Sub-Literature of the Lone Star State " is the delectable title of the leading article, by J. C. Dykes, in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly for January, 1946. The author re- views that small part of the dime-novel output of 1860-1900 which relates to Texas, and sketches the lives of the principal authors. What boy of that period in Wisconsin or elsewhere did not enjoy belonging to the group whose members secretly exchanged the thrilling paper- cover booklets, and saved them, when possible, from the vigilant and only too successful raids of his mother? As popularizers of history of a sort the dime novel was not without influence. Have we in Wisconsin a collection of these thrillers relating to this region of the Middle West? 1946J ARTICLES 471

In the leading article of the October, 1945, number of The American Archivist, entitled " Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945," the au- thor, Fred W. Shipman, discusses Roosevelt's interest in archives, and his caution about destroying anything. " He constantly questioned the ability of men to determine judiciously and accurately the historical value of contemporary material," and urged that the test of time should be applied. And yet... and yet, where are we to find the necessary space?

The microfilm is working a revolution in library storage. The ex- perts" have recently argued for the reproduction of an entire book on the verso of a catalogue card. Now some of them are championing the greater advantages of bibliographical supplements in microprint and asserting the immediate practicability of " nickel-in-the-slot ma- chines to provide reproductions made to order for the borrower." Thus Edwin E. Williams in the ALA Bulletin for November, 1945 (pp. 450-52).

" The Librarian Should Edit the Local Government's Annual Re- port " in the thesis Norman N. Gill, until last July Municipal Refer- ence Librarian of the City of Milwaukee, defends in the Library Journal of 15 November 1945. Mr. Gill edited the city's annual reports from 1939 to 1945, with a saving of money and, more important, with an increase in readability and serviceability. He is so convinced of the value of the plan that he would wish the chief librarian or reference librarian in smaller communities to do the work, " because of his pre- sumed reputation in the community for impartiality, objectivity, and freedom from political or partisan bias," and for many other reasons stated in the article. The argument is sound; but nowhere is there evidence of realization that the librarian in smaller places is already overworked. The teachers in our high schools have had so many extra- curricular jobs given them that their curricular energies and joie de vivre are sapped. Are the librarians more fortunate?

Some fifty pages of New York History (the quarterly journal pub- lished by the New York State Historical Association) for January, 1946, are devoted to the dedication of Fenimore House, at Coopers- town. It has been called " The Farmers' Museum," and is given over to the exhibition of the tools and implements of " The Golden Age of Homespun," that is, of the pre-machine age. The address of Governor Dewey has a significant title: " For a truer Perspective of the Past and a Clearer Understanding of the Future." The present is truly a continuation of the past and the foundation of the future. And nothing we write can take the place of the actual objects in giving us a sense of the reality of the days that are gone. It requires only a 472 BOOK NOTES [June modest exercise of the imagination to be convinced that Wisconsin must have a Farmers' Museum. It is not too late to take the necessary- steps; but time is running out.

Readers of Robert M. Neal's article in this issue of the Magazine would enjoy James Fisher's paper on " Michigan's Cornish People," in Michigan History for July-August-September, 1945. It is a tribute to the quality of the Cornish miners in the Upper Peninsula. The advantageous position of Old-World Cornwall for the acquisition of wreckage is well shown by the prayer Mr. Fisher quotes: "We pray Thee, O Lord, not that wrecks should happen, but if any wrecks do happen Thou wilt guide them into the Scilly Isles [off the coast of Cornwall], for the benefit of the poor inhabitants" (p. 378).

The present-day interest in the opening of the Great Lakes to ocean-going commerce is nothing novel or recent. In " Ships That Went Down to the Seas," H. A. Musham, in the interesting quarterly, Inland Seas, for October, 1945, writes of the attempts—many of them successful—to reach salt water from the lakes. The efforts began in 1824. Special attention is given to the voyages to and from Liverpool and Chicago in 1856-1857. The story is to be continued in subse- quent issues.

Porter Butts, director of the Wisconsin Union of the University of Wisconsin and author of Art in Wisconsin (Madison, 1936), makes a convincing plea for regional art studies in Art in America for Octo- ber, 1945, and supports this position with illustrations drawn from his own investigations of Wisconsin art. Let the budding art his- torian " function as a kind of Vasari for his region." " Is not this kind of research," he argues, " a more promising and valid enterprise for at least some of our graduating art historians than to labor over which part of the Ghent altarpiece was done by Jan Van Eyck and which by Hubert?" (pp. 244-45).

" The full story of the northward spread of horses from the Spanish settlements to beyond the Canadian border has not been told." But part of the story—" The earliest accounts of horses among the Plains and Northwestern tribes "—is interestingly narrated by D. E. Wor- cester in "Spanish Horses among the Plains Tribes," in The Pacific Historical Review for December, 1945.

The education and testing of " Wisconsin's intellectual monkeys " (simian monkeys) are briefly explained and the values of the in- vestigation set forth, with many pictorial illustrations, in Life for 15 October 1945. 1946} ARTICLES 473

Methods of manuscript collecting and problems that confronted historical investigators in the days of Parkman, Sparks, and Bancroft are illustrated in a series of letters between Lyman C. Draper of Wis- consin and Charles Campbell of Virginia, published in the Janu- ary, 1946, issue of the William and Mary Quarterly. For over a quarter of a century the two antiquarians (Campbell protesting the use of the term) discussed in their letters the hindrances to research arising from the paucity of reference works, the inconveniences of travel and com- munication, and the indifference of publishers and the public toward historical writing. At the same time they found comfort in their common grievances and mutual advantage in the exchange of in- formation and materials. When the correspondence opens in 1846, Draper is full of plans for preparing his " Lives of the Pioneers," and eagerly questions Campbell as to the location of published works and unpublished sources that will aid him in his ambitious undertaking. As time goes on, however, the reasons why his plans never materialized become apparent: the never-ending search for the final elusive bit of information, his reluctance to put pen to paper, and after 1854, the deflection of his energies to the task of organizing the WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY and building its collections. That this task was performed magnificently is known to all library folk, and that it far surpassed the alternative achievement which he seems to have placed first in his dreams is not to be doubted. The letters have been assembled and edited for publication by Lester J. Cappon, a native of Wisconsin, now research editor at Colonial Williamsburg. A.E.S. The October, 1945, number of The Salesianum, the official organ of The Alumni Association of St. Francis Seminary, Milwaukee, which is edited by one of our curators, The Rev. Peter Leo Johnson, has a most instructive article entitled " The Sisters of Charity and the Im- migrant Hospital on Jones Island, Milwaukee, Wisconsin." The author is Dr. Johnson. The heroic services of a group of sisters (called to Milwaukee by Bishop Henni himself), who stepped into the breach, 1846-54, when immigrants from Europe brought Asiatic cholera, ship fever, and typhus to the gateway city, are set forth with brevity and clarity. The beginnings of civic responsibility for hospital care are found in this period. The article is documented. The Society and the State I. THE SOCIETY NEW MEMBERS

URING the three months ending March 10 the Society has acquired D 2 life members and 39 annual members. Three annual members have transferred to life membership. In the same period 38 mem- bers were lost by death, resignation, or nonpayment of dues. The total membership on March 10 was 1,583. The new members are John I. Allen, Racine; L. W. Allen, Madison; Emil V. Anderson, Elkhart, Indiana; Ray Bayley, Cambria; Robert W. Bliss, Janesville; Harold C. Brunner, Milwaukee; Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio; Mrs. Sherman Cryder, Woolrich, Pennsyl- vania; Irene Cull, Madison; Ina L. Curtis, Waukegan, Illinois; Mrs. Vera M. Enge, Sauk City; H. Mortimer Favrot, New Orleans, Louisiana; Lillian Gempeler, Monroe; Edwin Goke, Platteville; Mrs. F. J. Griffith, Ripon; John T. Haight, Fort Atkinson; D. E. Havens, Milwaukee; Dr. Francia T. H'Doubler, Springfield, Missouri; Mrs. Nellie F. Henne- kemper, Milwaukee; T. S. Hyland, Larchmont, New York; Mrs. Robert Jacob, Chicago, Illinois (Life); The John Crerar Xibrary, Chicago, Illinois; Sister Emma Lerch, Milwaukee; Mrs. Cleo Meeuwsen, Oconto; Mrs. William B. Murray, Ripon; Mrs. E. R. Parker, Fort Atkinson (Life); L. J. Rigby, Thiensville; Ernest Rivers, New Orleans, Louisi- ana; John M. Russell, Menomonie; Howard Schmidt, Janesville; Neil Smith, Superior; Oliver H. Smith, Port Washington; Mrs. G. E. Snell, Sheboygan; Mrs. Morton H. Starr, Waukesha; Steuben Junior High School, Milwaukee; D. O. Stine, Reedsburg; John L. Tatman, Steuben- ville, Ohio; Roland K. Wilde, Wauwatosa; Paul C. Wilson, Frontenac, Minnesota; Joseph A. Woelfinger, Soperton; Robert Zigman, Mil- waukee. The following members changed from annual to life membership: Joseph Plain, Oconto Falls; Mrs. Linda G. Polo, Fort Atkinson; John Wyngaard, Madison. NECROLOGY The following members of the Society have died recently: The Rev. John N. Davidson, retired Wisconsin Congregational minister, Crete, Nebraska, December 21. Jerome J. Jones, retired banker, Madison, June 3, 1945. G. H. Lehrkind, former president of the Watertown Historical So- ciety, Watertown, February 8, 1945. John C. Nelson, pharmacist, Beloit, September 4. 474 THE SOCIETY 475

The Rt. Rev. Monsignor Bernard Traudt, pastor, St. Anne's Church, Milwaukee, and archdiocesan leader, Milwaukee, July 23. Francis D. Winkley, inventor, Madison, February 16.

The following former members of the Society staff have died recently: Mr. CHARLES E. BROWN, chief of our Museum from 1908 to his retirement in 1944, archeologist, lover of nature, and friend of man, on February 15, 1946, ended his remarkable career. The Uni- versity bestowed upon him the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1931; his hosts of friends unofficially and effectively conferred upon him the title of Doctor. The most fitting and beautiful farewell to " Charlie" Brown was written anticipatively, at the close of a comprehensive tribute, contributed by his friend, Albert O. Barton, in the Wisconsin Archeologist (June, 1944, p. 54). It reads: "... We would say in all reverence that when the time comes for ' C. E. B.' to go the way of the red deer, the anemone, and the swan, we shall shed no tears, however heavy our hearts. It will be in the ordained process of nature with which he as one of nature's chil- dren will be in tune. He would have it so. As gently and as in- nocently as autumn's last maturing rose, his form will return to friendly mother earth and his sentient self to the great whole whence it sprang. Under the warm winds of autumn, beneath the red leaves of the ivy and the oak, we may—if haply we do not precede him—find a greener spot where he rests, symbolic of one in our hearts to his memory. Stillness will be deep where he sleeps. The half-tame robin, which never feared him in life, may hop across his bed under the chip- munk's protest, and the twilight hare may sit a moment above him; ' Stillness will be deep. There will be stars over the place forever; There will be stars forever, while we sleep.'"

