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Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture April 2016 CGRFA/AqGR-1/16/Inf.2 E COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Item 4 of the Provisional Agenda AD HOC INTERGOVERNMENTAL TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP ON AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE First Session Rome, 20 – 22 June 2016 DRAFT STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE This document is printed in limited numbers to minimize the environmental impact of FAO's processes and contribute to climate neutrality. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring their copies to meetings and to avoid asking for additional copies. Most FAO meeting documents are available on the Internet at www.fao.org DRAFT STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE COMMISSION ON GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Draft State of the World's Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 1 DRAFT STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE CONTENTS I. FOREWORD ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. II. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. vi III. PREFACE .............................................................................................................................. vi IV. THE REPORTING AND PREPARATORY PROCESS ............................................... vi V. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................... vi VI. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Process ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 National Reports comprising the State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Aquaculture .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 VII. 1 ............................................................. THE STATE OF WORLD AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES ............................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Global trend in fisheries and aquaculture production ................................................................... 5 1.2 Diversity of aquatic genetic resources used in aquaculture and fisheries ............................ 6 1.3 State of World Aquaculture ....................................................................................................................... 7 Diversity and production of farmed species ............................................................................ 7 Diversity of production systems ................................................................................................ 13 Marine and freshwater ornamental fish in the aquarium trade ................................... 13 1.4 State of World Fisheries .......................................................................................................................... 17 Marine fisheries ................................................................................................................................. 17 Inland fisheries .................................................................................................................................. 20 1.5 Key findings and conclusions ................................................................................................................ 22 1.6 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 VIII. 2 ................ THE USE AND EXCHANGE OF AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES OF FARMED AQUATIC SPECIES AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION ........................................................................................... 24 2.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Definitions and nomenclature .............................................................................................................. 24 2.3 Information on fisheries and aquaculture ....................................................................................... 25 2.4 Incorporating genetic diversity and indicators into national statistics and monitoring of farmed aquatic species and their wild relatives ..................................................................................... 26 2.5 The use of aquatic genetic resources in food production .......................................................... 28 Aquaculture ......................................................................................................................................... 28 Technologies ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Wild relatives ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Use of non-native species in fisheries and aquaculture ................................................... 47 2.6 Key findings and conclusions ................................................................................................................ 48 2.7 References and key documents ............................................................................................................ 50 IX. 3 ................... DRIVERS AND TRENDS IN AQUACULTURE: CONSEQUENCES FOR AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION ......... 53 3.1 Direct impacts on farmed-types and wild relatives ..................................................................... 54 Human population increase ......................................................................................................... 54 DRAFT STATE OF THE WORLD’S AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Competition for resources ............................................................................................................ 55 Governance ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Increased wealth and demand for fish .................................................................................... 62 Human food preferences and ethical considerations ........................................................ 63 3.2 Drivers that are changing aquatic ecosystems .............................................................................. 65 Habitat loss and degradation ....................................................................................................... 65 Pollution of waters ........................................................................................................................... 67 Direct and indirect climate change impacts .......................................................................... 68 Impacts of purposeful stocking and escapes from aquaculture .................................... 70 Establishment of invasive species ............................................................................................. 76 Introductions of parasites and pathogens.............................................................................. 78 Impacts of capture fisheries on ecosystems and wild relatives .................................... 79 3.3 Key findings and conclusions ................................................................................................................ 80 3.4 References and key documents ............................................................................................................ 85 X. 4 ........ IN SITU CONSERVATION OF FARMED AQUATIC SPECIES AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION .................................... 87 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 87 4.2 In situ conservation of wild relatives of farmed aquatic species ........................................... 88 4.3 In situ conservation of farmed aquatic species ............................................................................. 92 4.4 Key findings and conclusions ............................................................................................................... 93 4.5 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 93 XI. 5 .................. EX SITU CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES OF FARMED AQUATIC SPECIES AND THEIR WILD RELATIVES WITHIN NATIONAL JURISDICTION ........................................................................................... 95 5.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 95 5.2
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