The Dublin Fenians after the Rising, 1867-79
著者 Takagami Shin-ichi 出版者 Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University journal or 比較経済研究所ワーキングペーパー publication title volume 28 page range 1-54 year 1992-02-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10114/4194 HoseIUniveUslIy lCES lleIand-JapanPapeIS HOSEIUNIV. Number7
TheDublinFenians aftertherisin8,1867-79
Shin-ichiTAKAGAMI
Februaryl992
lnsliIutooIComparaIivoEconomlcStudies HosBIUnlve『siIy 4342Alhara-chooMachlda-shl Tokyo,194-O2Japan TELO427-83-2330 TheDublinFeniansaftertherising,1867-79
Shm-ichiTAKAGAMI
KeioUniversity
Onl7Marchl858thesecretsocietylaternamedthelrishRepublica、
Brotherhood(LR.B、)wasestablishedinDublinanditsmemberswerecalled
Fenians・TheirpurposewastooverthrowEnglishrulemlrelandbyphysical
force,establishinganlrishrepublic、On5Marchl867theFenianrising
occurred・ThispaperexaminestheDublinFeniansfromtheendofthefailed
risingtol879whentheLandWar,themajorissueoflatenineteenthcentury lrishhistory,tookplace、TheDublinFenianorganisationwasfarfromthemam
sceneoftheLandWar・AsaterminaldatewehavechosenJanuaryl879whenthe
SupremeCounciloftheLR.B、,asweshallsee,heldanimportantmeetingin
Paristodiscussthe‘NewDeparture’一aproposalbyJohnDevoyandother
membersofClannaGaelinOctpberl878tptheeffectthattheFeniansshould
activelyenqagenotonlyinparliamentaryactivitiesbutalsoinagrarian
lssues・ TheSupremeCouncilrejectedtheNewDepartureandconfirmed
theirphysicalforceprinciple・Inconsequence,theLR.B、asabodydidnot
takeaprominentroleintheLandWar・TheCouncildecisionmoreorlesssettled
theissueforDublinmembers,butmembersinrurallreland,、otablyinthe westandnorth-westcounties,seemtohavejoinedtheLandWardespitethe
comparativelylargerpresenceofthepost-l867Fenlanmovementthere、
TheyearsaftertheMarchl867risingwitnessedthedeclineoftheDubli、
organisationwhichbeforetherisinghadformedatitspeaktwenty-three
circlesnumberingfromseveralthousandtotenthousandmen・Inthel870s
theDublinorganisatio、、everregainedthepre-risingleve1.Inlatel87Band
earlyl879thenupbersintheDublinorganisationhadfallendrasticallyto576;
thesenumbersbelongedtotheSupremeCouncilparty・Theotherpartywithin
themovementthatledbyStephens,hadsomefollowersinDublin,butthenumber wasinsignificant.(1)Inlrelandatlargethemembershiphaddeclinedby
1 latel878andearlyl879from50,OOObeforetherisingtoabout24,000.(2)
Furthermore,the1.R、B・asawholechangeditsgeographicalstrongholdsfrom
MunsterandLeinstertonorthConnachtandsouthUlster・
TablelMembershipbyprovinceofthel.R、B,inthel860sandlatel870s
Province 1860s Latel870s
% %
Leinster 44 8.43
Munster 39 19.85
Connacht 11 29.24
Ulster 6 42.48
Sources:R、V,Comerford,‘Irishnationalistpolitics,1858-70,(Pb.D,thesis,T、C,、.,
1977),p・'99;Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p、213.
Thissuggestsanewl.R,B・withanagrariancharacteremerginginthel870sat
theexpenceofthetown-basedoldLR.B、,inwhichtheDublinorganisationhad
takenaprominentpart・
ThefirstsectionexaminestheDublinFeniansfroml867tol873・Theyear
l873markedaturningpointinFenianisminDublinintwoways・
Firstly,theSupremeCouncilallowedFenianstobeinvolvedinconstitutional
movementsthe Home Rulemovement・Secondly,bythel873Dublin
organisation,dramaticallyreducedin口embership,wasconfinedtoasmallqroup
ofmenanddidnotreviveinthel870s.
PartlTheDublinFenians,1867-73
TheimpactoftheabortiverisingontheDublinorganisation
F.S、L・LyonsattributedthedeclineoftheoldLR.B・to‘thefiascoofthe
l867rising’:‘therecanbenodisputingthefactthattheimmediateconsequence
2 ofthefiascoofl867wastothrowthewholeFenianmovementintoconfusionand discouragementfronlwhichittooklongtorecover,.(3)Indeed,asnorisingtook
placeinConnachtandU1ster,onemightsaythatthel.R、B・inLeinsterand
Munsterdeclinedbecausetheyhadattemptedtoorganisetherising,while
ConnachtandU1ster,notsharinginthefiasco,becamethefuturestrongholds oftheLR.B、However,alltheevidence,asfarastheDublinorganisationwas concerned,revealsthatthefailureoftherisingwasnotafatalblowtothe
organisation,andthattheSupremeCouncilsucceededinreorganisingtheLR.B・
byearlyl87q
lmmediatelyaftertherisingtheDublinorganisationeventhoughtintermsof
startinganotherattempt、MostofthethousandsofFenians,dispersingwithout
anymilitaryactionbythemorningof6March,stillhadtheirarmsandmostof
theirleaderswerenotarrested・On9MarchSuperintendentRyanreceived
informationthatonlOorllMarchtheFenianswouldlaunchanothermilitary
action,attackingthecity・SuperintendentRyanfeltunabletodismissthe
informationclaimingthat‘fewoftherespectableshopmen,clerksandartisans
thattomycertainknowledgeareFeniansweretobeseenamongtheprisoners
arrestedonWednesdaymorning[6March]・Ifearsomethingseriousmaybe
apprehendedifthemenwillbefoundpluckyandnumerousenoughandlrepeatit
thatonthisallwilldepend,astheleadersdonotlackdetermination'.(4)In
spiteofSuperintendentRyan,sapprehension,nothinghappenedonllandl2
March;butanotherinfomationthatStPatrick'sDay,l7March,wasthedayfixed
forthegeneralrisingreachedSuperintendentRyaninthesucceedingdays・
LaterSuperintendentRyanwasinformedthattheywouldstartarisingaboutthe
0 endofAprilorbeginningoflIay.(5)Inthiswayimmediatelyaftertherising
theFeniansWhohadnotsufferedseriousmateriallosseson6Marchseemedbent
onplanninganotherrebellion,
Thefailureoftherisingdid,ofcourse,inevitablybringaboutconfusionin
theDublinorganisation・AsthepolicetriedtoarrestFenianleadersinMarch
l867,so、eCentresfledtoEnglandordisbandedtheircircles、BetweenMarchand
3 earlyAprilthepolicearrestedsevenCentres,andafurtherCentrewascaptured inJuly,Indeed,byApriltheDublinorganisationhaddisintegratedtosuchan extentthatafterAprilSuperintendentRyanreceivednofurtherinformation
aboutarising・A1fredAylwardprovidedtheauthoritieswithinformation
concerningtheDublinCentres:hisinformationfurnishesuswithsomedetailsof
thefateoftwenty-twoofthetwenty-threecirclesknowntohaveexistedin
Dublinberoretherising・Circlesrepresentedthebasicorganisationalor
ェegimentalunit;eachregimentwasledbyaCentreorA,andbelowhimin descendingordertheotherranksweredenominatedasB,s,C,sand、,s、(6)Aylward statedthatsixofthetwenty-twocircleshadbrokenup;onlyfourwere
positivelyconfirmedasbeingstillinexistence,andinthecaseofthe
remainingtwelve,theheadsofsevenwerevariouslyaccountedforbyarrest,or
flighttoEngland.
Table21mpactoftherisingontheDublinorganisationinthesummerofl867
Centre Successor FateofCircle
WilliamBrady mexistence
BernardBrady brokenup
NiallBreslinarrested
SamuelClampettarrested
GeoZgeConnollyarrested inexistence
JosephD'Arcy inexistence
JamesHayesgaveup brokenup
JosephHenry
HenryHughesarrested brokenup
JamesKelly
J,Kelly brokenup
JohnKirwanarrested JohnGillerdan
PatKnottoEngland
4 MichaelLambert brokenup
JamesMcCabe
JosephMcDonnell
StephenO'Donoghuekilled
EdwardO'Byrnearrested PatMonks inexistence
MattO'NeilltoEngland
DavidToole brokenup
JosephTomkinsarrested
JohnWalsharrested
22Centres
Source:S.P.0.,Fenianbriefs,8.
TheDublinmovement,however,wasreplacedbyaneworganisationbytheautumn
ofl867・TheproblemoftheDubllnorganisationwasthelackofofficers:the
Dublinorganisationlostatleasttwelveofthetwenty-threeCentreswhowerein
serviceinearlyl867、ThereforetheFeniansconcentratedonappointingCentres
ratherthanonexpandingthesizeofthecirclestheycommandedbYswearingin newmembersactively.(7)Intheautumnofl867Aylwardgavetheauthorities thenamesoftwenty-threemen,plusfourunknownpersons,holdinghighpositions
intheDublinorganisation,toqetherwiththeiroccupationsandthenumberof
theirsubordinates-inmostcaseshemadenodistinctionbetweenCentresand
Bs・Table3isbasedonAylward’sinformationandotherpolicereports.
Table3 TheDublinorganisaLionintheautumnofl867
Name Position Occupation No.ofSubordinates
WilliamBrophy Centre carpenter 600
JD'Arcy ropemaker 60
MichaelFeely Centre carpenter 700
5 CharlesFitzsimons 280
ThomasFrancis Centre shoemaLker 65
Griffin shoemaker
Griffin pawnbrokers’assistant 47530 00050
JamesKeUy shoemaker
JamesKelly tailor 1
Killeen clerk
JamesKmgston 2
JamesMcCabe Centre
JosephMacGzath tobacconist 506700028 307000000
McEvoy foreman,timberyard 2 F)【し(し【しF)が〉が) ttt●屯t・C。Ⅱ ThomasMcGazry eeeeeee 、nnnnnn rrrZr正r eeeeeee ropemaker
CharlesMcNalluara bottleglassworker
MichaelMonks(1) 74512
JohnMurphy
JohnNeil dairyman
M、0,Loughlin
JohnWalsh pawnbrokers,assistant
Healy(2)
0,Connor supplierofammunition,gunmaker
anon. shoemaker 45
anon.(3)
anon・ chairmanofbaker'sassociation
an。、.(4)
Total27 4,635
Notes:(1)E、O'Byrne'scircle;(2)JohnO,Neil,sB;(3)JohnO,Neil,sB;(4)William
Brophy,sbrotherinlaW・
Sources:S.P.0.,Fenianbriefs,8;SuptRyantoC、P.,5NoLl867(C、S、0.,R・P.
6 1867/l9381on2266R〕;SuptRyantoGP.,gNov、1867(C、S、0.,R、P,1867/l9348
onl867/19481);SuptRyantoC・P.,l1Nov・’867(C、S、0.,R・P、1867/20374);Supt
RyantoC、P.,20Jan、1868(C、S、0.,R・P、1868/545on3105R).