Mrs. ANNA WELLS EVANS, former chief of the Division of Public Documents of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY, died Janu- ary 3, 1946. She had served the public in this capacity from 1910 until declining health led her to resign in 1937. Mrs. Evans, widow of Richard D. Evans, a lawyer of Baraboo, was a woman of fine intel- ligence and had a thorough knowledge of her field. The many investigators whom she aided so patiently and helpfully in their re- searches will join her friends on the staff in sorrow at her death.

ACCESSIONS Manuscripts It has often been observed that the settlers who first opened up a country were too much occupied with earning a living to record their 476 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

experiences, and those who made the effort seldom rose above the reminiscent narrative. An exception to this rule is found in the 329- page unpublished history of Trempealeau County prepared by Ben- jamin F. Heuston more than fifty years ago and recently presented to the Society by his grandson, Myron T. Heuston of Seattle, Wash- ington. The elder Heuston first saw the Black River country in 1844 and seven years later settled near Galesville, where he spent the re- mainder of his life. In his history of the county Heuston devotes chapters to its physical and natural setting, discusses the story of its settlement, and ends the volume with Trempealeau annals from 1851 to 1889, based on county board proceedings and other official records, newspapers, and recollections of its early residents. Miss Grace D. Meyers of Madison has presented to the Society the record book kept by her grandfather, John Proud of Verona, who was a member of a Scottish cooperative settlement near that village. The volume contains a complete record of expenditures of the party from the time it left Brooklyn, New York, in November, 1849, to the end of the year 1853, when the association broke up, the members draw- ing lots for individual holdings. Miss Meyers included in the gift a certificate of John Proud's union membership, dated 1832, and his naturalization certificate. For thirty years, from 1873 to 1903, Orlando S. Jones entered a line a day in tall, narrow volumes which he kept at his farm near Platteville. These recorded events are the usual routine performances of farm duties—planting, harvesting, and wood cutting—the weekly church services, and occasional temperance society and Grange meet- ings, but over a period of time they present a faithful picture of a rural American scene. The volumes are the gift of the diarist's grand- daughter, Mrs. Alice S. Morse, Platteville. From the same source comes an unidentified daybook kept in a Platteville store, 1840-41. To the records of the Lake Superior Division of the United States Geological Survey presented eight years ago (see ante, 22:114), Dr. Kenneth Leith has recently added six letter books, 1899-1903, deal- ing with his study of the Mesabi Iron Range in Minnesota and the many administrative details of the survey. Additions have been made to the Franklin H. King papers pre- sented by Mrs. King (see ante, 29:113), consisting of a collection of letters written by Professor King in 1909 while in the Orient gathering data for his Farmers of Forty Centuries, published post- humously in 1911, and correspondence with Thomas C. Chamberlin and others dealing with scientific problems and publications. John J. Hannan of Madison, who served as secretary, 1923-25, and president, 1925-39, of the Wisconsin State Board of Control, has 1946] THE SOCIETY 477 presented to the Society a hundred or more addresses delivered during those years, together with correspondence on prison reforms and other social reform movements in which he was active.

Mrs. Anna E. Morehouse, Princeton, New Jersey, has added a type- written account of Richard T. Ely's recollections of Justice Oliver W. Holmes to the collection of her father's papers owned by the Society.

Other manuscript accessions include: a photostatic copy of the will of Caleb Cushing of Newburyport, Massachusetts, an early speculator in mineral and agricultural lands in the St. Croix Valley, presented by Harry D. Baker, of St. Croix Falls; certificates of appointment of Darwin C. Whipple as captain of the Eau Claire Sharpshooters, pre- sented by his grandson, Darwin C. Whipple of Denver, Colorado; a power of attorney granted by Samuel McAssey of Fond du Lac County in 1847, presented by Effie Appleby of Madison; minutes of meetings of Capital Lodge, Madison, of the Independent Order of Good Temp- lars, 1867-72, presented by Hendrick B. Gregg of Madison; an autograph letter by Ambassador Jean J. Jusserand of Paris in 1926, presented by Gilbert Doane of Madison; and a centennial history of St. Matthias Episcopal Church of Waukesha, prepared and presented by Mrs. Edith M. Tallmadge.

The Museum of the Society has received the following accessions recently: A ration point holder with three red and three blue ration points, from Helen L. Allen, Madison. A cocoa-colored two-piece silk sateen wedding dress of 1886, worn by Mrs. Alanson Cobb of Sun Prairie, from Mrs. Frank A. Austin, Mitchell, South Dakota. A sword, a powder magazine from the battleship Maine, and a photograph of General Charles King, from the Colonel Fred C. Best Estate. A model of a Swiss house, obtained at New Glarus, from Mrs. Ramon Coffman, Madison. A baby's waist, hood, flannel sacque, nightgown, a girl's dress, pinafore, hat, three slips, boy's dress and sailor suit, lady's dress, sun- bonnet, shirtwaist, corset cover, underwaist, bonnet, undersleeves, and sash, from Mrs. M. Robert Irwin, Madison. Four lady's hats and a lady's hood of the late 1800's, lady's pongee dress, lady's apron, black chiffon neck frill, and a lady's black plush cape of about 1880, from Mrs. M. E. Diemer, Madison. A white feather boa and a black silk blouse of the 1890's, pair of lady's shoes of 1912, two-piece red velvet dress, and a man's brocaded vest, worn in 1852, from Ada M. Baker, Portage. 478 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

A discharge instruction booklet, discharge insignia, tank destroyer patch, 5th army patch, U.S. Army plastic whistle, U.S. Army pressure firing device, U.S. Army pressure release firing device, U.S. Army pull-type firing device, U.S. Army time firing device, officer's dispatch case, musette bag, barracks bag, duffle bag, convalescent kit, soldier's mirror, and belt from World War II, and sixteen silhouettes of air- planes from World War I, from Marshall B. Hanks, Madison. A large metal cross found in barn near premises of a former Catholic Church near Manitowoc Rapids, from Arthur Koehler, Madison. Fifteen molding planes, formerly used by donor's father, from Frank Hoffman, Madison. Four lady's combs worn about 1850, lady's wrapper, nine lady's dresses, lady's 1895 nightgown, lady's sunbonnet, six lady's slips, baby's sacque, bonnet, two baby dresses, child's slip, and a man's pongee suit, from Mrs. Paul S. Reinsch, Madison. Five lady's dresses and a black velvet evening wrap from Mrs. George Rentschler, Madison. A pair of lady's blue suede pumps worn by donor at her wedding in 1911, and a lady's hat of 1920, from Mrs. Anthony Minch, Madison. II. THE STATE Constant readers of this magazine will recall an article on "How Beloit Won Its College " in the number for March, 1945, and another article, " Wisconsin's Carroll College," in the December, 1945, number. The former was written by Curator Robert K. Richardson of Beloit College, the latter, by Dorothy Ganfield Fowler, daughter of the late President Ganfield of Carroll College. It is reasonable to conjecture that these interesting articles were inspired by the approaching cen- tenaries of the chartering of these colleges. Church centennials have been increasingly numerous in the past few years; now the colleges are celebrating theirs. The sequence is natural: the settlers established their churches promptly and soon there- after founded their colleges. The latter were needed to supply an educated ministry for the former as well as to furnish enlightenment to the ambitious layman. The college charters may or may not indicate the church inspiration which promoted them. But early or late church affiliation took place: Carroll, Presbyterian; Beloit, Congregational- Presbyterian. Time passed; the ecclesiastical connection was loosened; and now for many years Beloit and Carroll have been broadly un- denominational, although still cherishing the memory of their church connections. Carroll's charter was granted in January, 1846, and Beloit's in February, 1846. The University of Wisconsin was established in 1848. Perhaps the true test of priority would be found in the dates on which 1946] THE STATE 479

the first students were admitted to the bachelor's degree. But such a test would play " hob " with the dates of many a centennial here and abroad. Carroll's centennial was celebrated January 31-February 2 with notable addresses and the conferring of seven doctorates honoris causa\ Beloit's, more streamlined, on February 2, with two-minute congratula- tory addresses, eleven honorary doctorates, Alumni Distinguished Service Citations, and a symposium on science, economics, religion, and philosophy in a new age. These " private college " celebrations bring home to the observant participant a very definite realization of the importance of the service these and the other colleges, which number their students in hundreds rather than thousands, are rendering to the people of this common- wealth.

The Most Rev. William P. O'Connor, formerly bishop of Superior, became the Roman Catholic bishop of the newly created Madison diocese, at Madison, on March 12. More than 1,000 clerics and lay- men attended the rite at St. Raphael's Church, which was formally elevated to the rank of cathedral. Amidst a setting of great splendor Archbishop Moses E. Kiley of Milwaukee officiated, with Archbishop John G. Murray of St. Paul and a number of bishops from midwestern dioceses participating. A chaplain with the Thirty-second Division in World War I, Bishop O'Connor won the French croix de guerre for the rescue of a wounded French officer. He was ordained in 1912 and, after serving some years as a seminary teacher and as a parish priest, was elevated to the Superior bishopric in 1942. Bishop O'Connor will reside at St. Mary's Hospital, Madison, until his official residence is ready for occupancy.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES AND MUSEUMS Dr. Harry E. Pratt, Beloit, for seven years executive secretary of the Abraham Lincoln Association of Springfield, Illinois, portrayed Lincoln the pioneer at a meeting of the BELOIT HISTORICAL SOCIETY on February 18, at Beloit. When Lincoln emerged from his legislative experience at Vandalia and established himself at Springfield, he had earnings amounting to $1,950, said Dr. Pratt. " This sum was a potent factor in making possible his being able to solidly establish himself in the life of the new capital," and available court records show that Lincoln was " a good money-maker " for those days.

Assemblyman Robert Lynch and Mayor Dominic Olejniczak, both of Green Bay, appeared before the Wisconsin Centennial Commission 480 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June in late January and made a plea that historic and venerable Green Bay be given a prominent place in the 1948 observance. The mayor offered the services of the BROWN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY to the centennial planning groups. A board of directors of twenty-one members, each of whom became the chairman of one of the local society's committees, was a plan put into operation under the revised by-laws the past winter. An ex- panded program has been the result of this change.

When members of the BURLINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY met for their quarterly meeting on January 7 at Burlington, they learned of the fine Indian artifacts added to their collections by Mrs. Richard Leach. Most of these relics were gathered on the old Leach farm by the donor's husband, among which were 180 arrow heads, 16 stone weapons, head bands, and two pipes. As usual many Burlington library visitors stopped at the society's display case to view the recently acquired Leach collection. Consideration is being given to the proposed publication of the History of Burlington which was written by Francis Meurer and Mrs. Louis Zwiebel for the city's one-hundredth birthday celebration.

Curator E. W. Long was busily engaged during the winter preparing museum displays for the summer opening of the DOOR COUNTY HIS- TORICAL SOCIETY'S Museum, Sturgeon Bay. Some months ago Miss Luella Martin, daughter of the late Charles Martin, publisher of one of Door County's early newspapers, made a gift of early day photographs to the museum. Among the pictures are the Laurie stone quarry crew, an old-time husking bee, the steam- boat Sam Neff—whose crew came from Sturgeon Bay and vicinity—• and a parade in the Columbus Day Celebration in 1892.

