Re-Polis\Retrofitting Polykatoikia

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Re-Polis\Retrofitting Polykatoikia Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktor-Ingenieurin (Dr.-Ing.) am Fachbereich Architektur der Technischen Universität Darmstadt Vorgelegt von: Dipl.-Ing. Ifigeneia Theodoridou geboren am 21. August 1981 Serres, Griechenland Re-Polis \ retrofitting Polykatoikia The case of Mediterranean urban housing typology; measures to increase energy efficiency and comfort, exemplified for the Thessaloniki urban area, Greece. Referenten: Erstreferent: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. M. Sc. Econ. Manfred Hegger Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Agis M. Papadopoulos Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Annette Rudolph-Cleff Tag der Einreichung: 19.12.2011 Tag des Prüfungstermins: 27.02.2012 Darmstadt 2012 D17 Re-Polis \ retrofitting Polykatoikia The case of Mediterranean urban housing typology; measures to increase energy efficiency and comfort, exemplified for the Thessaloniki urban area, Greece. Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktor-Ingenieurin (Dr.-Ing.) am Fachbereich Architektur der Technischen Universität Darmstadt Vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Ifigeneia Theodoridou Referenten: Erstreferent: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. M. Sc. Econ. Manfred Hegger Korreferent: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Agis M. Papadopoulos Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Annette Rudolph-Cleff Tag der Einreichung: 19.12.2011 Darmstadt 2011 D17 3 “The path of writing is crooked and straight” Heraclitus 4 Deutsche Zusammenfassung 1. Einführung Das Thema der Energieversorgung ist ein globales Problem. In Zusammenhang mit dem Aspekt des Umweltschutzes, werden neue Maßstäbe bezüglich der Energiepolitik gesetzt. Die Tatsache, dass der Energieverbrauch steigt, während die Energievorräte sinken, wird zwangsläufig zu einer neuen Form von Energiekrise führen. Infolgedessen werden Energieeinsparungsmaßnahmen bezüglich des Gebäudebestands geplant, besonders für Wohngebäude, welche 63% des gesamten Endenergieverbrauchs entsprechen. Die 160 Millionen Gebäude in der Europäischen Union sind für mehr als 40 % des europäischen Primär-Energieverbrauchs verantwortlich. Darüber hinaus sind sie eine wichtige Quelle von CO2-Emissionen und auf lange Sicht eine Gefahr für die Sicherheit der Energieversorgung. Dementsprechend, um eine Kehrtwende im energetischen Verhalten der Gebäude einzuleiten, reicht es nicht nur von jetzt an energieeffiziente Gebäude zu bauen. Man muss auch im Bestand eingreifen und zwar mit integrierten, ausgedachten Konzepten, realistischen Ideen und innovativen Technologien. Unter diesem Aspekt bilden städtische Räume den Kern dieser Problematik. Deren Verwaltung und Energieeffizienz basiert auf die Entwicklung strategischer Konzepte für die Senkung der Energieverluste im Gebäudesektor. Demnach sind bestehende Gebäude nicht nur als Gebäudeeinzelheiten zu betrachten, sondern auch als ein Teil eines lebendigen Organismus, der Stadt. 2. Methodologie Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit war es also, Energieeinsparungsmaßnahmen vorzuschlagen, die in einem größeren Maßstab umgesetzt werden können. Dadurch wird nicht nur Energieeffizienz unterstützt, die Erhöhung des Lebensniveaus in den Städten gesichert sowie die architektonische Regeneration urbaner Räume geprägt, sondern auch der Umweltschutz und der soziale Zusammenhalt gestärkt und die Wirtschaft angetrieben. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war den Zusammenhang zwischen Stadt und Gebäudebestand zu identifizieren und entsprechende Instandsetzungskonzepte vorzuschlagen. Diese Beziehung ist ein Thema was mehrere Forscher betrifft. Die Auseinandersetzung mit der Nachhaltigkeit in städtischen Räumen und die Vielfältigkeit dieser Problematik ist nämlich eine schwierige Aufgabe. 5 Um sich mit dieser Problematik auseinanderzusetzen musste als erstes der Basisansatz festgesetzt werden. In der Literatur werden zwei Ansätze verwendet bezüglich der Entwicklung nationaler Energieeinsparungspolitik, nämlich der „bottom-up“ und „top-down“ Ansatz. Im ersten Fall werden die Maßnahmen nach dem eigentlichen Energieeinsparpotential im Gebäudebestand festgesetzt. Für den zweiten Fall gilt genau das Gegenteil. Genauer betrachtet, im Fall des „bottom-up“ Ansatzes wurde als erstes eine bauphysikalische und-oder statistische Analyse des Bestands durchgeführt. Im Fall des „Top-down“ Ansatzes spielen volkswirtschaftliche Werte eine wichtigere Rolle. Es wird natürlich klar, dass im Fall des „bottom-up“ Ansatzes die Resultate der Analyse viel sicherer sind, da sie das reale Potential in Senkung der Energieverluste reflektieren. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde der „bottom-up“ Ansatz gewählt. Die Methodologie ist folgenderweise aufgebaut: Als erstes wird eine strukturelle Bestandsanalyse durchgeführt. Bezüglich politischer, sozialer, historischer und typologischer Kriterien werden die Gebäude in bestimmten Baualtersklassen kategorisiert. Demzufolge werden die untersuchenden Stadträume analysiert und typische Gebäude bestimmt. Diese werden anhand von realen Daten und Simulationen energetisch untersucht. Damit wird ihr energetisches Profil festgestellt und die angemessenen Sanierungsmaßnahmen bestimmt, bezüglich der Klimazone und der Gebäudeklasse. Danach kann der gesamte Gebäudebestand zu diesen typischen Gebäuden gekoppelt werden um eine klare Aussage bezüglich der Planung von Maßnahmen zu erzeugen. Letztlich folgt eine Multikriterienanalyse zur Auswertung der Ergebnisse aus der Sicht der Energieeffizienz, der Wirtschaftlichkeit, der Umweltverträglichkeit sowie der Architektur, um zu den optimalsten Sanierungsmaßnahmen geleitet zu werden. 3. Fallstudie - Gebäudeeinheit Im Fall der griechischen Städte werden zum größten Teil Mehrfamilienhäuser saniert, denn mit 90% Anteil an ausschließliche und gemischte Wohnnutzung sind sie das dominierende Element. Diese Gebäudetypologie der griechischen Mehrfamilienhäuser wird Polykatoikia genannt. Es handelt sich um eine Kombination von Hoch- und Mehrfamilienhaus. Mehrere berühmte Architekten, wie Kenneth Frampton, haben die Fortschrittlichkeit und Besonderheit dieser architektonischen Typologie anerkannt. Richard Woditsch unterstreicht in seiner Dissertation die Originalität der Polykatoikia Typologie. Mehrere Architekten wie Geipel, Christiaanse, Sarkis sowie viele griechische Architekten waren von diesem besonderen, architektonischen Akzent fasziniert. Obwohl also die Polykatoikia als eher typische Gebäudetypologie mit sich wiederholenden Eigenschaften gilt, kann es zu starken Differenzierung kommen. In diesem Rahmen, ist es schwierig "einen gemeinsamen Nenner" zu finden. Deswegen, um die Planung der effizienter Eingriffsszenarien zu sichern, war es 6 nötig eine Gebäudeklassifizierung vorzuschlagen. Dies erlaubt die Gruppierung von Gebäudetypologien mit ähnlichen Charakteristika und demzufolge die einfachere Festlegung von gezielten Energieeinsparmaßnahmen. Auf der Basis der statistischen Analyse sowie der typologischen Charakteristika wurden bezüglich der Baujahreszeit fünf Baualtersklassen formuliert. Wichtig ist der Drehpunkt ab 1980, wo die erste WSchV in Kraft gesetzt wurde. Als Standort der Fallstudie wurde die Stadt Thessaloniki gewählt. Die zwei größten Stadtbezirke wurden ausgewählt, Thessaloniki und Kalamaria. Was die klimatischen Bedingungen der Stadt betrifft, so liegt Thessaloniki in der zweitkältesten Klimazone Griechenlands im Bereich des mediterranen Klimas und weist auf ähnliche klimatische Eigenschaften wie Marseille in Frankreich und Triest in Italien. Auf der Basis der Gebäudebestandsanalyse wurden vier typische Polykatoikia ausgewählt entsprechend der drei wichtigsten Baualtersklassen B2, C und D als repräsentatives Beispiel der Studie. 4. Fallstudie - Stadtmaßstab Ziel der GIS Studie war es einen Zusammenhang zwischen typischen Typologien und dem städtischen Gebäudebestand zu finden. Das wichtigste bei diesem Unternehmen war es, eine bestimmte Methodologie zu entwickeln, die das energetische Verhalten von größeren urbanen Räumen festsetzten kann. In diesem Rahmen wurden drei Hauptaspekte betrachtet: 1. erneubare Energien 2. die Gebäudehülle und deren Sanierung 3. die geschätzte CO2 Emissionen Insbesondere wurden übliche Eingriffe in der Hinsicht von nationalen Sanierungsmaßnahmen größeren Maßstabs vorgesehen, wie Solarthermie, Photovoltaik, Gründachsysteme und Wärmedämmung. Letztlich wurden die CO2 Emissionen für den Fallstudie-Standort festgelegt, bezüglich des energetischen Verhaltens der Polykatoikia. Näher betrachtet, basierte die GIS Studie auf die offiziellen Landkarten der untersuchenden Stadtbezirke in digitaler Form. Diese wurden mit den offiziellen statistischen Daten verbunden, bezüglich der Höhe, des Baujahrs und der Nutzung der Gebäude. Da die Software Vektorgrößen ablesen kann, war die Bestimmung von Bauteilflächen und verfügbare Dachflächen möglich. Um die optimale Kopplung der typischen Gebäude mit dem Bestand zu schaffen, wurde deren energetisches Verhalten für mehrere Bebauungssysteme untersucht. Die Kopplung hat bewiesen, dass die ausgewählten typischen Gebäude die überwältigende Mehrheit des untersuchenden Baubestands umfassen. Auf der Basis dieser Beziehung wurde eine Abschätzung der entsprechenden CO2 Emissionen durchgeführt. 7 Interessant sind noch die Ergebnisse bezüglich der Kostenanalyse von Energieeinsparmaßnahmen wie z.B. nachträgliche Wärmedämmung. Die Fläche der Gebäudehüllen wurden kalkuliert für Polykatoikia die vor 1980 gebaut wurden. Für die Implementierung eines typischen Wärmedämmverbundsystems und einer Flachdachdämmung, allein für das Stadtgebiet Thessaloniki reichen die Gesamtkosten fast 375 Millionen Euro und für das ganze Untersuchungsgebiet 460 Millionen Euro.
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