Table3showsthattherewereatleasteleve、CentresintheDublin organisation・TheoreticallYacircleconsistedof820men,butCentrescouldform
circleswithoutmeetingthetheoreticalnumber・ThomasFrancis,althoughhehad
only65men,wasaCentre・Judgingfromthenumberofmenundertheir direction,CharlesFitzsimons(whohad280),JamesKelly(150),JamesKingston(200) andMcEvoy(200)mighthavebeenCentres・Itwouldnotbewrongtoassumethat
therewereatleastfifteencirclesmtheDublinorganisationnumberingover
4,635menintheautumnofl867・ComparedwiththeCentresbeforethe
rising,whatisstrikingisthelackofcontinuity:onlythreeCentres-
JP,Arcy,JamesKellyandJamesNcCabe-seemtohavecontinuedworkfrombefore
therising.(8)Inotherwords,aftertherising,acompletelynewleadership emergedintheDublinorganisation・Whilethefallureoftherisingdamaged
theorganisationandthenumbersweresmaller,withinaboutsixmonthsthe
DublinFenianshadsucceededinreorganisingthemselves・
Bytheautumnofl867theDublinorganisationwdsunderthecontrolofa
DirectoryconsistingofthreeCentres,JohnWalsh,MichaelFeely,andJohnMurphy・
AboveallJohnWalshwasthemostactiveCentreaftertherising;and
SuperintendentRyan'sreportinNovemberl867notedhisrecentriseto prominence・WalshwasapaHmbrokers,assistantandaccordingtoSuperintendent
Ryan,itwaspawnbrokers,assistantsthatrevivedFenianisminDublinafterthe
rising.(9)AsearlyasMayl867,whenthefuneralofRicbardStowell-aFenian
ulhohaddiedaEterhisdischargefromNaasgaol-tookplace,pawnbrokersD assistantsdemonstratedtheirleadershipinoZganisingthisdisplayofsupport・
From500to600peopleconsistingprincipallyofshopassistantsandclerks formedaprocessionandallpawnbrokers,assistantsinDublinwerethere.(10)
ThefactthattheDublinorganisati◎、,inspiteofthefailureoftherising,
7 Dublin.(11)Unfortunatelywehavenoinfomationaboutthenumberofcircles andmembershipoftheDublinorganisationinl872andl873・Howeversuccessful thoughthemovementwasinregrouping,disintegrationoftheDublinorganisation
appearstohavesetinafter1871.Thereisevidenceabouttheconditionofthe
DublinorganisationinSeptemberl874、Atthattimetheremerelyexistedatotal
ofmorethan300menunderfourCentres.(12)Thereforedisintegrationtookplace
duringtheperiodfroml872toSeptember1874.Thisissupportedby
J.F、X、0,Brien,aprominentFenianandcommercialtraveller,whohadchancesof
mvestigatingtheI.R,B,inthewholecountryexceptUlsterandclaimedthat
‘Ishouldsaythel.R、B・wasatitsfullstrength,vigourandactivityupto
l871,.(13)IntheWakeofrecoveryinorafterl867wecannotascribethe
disorganisationoftheDublinFenians,whichsetinl871merelytothefactof
thefailureofthel867rising.
TheemergenceoftheSupremeCounci1,1867-69
AfterStephens,sdepositionbyAnericanofficersinDecenberl866,no
`charismatic,leaderlikeStephenswhohaddomlnatedtheLR.B、froml858to
l866appearedintheorganisation・Asaresultfactionalismpredominated・
ColonelKellyestablishedtheProvisionalGovemmentWithfourrepresentatives
fromeachprovinceinlrelandimmediatelybeforetherising,andstartedthe
rising,whentheDublinorganisationwasunderthecontroloftheProvisional
Government・ButColonelKellyintheaftermathoftherisingabolishedthe
ProvisionalGovernmentinordertostrengthenhispowerintheLR.B・
InsteadheestablishedaDirectoryinLondon-probablyinAprill867-and
becameitspresident,andappointedBeecherastreasurerandJohnNolanas
secretaェy・OthermembersoftheDirectorywereGeneralHalpinwhohad
generalchargeoflrelandandFariolainchargeofEngland・InDublinColonel
Kellybuiltagoverningbody,accordingtoAylward,consistingoffivemen-
JosephC】Eomien(thechiefececutive),Murphy(armyorganiser),JohnRyanalias
Doherty(GeneralHalpin'sagentXPatrickLennonandNiallBreslin.(14)
8 AformidablerivaltoColonelKellycamefromAmerica,Beforetheendof
Aprill867,Robert,sparty,thesecondoneofthetwopartiesorganisingAmerican
Fenians,anxioustogainabsolutepoweroverthel.R,B,inlrelandand
Britain,senttwoemissaries,0,DonohoeandCooketolrelandandBritainforthe
purposeofmakinganagreementwiththelR.B,Noreover,Daniel
O'Sullivan,Robert'ssecretary,cametoEnglandonlOMay・Thentheseenvoyshad contac屯withColonelKellyandfinallysucceededinsecurinqdelegatestovisit
RobertsinParisinearlyJuly.(15)Onl8JuneSuperintendentRyanreported that‘ColonelKellyconsentedtoacknowledgePresidentRobertsasthesupreme
headoftheorganisationthroughouttheworld,.(16)However,accordingto
SuperintendentRyan,ColonelKelly'saimwasmorecynicallytodrawfinancial suppoェtfromRoberts’partywhichwasprosperous・Thissuggeststhatthe agreementbetweenColonelKellyandRobertswasnotasolidone,InDublin
beforetheendofJune,aDirectoryofthreeCentreselectedbytheDublin
CentreshadbeenfornedtprepresenttheDublinorganisation.This
developmentmeritscomment;itreflectsagreaterassertivenessoflocalFenians,
afactorwhichoverthecomingyearsWastomaketheorganisationmore
sensitivetoandrepresentativeofFenianactivlsmwithintheregionsof
strengthwithinthemovement・TwooftheCentres,MichaelFeelyandJohnWalsh
weredispatchedtoParistoseeRoberts.(17)On4Julytheso-called‘Treatyof
Paris’wasagreed;firstly,RobertswouldbetheheadoftheLR.B、inlreland
andBritainasWellasoftheFeniansinAmericaontheconditionthatRoberts
wouldgivemilitaryandfinancialsupporttotheLR.B、;secondly,aSupreme
CouncilshouldbefoundedtogoverntheLR.B、:theSupremeCouncilshould
consistofsevenmembers,fourinlrelandandthreeinBritain.(18)
TheestablishmentofaSupremeCoucilcorrespondstoRoberts’sdesireto
reduceColonelKelly,sauthority,Inreactiontotheseevents,onl7Augustl867
ColonelKellyheldanLR.B・conventioninManchesterinordertocountermand
theParisagreementandrestorehisauthorityoverthel.R,B,Intheconvention
ColonelKellysecuredsupportforhimselfaschiefexecutiveoftheLR.B、
9 andhedividedtheLR.B・intofourdistricts,northlreland,southlreland,
EnglandandWales,andScotland,andestablishedaspartofhisaim-evident
alreadybeforetherising-ofsecuringanAmericanleadershipatthetop・He
putAmericanofficersinchargeofallthedistrictsexceptthenorthof
lreland:CaptainMacKeywasinchargeorthesouthoflreland;CaptainR1card
O'SullivanBurkeofEnglandandWales;andCaptamJamesMurphyofScotland;a
civilianEdmundO,DonovanactedforthenorthofIreland、Furthermore,the conventionadoptedaresolutionthattheLR.B・wouldcooperateWithClanna
Gael:aneworganisationinAmerica.(19)However,despitetheconventionin
ManchesterColonelKelly'sattempttokeeptheLR.B・underhiscontrol
failed・Noreover,hewasarrestedinManchesteronllSeptemberl867butthe
FeniansinEnglandrescuedhimindramaticcircumstancesaweeklater、1,spite
ofthesuccessoftherescue,threeFenians(WilliamAllen,lu1ichaelLarkin,and
MichaelO,Brien)-theManchesterMartyrs-wereexecutedonachargeof
murderingapoliceman.(20)IntheaftermathColonelKellywasregardedas
Jacurse’totheorganisationandlosthisinfluenceintheLR.B・(21)
TheDublinFeniansthemselvesdespiteofconfusionamongtheleadershipof
theLR.B,,revivedundertheirDirectorycomposedofthreeCentres-Michael
Feely,JohnMurphyandJohnWalsh・ButinNovemberl867thepolicestruckablow
atitbyarrestingfourCentres,MichaelFeely,ThomasFrancis,JamesMcCabeand
JobnWalsh、Bythesearrestspolicenotonlyreactedtptherevivalof
FenianisminDublinbutmetthechallengeofshootingincidentsconductedby
theFenians.(22)ThearrestedCentresMichaelFeely,JohnMurphyandJohn
Walsh,ashasbeennoted,were□embersoftheDirectoryinDublin,Clearly
thesearrestsdamagedthedevelopmentoftheDublinorganisation・Onl9
DecemberSuperintendentRyanrepoztedthatjsincethearrestofJohnWalshand
MichaelFeely,“theDirectorywhasceasedtoexist,buteffortsarebeingmadeto
reconstructitandtheonlydifficultytheyexperienceisthelackof
candidatesfortheappointment’.(23)ItwouldappearthattheDublinFenians
madearecoveryfromthearrestoftheCentres、Inearlyl868JohnO,Connor
10 Power,theagentofRoberts,reportedthat‘therearel4circlesinDublineach
numbermgfromhundredmenandupwards’.(24〕
ThefirstSupremeCouncil,thenewbodywhichColonelKellYhadintendedto undermine,metonl3or14Februaryl868、Robert,spartyalsofailedto
establishcontrolovertheSupremeCouncilassertingitselfTheSupreme
Councildeclareditsautonomyanditsfirstmessagedated24Aprill868was
intendedtorepudiatebothColonelKellyandRoberts、First,accordingtothe message,therisinghadbeencausedbysomeindividualsintheUnitedStates-
obviouslyColonelKellywasin□ind-withoutadequatepreparations、Second,
theSupremeCouncilprescribedthattheLR.B,deriveditsauthority‘fromthe
armyandpeopleoflreland’,andthereforethat‘noagentsnorofficers
accreditedandcommissionedfromtheUnitedStates,orelsewheェe,shouldor
shallreceived,recognise。,norobeyedbythearmyofthelrishRepublic,or
byanyowingallegiancetothelrishRepublic,unlessanduntiltheir
authorityisratifiedbythemilitaryorcivilauthorityconstitutedforthe
purposebytheSupremeCouncil’.(25)
Thisissignificant,becauseoneoftheweaknessesofthepre-risingstructure
wastheimpositionofanAmericanleadershiponasecretmilitaryassociation
withinlreland・Therisingthusdiscreditedthemilitaryleadersmorethanthe
actualorganisationitself,andtheeventssurroundingtheSupremeCouncil
suggestthat,takingadvantageofthisdiscredit,aleadershipwithinlreland
reasserteditselfItisanaddedreasonforcautioninacceptingthe
thesisthattherisingJfiasco’paralysedtheentiremovement・Significantly,
thestructureastheytookshapeweremoredemocraticthantheoldones・