The 1945 annual report of the DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S Museum, Superior, disclosed that the year's attendance was 9,360; classes numbered 56 from the city and 24 from the county. The special displays were changed 87 times, to say nothing of those changed in the art case, the war front case, and the new loans and hobby case. In addition Mrs. Vivien G. Dube, director, devoted her time to writing newspaper stories, giving talks, and assisting students, reporters, collectors, and other special workers. This city-county financed museum plays an important part as an educational and rec- reational center for a large area in Wisconsin's northland. Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Pittsley, Superior, amateur archeologists, had their Southwestern Indian relics displayed at the museum during the winter. While Mr. Pittsley was stationed at Winslow, Arizona, dur- ing the war, he and his wife went on collecting trips—by car and on 1946] THE STATE 481

foot—and brought back many arrowheads, bone implements, and pieces of prehistoric pottery which make up the exhibit. After a year devoted to the cleaning of the antiques and other collections, there was a " bright and shining" aspect at the FORT ATKINSON MUSEUM reopening, on January 22. Readers will recall that the historical- and museum-minded Fort residents became desolate over the damage to the museum collections caused by a fire in Janu- ary, 1945. The 155 guests at the reopening viewed the Wedgewood, Ruby Glass, Victorian silver, and other displays. On the day follow- ing, the quaint dried-apple dolls were shown. These were the handi- work of Dorothea Desormeaux, formerly an occupational therapist in the region. Handsome Harry, the cowboy, Chief Sourpuss and his squaw, and even " Pistol Packin' Mamma," their features carved from fresh apples, now tan and wrinkled, created much merriment.

The GRANT COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY has come into the possession of a rare Lincoln photograph—taken January, 1861—con- tained in the recently acquired William M. Rindlaub papers. The original owner of the picture was H. W. Fay, custodian of Lincoln's tomb at Springfield, who gave it to Martin Rindlaub, pioneer news- paper publisher, the father of William. The inscription on the back of the picture states that the original negative is valued at $10,000. It was given to Rindlaub on May 24, 1928.

The GREEN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY met at Monroe, March 7, and elected Marshall Peterson its president. Mrs. Mae Luchsinger, a curator of the WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SO- CIETY, has been considering for some time the bequeathing of her century-old farm house and about six acres of land to a local organi- zation, within which is included the Green County Historical Society, provided the arrangements for permanent upkeep are adequate. The local society is showing great interest in the proposal and has assured its fullest cooperation in helping to promote Mrs. Luchsinger's wishes, since it has been found by an investigating committee that the society could not hold title to the proposed historical monument. It has agreed to seek the cooperation of the county board of supervisors and all civic bodies of the county. Secretary Walter Day of the Monroe Chamber of Commerce has promised the support of his organization. If plans for maintaining the place, depending upon the strength of local backing, can be worked out successfully, the Green County His- torical Society—by the time the Magazine reaches the readers—may have a museum-home through the generosity of Mrs. Luchsinger, the granddaughter of Arabut Ludlow, settler of the Monroe vicinity in about 1839 and once the owner of this attractive pioneer farm and house. 482 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June

KENOSHA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S membership was re- ported as 203 at its annual meeting, January 25. The society's Bulletin states that ten volumes of the Kenosha Evening News were bound recently and are available in the Museum Library for public use.

The winter lecture course, sponsored by the KENOSHA HISTORICAL AND ART MUSEUM, brought Cleveland Grant to Kenosha on Janu- ary 11. Mr. Grant, a naturalist and an artist with the color camera, depicted the wildlife of Wisconsin and of the Nebraska and South Dakota bad lands. Some years ago the LACROSSE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY sponsored an essay contest among the La Crosse high school students on early local history. The La Crosse Tribune and Leader-Press pub- lished a series of these stories during the winter. One writer speaks of his greatgrandmother's inventiveness; she cut a turnip in two, re- moved the center, filled the opening with lard and a piece of cloth for a wick; with this she lighted her first crude cabin. And speaking of a trundle bed one essayist writes, " It would hold from one to six little folks as necessity demanded." Professor A. H. Sanford spoke to the Rotary Club of La Crosse, January 24, on the " La Crosse County Historical Society," of which he is president. Mr. Sanford was recently transferred from " Honor- ary " to u Senior Active Membership " on the Rotarian roll. In 1847 the first ship was built at Manitowoc, known as the " Citizen." To commemorate this event the MANITOWOC COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY is making its 1947 plans for a Manitowoc Marine Centennial, to extend over several days. The federal govern- ment may be asked to send various types of marine craft to be featured at the observance. At the annual meeting of the Manitowoc Society in early January, John G. Johnson was named president for the twelfth time. William H. Noyes, Wauwatosa, spoke to the members of the MILWAUKEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY at their February 27 meeting on " Why the Old Second Ward Became Famous." On Sun- day, March 17, Phi Alpha Theta, national honorary historical fra- ternity, Marquette University chapter, met with the Milwaukee County Historical Society, for a joint observance of the founding date of the fraternity, a quarter of a century earlier. Father R. N. Hamilton, moderator of the fraternity; Curator Frederic Heath, president of the county historical society; and Judge William F. Shaughnessy took part in the anniversary meeting. Frank R. DonLevy, historian for Oconto County, enlisted the interest of grade and high school students in the writing of historical essays. 1946] THE STATE 483

The OCONTO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY sponsored the compe- tition with the help of the county superintendent of schools, Otto W. Neumann. Some of the essay subjects suggested were: persons who influenced county history, famous local personages, pioneer and Indian life, the growth of the settlements. The essay winners received cash prizes from the local historical society. Henry C. Hansen, Rhinelander, one of the enthusiastic workers for the ONEIDA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, was elected its president in January. The members met on February 19, at the Rhinelander city hall, and participated in a " potluck " supper and social evening. Nile J. Behncke was reflected director of the OsHKOSH PUBLIC MUSEUM at the annual meeting held at Oshkosh, January 14. He reported that the Oshkosh World War II clippings occupy thirty-five volumes and that information and pictures of 150 service men who paid the supreme sacrifice are also on file.

The OUTAGAMIE PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY held its an- nual meeting, followed by a dinner and program, on Washington's Birthday, at Appleton. George R. Schaefer was reflected president and spoke of the revolution in farm operations over a period of sixty years. Professor William F. Raney, well-known author of Wisconsin: A Story of Progress (New York, 1940), is the director of historical research for the Society.

The OZAUKEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND MUSEUM has issued an attractive folder explaining the purposes of the new organi- zation. It wants above all else to make the county residents " museum- minded," and then the loss of the county's relics, its early documents, pictures, newspapers, and books will not be a danger. And it is frankly asking for a museum, gratis, in which to house its collections. Secretary P. F. Leuch, 12 Jefferson Street, Cedarburg, is handling all museum contributions and membership applications. At its business meeting on February 27 at Racine, the RACINE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY elected Harris E. Russell, Racine, presi- dent. The publication of a history of the county's participation in World War II is a project the local society is considering in cooper- ation with other organizations. Because of the expense involved, it may be necessary to finance publication by popular subscription. It was reported that several manufacturers were willing to aid materially in the publishing of the book. Reedsburg folk-—city and farm—known as the Old Settlers, had a gala reunion day at Reedsburg on February 15, when they met with 484 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June laden picnic baskets for their noon lunch. After a period of reminis- cing the annual business session was held and Alfred W. Bernien was elected president. Mrs. Ross Schultz, whose greatgrandparents settled in the locality nearly 100 years ago, entertained the group of almost 350 with a talk on pioneer life. R. T. Normington, superintendent of schools, also spoke to the members. The day's goodtime closed with a dance for young and old, the proceeds of which finance the Old Settler activities.

The RIVER FALLS HISTORICAL SOCIETY is a functioning community group, though organized only last summer. Judge Jay Grimm has made his office vault available for the safe-keeping of the society's manuscripts and documents. The president for 1946, elected some months ago, is Dr. R. A. Karges of River Falls State Teachers College.

The SHAWANO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, with.more than 100 persons on its membership roll, held its annual meeting Febru- ary 12 at Shawano. A project for a Memorial Building Fund for the society was launched at the meeting. The Stockbridge Indian Reserva- tion was featured on the program, when a WMAQ transcription, used during the " 400 Hour," was read. This was followed by a general discussion of the Stockbridges and of the county's early settlers.

The early history of the Lake Geneva region and some of the dis- asters of the pioneer days were the subjects of talks before the WAL- WORTH COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, February 27, at Lake Geneva. A poem written by the society's first president, Mrs. Marion L. Kull, was read.

After a wartime lapse the resumption of activities by the WASH- INGTON COUNTY OLD SETTLERS CLUB AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY occurred on Washington's Birthday. Ninety-nine persons were present at a 12:30 dinner at the Fifth Avenue Methodist Church, West Bend, followed by the annual business meeting at which President Harry Schuck, Slinger, World War II veteran, presided. Judge F. W. Bucklin, West Bend, was elected president; the articles of incorporation were explained to the society by him. Charles D. Stewart, eminent Pike Lake and Washington County author, was the guest speaker and told of the thirteen-year battle incident to locating the Washington County seat.

The treasurer's report of the WATERTOWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY showed a membership of 189 persons and a balance in the treasury of $575.17 as of January 28, annual meeting day at Watertown. The Octagon House is functioning on a prewar basis this season. 1946} THE STATE 485

An excellent color film depicting the life of the Williamsburg, Virginia, colonists was shown at a meeting of the WAUKESHA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY on February 27, at Waukesha. Mrs. Edith M. Tallmadge was appointed county historian of Wau- kesha County by the county board in December. She is also the secretary and custodian of the Waukesha County Historical Society, and certainly will adjust herself readily to her new duties.

HISTORICAL NOTES After being published for seventy-six years the Jefferson County Union appeared for the last time as a weekly newspaper on Febru- ary 21, and on March 1 the Daily Jefferson County Union made its bow. The anniversary of the birth of the Union, which was founded by Ex-governor W. D. Hoard, was observed with an " open house " on February 28 at the plant of W. D. Hoard and Sons Company, Fort Atkinson. Visitors viewed the new equipment among which was the teletype, the machine which receives and types the day's news auto- matically. Several hundred high-school pupils watched the recently installed Goss Cox-o-type high-speed press as it began to print the first edition of the daily. More than 1,000 persons attended the birth- day party. In the first Daily edition there is the first part of an extensive genea- logical account of the Sayre family, compiled by Mrs. Angie K. Main, Fort Atkinson. William Sayre and his wife Adrannah Knapp Sayre started the Wisconsin family branch, arriving in the Jefferson region from the East in the fall of 1846. Mrs. Main's study is completed to the tenth generation; the newspaper story takes the reader to the year 1865.

The Wisconsin Retail Hardware Association, organized fifty years ago, observed its Founding Day at its 1946 convention at Milwaukee, February 5-8. Rudolph Greve of Kiel is the only survivor of those who attended the first meeting.