Moreoftheimpetuswithintheorganisationcamefrombelow、
ThereislittleevidenceaboutthememberoftheSupremeCouncilinl868・
Nevertheless,therepresentativeforLeinsterseemstohavebeenJohnC・Waters
(DrWaters),forSuperintendentRyanreportedinJanuaryl868thatDrWaters was‘theHeadFenianExecutivefortheentireprovinceofLeinster’.(26)In
thisWaybyFebエuaryl868,morethanayearafterStephens,sdownfall,the
11 LR.B,,establishedaSupremeCouncilandproducedthebasicstructuretoexist
inlateryea鴎.ThoughtheSupremeCouncilrestructureditself,theDublin
organisationwasnotinfullsWinginthefirsthalfofl868・Theimpaired
post-risingorganisationisreflectedatfirstintheshortageofevidence
abouttheDublinorganisationinl868andlaterintheupturninthemovement
inl869inevidenceofreplacementoftheCentresofl867-8BylateJuly
l868FenianprisonersdetainedwithouttrialundertheHabeasCorpusSuspension
Actwerereleased,butsomeprisonerswereliberatedonconditionofgoing
toAmerica.(27)Asaresult,thereleaseoftheprisonersdidnotinall
casesbenefittheorganisation,althoughsomeFeniansreleasedfromprisonwere
tobemoreactivethanpriortotheirarrest.(28〕
InwitnessedtherevivalofFenianisminDublinintheautumnofl868
pawnbrokers,assistantsoncemoretookaprominentrole・Thecommissionerof
theD・M.P.reportedthataseriesofprivatemeetingsinsmokingsaloons,
attendedby‘youngmenoftheclassofpawnbrokers’assistantsandother
Feniansympathizers’washeld.(29)Thisculminatedinthelargeturnoutatthe
funeralofWilliamSheedy,aprominentDublinFenian,on40ctober・The
processionists,numberingfrom3,OOOto3,300,wereprincipallyFenian
sympathisers(artisansandlabourers〕andsomewerewellknownFenians・The
policedescribedtheprocessio、as‘aproofthatthereisawellorganized
conspiracystillinexistence,.(30)
TheSupremeCounci1,1869-73
Byl869theprospectsfortheFenianswerechangingforthebetter・
Fiェst,inFebruarythegovernmentannouncedthereleaseofforty-nine
Fenianprisoners,includingfourex-DublinCentres,HughBrophy,DenisCashman,
MichaelMooreandJamesO,Connor.(31〕WiththeexceptionofJamesO'Connor,the
formerCentersdidnottakeaprominentpartintheDublinorganisation・
Second,theauthoritiesdidnotrenewtheHabeasCorpusSuspensionActfirst
introducedinFebruaryl866・TheActhadeffectivelypreventedtheFeniansfrom
12 carryingoutdrillingandfrommeetinginpubs・InMaySuperintendentRyan wrotethat‘thepropagatorsofFenianismaremoreactiveatpresent’.(32)This
stageofaffairs,somewherebetweenapathyandactivity,iswellsummedupina
policereportof29July:
Ifanopinionwasformedonwhatmaybesuperficiallyheardand
observed,apersonshouldsayFenianismasanorganizationisdefunct
inDublin,butwhentheprivatemovementsofcertainpartiesare
watchedandenquiredafter..、apersonisforcedtoadmitthe
existenceofanorganization.(33)
Bythesummerofl869theSupremeCouncilofl868wassucceededbyanew
SupremeCouncilwhichsubsequentlydirectedtheLR.B、intheearlyl870s、The
newSupremeCouncilissuedthefirstconstitutioninAugustl869andanamended
oneinNarchl873,Thel869constitutionvestedauthorityintheSupreme
Councilconsistingofelevenmembers;sevenrepresentatives,oneeachfromthe
fourprovinces,fromIrelandandthreefurtherprovincesrepresentingnorth
England,southEnglandandScotland;alltheserepresentativesinturnelected fourhonourarymembers.(34)TheSupremeCouncilelectedtheExecutive
consistingofthepresident,thesecretaryandthetrea&urer・Eachmemberofthe
Councilwaselectedbyacommitteeofthedistrict,whichwascomposedof
fivedelegateschosenbyCentresinaconvention・Thesystemadoptedbythe
l869constitutionwasmuchlnoredemocraticthanthatof・thepre-rising
organisation・Furthermore,inDublinthereexistedacommitteeoffivemembers
electedbytheCentresinordertogovernthelocalorganisation,andsuch
committeeswerealsoestablishedinthelargecitiesofCork,Limerickand
Belfast・
Accordingtotheconstitution,eachFenianwasobligedtopayasubscription
totheorganisation、Itwasdeclarednotonlythattheartisanclasspaidnot
lessthan3dandthelabouringclassonepennybutthatthosewhofailedto
13 paytheirsubScriptionwouldberejected.(35)Thisrequirementundoubtedly changedthepatternofrecruitment・Fenianswerenolongerswornin
indiscriminatelyandanewmemberwasexaminedbeforetakingtheoath.(36)The structureofthecircleremainedthesame;acirclecomposedof820members-
anA,9Bs,81Csand729Ds.(37)UndertheconstitutiontheSupremeCouncil succeededinunitingallfactionstosomeextentandinDecemberl869Feniansin
IrelandweresaidtobeJalmostexclusivelyconfinedtotheSupremeCouncil party’(38)andtheSupremeCouncilpartymadethelrishmantheirorganto propagatetheircause・
TheSupremeCouncilwasassistedbytheAmnestymovementtodevelopits
authorityoverthel.R、B・andtoreorganiseit・Therelationshipbetweenthe
LR.B・andtheAmnestymovementwasverycomplicated・TheAmnestymovementwas bynomeansidenticalwithFenianism,fornon-Feniannationalistslike
A・MSullivan,Liberalsupportersandclergymenjoinedthemovement・Herewe
examinethehistoryoftheAmnestymovementbriefly,UntillateJuly
l868,thouqhprisonersdetainedwithouttrialundertheHabeasCorpusSuspension
Acthadbeenreleased,aboutlOOFenianswerestillheldinprison、InNovember
l868theAmnestyCommitteewasfoundedbyJohnMcCorry,whodidnotbelongto
theLR.B、,buttheAmnestyCommitteewasinfiltratedbyFenians・TheAmnesty
Committeeestablishedafinancecommitteeconsistingoftwelve-four
men,includingFenianssuchasPatrickEganandThomasBracken、InDecemberJohn
Nolan,aFenian,becameanewhonourarysecretaryoftheAmnestyCommittee,By earlyFebruaryl869theAmnestyCommitteesucceededmcollectmglOO,OOO
signaturesincludingthoseofseveralbishopstorequestthegovernmentto
releaseFenianprisoners、Inconsequence,thegoveエnmentreleasedrozty-nine
FeniansinFebruaryl869・InthemeantimetheAmnestymovementsplit,because
oftroublewhicharoseovermoney,intotwogroups,theAmnestyCommitteeand
theAmneStyAssociation;andeffectiveleadershipoftheAmnestymovement
passedtothelatterbody・IsaacButtassumedthepresidencyoftheAmnesty
AssociationandJohnNolanactedasitshonourarysecretary.(39)
14 Inthesummerandautumnofl869theAmnestyAssociationheldpublic
demonstrationsforthepurposeofappealingtothegovernmenttoreleasethe
remainingFenianprisoners・InDublintwolargemeetingswereorganised,one
atlnchicoreon26September,theotheratCabraonlOOctober;thepolice
reportedthatacrowdnumberingfrom35,OOOto40,000gatheredatInchicore
and200,OOOatCabra.(40)PeopleresidingiIrlDublinalsoattendedmeetingsin theneighbouringcounties,suchasDundalk,LongfordandKilkenny.(41)The
Fenianswhohadbeensuccesfulinmobilisingalargenumberofpeopleinsupport
ofamnestyappeartohaveredoubledtheirFenianactivities・Thisis
supportedbyChiefSuperintendentRyan,sayinginearlyNovemberthatthe
Fenians‘resolvednottoholdanymoremeetings,oradoptanyothermeasure
exceptphysicalforce’.(42)Indeed,theAmnestymovement,especiallyitsmeetings, providedafocalpointfortheFenians,andfavourableconditionsforthe
SupremeCouncil’seffortstoreorganisethel.R、B・Towardstheendof
Novemberl869ChiefSuperintendentRyanwasinfomedthat‘inDublinsomeof
theoldFeniancirclesdisorganizedaftertheTallaghtstampedeare reorganized,andpresidedoverbywellknownFenians’.(43〕Inthiswaythe
AmnestymovementcontributedtotbedevelopmentoftheSupremeCouncil’s
strengthinthel・RB・
InNovemberl869thepolicementionedthenamesofnineprominentFeniansin
Dublin,butwehavenoinformationaboutwhetherornotthesemenwereCentres exceptinthecaseofJosephTomkins’.(44)
Table4ProminentDublinFeniansinNovemberl869
Name Occupation
ThomasBKacken tailor
EdwardCarey hardwaredealer'sassistant
ThomasCox drapers,assistant(McSwiney&CO.)
PatrickEgan clerk,acornandflourstore
15 JohnO,C1ohissey bogoakshop
Salmon drapers,assistant(Arnott)
JosephTomkins
WilliamLyons clerk
Total9
Sources:ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,l9Nov、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4956R);ChiefSupt
RyantoC・P.,29Nov、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5086Ron5174R).
ThreenamesareabsentfromTable3,sellingouttheDublinorganisationinthe
autumnofl867、ObviouslytheCentresengagedatthattimeinreorganisingthe
DublinorganisationhadnowbeenreplacedbynewCentres・IIoreover,onlytwo
releasedDublinCentres,JohnO'Clohissey(arrestedinSeptemberl865)and
JosephTomkins(arrestedinMarchl867)resumedtheirroleasprominentFenians・
Accordingtothepolice,WilliamLyonsheldthehighestpositionintheDublin
organisation・Thecommunicationsystemwithotherpartsoflreland,Britainand
Americawasestablishe。:JohnO'C1ohisseytookanimportantpartin communicationwithLondon,ManchesterandLiverpool;ThomasBrackenhadchElrgeof communicationwithEnglandandAmerica;Salmonwasaprincipalfigurein
copmunicatingwiththerestofIreland、Thesemennodoubtwerecentral
figuresintheDublinorganisation・
TheSupremeCouncilappearstohavebeenconvincedthattheAmnestymovement
wouldnotbecompatiblewithFenianorthodoxy、InJanuaryl870theSupreme
9 CouncildecidednottocooperateuuiththeAmnestymovement,issuinganaddress
adoptedatmeetingsinDublinon27and29Decemberl869.(45)Intheaddress
theSupremeCouncilconfirmedtheFenianorthodoxyofgainingindependenceby
physicalforce,orderingmemberstorefrainfromtakingpartnotonlyin
paZ1iamentaryelections,butinallpublicdemonstrations.(46〕Thischangemay
havecomefromthequarterrepresentedbyFeniandiscreditedinl867,andwho
nowsoughttobidforleadershipbyanadvocacyofmorehardlineaction.
16 lnthesecircumstancestheDublinorganisationundertheSupremeCouncil developed、InMarchl870,whenthefuneralofJ.K・Casey,acontributortothe
nationalpress,tookplace,ThomasBrackenandJohnO,Clohisseywereconspicuous
intheaffair.(47)IntheDublinorganisationofthesummerofl870John
O,SheaemergedasthemostactiveCe、tre.(48)Moreover,whenthe
Franco-PrussianwarbrokeoutinJuly,theDublinCentreswhothoughtthatthe
warwouldsparkoffaEuropeanconflictandthatEnglandwouldbeinvolved, werereportedtobe‘deteminedtoworkharderthanever,.(49〕
Intheautumnofl870theSupremeCouncilexperiencedaseriouscrisisbythe revivaloftheStephensparty,sofarstagnant.(50)ThecircumstancesinFmnce
-FェanceenteringwaragainstPrussiainJulyandtheemergenceofRepublican
governmentinFranceonthecollapseoftheEmpireinearlySeptemberl870-
gaveopportunitiestoStephensinexileinFrancewhohopedtoregainthe
leadershipofthel.R、B、NosoonelEhadthenewsaboutthewarreachedlreland
thansympathyforFrancewasexpressedbyalargecrowdinDublin.(51)Stephens
elttemptedtoexertactiveinfluenceonIrishpolitics,bybecomingaprincipal
figureinenlistingFrenchsympathy、However,Stephenswasnotinapositionto
bringthemovementtoshowsympathyunderhisdirectionforFrance.(52)
WhenRepublicangovernmentinFrancewasestablishedinearlySeptember
l870,StephensemergedasamediatortodrawsupportfromtheFrenchrepublican
party、SeveralFenianswhohadbeenprominentinthemovementunderthe
leadershipofStephensbeforetherisingrespondedtohiscall;theyincluded
JamesO'ConnorandJohnO,Clohissey,bothofwhomhadbeenDublinCentresin
l865,andDavidMurphyandJosephHanleyorthelrishman,MartinHanleyCareyand
JohnDelaney、TwoimportantmeetingswereheldinDublininSeptember・About
twenty-fivemen,includingaLlltheFenianCentresinLeinster,gatheredatthe
firstmeetingwherealetterfromStephenswasread.(53)Atanothermeetinga
letterfromStephenssuggestingthatStephenswouldsecuresupportfromthe
Frenchrepublicanparywasread,andtwopersonsweZechosenasagentsto
reconciletheStephenspartywiththeSupremeCouncilpartyandthepartyofFr
17 Mullenpwhohadhisownindependentbody.〔54)Stephensappearstohavehoped bothtounitetheSupremeCouncilpartyandFrMullen'spartyunderhis
leadershiPandreturnthemovementintohisdlcLaCorshipasbeforehis
depositioninDecemberl866・ButtheSupremeCouncilpartyandFrMullen,s
partyrefusedtomakeacompromisewithStephensanddidnotofferany authoritytohim.(55)Subsequently,theSupremeCouncilpartyandtheStephens
partystartedquarrellingoverthehegemonyoftheLR.B・Thishamperedthe
developmentofFenianismandpossiblyloweredmorale,However,byDecemberl870
theSupremeCouncilregainedtheirascendancyintheLR.B・hecauseinternal quarrelswithintheStephenspartyleftitdividedhopelessly.(56)
TheSupremeCouncilstartedtorepairthedamagecausedbytheStephens
party・InIIarchl871theSupremeCouncilappearstphaveactivelyengagedin
unitingthefactions・AccordingtoChiefSuperintendentRyan,Fenianleaders
planned‘tounitetherivalfactionsofFenians,eitherundertheoldnameof
Fenians,ortoadoptthenewtitleoftheUnitedIrishmeTl,.(57)Subsequently,
newleadersappearedintheDublinorganisation;
Purcellproprietorofagroceryestablishment
NcLevy〔Levy)skin81hidetrade
McGrathhardWareman'sassistant
McCarthylronmonger
Muldoon
Itwouldappearthattheymadeasortofacommitteewhichhadasecretary・Levy afterwardsbecamearepresentativeforLeinsterintheSupremeCounciL
Stephensdidnotgiveuphopeinspiteofthefailureinl870・InJanuaryl871
theStephenspartyattemptedtoreorganisetheirbodybysettingupa committeeconsistingofsixmembers,perhapslocatedinDublin.(58)Aboutthree
monthslateranagentofStephensmentionedthedifticultyofimpairingthe
influenceoftheSupremeCouncilpartyovertheLR.B、andofbringingthe
LR.B、、underhiscontrol・AccordingtotheagIent,theSupremeCouncilhad
the‘nationaljoumal’一probablythelrishman-topromotetheircause,and
18 throughtheAmnestyAssociation,collectedmoneytosellmembersrifles andrevolverssatacomparativelylowprices.(59)InthesummeroE1871the
SupremeCouncilmadeeffortstoconciliatetheStephensPartyandtoforma
unitedbody、InearlySeptemberl871thepolicereceivedinformationthat
`greatexertionsarenowbeingmadetounitetwopartiesoftheBrotherhoodin
lreland’.(60)ThesameeffortswerealsomadeinDublin.TheStephens
partyinitiatednegotiationswiththeSupremeCouncilpartybuttowardsthe
endofSeptembertheirattemptwasreportedasafailure、Discouragedby
thisturnofevents,inOctoberl871theadherentsofStephensinKingstown-
thereisnoevidenceabouttheirnumber-convertedtotheSupremeCouncil
party・Attheendofl871theSupremeCouncilpartyswallowedupwhatwas
leftofaStephenspartyinDublin.(61)
Duringl871theDublinorganisationdidnotexperienceanyserious
setback(62〕andundertheSupremeCouncildevelopedtosuchanextentthatin
December7,O50menexistedintheDublinorganisatlon・Thlsfiqureprobably
representsthepeakofthepost-1867risingmovementinDublin.(63)Somethingof
acyclicalpatternexistedinthemovenentinDublinintheseyears:a
post-risingrecoveryinl867-8wasoffsetbydeclineinl868,andasustained
phaseofrecoverytol87LUnfortunatelythereislittleevidenceaboutthe
numberofCentresandtheircircles・Theendofl871witnessedtherepetition
ofadownwardphase:inl872andl873disintegratio、tookplaceinthe
Dublinorganisation・ObviouslymoreFenianslefttheorganisationthan
joinedit・BesidesnoableandprominentCentres,withamarkedcapacity
toorganisepeople,emergedintheorganisation、
AftertherisingtheFenianscontinuedtoholdmeetingsinpubs,butthere
isnotmuchinformationconcerningthesemeetings,Fenianskepttheirmeetings
assecretaspossibleinordertoavoidpoliCbattention、InJunel869the
policewrotethattheFeniansdidnotrecruitnewmembersatmeetingsand
thattheydidnot‘doasingleactthatintheexistingstateoftheLaw
Wouldrenderthemliabletoarrest,.(64)Thefollowmgelevenpubsemergedas
19 Fenianpubsfroml867tol871.
Table5Fenianpubs,1867-71
Byrne's Dollymount
Cromien,s SouthGreatGeorgeSt
Donnelly,s HollesSt
Laird'sonthebackroadthePhoenixPark
McGuardn,s HarmonyRow
Meleady's AbbeySt
Rorke's HighSt
ODonoghueTavern AbbeySt
dRorke's mTheCoombe
Porter's 42HenrySt
Sexton's Stlllorgan
Sources:SuptRyantoC・P.,l9NovJ867(C、S、0.,R・P,1867/20362);SuptRyanto
C・P.,30Nov、1867(C、S、0.,R・P、1867/20888);SuptRyantoCP.,22Apr、1868
(S.P.0.,Fpapers,2388R);ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,28Jan、1870(S.P.0.,F
papers,5619R);ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,l3Julyl871(C、so.,R・P、1871/l3191
onl871/14460);ActingSuptMallontoC・P.,30ct、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,
7717Ron7747R);C、S、0.,RP・’881/6856.
OnlyCromien'swasapubtowhichFeniansresortedbeforetherising,whilethe
othersappearedasFenianpubsforthefirsttime・
Duringtheperiodwehaveinformationonlyontwooccasionsaboutdrilling-
inAprill869andinNovember1870.ItwasnotuntilAprill869thatthepolice
securedinformationaboutdrillingcarriedoutbytheFenians・Probablythe
expiryoftheHabeasCorpusSuspensionActgaveopportunitiestotheFenians・
InAprill869thepolicewereinformedthatat‘Nolloy'sFields'(afieldnear
20 Crumlm)alargenumberofyoungmenfromthecityhadassembledon
Sundays.(65)SomepolicemenweredispatchedtoMolloy,sFieldsandthey
observedthreeorfourmenstandingthere,whorecognisedthepolice,andgavea
signaltotheircompanies・Subsequentlywehavenoinformationofdrillingat
Molloy,sFields,PerhapstheFeniansgaveupdrillingthereafterthepolice
paidattentiontothatplace、InthemiddleofNovemberl870Chief
SuperintendentRyanreceivedinformationthattheFenianswouldengagesome
housesforthepurposeofdrillingduringthewinter・Aweeklaterthepolice
discoveredtwodrillinqroomsonthenorthsideoftheciLyandonthesouth
siderespectively.(66)
InJanuaryl870ChiefSuperintendentRyanclaimedthattheFenianshadmore
armsthantheyhadhadbefore.(67)AndinDecemberl870theDublinorga、isation wasreportedtohave763rifles(261newonesand502oldones)andl880 revolvers.(68)TheDublinorganisationimportedarmsfromagentsmEngland、
UntiltheseizureofagreatnumberofarmsattheNorthWallinMarchand
Aprill870,FenianagentsinEnglandsucceededlnsendingamIstoIreland・
ArthurForresterafterOctoberl867becameaprominentarmsagentofthe
SupremeCouncilinthenorthofEngland,buyingarmsinBirminghamand
distributlngthemamongFeniansinLancashireorexportingthemtolreland.
A、otherableagentwasMichaelDavitt,whosucceededRicardO'SullivanBurkeas
armsagentforEnglandandScotlandinlate1868.(69)
InDublin,accordingtothepolice,theFenianspurchasedabreechrifleat
45sandamuzZleloadingIrifleatl5s.(70〕JohnWoodhouse(orWoodbyrne),
P・ClarkeandW、Morganappeartohaveactedasagentsreceivingarmsin
Dublin.(71)ItwasshownuponindisputableevidencethatMorganreceived
arms,whilethepolicecouldnotobtainfullevidenceagainsttwoothers、In
Januaryl870thepolicediscoveredacaseattheNorthWallfromR.&J・Keating
GeneralDealers&CO.,Birmingham,toMrsKennedygrocerat9SheriffSt
containingtwobreechloadingrifles,one画uzzleloadingrifleandfour
six-chamberrevolvers・ChierSuperintendentRyanwrotethatthoughthecase
21 hadbeenconsignedtoMrsKennedywhosedeadhusbandwasaFenian,thereceiver hadbeenMMorgan.(72)
Abouttwomonthslateron31MarchandlAprilthepoliceattheNorthWall discoveredsixcasesorcaskscontainingtwenty-fourbreechloading rifles,nineteenmuzzleloadingriflesandthirteenrevolvers,Thesecases shouldhavebeensentnottotheDublinorganisatlonbuttotheprovincial
organisation;theywereconsignedtoMrsCeciliaHigginsofNewport,Nessrs
NcDonnellofTuam,MrJohnFlanneryofBallaqhdereen,MrJohnJamesWhiteof
LondonBergin'sHotel,Athlone,MissMargaretDelmeyreofCastlereaandNr
RichardCunninghamofMainStBoylerespectively.(73)ItwasMichaelDavittwho
sentthisconsignmenttolreland,buthewasarrestedonl4Mayl870.(74)These
seizuresandthearrestofDavittseemtohavetemporarilyhaltedthe
importationofarmsfromEngland・JohnO'Shea,aDubli、Centre,whowasknownto
haveE34forthepurposeofgettingarms,wasreportedassayingthat‘hewould
bebetterpleasedtothrowitintheLiffeythanbuydrmstobeseized bytheauthorities,.(75)
InspiteoftheseizureofarmsandtheamestofMichaelDaviLt,Fenians
resumedtheimportationarmsfromEngland・InJulyl870thepolicereceived
informationthatsomeriflesandrevolvershadbeentransferredintothe country.(76)Andintheautumnofl870PatrickEganandJohnMullenweresaid
toacquirelargequantitiesofrevolvers,thoughthepolicecouldnotdiscover
them.(77)ThoughsomearmswereseizedattheNorthWall,thepolicedidnot
discoveranylargequantityofarmsinDublin・Thisevidenceintotosuqgests
thattheDubllnorganisationwasbetterarmedthanbeforetherising.
TheHomeRulemovement
lnMarchl873theSupremeCouncilissuedanamendedconstitutionsuggesting
aradicalchangeinthepolicytowardstheconstitutionalmovements,especially
theHomeRulemovement・TheaddressprescribedthattheLR.B・give‘supportto
everymovementcalculatedtoadvancethecauseoflrishlndependence,.(78〕
22 ProbablybythetimetheSupremeCouncilissuedtheaddress,manyFenians,aswe
shallsee,weretakingpartmtheHomeRulemovement,andtheSupremeCouncil thoughtthatwithoutsupportingtheHomeRulemovement,theycouldnothalt
furtherdisintegrationoftheLR.B,Thedecisionwouldalsoreflectthelack
ofsupportforStephens,sstanceorpolicy・InNovemberl873theSupreme
CouncilapproveddivergencefromFenianorthodoxyandsupportedtheHomeRule
LeaguefoundedbylsaacButt-T.W・MoodycalledthisthefirstNewDeparture.
(79)ThismarksaturningpointintheLR.B・becausetheorganisation
hadneversupportedtheconstitutionalmovementbefore、Thiscooperation
continueduntill876whentheSupremeCouncildecidedtowithdrawfrom
theHomeRulemovement,subsequentlysomemembersoftheSupremeCouncil
involvedmparliamentaryactivitieswerepurgedfromit・
Theriseofconstitutionalorpoliticalactivityatthistimewas
significant・WhentheFenianshadflourishedinthemid-l860s,political
activityhadbeenatalowebb・Itsrecoveryintheearlyl870sreflectedboth
theriseoftheHomeRulemovementinandafterl870,andthechangem
eligibilityforvoting,whichwidenedmodestlybutsignificantlythefranchise・
ItwasthesetwofactorsinunisonwhichcompetedtheSupremeCounciltotake
accountofconstitutionalmovementsandtoconcedeinl873thevalidityfor
Feniansofparticipationinthem・
HowmanyFenianscouldvoteinthel870s?A50percentriseintheborough
electoratewasduelesstotheextensionofthefranchisethantoachangein boundaries.(80)Thel868ReformActreducedthequalificationofrated occupiersfromf8toover$4andintroducedalodgerfranchiseintheboroughs
suchasDublincity,whileratedoccupierfranchiseinthecountiesremained
unchangedatEl2、TheDublincityelectorate-asopposedtothetotalforthe
borough-increasedonlybyabout600betweenl867andl873.
23 Table6TheDublincityelectorateinl867andl873
’867 1873 ratedoccupiersatf8and overE4 8,506 upwards 7,486 ownersofproperty 2,013 ownersofproperty 1,728 freemen 2,662 freemen 2,053 lodgers 0 lodgers 476
Total 12,161 12,763
Sources:Reportfromtheselectcommitteeonparliamentaryandmunicipal
elections,H、C・'868-9(352),viii;Returnsasrespectseachofthe
parliamentaryboroughsinlreland...,H、C・’874(45),iii.