Readers of the Kingston Spy were surprised the past winter to find the name of their paper changed to the Kingston Tribune, after more than sixty-four years of publication. The editor believes that a news- paper name should have dignity and significance, and since the names Times, Journal, News, Herald, and Press were already in use in the Kingston vicinity, the name Tribune was chosen.

In speaking of unpaid bills Dr. William Whitelaw of Lodi re- marked: "You can figure it at $1,000 or more a year easy, and I've been around here for more than sixty years." But the venerable doctor believed in keeping folks alive, so he couldn't be bothered too 486 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June much with his accounts. He began his Lodi practice in 1880, im- mediately after completing his medical course at the University of Michigan, and is now theoretically " inactive." Yardmaster for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad at Madison, with twenty-one men under his supervision, John G. McKenna re- cently retired after a half century of service. Recalling some of the peak work days, McKenna estimated that he parked more than two miles of passenger cars in the yards in the early 1900's on a day when a Wisconsin-Minnesota football game was scheduled. He was celebrated as " an outstanding man at his job." Wisconsin history has been enriched by the Centennial edition, January 1, 1946, of the Clark County Press, Neillsville. In it are gathered stories of the first white settlement (1845) in the county, as well as a comprehensive sketch of James O'Neill, founder of Neills- ville. The excellent illustrations of buildings, prominent persons, in- dustrial plants, and outdoor scenes—including picturesque " Wildcat Mount"—make the issue particularly attractive. John Newhouse, staff member of the Wisconsin State Journal, Madison, writes in the December 13, issue, "In what other town but Pardeeville could you find a lumber dealer sitting on the seat of an army bomber sent him by an army friend and holding an inverted ash tray—the polished skull of a Jap from the South Pacific? " There is no end to the variety of J. W. Jamieson's private museum pieces in the same Pardeeville. Among them are a blueberry picker, count- less stamps—including the first one issued by the United States gov- ernment—and a bear trap from Montana; and when Hobbyist Jamieson displays 186 one-dollar gold pieces, which he obtained from the estate of a recluse, one really wonders how a one-man museum can be so rich in possessions. The Portage Senior Gossip Club was entertained by the Junior Gossip Club when the parent organization celebrated its fiftieth year of activity. Two charter members of this study group were the mothers of the late Zona Gale Breese and the late Marjorie Latimer. An invalid, Marjorie's mother is the only surviving charter member. By team, by bicycle, and at times on foot were the methods used by C. H. Steltzner, Rice Lake, in carrying the mail to the farmsteads of Rice Lake vicinity for a period of more than forty years. On February 1 came his retirement day, and shortly thereafter the rural mail carriers of Barron County, the post-office employees of Rice Lake, and other friends made merry at a party honoring him. Route 4, which Mr. Steltzner last served, was fifty-four miles long; there were 320 persons who awaited his daily arrival. 1946] THE STATE 487

This may sound like a fairy-tale, but it is a true "butter story." Mrs. H. W. Betry, eighty-one-year-old pioneer buttermaker of Rush Lake, has medals, loving cups, and framed citations, which were pre- sented to her at state and national farm exhibitions to prove the excellence of her product. And her explanation is very simple, " If you've got good cream, its no trick at all to make good butter." In the beginning—its fifty-eight years now—Mrs. Betry owned four dairy cows and made the butter for her family. The little that was left she sold in the surrounding villages, and before long the Betry- butter fame spread and initiated the house-delivery method. She likes to recall the fancy rig she owned—with fringe on top. " We cut quite a figure" delivering 150 pounds of butter each week, she said. During the war she found it difficult to inform her customers that their quantity was limited, so she quit making butter and the milk was sent to the creamery. While straightening her apron she ex- plained that she had never been fined: "I'd rather have a clear con- science, and not sell butter! " Among her many prizes she was awarded the Wisconsin medal at the 1913 and the 1914 National Dairy Show at Chicago. But success stories always have some dis- appointments: she should have received the National medals at these shows but " lacked just one quarter of a point," according to the judges.

The Shawano County Journal was established in 1859 and its editor and publisher wrote a reminiscent editorial in the February 14 issue, reminding his readers of the Journal's eighty-seventh birthday. H. A. Meyer has issued the paper for twenty-five years, taking over at the time of the death of M. R. Stanley, the former owner. He speaks of the difficult war years experienced by newspapermen, but acknowledges " the priceless gift—the accumulated knowledge and experience of those who have passed on," as he begins a second quarter-century of news gathering for the Shawano County community.

John Lindgren, implement dealer at Stockholm, celebrated his fifty years in business at the same location on December 29. Although his wartime machinery made a slight display, his friends were invited to stop and do a little visiting and, of course, enjoy some refreshments on his Anniversary Day. When Mr. Lindgren arrived at Stockholm in 1895, he opened a blacksmith shop and gradually adopted the im- plement line. His son Milton, associated with him, is the " repair man " and knows a great deal about the ills of the tractor.

The Nordron Male Chorus, Superior, observed its Golden Jubilee on March 2. The group was organized by eight singing Norwegians, and at first appeared before small groups. Their fame increased with their membership, and they have sung for kings and queens, presi- dents of the United States, and at important functions in this country, 488 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE [June in Canada, and abroad. In reminiscing about the director of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin Symphony Orchestra, when the Nordrons sang at a Saengerfest, Madison, one member recalled, " Boy, that director was a keen one."

This quarter the "centenarian club" has an extensive report, with Mrs. Eugenia Taylor, Milwaukee, in the place of honor. On Christmas Day she observed her 102nd birthday. She was born in slavery in North Carolina and, while working in the cotton fields, learned of President Lincoln's death. Another Christmas Day celebrant was Mrs. Mary Gerrow, Schofield, who was 101. She was able to help with the Yuletide preparations and spent a happy day greeting her many friends. Four other persons reached the century mark: Mrs. Lucy Grubb, Viroqua, a second cousin of Abraham Lincoln, was entertained on February 15, her natal day. She recalled her school-teaching experi- ence in the Kickapoo Hills, earning $25 a month, and her industrious childhood when she spun one and one-half pounds of wool a day at the age of twelve. The nicest present of her 100 years was the homecoming of Mrs. M. E. St. John's great-grandson, Robert Soulman, from the European theater the week preceding January 9. On that date she was honored at an "at home." Since 1879 she has resided at Janesville, though a native of Canada. Mrs. Mareth Virum, Milwaukee, a little, bright-eyed " Grandma "— that's what her friends call her—reached her century mark on Janu- ary 4. She thinks maybe hard work is one reason for longevity. L. A. Wilcox, near Cadott, was the department commander of the Wisconsin G.A.R. at the time of his 100th birthday, March 3. On that day he participated in a Centennial Birthday Dinner, attended by Cadott citizens, at the Lutheran Church.

III. OF WIDER INTEREST The appointment by President Truman of Julius ("Cap") Krug to succeed Harold Ickes as Secretary of the Interior and his unanimous confirmation by the Senate marks the highest rung of the ladder of public service so far reached by this young Madisonian, who is still only thirty-eight years of age. He is worth watching. His rise has been steady, from his graduation at Wisconsin in arts, with depart- mental honors in economics, in 1929, and his M.A. degree in 1930 with a thesis in public utilities. (It is not often that a newly-gradu- ated B.A., who has worked his way through college, immediately continues the struggle until he gets his master's degree.) The next year Julius A. Krug (his father is Julius J.) served as research 1946] OF WIDER INTEREST 489 statistician for the Wisconsin Telephone Company, and then in suc- ceeding years he progressed through the Wisconsin Public Service Commission, the Federal Communication Commission, and the Ken- tucky Public Service Commission (technical director for 1937), to the Tennessee Valley Authority as chief power engineer, 1938-40, and manager of power, 1940. When the war broke out young Krug became deputy director general for priorities with the War Production Board, was commissioned lieutenant commander in the navy in June, 1942, and, just before embarking for overseas, was called upon by President Roosevelt to head the WPB as successor to Donald M. Nelson. When the WPB was closed up by President Truman, Krug became a private consultant, but after a few weeks he was summoned away to take over the Department of the Interior. Obviously Krug's appointment to this high and difficult post was not a political one. He is an expert, a very practical expert, in the field of public utilities. That surely is where the Interior Department is to be found. The Nation, in its issue of 9 March 1946, praises the Krug appoint- ment, and remarks, inter alia, that he was " trained at the University of Wisconsin, a school which has produced many of our finest public servants." That remark could be justified with a most impressive list, beginning say with Balthasar H. Meyer of the Interstate Commerce Commission and coming down to A. J. Altmeyer, chairman of the Social Security Board of the United States. It will be more interest- ing to some to cite 1946 evidence—the composition of four of the most important of the Fact-finding Panels that in part replaced the War Labor Board, which mistakenly had been allowed to fold up at the close of 1945. The chairman of the panel for meat packing was Edwin Witte of Wisconsin's department of economics; the chair- man of the panel for General Motors was Lloyd Garrison until re- cently dean of Wisconsin's Law School; the chairman of the panel for the Steel Industry was Nate Feinsinger, professor in Wisconsin's Law School; and the chairman of the panel in the International Harvester dispute was Philip Marshall, Milwaukee attorney and former librarian of the Law School Library. All of these men had worked for years on the staff of the War Labor Board. And it is relevant to add that Dean Garrison is now serving as Master by appointment of the United States Supreme Court in the Georgia Railroad Rate case, which is and will be the most important railroad rate regulation case in many years. Proceedings of the Wisconsin Historical Society Ninety-Ninth Annual Meeting

EMBERS of the Society gathered in the Gregory Room of the Society's Building at Madison on Wednesday, October 3, M 1945, at 1:30 P.M. Present: Mrs. O. J. Allison, Don Anderson, George Banta, Jr., Ida Barganz, Celia F. Barney, Albert O. Barton, J. Charlotte Bossert, O. H. Bossert, E. E. Brossard, Walter Bubbert, Carl H. Buenger, Mrs. George M. Coke, Mrs. E. S. Colbo, Mrs. Frederic K. Conover, Morris C. Crandall, Mrs. G. E. Crosley, Gilbert H. Doane, Frank R. DonLevy, Mrs. Anna W. Evans, Mary S. Foster, W. A. Freehoff, John L. Grindell, Mrs. Ursula S. Gross, L. M. Hanks, Fred Harrington, K. L. Hatch, Frederic Heath, Edith B. Heidner, H. R. Holand, Dr. A. T. Holbrook, Mrs. A. T. Hol- brook, Earle S. Holman, Fred L. Holmes, Mrs. Zida C. Ivey, A. R. Janecky, Ruth B. Jeffris, The Rev. Peter Leo Johnson, Robert R. Jones, Arthur Krebs, Leona McCutcheon, Mrs. W. A. McFarlane, Mrs. H. A. Main, Everett K. Melvin, Theodore Mueller, Mrs. H. G. B. Nixon, Henry Noll, Samuel M. Pedrick, Mrs. Jane Porter, Lyell P. Porter, Robert K. Richardson, H. L. Russell, Albert H. Sanford, Dr. P. L. Scanlan, George C. Sellery, Harold T. I. Shannon, Alice E. Smith, Hilda Steinweg, Mrs. Ida M. Swartz, Mrs. Edgar Tallmadge, Charles White, Lawrence C. Whittet, B. H. Wilcox, A. J. Worthman, Anita Zentner-—64. Guests: Mrs. Litta Bascom, Ethelyn S. Beorgeon, Reuben Beorgeon, Mrs. Frank DonLevy, Allie Freeman, Mrs. A. R. Janecky, Lillian Krueger, Peter F. Leuch, Mrs. Clara Man they, Mrs. Margaret Neill, Mrs. Joseph Plain, Mrs. H. H. Raab, Sterling Sorensen, Peter VandeBoom, Mrs. Minnie M. Wallace, Mrs. Ruth Yoke—16. President Titus called the meeting to order. The reading of the minutes of the last Annual Meeting was waived since they had been printed in summary form in the June, 1945, issue of the Magazine (28:483-86). Treasurer Hanks gave a summary of his Annual Report (see pp. 509-12 below). Upon motion the report was accepted and filed. Director Alexander called the roll of local historical societies which are auxiliary members of the State Society and presented a report on their work as shown by the annual individual reports they make to the State Society (see pp. 495-99). Upon motion the report was accepted and placed on file. 490 NINETY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING 491

Mr. Whittet presented the following motion which was seconded and unanimously carried: In recognition of the distinguished service rendered to the WISCONSIN STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY by Colonel Frederick C. Best of Oconomowoc and Philip G. Stratton of Superior, be it Resolved that the following resolution be placed in the minutes of the meeting: In the death of Colonel Best and Mr. Stratton the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY has suffered a distinct loss. As members of the Board of Curators they rendered long and efficient service of a very high char- acter. Their counsel was at all times esteemed, for through their years of experience they had an understanding of the affairs of the Historical Society which made their service of a value impossible properly to estimate. Through the years to come their interest and counsel will be reflected in the work the Historical Society performs. It was announced that short sketches of the two curators were to be printed in the minutes of the proceedings of this meeting. They follow here.

FREDERICK CHARLES BEST 1874-1945 The Society lost one of its most valuable members when Colonel Best died suddenly at Milwaukee on August 17, 1945. He became a life member of the Society in 1925, and in 1932 was elected to the Board of Curators in place of the late Carl Russell Fish. Colonel Best was at once placed on the seven-man Executive Committee of the Society and served there with distinction. His interest in Wisconsin and military history was deep, and he was an excellent financial adviser on the Society's investments. Colonel Best was born in Chicago, June 19, 1874, the son of Charles and Helena (Taddiken) Best. The boy began his education in Milwau- kee, continued his studies at Wiesbaden, Germany, 1889-92, and was graduated from Milwaukee Academy in 1894. He began work as a messenger of the Wisconsin National Bank in 1895, was eventually vice-president of the First Wisconsin Trust Com- pany as well as secretary, treasurer, and manager of the Milwaukee Clear- ing House Association. He was president of the Wisconsin Farm Mort- gage Company from 1927 to 1941 when he retired from certain activities and moved to Oconomowoc. He remained a member of the boards of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, Northwestern National Insurance Company, Marshall and Ilsley Bank, and Milwaukee-Downer College. Colonel Best served overseas in World War I. He commanded a machine gun company in the Thirty-second Division, was later attached to headquarters, rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and was cited for bravery. Colonel Best was married to Sophia B. Kemper of Milwaukee on June 26, 1902, and they had four children: Gertrude (Mrs. H. J. Held), Margarethe (Mrs. Charles B. Jackson), Elizabeth, and Charles F. 492 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

PHILIP GLEZEN STRATTON 1869-1945 Mr. Stratton, of Superior, a life member of the Society since 1907 and member of the Board of Curators since 1938 in place of the late Henry S. Butler, died at Superior, March 24, 1945. Mr. Stratton had recently served as president of the energetic Douglas County Historical Society, which has sponsored an excellent local history museum at Superior. Mr. Stratton was born in Madison, Ohio, on September 20, 1869, attended high school and one year of Oberlin College, and then came to West Superior in 1899. He was associated with William B. Banks in the Loan and Debenture Company. A few years later he started in the real estate and insurance business, and for many years his partner was Ogden H. Hammond. Mr. Stratton was also a civic and social leader of the community, served on the school board, headed bond and Red Cross drives and acted as coal administrator in World War I, and was an emergency relief administrator in the 1930's. He was a staunch member of the Pilgrim Congregational and then later the Central Methodist-Congregational Church. On August 23, 1905, Mr. Stratton was married to Miss Mabel Kelly. They had four children: Faith (Mrs. Benjamin Finch, Jr.), Philip (died in infancy), Mabel, and Sarah (Mrs. R. B. McKenzie). Miss Martha Merrell as chairman of the Nominating Committee, which contained also Albert H. Sanford of La Crosse and Donald W. Anderson of Madison, recommended reelection for three-year terms ending in 1948 of the following curators: Charles E. Broughton, She- boygan; Lucien M. Hanks, Madison; Frederic Heath, Milwaukee; Hjalmar R. Holand, Ephraim; Mrs. Arthur T. Holbrook, Milwaukee; Fred L. Holmes, Madison; Peter Leo Johnson, St. Francis; Mrs. Angie K. Main, Fort Atkinson; Ralph G. Plumb, Manitowoc; Harold T. I. Shannon, Green Bay; Lawrence C. Whittet, Madison. Emery A. Odell of Monroe had requested that his name be not presented for another term but that Mrs. May L. Luchsinger of Monroe should succeed him, and the Committee therefore recommended Mrs. Luchsinger's election for a three-year term. To fill two terms expiring in 1946 made vacant by the deaths of Philip G. Stratton of Superior and Frederick C. Best of Oconomowoc, the Committee nominated Morgan Murphy of Superior and Lewis W. Herzog of Milwaukee. Mr. Bubbert nominated Albert O. Barton of Madison, but Mr. Barton declined nomination on the ground that there were already seven Madison members on the Board. It was then moved, seconded, and carried that the nominations be closed and that the Secretary cast one ballot for the slate named by the Nominating Committee. 1946] NINETY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING 493

Mr. Alexander presented the Director's Report (see pp. 500-509 below) which, upon motion, was accepted and placed on file. Mr. Holmes presented and explained three proposed amendments to the Constitution which were voted upon separately and adopted by votes of 60-0, 60-0, and 56-1 respectively. They provide that (1) the term " institutional member" be used instead of " perpetual member" (substitute "institutional" for "perpetual" in article 2, sec- tion 1, line 1, and article 2, section 4, lines 1, 2). (2) the cost of life membership be increased from $30 to $50 (sub- stitute "fifty" for "thirty" in article 2, section 3, line 2) effective January 1, 1946. (3) seven unrestricted funds of the Society be consolidated into one General Fund (strike out the words " and Binding..., the Antiquarian Fund,... the Hattie T. Fisk Bequest, the Stephen M. Babcock Fund,... the William P. Gundry Bequest, the Rare Coins Collection Fund, the Mary Cousins Joyce Bequest" in article 7, section 2, beginning line 2). Mr. Jones suggested that the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY find out whether certain Japanese war materials about to be destroyed could be obtained for the small historical societies of the State. Upon motion, the suggestion was referred to the Executive Committee with power to act. Upon motion the meeting adjourned at 3:00 P.M. Meeting of the Board of Curators

After the address by Mr. James Gray of St. Paul upon Hercules Dousman of Wisconsin and H. H. Sibley of Minnesota, the Board of Curators met in the Director's office and was called to order by President Titus. Present: George Banta, Jr., Morris C. Crandall, John L. Grindell, Lucien M. Hanks, Frederic Heath,* Hjalmar R. Holand, Mrs. Arthur T. Holbrook, Earle S. Holman, Fred L. Holmes,* Adolph R. Janecky, Ruth B. Jeffris, The Rev. Peter Leo Johnson,* Mrs. Angie K. Main, Martha B. Merrell, Samuel M. Pedrick, Robert K. Richardson, Albert H. Sanford, Dr. Peter L. Scanlan, George C Sellery, Harold T. I. Shannon, William A. Titus, Lawrence C. Whittet—22. Also Edward P. Alexander, director. (Those marked with asterisks had to leave before the meeting opened.) The reading of the minutes of the last meeting was waived, and they were accepted as printed in the June, 1945, Magazine (28:510-12). Mr. Alexander presented the report of the Executive Committee as follows: The Executive Committee consisting of Messrs. Titus, Hanks, Best, 494 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

Holmes, Sellery, Whittet, and Alexander has met three times since the Midwinter Meeting of the Board of Curators of March 7, 1945. On April 21, 1945, the Committee authorized the Treasurer to sell the Wisconsin commemorative half dollars at $1.75 each in lots of less than ten and at $1.50 each in larger lots. The Committee approved the report of the Editorial Board which provided that each author of a work to be published by the Society should be given a regular contract, except authors on the Society's staff whose work is produced on Society time; that books in the new Biography Series should be individually designed, should be sold to members at one-third discount from the retail price, should be issued in editions of at least 750 copies, and should allow authors a royalty of 25 percent of the receipts above the cost of manu- facturing and transportation; and that the Director should enter into contracts for the Society with six proposed authors in the series. On June 9, 1945, the Committee approved charging $500 editorial costs for the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis of 1618 against the Hollister Pharmaceutical Fund, authorized a special audit of the fund since its establishment, and requested the Director to enter into negotiations with Henry Schuman of New York City as a possible selling agent for the Pharmacopoeia Augustana and Pharmacopoeia Londinensis. The Com- mittee viewed the plastocast head of Major Richard I. Bong of Wisconsin by Sergeant Conrad W. Crowder and agreed to accept the head if offered as a gift of the sculptor or by a patron or the State of Wisconsin. On August 4, 1945, the Committee authorized the Treasurer to sell or lease its land in Block 239, City of Madison. The Annual Meeting was set for October 3, and Mr. James Gray of St. Paul was to be invited to address the Society. The Committee agreed that three amendments substituting " institutional member" for " perpetual member," raising the life membership fee from $30 to $50, and providing for the con- solidation of certain of the Private Funds should be placed before the membership at the Annual Meeting. The Committee authorized the Director to teach a course in Wisconsin history for the University of Wisconsin during the first semester of 1945—46. The Committee voted $150 from the Mary M. Adams Art Fund to buy a portrait of "Old Abe," the Wisconsin Civil War eagle, as painted by Alonzo Chappel in 1866. Upon motion of Mr. Shannon, seconded by Mr. Banta, the report was ratified. Mr. Alexander submitted a list of 105 new members (90 annual, 14 life, and 1 perpetual) added since the Midwinter Meeting of the Board of Curators, March 7, 1945, and upon motion they were de- clared elected, and the reading of the list of names waived. The question of the best time to hold the Midwinter Meeting of the Board of Curators was discussed. Some preferred a date in March; others suggested February 12 as a possible date. Mr. Sellery moved, Mr. Banta seconded, and it was carried that the Executive Committee should select the date this winter. 1946] LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 495