However,theoverallchangeconcealedgreaterindetail・TheReformActadded
theloWermiddleclassandthebeLter-offartisanstothepollbooks:bythe
additionofl,OOOratedoccupiersasaresultofthereductionofthe
qualificationtooverf4andafurther476votersunderthenoveltyofthe
lodgerfranchise、
Nevertheless,thechangesinl868weresignificanteveniftheriseinthe
totalnumberofvotersinthecitywasslight・Thedeclineinthenumberof
freemenandpropertyownersreflectedthemovementofthebetter-offtothe
suburbs・Inconsequence,whilethenumberofvoterswithinthecityareadid
notrisesharply,the1,500orsovotersaddedtotheregister,gavethe
lessWell-offasignificantnewleverageinthecitypolitics・The2L9
percentofthecityelectorateinl865representedbythedrinkandartisan
interestwasaugmentedinl868inverycrudemathematicsbyafurtherl2per
cent,allbydefinitionlower-classvoters・Inconsequence,theissuesinthe
citywardswerelikelytochangeradically,elndintheboroughatlarge,given
a divideamongpropertyownersbetweenConservativesandLiberals,this
24 conferredanewpowerontheradicalforceswithincitypolitics、HomeRule
candidateshadbecomeaforcebothinl870andl874andonneitheroccasion,
couldhavesowithoutthesupportofthenewvote.
K、T,HoppenhasshowedtheoccupationsofvotersinDiblincityinl865:this patterncanbeappliedlooselytotheelectorateinthel870s.(81)
Table70ccupationsofDublincityelectorateinl865
Occupation %asWhole Occupation 1Uaswhole
gentleman 25.7 shopkeepers 13.0
professionals 26.6 drinkinterest 1.2 merchants artisans 20.7 manufacturers ] others 4.2 andcommercial 22.3
Source:K・THoppen,Elections,politics,andsocietyinlrelandl832-l885
(Oxford,1984),pp、40-l
ArtisansandthedrinkinterestwhoproducedmanyFeniansaccountedinl865
for2L9percentofthetotalelectorateinthecity・Ontheotherhand
gentlemen,professionals,andmerchants,manufacturersandcommercialconstituted
themajorityoftheelectorate,althoughtheirproportiontothemaleworkforce
wassmalLWithinthecitytheartisanelementwouldbelargerafterl868,
TheHomeRulemovementhadagreatimpactontheLR.B、,anddamagedthe
organisation・ThefirstelectoralcontestwhichattractedFenians’attention
wastheDungarvanelectioninthel868generalelection・AnEnqlishCatholic
LiberalHenryMathewsdefeatedaLiberalCR・BarrywhoattheDublinSpecial
Commissionappointedinl865totryJohnO'Leary,0'DonovanRossaandothers,
haddescribedFenianismasarevolutionaryandsocialistmovement,whoseaim
wastomassacreallexceptthelowerclass、ThoughtheclergyandLiberal
25 papers,forexampletheFreeman'sJournalsupportedBarry,theoppositionof
Fenianelementszesultedinhisdefeat.(82)InlateryearsChiefSuperintendent
RyanregardedtheDungazvanelectionasaturningpointintheattitudeof
Fenianstowardspaェliamentaryelections:
TheFenianinfluenceinrespecttoParliamentaryrepresentationhas
becomeAmericanised,especiallysincethedefeatofMrBarryat
Dungarvanontheoccasionofthelastgeneralelection・TheFenians
looktothatelectionasthefirstvictoryandfromthattimetothe
presenttheirvotesandlnfluencehavebeensoughtforbyparties
ambitioustoenterParliament.〔83)
ThistrendwasfurtheracceleratedwhenFeniansrancandidatesoftheirown
atparliamentaryelections、InNovemberl8690DonovanRossa,whobecamea
symboloftheAmnestymovementatthattime,wasnominatedandsurpZisingly
electedintheTipperaryby-election-hewasthendisquali〔iedasan
unpardonedconvict・SubsequentlyCharlesKickhamWasnominatedascandidateat anotherelectioninFebruary1870,buthewasdefeatedbyD.C、Hero、.(84)In
DublinmoneywascollectedtomeettheelectionexpensesofO'Donovan
RossaandperhapsKickhamthroughRichardPigott,EdmundO'Don・vanandother
staffofthelrishman.UndoubtedlytheDublinFenianssubscribedmoneyforthat
Purpose、AndtheFeniansweresaidtosucceedinraisingalargeamountof
money.(85)
TheFenianinvolvementinparliamentarypoliticsfromtheendofl869changed theSupremeCouncil,spolicyconcerningparliamentaryelections・Intheir addressissuedinJanuaryl870theSupremeCouncilsaidthatpermissionfrom
itsprovincialrepresentativesallowedindividualmemberstocasttheirvote,
thoughtheSupremeCouncilinstructedthemembersto‘refrainfと。、taking partinparliamentaryelections’.(86)InthesecirCumstanceslssacButtwas
abletoprovidepeoplewiththeHomeRulemovementasanalternativeto
Fenianism・ItwasnotadifficulttaskforButt,whohaddefendedFenian
leaderssuchasO'DonovanRossaandC・KickhamattheDublinSpecial
26 CommissionandtookaprominentpartintheAmnestymovement,tobring
Fenianstogetherunderhisleadership・InMayl870ButtlaunchedtheHome
GovernmentAssociationwithoutFenians’interference.R、V、Comerfordexplains
themotivesfortheirneutrality:‘Thefenianswerenotsimplyrepayingadebt
ofgratitudetoButt,defenderoftheirprisonersandchampionofamnesty・Many
ofthenewfenianelitefeltnoqualmsaboutmixingarmedconspiracywith
conventionalpoliticalactivityandtheyrespondedeagerlytotheprospectof actiononanyfront’.(87)
AftertheestablishmentoftheHomeGovemmentAssociation,theHomeRule
movementgraduallygainedsupportfromthecityelectorateandinthel874
generalelectionaHomeRulerobtainedoneoftwoseatsinthecity、Table8 demonstratescandidates,theirpoliticalaffiliationsandnumbersofvotesin
1865,1868andl874generalelectionsandl870by-election.
Table8ResultsofDublincityparliamentaryelections,1865-74 CL 、上 od 十》 e e C e 1865SirB・LCuinness 4739 「11] generalJonathanPi、 4653
election
JohnVance C 4073 cL SL ●d t e e c e 1868SirA.E・Guinness 5587 「‐‐二 generalJonathanPim 5586 election
,.R・P1unkett C 5452
SirD.』・Corrigan L 5379
(onpetitionGuinessunseated)
27 1870SirD.』・Corrigan L 4468elected by-election
E、R・King-Harman H、R、 3444 1 d t c e e e 1874SirA.E,Guinness C 5213 「-J generalMauriceBrooks HR. 4838
election
JonathanPim L 1937
EdWardFox HR. 515
C=ConservativeL=LiberalHR.=HomeRuler
Source:B・MWalker,Parliamentaryelectionsresultsi、Ireland,1801-1922(Dublin,
1978),pp271-2.
Afterthel865andl868electionsontheotherhandaConservativebusinessman,
8.L・Guinnessinl865(A、E,Guinnessinl868)andaLiberalbusinessman,Jonathan
PimrepresentedthecityinParliament,Inadditiontotheirappealtothe
propertiedvoters,theyappealedtoartisanvotersasgoodemployers,and promotersofthemanufacturesofthecountry.(88)
TheHomeRulemovementandtheReformActofl868whichgavevoterstorated
occupiersofbetweenE8and64andlodgers,changedtheelections、Asearlyas
Januaryl870ChiefSuperintendentRyanlEeportedthatFenianswouldoppose
LiberalcandidatestoembarrasstheLiberalgovernmentunderG1adsLonebythe
votesof‘thepersonsentitledtovoteaslodgersandartisansandtraderswho arealsosmallproprietorsandhavevotesonaccountoftheirproperty,.(89)
Inthecityby-electionwhichtookplaceinAugustl870,aLiberal
D.』、Corriganwhohadfailedtogetaseatinthecitygeneralelectionin
l868,andaConservativeHomeRulerE.R、King-Harman,whowasafounderofHome
28 Rulemovementcompetedfortheseat・CorrigangainedsupportfromtheCatholic
clergyandtheLiberalpressbecauseofhisadvocacyofaCatholicuniversity, denominationaleducation,andthesecretballot・ontheotherhandKing-Harman, thoughaConservative,wasopportunisticallybutactivelyassistedbythe
Fenians・ThemeetingofhissupportersheldintheRotundawasdominatedbythe
Fenians;andwellknownDublinFenians,suchasMartinHanleyCareyevenoccupied seatsontheplatform.(90)TheresultoftheelectionwasthatCorrigandefeated
King-Harmanby4,468votesto3,444.ThoughCorriganhadhad5,379votesinthe
l868election,hissupportinl870haddeclinedbyabout1,000with4,468votes・
ontheotherhandKing-HamanfailedtoobtainalltheConservativevotes;
A,E・Guinnesshadreceived5,587Conservativevotesinl868・ManyConservative
supportersfailedtovoteforKing-Harmanonthegroundsthattheydisapproved oftheHomeRulemovement,andtheactiveroleoftheFeniansinsupportof
himhelpedtokeepthemaloof.(91)Inallthecircumstances,King-Harman'snear
successpomtstotheweightofaradicalnewforceinDublinpolitics・
Encouragedbythis,theFenianscontinuedtosupporttheHomeRulemovement
actively,andtheHomeRulequestionbecameacentralissueforallparties・In
Februaryl871,accordingtothepolice,allpoliLicalparties,includingFenians
andOrangemen,heldwell-attendedmeetingsalmosteveryeveninginDublinto
debatetheHomeRulequestion.(92)Thistrendcontinuedinl872・InOctober
l871alargemeetingoftheHomeRulemovementwasheldintheRotundawhere froml,OOOtol,500membersofthelabouringandartisanclassesattended.(93〕
ThissuggeststhattheHomeRulemovementattractedtheattentionofthelower
classwhichhadproducedmanyFeniansinthel860s,althoughmanyormostof
themwerenotqualifiedtovoteatelections、Inthesecircumstances,
Butt,sHomeRuleAssociation,reorganisedastheHomeRuleLeagueinNovember
l873,wasnotonlynotinterferedwithbytheFeniansbutwassupportedby
them.〔94)
InJanuaェyl874theparliamenthadbeendissolvedbyGladstone,andin
Februaryageneralelectiontookplace・HomeRuledominatedtheelection,and
29 theHomeRulepartywaswelcomedbytheelectorate・TheHomeRulepartywon59
seatsoutoflO2,whilecomparedwiththeresultofthel868generalelection,
Liberalseatsfellfrom65tolOandConservativesfrom40to33・InDublinthe
Conservativepartykeptaseat-A.E・Guinnesswaselected,whileaLiberal
JonathanPimwhohadretainedaseatinthel865andl868election,Wasdefeated
byaHomeRulertheLordMayorMauriceBrooks.(95)TheHomeRulemovementhada
greatimpactonthecity、I、Julyl874thecommissioneroftheD,M.P・reported
theupsurgeoflowerclassinterestintheHomeRulemovement:
SincetherecentHomeRuledebateintheHouseofCommons..、artisans
andhumblerclassesinandaboutDublinhaveremarkableonaccountof
thenumbersinwhichtheyassembleinpublichousesespeciallyina
fewofthemthatwerenotoriousplacesofFenianrendezvousduring
l8648165.(96)
ThereasonsforthedeclmeoftheDublinorganisation
Wemustanswerthequestion・WhydidtheDublinorganisationdeclineafterthe
rising?Despitethefailureoftherising,theyearl867wltnessedfavourable
conditionsforthegrowthofFenianism・on23NovemberA11en,LarkinandO,Brien
wereexecutedonachargeofmurderinganEnglishpolicemanontheoccasionof
rescuingColonelKellyinManchester・Theexecutionappealedprofoundlytothe
lrishpeople・On8Decemberinspiteofbadweather,about30,OOOforlnedthe
ManchesterMartyrsprocessioninDublin,Iftheweatherhadbeenfine,
SuperintendentRyanwrote,thenumberoftheprocessionistswouldhavebeen doubleortreblewhatitwas.(97〕TheFenian‘class’-.rapers,assistants,