Mr. Holand spoke of the desirability of publishing studies of certain Wisconsin cities, especially Madison, and the matter was referred to the Editorial Board. The possibility that the Society might be given the administration and control of the Dousman House at Prairie du Chien was thoroughly discussed. Mr. Sellery moved, Mr. Banta seconded, and it was carried, that the Executive Committee of this Society be and they are hereby authorized to study the possibility of accepting the administration and/or control of the Villa Louis at Prairie du Chien. Miss Jeffris moved, Mr. Hanks seconded, that the Board of Curators at its Midwinter Meeting set the place where the 1946 Annual Con- vention shall be held. Mr. Pedrick, seconded by Mr. Grindell, proposed an amendment that the convention be held at Prairie du Chien. The amendment was carried and the amended motion setting the meeting place of the convention at Prairie du Chien. Upon motion the meeting adjourned at 4:45 P.M. Respectfully submitted, EDWARD P. ALEXANDER Director WISCONSIN LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES, 1944-1945 By EDWARD P. ALEXANDER, Director

THERE ARE now thirty-seven local historical societies in Wisconsin affiliated with the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. This is an increase of one during the year; the newcomer is the Ozaukee County Historical Society and Museum with Mr. Peter VandeBoom of Saukville as president and Mr. Peter F. Leuch of Cedarburg, secretary. This new society is showing materials in one of the Cedarburg store windows while seeking a permanent museum home and is to hold its first public meeting at Port Washington this month. The thirty-seven local societies present various degrees of activity. At least twenty-four of them are carrying on worth while programs of meetings, collecting historical materials, and conducting museums. Six others have not been so active, and the remaining seven have been slumbering so soundly that neither the newspaper press nor their officers have reported to us of their activities during the year. 496 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

Probably the occurrence of the year which promises the most for the future of these societies is the passage by the Wisconsin Legis- lature of a County Historian Law—section 59-08(48) of the statutes— which gives a county board the right to appoint a county historian to collect records of the history of the county and of its military service in World War II, to erect historical markers, and to compile and publish historical data. The county board may provide a county historian with a safe or vault, clerical assistance, supplies, and salary. The Oconto County Board has been the first to act under this law, appointing Mr. Frank R. DonLevy, who is treasurer of the Oconto County Historical Society, county historian and voting him $500 for salary and supplies to cover the last five months of 1945. This action made us wonder how much support local historical societies in Wisconsin receive from public funds. On scanning the reports we have on hand, we find that the Brown County society gets $150 yearly from the county board; the Douglas County society's museum was voted $1,300 by the county and $1,500 by the city of Superior; the Kenosha County society received $500 from the county; the Milwaukee County society's museum was virtually supported by the county; the Sauk County society was given $300 for its museum by the county; and the Vernon County society secured $300 for its publication program from the county in addition to some support for its museum from the city of Viroqua. It is clear, then, that local societies in Wisconsin receive considerable financial assistance from public sources. Many of the societies have had an active program of meetings dur- ing the year. Not only did the Beloit society sponsor the Third Annual Convention of the STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY on August 9-10, 1944, but the society held four other excellent meetings which added valu- able papers to the long-range program arranged for the society by Professor L. Taylor Merrill of Beloit College. Other excellent meet- ings were conducted by the Burlington, La Crosse County, Lake Mills- Aztalan, Racine County, Shawano County, Vernon County, Watertown, and Waukesha County Societies. The experience of the more active societies would seem to show that meetings every quarter heighten interest in the work of the societies. The Douglas County society continues to conduct an excellent museum, and during the year 11,000 visitors saw its attractive and frequently changed exhibits. The Manitowoc County society's attend- 1946] LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 497 ance at its Rahr Civic Center was also good, exceeding 6,000 for the year. Several societies made progress in solving their museum building needs. The Milwaukee County society is hoping to take over the General Falk residence along the lake shore which has been offered to it by the Milwaukee County Park Board. The Fort Atkinson so- ciety's museum was badly damaged by a fire, but the society has paid up the balance on its purchase of a building on the old fort site made possible by the gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Mary Worcester of Chicago, granddaughter of Dwight Foster, the founder of Fort Atkinson. The Lake Mills-Aztalan society received three lots adjoining its museum from John Harper and secured additional property and had its mort- gage canceled through the generosity of the William Tyler family. Other good museum work was done by the Burlington, Oconto County, and Vernon County societies. The publication programs of the societies are still relatively weak, but there are at least signs of greater activity. The LaCrosse County society is in process of issuing its seventh volume of excellent La Crosse County Historical Sketches. This society also finds a mimeographed bulletin of " News and Notes" of much value, and the Kenosha County and Milwaukee County societies are putting out similar little sheets. The Vernon County society is issuing well-written and illus- trated historical articles in the newspapers of the county, and the Douglas County society ran several special features in the Superior papers observing the ninetieth anniversary of the founding of the city. The Brown County society hopes to be able to revive the Green Bay Historical Bulletin which it published for several years, while the Racine County society is considering issuing a volume on the war record of the county. Several local societies have made unusual contributions to local history during the year. The Grant County society, for example, has had an exciting time helping to save an important archeological site near Potosi. When copper implements and skeletons were exposed by the Mississippi River, the society took charge of the situation and invited the Milwaukee Public Museum to excavate the site. The Douglas County society is trying to save the historic old Davidson Mill, a Finnish windmill situated about sixteen miles from Superior. The Kenosha County society has not only trebled its membership but is investigating the possibility of launching a Junior Historical Society 498 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

to interest children in the upper grades. The Walworth County society conducted a historical pilgrimage to Burlington, where the Burlington society showed it the historical sites, including the old Mormon settlement at Voree. The Outagamie County society visited the old Grignon House at Kaukauna. The Manitowoc County society in 1947 plans to observe 100 years of ship building in that city. These samples of activity suffice to show that the local historical societies of Wisconsin are on the move and that the return of peace can be expected to add greatly to their usefulness. DIRECTORY OF LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES (The first officer listed is the president and the second the secretary, except when otherwise indicated.) 1. ASHLAND COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Ashland (includes Chequamegon Bay region: Ashland, Bayfield, and Iron counties), Dr. John M. Dodd, Ashland; John C. Chappie, Ashland 2. BELOIT HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Blaine Hansen, Beloit; Mrs. Minnie M. Wallace, Beloit 3. BROWN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Green Bay, Joseph M. Conway, Green Bay; Sybil Schuette, Green Bay 4. BURLINGTON HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Mrs. Louis Zwiebel, Bur- lington; Mrs. Elmer Kitterer, Burlington 5. CRAWFORD COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Prairie du Chien, B. A. Kennedy, Sr., Prairie du Chien; Louise Root, Prairie du Chien. 6. DODGE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Beaver Dam, Joseph E. Hoyt, Beaver Dam; Roy G. Butler, Beaver Dam 7. DOOR COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Sturgeon Bay, Hjalmar R. Holand, Ephraim; Mrs. Clara Egan, Sturgeon Bay 8. DOUGLAS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Superior, A. D. Wheal- don, Superior; Mrs. E. G. Palo, Superior 9. FORT ATKINSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Charles B. Rogers, Fort Atkinson; Mrs. Zida C. Ivey, Fort Atkinson 10. GRANT COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Platteville, John L. Grindell, Secretary, Platteville 11. GREEN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Monroe, Marshall Peter- son, Monroe; Clara Zum Brunnen, Monroe 12. JACKSON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Alma Center, David A. Blencoe, Alma Center; A. P. Jones, Black River Falls 13. KENOSHA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Kenosha, Charles F. Borkenhagen, Kenosha; Carrie I. Cropley, Kenosha 14. KEWAUNEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Algoma, William A. Cowell, Kewaunee; Joseph G. Lazansky, Algoma 15. LACROSSE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, LaCrosse, Albert H. Sanford, LaCrosse; Harry J. Hirshheimer, LaCrosse 16. LAKE MILLS-AZTALAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Lake Mills, Mrs. G. P. White, Lake Mills; Mary Seward, Lake Mills 17. LANGLADE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Antigo, J. W. Parsons, Antigo; Earle S. Holman, Antigo 18. LUTHER VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Orfordville, Will F. Bauchle, Beloit; Emma Borkenhagen, Janesville 1946] LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 499

19. MANITOWOC COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Manitowoc, J. G. Johnson, Manitowoc; Elsa L. Dramm, Manitowoc 20. MILWAUKEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Milwaukee, Frederic Heath, Milwaukee; Mrs. Hedwig Muenzer, Milwaukee 21. MINERAL POINT HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Robert M. Neal, Mineral Point; D. M. Morgan, Mineral Point 22. OCONTO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Oconto, Mrs. Cleo F. Meeuwsen, Oconto; Mrs. Ethel S. Beorgeon, Oconto 23. OUTAGAMIE COUNTY PIONEER AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Ap- pleton, George R. Schaefer, Appleton; Sarto Balliet, Appleton 24. OZAUKEE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Cedarburg, Peter VandeBoom, Saukville; Peter F. Leuch, Cedarburg 25. POLK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Balsam Lake, Harry Baker, St. Croix Falls 26. RACINE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Racine, Harris E. Russell, Racine; Elizabeth Fratt, Racine 27. SAUK COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Baraboo, Mrs. O. J. Allison, Baraboo; Morris C. Crandall, Baraboo 28. SHAWANO COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Shawano, Mrs. Mary A. Zachow, Shawano; Mrs. Hertha Natzke, Shawano 29. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Sheboygan, Charles E. Broughton, Sheboygan; E. A. Hickey, Sheboygan 30. VERNON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Viroqua, Mrs. Clinton Nuzum, Viroqua; D. E. Slack, Viroqua 31. WALWORTH COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Lake Geneva, Dr. George Van Biesbroeck, Williams Bay; Mrs. N. Kitzman, Williams Bay 32. WASHINGTON COUNTY OLD SETTLERS' AND HISTORICAL SO- CIETY, West Bend, F. W. Bucklin, West Bend; Arthur E. Kuehlthau, West Bend 33. WATERTOWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, O. E. Meyer, Watertown; Marcella Killian, Watertown 34. WAUKESHA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Waukesha, Dr. M. R. Wilkinson, Oconomowoc; Mrs. Edgar Tallmadge, Waukesha 35. WAUSHARA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Wautoma, Robert R. Jones, Wild Rose; Arthur Dietz, Wautoma 36. WAUWATOSA HISTORY COMMISSION, James L. Foley, Executive Chairman, Wauwatosa; Arno C. Rutz, Executive Secretary, Wauwatosa 37. WINNEBAGO COUNTY ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SO- CIETY, Oshkosh, Robert J. Barnes, Oshkosh; George Overton, Oshkosh DIRECTOR'S REPORT, 1944-1945 June 30, 1945 By EDWARD P. ALEXANDER, Director

IN ITS ninety-nine years of existence, the WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY has known periods of growth, of lethargy, and of retrogres- sion. But the executive officer who reports yearly upon the work of the Society is so close to events that he cannot be sure which period he is going through. Especially is this true when a year like the one 500 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June now ended is full of minor irritations caused chiefly by shortages of manpower and materials and by the general unrest of a world war. The present Director is, however, an optimist, and he thinks he can see at least three fields in which progress has been achieved during the year. In the first place, a start has been made toward solving the building needs of the Society. Secondly, the Society's Library has been reorganized with Dr. Benton H. Wilcox as Librarian. Finally, a publication program for a Wisconsin biographical series has been inaugurated. 1. Building Needs Partially Met Careful study of the situation has shown that the Society urgently requires much additional space for (a) service to readers; (b) book, newspaper, and manuscript storage; (c) service to museum visitors; and (d) museum displays and storage. This space can be had by securing full use of the Society's building which.at present is shared with the central library of the University of Wisconsin, by modern- izing and better adapting the present structure to our needs, and by building an addition to provide an auditorium and museum display space which cannot otherwise be obtained. During the year, the University of Wisconsin decided to erect a new University Library near the eastern side of the Lower Campus, and the Legislature appropriated enough money to the University's building program to allow some $1,800,000 to be spent on the project. When the new structure is completed, the University Li- brary will move from our building, and we shall have enough room, with some modernization and reconstruction, to meet our Library space needs and to make a start at those of the Museum. Nevertheless, we shall still require an auditorium and museum dis- play space. Our request for $500,000 to put up an addition to pro- vide them, though included in Governor Goodland's recommendations, was turned down by the Legislature. 2. Dr. Wilcox Becomes Librarian The Society's Library is still its greatest treasure with its nearly 700,000 volumes, including 50,000 bound volumes of newspapers and many unique and rare books of American history. But the Library's collecting and administrative policies need thorough study to make the Library as useful as it ought to be for the people of Wisconsin. The man to set about finding the answers to our Library problems has now appeared. Dr. Benton H. Wilcox, who received his doctorate 1946] DIRECTOR'S REPORT 501

in American history at the University of Wisconsin and his library training at the University of Michigan, began work with the Society in 1943 as head of the Newspaper Division. When Miss Mary Stuart Foster retired on June 30, 1944, Dr. Wilcox succeeded her as chief of the Reference Division; in January the position of Librarian of the Society was reestablished (it had not been used since 1912), and Dr. Wilcox was appointed Librarian. As Librarian, Dr. Wilcox has nominal supervision of all the divisions of the Library—Order, Catalogue, Reference, Newspaper, Document, and Manuscript. His chief task is to determine what titles shall be added to our main book stock. He also strives to make the Library give maximum help to research scholars and prompt and cheerful service to University undergraduates and general users. Dr. Wilcox has been working closely with various University de- partments in developing his policies. His thorough planning and his quiet but energetic execution promise much for the future of the Library. 3. Our Wisconsin Biographies The Society is determined to encourage research in Wisconsin his- tory at all times, and one way of doing this is to offer publication opportunities to students of that history. The Society has made arrangements to publish a series of Wisconsin biographies which will begin to appear in 1948, the centennial year of Wisconsin statehood. The Legislature of 1945 increased our budget for general administration by an average of $7,500 yearly, thus re- storing cuts made during the depression. The Society can now use some of its private endowment funds for publication costs instead of for paying routine salaries. The Legislature also placed publications of the Society outside of the state class contract printing system so that we may now issue better printed books and with fewer delays. The Editorial Board set up last year is composed of George Banta, Jr., Menasha publisher; Fred L. Holmes, Madison, author and lawyer; W. C. McKern, director of the Milwaukee Public Museum; William F. Raney, Appleton, professor of history at Lawrence College; and George C. Sellery, Madison historian. The Board has selected about fifty Wisconsin men and women who deserve biographies and has authorized the Director to enter into contracts with authors to produce six books as follows: 1. Philetus Sawyer by Dr. Richard N. Current 502 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

2. Hamlin Garland by Dr. Frank Friedel 3. Cadwallader Colden Washburn by Dr. C. L. Marquette 4. William Freeman Vilas by Dr. Horace Merrill 5. James Rood Doolittle by Dr. Kenneth M. Stampp 6. Matthew Hale Carpenter by Dr. E. Bruce Thompson Though the results of this program will not begin to appear until 1948, it is gratifying that work on the series has been started. The books will be sold to members of the Society at a special discount of one-third of the retail price, and their sale will thus enable the publication program to continue and eventually to enter other fields of Wisconsin history. 4. The Library's Year During the last three years the Library has defined its fields of collection much more sharply. Our agreement with the University Library is to cultivate in a general way the history of America north of the Rio Grande River. We have limited our acquisition of out* of-state newspapers to those representative of well defined sections or strata of opinion which can be obtained on microfilm. The collec- tion of University of Wisconsin materials has been allocated to the University Library. We have decided that our fields of intensive collection shall be: (a) Wisconsin materials, (b) local history, and (c) labor and trade-union history. The statistics found at the end of this report show that delimiting our fields of collection has not resulted in any decline in our rate of growth. We are still adding almost 10,000 items yearly—books, pamphlets, or microfilm reels. The service statistics make it clear that we have been fairly busy during the year despite the fact that the war has curtailed research and University attendance. Travel restrictions probably added to the number of inquiries that we answered by mail, including some 100 genealogical questions by the Reference Division and 237 letters by the Manuscript Division, about 40 percent of them on subjects con- nected with our Draper Collection. Each division of the Library reports special problems and projects. The Order Division is going through the directory of historical societies in the United States and Canada to insure our receiving all available publications in this field. It has also been revising our lists of ex- changes and subscriptions. 1946] DIRECTOR'S REPORT 503

The Catalogue Division's work has been increased in connection with the making of the Union Catalogue covering the libraries of the Society and the University, and the division is doing much revising of our catalogue to bring it more closely into harmony with subject headings and forms of the Library of Congress, which is the standard of the Union Catalogue. The Reference Division is engaged in moving several thousand infrequently used books into dead storage so as to secure space for about seven years of normal growth; by the end of that time the new University Library should be in operation. The Wisconsin necrology and local history items, which the division has preserved for years, are being handled in a new way. Instead of pasting up newspaper clippings into scrapbooks or pamphlets and then indexing them, the index is being made so as to refer directly to our newspaper files. The transfer of Miss Davis to the Document Division caused us to recall Miss Esther DeBoos to our reference desk from the periodical room, which the University Library now staffs. The Document Division, which has been headed by Miss Ruth H. Davis since Mr. Leroy Schlinkert resigned last December, still has a critical space problem, though many volumes have been moved to shelves built into odd corners of the basement. The Manuscript Division has acquired and arranged sixty groups of manuscripts. It has taken over Room 300 in our building and has moved nearly 500 boxes of manuscripts there. The famed Draper Manuscripts are being microfilmed with the intention of offering them for sale to research libraries; 47 of the 469 volumes have been photo- graphed at the University of Chicago since December. Several volumes in the Draper Collection in bad disrepair are being restored by the lamination process by W. J. Barrow of Richmond, Virginia. .5. Museum Activities For the first time the Museum can present somewhat accurate at- tendance figures, which are included at the end of this report. They show that its active program of special exhibits is attracting about 4,000 visitors each month. The Museum has acquired 1,057 objects during the year from 65 donors. Like the Library, it has defined its collection field more pre- cisely and is collecting materials to show the development of America, especially in the Wisconsin region. Each week the entire staff of the 504 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

Museum sits as an Accessions Committee to pass upon articles offered to the Museum, thus increasing the worth of the collection for the Museum's program. The Museum has also ceased to accept longtime loans except in very unusual instances and is starting to negotiate with previous lenders to make their loans outright gifts, provided the objects are suitable for our collection. The Museum had two changes in personnel during the year. Mrs. Ruth Johnson Shuttleworth resigned as stenographer in July after twenty-seven years of effective service and was replaced by Miss Anastasia J. Finnane. In April, Miss Marvel Y. Ings, who had charge of the educational program as well as of the public relations of the Society, left and was succeeded by Mrs. Betty Anne Geisler. The Museum has had the following special exhibitions, nearly all of them opened with a special lecture, reception, or other event:

MAIN FLOOR CORRIDOR EXHIBITS July The Circus in Wisconsin August-September The Black Hawk War October-November Wisconsin Votes for President December—January Christmas Customs in Wisconsin February-March Prehistoric Wisconsin April—May Architecture in Wisconsin June Steamboating in Wisconsin

FOURTH FLOOR ASSEMBLY ROOM EXHIBITS July—August Painting and Drawings of the Circus by John Steuart Curry September—October Children Look at Wisconsin (Madison Public School Art) November-December Water Colors and Etchings of Wisconsin by Max Fernekes January—February Wisconsin Paintings of Julius Rehder March-April Wisconsin in Photographs of the Milwaukee Journal Staff May-June Water Colors of Old Madison Homes by Mrs. Marcus Ford 6. Our Publications During the year the Wisconsin Magazine of History has appeared regularly each quarter despite many difficulties in securing printing and paper. The paper shortage made us reexamine our Wisconsin Public Documents; a Check List, which is now edited by Miss Davis of the Document Division. We have given it a slightly smaller 1946] DIRECTOR'S REPORT 505 format and begun issuing it quarterly instead of six times a year, start- ing with the April, 1945, number. Our broadside press release, Wisconsin Historical News, has gone each month to all the news- papers of the state and has been much used by them. The Society has issued two books during the year, the Guide to the Manuscripts of the Wisconsin Historical Society, edited by Alice E. Smith, appeared in January. Since then, it has been reviewed with uniformly high praise by the historical journals of the country. Pharmacopoeia Londinensis of 1618 as reproduced in facsimile with an introduction by Dr. George Urdang was published by the Society in May. This volume which is financed by the special Hollister Pharma- ceutical Fund of the Society has been turned over for distribution to Henry Schuman of New York City as have the remaining copies of the edition of the Pharmacopoeia Augustana of 1564 in. facsimile which was issued by the Society in 1927. The paper shortage interfered with our plans to publish Our Own Wisconsin, a child's history written by Miss Ings and illustrated by Mr. Byron C. Jorns. Rather than allow this work not to appear, we had an edition of 500 copies mimeographed and have since issued two more editions of 500 copies each. They have been having a brisk sale in the schools of the state. Miss Lillian Krueger, associate editor of the Society, has prepared a cumulative ten-year index of the Wisconsin Magazine of History covering volumes 16-25 (1932-43), and Mr. Schlinkert, formerly chief of the Document Division, has compiled a Subject Bibliography of Wisconsin History. We hope soon to bring out both of these works as well as a regular printed edition of Miss Ings's Our Own Wisconsin. 7. A Brighter Financial Picture The state appropriations for the Society during the year have been: 20.16-la Administration $60,602 20.16-lb Building Maintenance 3,500 20.16-lc Books and Equipment 8,000 20.16-ld Binding and Shelving 3,000 $75,102 In addition, Mr. Hanks's report (see pp. 509-12 below) shows that the private endowment funds of the Society yielded $19,099.10 during the year, membership dues brought in $3,766.75, and the sale of duplicates, $2,427.07, or a total of $25,292.92 private income. 506 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