paWnbrokers’assistants,cabinetmakers,carpentersandplastezers-wasvery
prominentintheprocessionintermsoftheirrespectableappearanceand
numbers.(98)However,theFeniansdidnotsucceedinutilisingtheoccasionfor
developingtheorganisation,astheyhaddoneintheMacManusfuneralinl861・
Thefailureisreflectedinthefactthatfactionalism,asalreadypointed
out,overtookthemovement;wheninAprill868thePrinceandPrincessofWales
30 visitedlreland,crowdsinthestreetsoftheLiberties,WheremanyFenians lived,welcomedthem.(99〕But,aswehaveseen,theDublinorqanisationalsolater
revivedtosuchanextentthat7,050menhadexistedintheorganisationin
Decemberl871andontighterconditionsofenlistmentthaninthepre-1867 years.Seriousdisinteqration,fromwhichtheDublinorganisationnever
recoveredinthel870s,setinprobablyinl872andl873・Noindividualset
back,suchasthearrestoflargenumbersofFeniansoramilitaryfailure,took
placeinl872andl873・Thereforeitislikelythatdisintegrationtookplace
graduallyintheDublinorganisation・Noonereasonaccountsforit,
Therearepossiblyfivereasons、Firstofall,theLR.B・lackedreally
effectiveleadershipsinceStephens’sdownfallinDecemberl866・TheLR.B・had
beenunitedundertheleadershipofStephensfromitsestablishmentinl858to
l866,andwithoutthethreatoffactionalis、、OntheotherhandtheFenian
BrotherhoodinAmericahadsplitintotwogroups;thispreventedAmerican
Feniansfromgivingeffectivesupporttothel.R、B・TheLR.B,startedthe
risinqundertheProvisionalGovernment,establishedinFebruaryl867and
initiatedbyColonelKelly,butafterthefailureoftherisingtheProvisional
Govemmentdidnotmaintainitsauthority、Sincethen,ColonelKelly,Roberts(
thepresidentofoneoftheAmericanFeniangroups)andStephenssoughtto
challengetheSupremeCouncilforcontroloftheLR.B・Thesestrugglesdamaged
theorganisationseriously・Whilebytheendofl871theSupremeCouncil
dominatedtheDublinorganisation,Stephensstillhadfollowers、Stephens
himselfascribedthecauseofthedeclineoftheLR.B・asawholetothe
leadership:
thedisastrouseffectsoccasionedbytheprettyambitionofmushroom
leaders,ithadbehinditthehonesty,zeal8ipatriotismoftherank& ● filetheindividualmembelEsofWhich,inthevastmajorityofcases,
remainedtruetoitsteachings.(100)
Secondly,forthOsewhowereorwouldbeFenians,theHomeRulemovementbecame asubstituteforFenianismlndeed,theHomeRulemovementwasitselfaproductof
31 theFenianrising,bothbecausethemove国enthadstirredupmuchnational
feeling,andalsobecauseConservatives,forvariousreasonsmadecognisantof
thisfeeling,wereanxioustotakeorsupportstepsIuhichmightpacifylreland
inthefuture、Whateverthereasonsforitsestablishment,astrongHomeRule movement,onceinexistence,offeredanalternativewhichwouldappealto
manywho,intheineffectivenessoftheearly1860s,hadsupportedamoreextreme movement・Inconsequence,theattentionofFenianleaderswasdistractedfrom
narIEowFenianorthodoxyandasaresult,Fenianactivityinits‘purer,sense wasneglected・SomeFenianleaderseventookanactivepartintheHomeRule
movement・TheinterestofrankandfileFeniansinFenianism,eventhoughmost
ofthemhadnovoteinelections,waned・
ThethirdmaincauseofthedisintegrationoftheDublinorganisationwas
G1adstone,Sconciliatoryattitudes,witnessedinthelrishChurchActof1869,
theLandActofl870andthereleaseoftheFenianprisonersinFebruaryl869
andJanuaryl871,InthosedaysFeniansrealisedthatthesemeasureswould satisfythepeopleanddepriveFeniansoftheirsympathy・Consequently,some
FenianswereoftheopinionthatFeniansshouldstartarisingtopreventthe
passingofconciliatorymeasures.(101)Thesemeasures,thoughFenianwould-be
`activists’mightnotwelcomethen,convincedmanyofthebenefitsof
parliamentaryactivities・ThisconvictionmayhaveresultedinFenians’
participationintheHomeRulemovement,andsubsequentlytheHomeRulemovement
absorbedmuchofthesupportfortheLR.B・Undoubtedlytheseconciliatory
measurescalmeddownlrishnationalism,whereascoeZcivemeasures,suchasthe
ManchesterMartyrsexecution,ledtoanupsurgeinnationalism・
InparticularthelrishChurchActgavethelrishCatholicstheippression
thattheLiberalgovernmentledbyOladstonewouldproceedtoqrantevengreater
concessionstolreland,pavingthewayfortherepealoftheUnionitself.(102)
AfterthelrishChurchActwaspasse。,theFenianswerereportedtobedejected
becausetheythoughtthattheActwoulddeprivethemofthesympathyofthe
people.(103)TheimpactoftheLandActontheLR.B・wascomplicated,The
32 LandActofl870waslimtedinscope,soitgavedisappointmenttosmall
tenants・Inresponsetoagrarianviolence,thegovernmentintroducedacoercion act,theso-calledWestmeathActofl871.(104)Itwouldappearthatthese circumstancesgaveFeniansopportunitiestodeveloptheirstrengthinthe rumlareas.(105)InFebruaryl870ChiefSuperintendentRyan,whohadanalysed theconversationsofleadingFeniansinDublin,reportedthattheythoughtthat
theActwouldgiveastimulustoFenianism:
UptothetimetheprovisionsoftheBillweremadepublicthey
apprehendedfixityoftenurewouldbeintroduced,andalthoughtheydo
notadmitthatanymeasurewouldcrushouttheconspiracy,theysay
thatfixityoftenurewoulddeplEivethepofthesympathyofthe
agriculturalclassestoaverylargeextent.(106)
BycontrasttheLandActhadnosignificancefortheDublinFenians・Therank
andfileoftheDublinorganisation,COnsistingofartisansandlabourers,with
nostakeorinterestintheLandquestionwerenotinfluencedbytheLand
Act.(107)Thisisreflectedinthefactthatimmediatelyafterthepassingof theLandActinAugustl870,theDublinFenianswereinterestednotintheLand
Act,butin,ashasalreadybeenargued,theFranco-PrussidnWar、
Aswehaveseen,theautulunofl869sawthelargepublicdemonstrationsofthe
AmnestymovementandinsuchcircumstancestheDublinorganisationdeveloped,
ButinJanuaryl871thegovernmentreleasedoverthirtyFenianprisoners
includingO'DonovanRossa・FromthattimetheAmnestymovementloststrength・
IfGladstonehadrefusedtogiveanamnestytoFenianprisoners,theAmnesty movementwouldhavedevelopedtheorganisation・FromSeptembertoNovemberl873
theAmnestyAssociationorganisedaseriesofpublicdemonstrationsagai、.In
Dublintwomeetingswereheld-atC1ontarfon7SeptemberandatPhibsborough
on23November,andalargenumberofpeopletumedup.(108)However,these
meetingsbenefitedtheHomeRulemovenentratherthanFenianis、.Theamnesty issueitselfhadceasedtobeamajorpoliticalquestion・
ThefourthmajozreasonofthedisintegrationoftheDublinorganisationwas
33 theprosperityoftheDublineconomyinthelatel860sandintotheearly
1870s・Theeconomicprosperityisstrikinglyillustratedbythebuildingtrade
whichproducedabout30percentofDublmartisanFeniansinthel860s・The
buildingtradebegantoexpandfroml869,reachingitspeakinl872,and
囚aintaineditsprosperitytosomeextentuntill880.(109)Froml871tol881the numberofcarpentersinthecityincreasedbylOpercentfrom2,294to2,527
andthatofbricklayersby65percentfrom674tol,111.ThelrishTimes
describedl872asfolloWs:
Notwithstandingthedearnessofmoney,aswellasallotherarticles
indailyuse,tradeandcommerceofthecityareinamosthealthy
condition・Onthequaysbusinessisinaprogressivestate・Factories
senduptheirloftychimneysinmanydirectionsandsuburbsontwo
sidesarelikelytobecomeidenticalWiththecity.(110)
Accordingly,artisansandlabourersofeverytradeobtainedhigherwages・Table
9indicatesanincreaseintheweeklypayofsomeoccupationsbetweenl867
andl872.
Table9Weeklywages,inl867andl872
Occupation 1867 1872 lncrease
$.s、。. [.s、。. K・S...
Steampacketcompanies’
porters 18.0. 1.7.0. 9.0.
cornporters 1.0.0. 2.0.0. 1.0.0.
coalporters 17.0. 1.0.0. 3.0.
coalcarters 18.0. 1.2.0. 4.0.
Gascompany'semployees
smiths 1.10.0. 1.16.0. 6.0.
carpenters 1.10.0. 1.16.0. 6.0.
stokers 1.10.0. 1.13.0. 3.0.
34 cokewheelers ’8.0. 1.6.0. 8.0.
cokecoolers&fillers 12.0. 1.1.0. 9.0.
firemen 1.1.0. 1.1.0. nil
lamplighters 15.0. 19.6. 4.6.
Trades:
carpenters 1.8.0. 1.12.0. 4.0.
bricklayers 1.8.0. 1.12.0. 4.0.
bmcklayerslabourers 12.0. 15.0. 3.0.
Source:C、S、0.,R・P、1872/7794.
ProbablYthebetterconditionsdetachedthelowerclassfromrevolutionary movements,Inl8741relandpassedthroughrecessionasBritishindustrialcities
did・Buttherecessionwasfarnorewidelyexperiencedinindustrialregionsof
theBritishlslesthaninagriculturalregions・Inlrelandinthesecondhalf
ofthel870sthebusinessturnoverinrailwaysintheDublinregionfared
muchbetterthantherailwaYscentredinBelfast・Thehighprosperityofthe
yearsl869-73didnotturndoumassharplyorassuddenlyinDublinasin
BelfastorinBritishindustrialcities,andasenseofcrisisdidnotemerge
beforel878orl879.(111)
ThefifthcauseofthedeclineofthedeclineoftheDublinorganisationis
thatinthelatel870stheartisanclasswasmoreconcernedwithtradeunions
thanwithpoliticalmovements(thoughsomeartisanstookanactiveroleinthe
HomeRulemovement).Tradeunionsgrewrapidly,andbettereconomicconditions
suggestedthatconcessionsmiqhtbewrungmorereadilybyindustrialaction
fromemployers、Sometradesfaredwell,andwhileotheェsfaredbadlybetween
censusdateinl871andl881,thepeakoftheboominBritainandlrelandinthe
earlyl870s、usthaveseemedararefavourablemomenttopressforbetter
conditions,ortounionisetoachievesecurity,eveninmanufacturing・
Dublin,hitbythelndustrialrevolutioninEngland,hadbeencharacterised
35 byadeclineinmanufacturingindustryinthenineteenthcentury、Froml871
tol881thenumberofmalemanufacturingworkersinthecityfell5percent
froml8,580to17,628.(112)Inotherwordsinthel870sindustrialdeclinewas
morelikelytobeexperiencedbyworkersinthedomestictradesandworkshops
thanincomperceorlnthelagerfirmsinbeerandwhiskey、Thesecraftsand workshopsexperiencedcompetitionfromre-organisedindustryinEnglandwhereas
thelargefactoriesinDublinsuchasGuinnessorthedistillersbenefitedfrom
newmarketsinrurallreland・
TablelOshowsthenumberofworkersinoccupationstowhichFenianismin
Dublinlargelyappealedinthel860s.
TablelONumberofmaleworkersinoccupationsinDublincityinwhich
Fenianswerenumerous,1861-81
Occupations l861 l871 Change 1881 Change
No No From1861 N。 From1871
% %
carpenters 2,2942,ll7 -8 2,527 +19 boot8bshoemakers3,9753,288 -17 2,449 -26
tailors 2,1251,661 -22 1,526 -8
bricklayers 700674 -4 1,111 +65
blacksmiths 593911 +54 801 -12
corkcutters 252l81 -28 137 -24
bakers 898812 -10 877 +8
coopers 485653 +35 586 -10
labourers l2,68611,488 -, 14,392 +25
Sources:Censuslreland,1861,1871,1881.
Comparingthenumbersinl871withl881,withtheexceptionsofcarpenters,
36 bricklayers,bakersandlabourers,othertradesreducedtheirnumbers・However,the
censusinl881wouldhavereflectedthesharprecessioninlrelandfromthe
latel870s,andoverthel870sthedownturnhadbeenmoremoderateandlater
thanthecrudecomparisonofcensusfigureswouldsuggest,Significantlythe
numberoflabourershadrisensharplyfroml871tol88LAninteresing
measureofunderlyingstabilityisthefactthatinmanyoccupationsnumbers
inl881remainedhigherthaninl861・Sharpdeclinewithinthel870swas
concentratedoncorkcutters-alreadyindifficultyinthel860s-andon
bootandshoemakersandtailors・Theprosperityofthebuildingtradeswell
intothel870swhichhadprovidedbothmanyFenianrankandfileandmany
CentresmusthavebeenakeyfactioninweakenmgsupportfortheFenians・
Thedeclineofbootandshoemakersa、doftailorsrepresentedpartofthe
generalcrisisoftheLibertiesarea,Thismightberegardedasafactor
sustainingextremism,butontheotherhandtheLibertieshadpasseditspeak,
itspopulationwasalreadybeginningtofall,theareaatlargeandproperties
withinitexperiencedthefirststagesofredevelopment-andforthe
firsttimecomfortableartisanhouseswerebeingbuiltwithinitbythe
l870s-anddecliningtradeslikeclothingandbootmakingwereprobably
disproportionatelyhitbyemigIration、FenianstrengthwithintheLiberties
withitstraditionalcraftsanditssociabilityrevolvingarounditsown
age-oldpubswasnotsimplyapoliticalresponseofthel860s,butinaway
whichhasstilltobecomprehendedarightanolderrevolutionaryfervour,that
ofthel790sorakintothatoftheParisthatHaussmannsubduedwithhisgreat
boulevards、
Theartisanclass,respondingtothesecircumstances,waslikelytotakean
activepartintradeunionactivitytoprotecttheirowninterest,by
controllingskillsandbylimitingentrythroughapprenticeship、Inthisway
skilledworkersformedaprivilegedclassamongtheworkers,theso-called
‘labouraristocracy,.(113)Duringourperiod,inDublmtherewerelocally
orga、isedunionsandEnglishbasedunionssuchastheAmalgamatedSocietyof
37 EngineersandtheAmalgamatedSocietyofCarpentersandJoiners,Andsome
locallyorganisedunionsmadeuptheUnitedTradesAssociationasearlyas
l863.(114)Unskilledworkersalsogatheredtosomeextent;theAmalgamated
UnskilledLabourer,sAssociationheldthefirstmeetingofitscommitteein
Aprill872.(115)Froml870tol872skilledandunskilledworkersinDublin
carriedoutmanystrikesforhigherwagesandshorterworkinghours、I、July
l871thepolicereportedthatl,OOOcarpentersandothertradesmenstmckfor
higherwages.(116〕Threemonthslatercornporterswerereportedtobeon
strikeforhigherwages.(117)UndertheUnitedTmdesAssociation,tradeswhich
wereonstrike,acquiredfinancialassistancefromothertrades、InSeptember
l872curriersonstrikezeceivedE5fromropemakersandE4fromcabinetmakers.
(118)Thusitislikelythatthelowerclass,bothskilledandunskilled
workers,concentratedtheireffortsontheirindividualimprovementratherthan
d aselfsacrificingrevolutiona]Eymovement.
Part2TheDublinFenians,1874-9
ThestagnationoftheDublinorganisation
Froml874tol879theDublinorganisationhadtwoopportunitiestoshowits
strengthinpublic-theO'ConnellcentenarypZocessioninAprill875andJohn
O'Mahony,sfuneralinNarchl877・IntheO,Connellcentenaryprocessionagreat
numberofpeopleturnedup,butFeniansdidnotorganisetheprocession、The
promoterswereboththeLiberalswhosoughttoexp1oittheoccasionto
inaugurateanewpoliticalnloveInentandHomeRulerswhowantedtomaintain
theirinfluenceoverlrishpolitics.(119)InMayl877thefuneralofJohn
O,MahonyoccurredinDublin,when15,OOOmenmarched.(120〕Butitssuccess
cannotbeseenasameasureofthesizeoftheFenianmovementmDublinwhich
wasnowminuscule・
ThedisintegrationoftheDublinorganisationfirsttookplaceinl872and
1873.Inl874theDublinorganisationconsistedoffourcircleswithatotal
38 membershipinexcessof300・Furthemore,inMaエchl874theDublinCentresbroke withtheSupremeCouncilandfornedthemselvesintoanindependentbodycalled
aDirectpry,OfthefourDublinCentres,twoCentreshadalreadyoccupiedtheir positionsinl871.(121)AstherewassometurnoverofCentres,thefactthat
onlytwoCentresheldthelrpositlonoveraperiodofthreeyearsbearsoutthe
instabilityofthecityorganisation・Thereisnogoodinformationaboutthe
fourDublinCentres,However,thepolicereportedthenamesofprominentFenians
inDublininl874,sothefourCentresarelikelytobeamongthesenames.
TablellProminentDublinFeniansinl874
Names Occupations
JohnBarrycabinetmaker
ThomasBracken tailor
WilliamBrophycarpenter
JamesCookcarpenter
DenisDowney tailor
WilliamDunnewineporter
JohnLevy forema、,Cannon,Dunne&Kellys
JohnNullen
JohnO,Clohisseyworkingjeweller
JamcsO'Connorstaffofthelrishman
TotallO
Sources:C・P・LaketoU.S、,6Junel874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,8992R);C・P・Laketo0.s.,l3
Junel874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,8989R);C、P・Laketo0.s.,3Julyl874(S.P.0.,F
papers,9013R);AssistantC・P・TalbottoUS.,l6Julyl874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,
9026R);C・P・LaketoU.S、,23Julyl874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,9032R).
39 ComparedwiththenamesofprominentDublinFenianstowardstheendof1869, onlyThomasBrackenandJohnO,Clolhisseywereontheabovelist、Andbyearly l871anewleadershipemergedintheDublinorganisation;PurcellLevy,McGrath,
McCarthyandMuldoon、OnlyLevywasanactiveFenian・JohnLevywas,according
tothepolice,themostactiveFenianinDublin:heseemsbothtohavetakenpart
intherisingandtohavebecomeprominentafterwards・Hisfollowersresided
particularlyinWatlingStandJames,sStandalsoinothertownsinlreland andEnglandasaresultofthecontactshistrade(hide,skin,leathertrade) offered.(122)LevybecametherepresentativeforLelnsterintheSupreme
Councilinl875.(123)ThisappointmentseemstohavebeenpreludetotheDublin organisationunderLevyjoiningtheSupremeCouncilpartyagain.
TheSupremeCouncilandClannaGael
FromthetimeoftheestablishmentoftheHomeRuleLeagueinNovemberl873,
theSupremeCouncilcooperatedwithButtandHomeRulers;andtwomembersofthe
SupremeCouncil-JosephBiggarandJohnO,ConnorPower-enteredParliament・
However,byl876Butt'sHomeRulemovementwhichhadfailedtoachievemuchwas
asourceofdisillusionmenttotheFenians・InAuQlustl876theSupremeCouncil
adoptedaresolutionthatFeniansshouldwithdrawfromtheHomeRulemovement.
FourmembersoftheSupremeCouncil,whotookanactivepartintheHomeRule
movement-JosephBiggar,JohnO,ConnorPower,JohnBarryandPatrickEgan-
eitherresignedorwereexpelledfromtheSupremeCouncilbyAugustl877・
ThoughBiggarandO'ConnorPowerceasedtobemembersoftheSupreme
Council,theytookaprominentpartin‘obstruction,tacticsatWestminsterwith
CharlesStewartParnell.(124)
Thisintroducedconfusionintothe1.R、B、ForinstancethenorthEngland
division,againsttheSupremeCouncil’sauthority,withdrew itsallegianceto
theSupremeCounciLFurthermore,theexpulsionoftheHomeRulersfromthe
SupremeCouncilgaveStephensthehopeofbiddingfortheauthorityofthe
l.R,B・again;inearlyl876theFenianBrotherhoodinAmerlcarecognised
40 StephensastheheadoftheLR.B,Indeed,there-emergenceoftheStephens
partycoincidedwiththedisappearanceoftheHomeRulersfromtheSupreme
Council,andStephensdevelopedhisstrengthespeciallyinLeinster・Asfaras
theDublinorganisationisconcerned,inAugustl877Stephenssecuredeight
CentresinDublin-wehavenoinformationaboutthem・ProbablytheDublin
organisationwithdrewitsallegiancefromtheSupremeCouncilagain.(125)By
earlyl878theStephensparty,whosestrongholdwasLeinster,numbered
l,500,whereastheSupremeCouncilhadl9,OOOmembersinlrelandand
Britain.(126)
TheerosionoftheLR.B・byStephenswashaltedbyClannaGael(established
inAmericainl867)whichinJunel875hadalreadyanagreementwiththe
SupremeCouncil,givingltsassistancetoit.(127)InJanuaryl878Carrollof
ClannaGaelcametolrelandforthepurposenotmerelyofinspectingthe
LR.B、,butofreorganisingitandhemadeafour-or-fivemonthtourthrough
lrelandandBritain・ItislikelythatCarrollmettheeightDublinCentresin
Mayl878.AndCarrollsucceededinpersuadingthemtothrowtheirsupport
behindtheSupremeCouncil.(128)However,thefigureofeightCentres
reflectsaspirationsratherthaneffectivestrength・Actualmanpowerwas
almostatanadirpoint・
CarrollreorganisedtheLR.B・byreplacingC.G・Doran,thesecretaryofthe
SupremeCouncil,byJohnO'Connor・Byl878theLeinsterdistrictoftheSupreme
Council,asaresultofthedevelopmentoftheStephensparty,haddeteriorated
tosuchanextentthattheDublin,LouthandWexfordorganisationswereoutof
controlbytheSupremeCouncil.(129)Inl878JohnLevyresignedfromorwas
deposedastherepresentativeforLeinster-wedonotknowwhetherornot
Carrollwasassociatedwiththis・WehavenoinfornationaboutLevy,ssuccessor・
However,itislikelythatLevywassucceededbyJamesO,Connorofthelrishman,
whowasthebrotherofJohnO'Connor,thesecretaryoftheSupremeCouncil,for
JamesO,ConnorwasreportedtohavesomeconnectionswiththeSupremeCouncil
i、1878.InMayl878thepolicereportedthatJohnRyan(therepresentativefoエ
41 thesouthofEngland)hadvisitedJamesO'Connor'shouse.(130)AndinDecember
l878thepolicereportednotmerelythatUamesO'ConnoroftheIrishmanisto
allintentstheleaderofFenianisminDublin,,butthatheconducted correspondencewithParis,whereinJanuaryl879themeetingoftheSupreme
Councilwasheld.(131)
ThenewsecretaryoftheSupremeCouncilandnewrepresentativeforLeinster
seemtohaverevivedthestrengthoftheSupremeCouncil,andtheSupreme
Councilclaimedinl879that24,OOOmembersexistedinlreland,andthat
Stephenshadonlyafewhundredfollowers,InDublinonlY576weresaidto
belongtotheorganisation.InadditionStephenshadsomefollowersinDublin
buttheirnumberwas,however,verysmall;Levy,afterhisdisplacementinl878, joinedtheStephensparty,butheappearstohavefalledtorecruitanumberof
menforStepbens・
TheDublinorganisationnumbered300inl874andfiveyearslaterinl879it
had576nembers・UnfortunatelYthereisnoevidenceaboutthenumbero[its
membersintheyearsbetweenl875andl878.Buttherewasnoupsurgein
DublinFenianismduringtheperiod・Thereforeitwouldnotbefalsetoassume
thatfroml874tol879theDublinorganisationconsistedofnomorethana
fewhundredFenians・Wehavenoinformationconcerningthenumberofcircles
inthecapitalinthesameyears;butconsideringthenumberofmembers,afew
CentresmayhaveexistedinDublinandeachcircleundoubtedlywasfarbelow
thetheoreticalnumberof820men・Nordidwehaveinformationabout
Centres,althoughStephensatonestagereportedlyhadeightCentres・Thepolice
reportedtbenamesoftenprominentFeniansinDublinbetweenl876andl879.