The Legislature of 1945 has made the following appropriations for the next biennium: 1945-46 1946-47 20.16-la Administration $65,904 $71,144 20.16-lb Building Maintenance 4,700 4,700 20.16-lc Books and Equipment 10,200 10,200 20.16-ld Binding and Shelving 3,000 3,000 $83,804 $89,044 The larger appropriation for administration takes care of various salary raises under the systematic increase law enacted by the Legis- lature and pays salary expenses previously charged to our private funds, thus releasing money for publication of our Wisconsin biographies. The increased maintenance grant is occasioned by rising costs of materials and was determined by a formula applied to all state in- stitutions. The more generous fund for books and equipment adds $2,000 a year to our microfilming program and $200 for purchasing Venetian blinds for the building. 8. A Look Ahead The end of the war will offer the Society many opportunities for imparting an understanding of Wisconsin's past to her citizens. The coming of the state centennial in 1948 will put special emphasis on Wisconsin history, and the historical marker program, our museum displays, and our publications should profit. The Third Annual Convention which was held at Beloit, Au- gust 9-10, 1944, was an outstanding success because of the excellent planning of the Local Committee on Arrangements headed by Pro- fessor Robert K. Richardson and the effective assistance of the Beloit Historical Society, Beloit College, and the city of Beloit. Some 135 people attended the sessions despite travel restrictions and food short- ages. Though the 1945 convention had to be canceled, next year should see this valuable historical institution resumed with full vigor. The return of peace and a normal program of work to the University of Wisconsin will give fresh stimulus to research in Wisconsin history. Good material will appear for convention talks, magazine articles, and even books. In order to further this movement, the Director has agreed to teach a course in the History of Wisconsin for the History Department at the University this fall. 1946} DIRECTOR'S REPORT 507

The Society must see, too, that richer materials for Wisconsin history are provided for the elementary and secondary schools of the state. As soon as more Library space is available, we hope to improve greatly working conditions for scholars in our stacks, and when the Manuscript Division can expand, we plan to embark upon a more active state archives program. Despite its inadequate facilities, the Museum is determined to in- crease its services to the people of Wisconsin. The special exhibitions can be seen by more people as travel becomes easier, and the school children of the region will be invited to visit us in systematic fashion. The Museum must plan to send good exhibits to state fair and edu- cational conventions, to historic houses and parks controlled by the State Conservation Department, to our auxiliary societies, and to the schools of the state. All of the desirable work glimpsed here needs the support of enthusiastic people situated in every part of the state. At present we have a total of 1,530 members of the Society, which represents a gain for the year of 211. But though this has been a gratifying advance, it has been much too small. There are a half-dozen people in every small community in the state who would enjoy membership in the Society if they could only be reached. Let every member do his part to help us obtain 3,000 members by the end of 1948. New members are the surest way of making our plans go through.

STATISTICS OF THE YEAR Accessions 1944-45 1943-44 * Volumes of books and periodicals 4,146 2,677 Pamphlets 4,565 3,850 Newspaper volumes, bound 20 36 Newspapers on microfilm, reels 574 483 Pictures and maps 1,618 1,656 Manuscripts, pieces . 171,200 Manuscripts, bound volumes . 417 Museum objects 1,057 389

* The 1943—44 figures cover only nine months (October 1—June 30) because of our change in reckoning to conform with our fiscal year, while the 1944-45 figures are for the full year (July 1-June 30). 508 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

Estimated Strength of Collections June 30, 1945 Volumes of books, bound newspapers, periodicals — 334,640 Pamphlets 360,312 Microfilm reels 1,748 Illustrations 51,000 Maps 8,000 Manuscripts, pieces 750,000 Manuscripts, volumes . 3,400

Newspapers and Periodicals Received June 30, 1945 Wisconsin daily newspapers . 43 Wisconsin weekly newspapers 296 Out-of-state daily newspapers 18 Foreign language weekly newspapers . 5 Labor newspapers and labor union organs 417 Periodicals and magazines 437 Total 1,216

Library Service Statistics Year ending June 30, 1945 Persons Served Reference Division 15,165 Document Division 3,103 Newspaper Division 1,242 Manuscript Division 883 Total 20,393 I Museum Attendance Main Floor Fourth Special 1944 Corridor Floor Programs Totals July 2,526 1,957 75 4,558 August 1,865 1,734 500 4,099 September 1,865 1,872 200 3,937 October 1,717 1,803 3,520 November 1,718 1,818 3,536 December 1,898 1,157 1,200 4,255 1945 January 1,898 1,253 200 3,351 February 2,619 1,415 125 4,159 March 2,618 2,204 102 4,924 April 2,325 1,747 100 4,172 May 1,929 1,814 125 3,868 June 1,695 1,862 3,557 Totals 24,673 20,636 2,627 47,936 1946] TREASURER'S REPORT 509 FINANCIAL SUMMARY, PRIVATE FUNDS June 30, 1945

By LUCIEN M. HANKS, Treasurer

ASSETS GENERAL FUNDS Principal: Bonds, Mortgages, and Stocks $231,279.66 Real Estate—133 E. Gil- man St. — 3,132.13 Cash—First National Bank . 699.55 $235,111.34 Income: State Treasury—Private Funds Income $ 29,402.27 Cash—First National Bank 879.01 Commemorative Coins— 1,828.00 Total Income $ 32,109.28 Less: Mortgagors' Deposit -— 879.01 31,230.27 Total General Funds - $266,341.61 BURROWS FUND Principal: Bonds, Mortgages, and Stocks $249,243-64 Ramsay Land Co. 9,900.46 Celeste K. Burrows Trust Fund 57,494.45 Real Estate 9,092.01 Real Estate, 18-20 N. Butler St. 11,297.22 Real Estate, 133 E. Gil- man St. 6,264.28 Real Estate?—Nitek Loan 1,403.54 Union Trust Co. Agency Account (Dahlstrom Farm) 6,638.61 Segregated Trust—Union Trust Co. 1,517.47 Cash—First National Bank 659.63 $353,511.31 510 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY [June

Income: State Treasury—Private Funds Income $ 7,606.88 Advanced for Celeste K. Burrows 6,266.17 13,873.05 Total Burrows Fund 367,384.36 Total Assets $633,725.98 Distributed as follows: Principal Income Total Draper Fund $ 18,700.00 $ 2,735.84 $ 21,435.84 Mary M. Adams Art Fund 14,000.00 3,415.35 17,415.35 Anna R. Sheldon Memorial Fund 2,700.00 811.58 3,511.58 Maria and Simeon Mills Ed- itorial Fund 29,100.00 1,565.78 30,665.78 Hollister Pharmaceutical Li- brary Fund 35,300.00 6,755.83 42,055.83 Emily House Bequest 1,200.00 320.22 1,520.22 R. G. Thwaites Bequest 15,100.00 2,229.26 17,329.26 Henry Huber Estate Fund 1,000.00 1,000.00 Wisconsin Tercentenary Council of Women 284.60 4.78 289.38 General Fund 118,726.74 12,391.63 131,118.37 Total General Funds $235,111.34 $31,230.27 $266,341.61 George B. Burrows Fund 353,511.31 13,873.05 367,384.36 Total $588,622.65 $45,103.32 $633,725.97 STATEMENT OF GENERAL FUNDS—PRINCIPAL July 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945 No change during year except consolidation of seven unrestricted funds into a new fund called General Fund by action of Executive Committee at its December 9, 1944, meeting. _ , Balances 6/30/45 Draper Fund - 18,700.00 Mary M. Adams Art Fund ^ 14,000.00 Anna R. Sheldon Memorial Fund 2,700.00 Maria and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund 29,100.00 Hollister Pharmaceutical Library Fund 35,300.00 Emily House Bequest 1,200.00 R. G. Thwaites Bequest —._. 15,100.00 Wisconsin Tercentenary Council of Women Fund 284.60 * General Fund 118,726.74 $235,111.34 * Includes funds formerly called General and Binding; Antiquarian; Harriet T. Fisk; Stephen M. Babcock; William P. Gundry; Mary Cousins Joyce; Rare Coins Collection. 1946] TREASURER'S REPORT 511

STATEMENT OF GENERAL FUNDS—INCOME July 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945 Balance, July 1, 1944 $30,108.88

Receipts: Membership Dues $ 3,766.75 Sale of Duplicates . 2,427.07 Interest 7,716.53 Principal Gains 84.69 Rare Coins 456.35 Charge Hollister Fund—Editorial Cost 500.00 Mortgagors' Deposits 3,769-00 Fund Transfers by Consolidation 11,477,57 30,197.96 Total Balance and Receipts $60,306.84 Disbursements: Salaries —_$ 3,575.75 Editorial Cost—Pharmacopoeia Londinensis of 1618 500.00 Office and Museum Supplies 385.82 Maintenance and Supplies 235.74 Printing and Binding 4,176.57 Stamped Envelopes and Postage 369-11 Addressograph, Mimeograph, and Photo- graphic Service 2,068.65 Express and Drayage 240.94 Rental and Repair of Equipment 40.60 Rental of Law Library Rooms 180.00 Office Furniture and Equipment 43.10 Insurance Expense 28.89 Utility Services 10.25 Travel Expense 313.98 Books 206.01 Lecture Fees 81.25 Restoring Volumes 175.00 Miscellaneous Expenses 47.05 Suspense Account—Mortgagors' Deposits — 3,748.32 Apportioned Expenses 292.96 Fund Transfers by Consolidation 11,477.57 Total Disbursements 28,197.56 Balance, June 30, 1945 $32,109-28 512 WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF BURROWS FUND—PRINCIPAL July 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945 Balance, July 1, 1944 $355,449.10 Credits: Net Gain on Sale of Real Estate ____ 506.90 $355,956.00 Debits: Net Loss on Sale and Liquidation of Securities 2,444.69 Balance, June 30, 1945 - $353,511.31

STATEMENT OF BURROWS FUND—INCOME July 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945 Balance, July 1, 1944 $ 9,928.58 Credits: Interest on Bonds --$5,558.05 Interest on Mortgages and Land Contracts 2,713.01 Dividends 150.00 Rents, 18-20 N. Butler St 1,140.00 Rents, 133 E. Gilman St. 506.67 Miscellaneous Income 1,314.84 11,382.57 Total Balance and Credits $21,311.15 Debits: Salaries $4,489.50 State Insurance Reserve 9.38 McMurry, Smith & Company—Audit 175.00 Insurance on Building and Contents 728.52 Office Expense—Safekeeping of Securities 300.00 Utility Services . ._ 40.03 Travel Expense - 36.00 Miscellaneous General 2.93 Miscellaneous Publication - 800.59 Expense, 18-20 N. Butler St. 392.90 Expense, 133 E. Gilman St. 163.25 Application of Mortgagor Deposits 300.00 7,438.10 Balance, June 30, 1945 - ' ' $13,873.05

STATEMENT OF INVESTMENTS For the investments of the Society as of June 30, 1944, see this Maga- zine, 28:506—9- A detailed statement will be printed every other year.