Tablel2ProminentDublinFenians,’876-9
ThomasBracken
PatrickBrennan
J.』・Clancy
DrColbet
42 RobertDunne
JohnLevy
P.』、McAlister
JosephMcGrath
P・DMulcahy
PatrickRogers
TotallO
Sources:S.P.0.,F.P・Rl864-80;S.P.0.,Afiles,A559,A590.
PerhapssomeoftheabovemenwereCentres,Comparedwiththelistsofprominent
FeniansinDublinpreviouly,onlytwomen,ThomsBrackenandJohnLevy,hada
longrecordofworkforFenianism,andtheothermenarelikelytohaverisen
toprominenceonlyafterl876.
1nspiteofthestagnantconditionoftheDublinorganisation,theDublm
FeniansimportedarmsandcarriedoutdlEillingduringtheperiod、PeterDoyle,
Hatchsmlth,residinginAunqierSt,Clancyworkingatachinaanddelfwarehouse
inNicholasSt,andJohnLevyweresaidtoimportarmsfromEngland.(132〕InMay
l878thepollcediscoveredthreedrillingplaces-55BoltonSt,lOPeterStand
theOldTemperanceHa11,CuffeLane.(133)However,astheDublinorgamsation
declined,Fenianactivities,importingarmsanddrilling,alsolostvigour・
InOctoberl878JohnDevoyandothermembersofClannaGaelmadeanew
proposal,theso-calledJNewDeparture’tothereorganisedSupremeCounciland
toconstitutionalnationalists,particularlyParnell・TheNewDeparturewasthe
futureplanoftheLR.B・drawnupbyClannaGael,anditsetforthfivepoints:
firstly,FeniansshouldrejectButt'sfederalism;secondly,thelandquestion
shouldbepaidmoreattention;thirdly,Feniansshouldexcludeallsectarian
issues;fourthly,parliamentaryactivitiesshouldbeoneofthemostimportant
activitiesofthel.R、B・;fifthly,Irishnationalistsshouldsupportall
oppressednationalities.(134)
43 TheNewDeparturewasdiscussedatthemeetingoftheSupremeCouncilinParis
,l9-26Januaryl879・Devoyattendedthemeetingbuthefoundnosupportexcept fromNichaelDavitt,therepresentativeofthenorthofEnglan。、Asaresult,the
SupremeCouncilrejectedtheNewDeparture,althoughFenianswereaUowedtovote
atparliamentaryelectionsandwereurgedtocontrolthelocalpublicbodies.
(135)Thus,thoughtheSupremeCouncilitselfheldalooffromengagingbothin constitutionalmovementsandinagrarianagitation,membersofthel.R、B・in
ruralareaswhocouldinterpretthedirectivebytheSupremeCounciltocontrol
publicbodiesasadecisioninfavourofpoliticalaction,wereabletotakepart
intheLandWar.(136)Bycontrast,theDublinFenianstotallydisallowedtheNew
Departure・InJanuaryl879aproclamationtodenouncetheNewDeparturewas placardedinDublin.(137)AndinAprilwhenDavittvisitedFenians’drilling places,theNewDepartureWashissedbytheFeniansthere.(138)
Bythemiddleofthel860sFenianismdominatednationalistpolitics,andmade
astrongorganisationinDublinwithamembershipwhichmayhavereachedten
thousand・Subsequently,alargenumberofFenianswereinvolvedintheTallaght
affair,thepoorlyorganisedrisinqinMarchl867.Aftertherising,especially
intheearlyl870s,theDublinorganisationdeclineda、ditsmembersseemto
haveamountedtolessthanlOpercentofthesizeoftheorganisationbefore
therising・Bythelatel870stheDublinorganisationwasconfmedtoasmall
groupofmen・However,theymaintainedFenianorthodoxybyimportingarmsand
drilling,andwereopposedtotheconstitutionalnationalistmovementand
parliamentaryactivities、Fenianismdeclinedbutitnevertotallydisappeared・
InDecember1878SuperintendentMallonsuggestedthattherevivalofFenianism
mighttakeplacealthouqhhedidnotthmkthatFenianismwouldrevivetothe
sameextentasinthe1860s:
Thereisanotherclassofpersonswhoareaccustomedtomeetat
certainplacesinthecitysupposedforthepurposesofdrillingand
otherwisefurtheringsomesecretmovement・Theydonotappeartohave
beeninfluencedbythestateofpoliticalaffairsrecentlyandthey
44 hadnotintelligencetorenderthemcapableofdisturbingthepeace
ofthiscountryonaveryextensivescaleunderanycircumstances,but
theyarenodoubtdisloyal,verygullable,alndwouldbemischievous
materialinthehandsofacleverknave..、Itwouldbedifficultto
reviveFenianisminlreland,soastpbrinqituptothedimensionsit
assumedinl865,andsubsequently.(139)
Asthewisdomofhindsighttellsus,theFenianssucceededinmaintainingtheir
traditionandanewgenerationwhohadnotlivedthroughthel867rising
startedanotherrisingatEasterl916.
Notes
ThispaperisarevisedversionofChapter9ofaPhDthesis‘TheDublin
Fenians,1858-79,acceptedbyTrinityCollegeDublinin1990.Asnysupervisor,
Prof.L、M、Cullenguidedmewithconstantencouragement,forwhichloweaspecial
debtofqratitude.
(1)NationalLibraryoflreland(N、L・I.),Devoypapers,MSl8036.
(2)Specialcommissionactl888:reprintoftheshorthandnotesofthespeeches,
proceedingsandevidencetakenbeforethecommissionersappointedunderthe
abovenamedact(12vols・London,1890),vol、4,pp505-11.
(3)F、S、L・Lyons,‘Fenianism,’867-1916,,inMoody(ed.),TheFenianmovement(Cork,
1968),p、38.
(4)SuptRyantoCommissionersofDublinMetropolitanPolice(C、P.),gMar、1867
(ChiefSecretary'sOffice,Registeredpapers(C、S、0.,R・P.)1867/3999).
(5)SuptRyantoC・P.,l3Nar・'867(Cs、0.,R・P、1867/4420);SuptRyantoC・P.,l4
Mar、1867(C、S、0.,R・P、1867/4536);StatePaperOffice(S.P.0.),Fenianbriefs,
pp161-2.
(6)S.P.0.,Fenianbriefs,8.
(7)SeeActingSuptJamesRyantoC・P.,z8Sept、1867(C、S、0.,R・P,1867/17098).
(8)ThoughthenameJohnWalshoccursinbothTable9:2andTable9:3,theywere
differentpersons.
45 (9)SuptRyantoC・P.,llNov、1867(C,S、0.,R・P、1867/20374);SuptRyantoC・P.,22
Nov・'867(Ibid.)
(10)SuptRyantoC・P.,20Mayl867(C、S、0.,R・P、1867/8894).
(11)C・P,LaketoUS.,21Dec、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7931R〕.
(12)StephenstoE・Walsh,l9Nov、1874(N、L,1.,Stephenspapers,MslO492).
(13)N、L、1.,J・F.X,O'Brienpapers,MSl6695,p、217.
(14)S.P.0.,Fenianbriefs,8.
(15)R、Anderson,‘Fenianism:anarraLivebyonewhoknows,,ContemporaryReview,
xix,(1872),pp638-9;Comerford,TheFeniansincontext(Dublin,1985),ppl56-7.
(16)SuptRyantoC、P.,l8Junel867(CS、0.,R、P、1867/474onl867/21886).
(17)SuptRyantoC・P.,l1Nov、1867(C、S、0.,R,P,1867/20374).
(18)Irishman,29Au9.1868;Anderson,‘Fenianism:anarraLivebyonewhoknows’,pp
638-9;Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p・’57.
(19)J・Devoy,RecollectionsofanIrishrebel(NewYork,1929),pp238-9.
(20)P・OuinlivanandP・Rose,TheFeniansinEnglandl865-l872(London,1982),pp43-
75.
(21)D、0,SullivanLoColonelRoberts,2Jan、1868(S.P.0.,Afiles,A317).
(22)ActingSuptJamesRyantoC、P.,210ct、1867(C、S、0.,R、P,1867/l8480on
l867/19068);ActingSuptJamesRyantoC・P.,310ct、1867(C、S、0.,R、P,
1867/19246);SuptRyantoC・P.,4Nov、1867(C,S、0.,R・P,1867/l9348on
l867/19481);SuptRyantoC・P.,5Nov、1867(C・so.,R・P、1867/l9381on2266R).
(23)SuptRyantoC・P.,l9Dec,1867(C、S、0.,R・P.,1867/22145〕.
(24)S.P.0.,Afiles,A316.
(25)T、W・MoodyandL.O'Broin(eds.),`TheLR.B、SupremeCouncil,,IrishHistorical
Studies,xix,no,75(1975),p、299.
(26)SuptRyantoCP・'5Jan、1868(C,S、0.,R、P、1868/12619).
(27)Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p,165.SeeSuptRyantoC・P.,6IIar・’866(
S.P.0.,Fpapers,l667Ronl822R〕.
(28)SuptRyantoC・P.,6Maと、1868(S.P.0.,Fpapers,l667Ronl822R);SupLRyanto
C・P.,l6Mar・'868(S.P.0.,Fpapers,2475R).
46 (29)C・P.O'FerralltoChiefSecretary,26Sept、1868(N、L、1.,Larcompapers,MS
7694).
(30)ActingSuptJamesRyantoC、P.,80ct、1868(S.P.0.,Fpapers,3392Ron4216R).
(31)Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,ppl65-6.
(32〕SuptRyantoC.P・'5Mayl869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4161R〕.
(33)ActingSuptJamesRyantoC、P.,29Julyl869(S.P.0.,Fpdpers,4446Ron
4476R).
(34)R、V・Comerford,CharlesKickham(1828-1882)(Dublin,1979〕,p、121;TheFeniansin
context,ppl6Ll66.
(35)SuptRyantoC・P.,l2Sept、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4564Ron4584R);ChiefSupt
RyantpC、P.,28Jan、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5614Ron5659R).
(36)ChiefSuptRyantoC、P.,29Nov、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5086Ron5174R).
(37)ChiefSuptRyantoC.P、,20Dec、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5319Ron6001R).
(38)S,AndersontoLarcom,l9Dec、1869(N、L、1.,Larcompapers,Ms7694〕.
(39)ChlefSuptRyantoC・P.,lONov、1869(S.P.0.,Fpap己rs,4902R);Comerford,The
Feniansincontext,ppl65-6,170;N・Johnson,‘Thefenianamnestymovement,
1869-1879',Ⅱ.A・thesisMaynooth,1980.
(40)SuptRyanLoC・P.,26Sept、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,46U5Ron7622R;4683Ron
7622R;SuptRyantoC・P.,100ct、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4699R).
(41)SuptRyantoC・P.,l3SeptJ869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4739R).
(42)ChiefSuptRyantoC、P.,5Nov1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4877Ron4956R).
(43)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,29Nov・’869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5086Ron5174R).
(44)ChiefSuptRyantoCP.,l9Nov、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4956R);ChiefSuptRyan
toC・P.,Z9Nov・’869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5086Ron5174R).
(45)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,29Dec、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5378Ron5562R”Chief
SuptRyantoCP.,30Dec・’869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5388R);ChiefSuptRyanto
C・P.,2Feb,1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7141RL
〔46)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,20Mayl870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6450R〕;Moodyand
O,Broin(eds.),‘TheLR.B・SupremeCouncil,,pp307-l4.
(47)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,20Mar、1870(S.P.0.,Fpdpers,6046R).
47 (48)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,8Apr,1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6146Ron6200R).
(49)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,22Julyl870(C・so.,R・P、1870/l4701onl870/20587).
(50)AsearlyasSeptemberl869,T、F、McCarthy,oneofStephens'sadherents,started
ajournal,thePeopleoflrelandagainstthelrishman(theSupremeCouncil's
organ〕・GeorgeHopper,abrotherinlaworStephens,andotherFenianswere
involvedintheattempt,butaboutthreemonthsldLerthePeopleoflreland
ceasedtoexist.(SuptRyantoC.P・'26Sept・’869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4666R);
ChiefSuptRyantoCP・'4Dec、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5169R);ChiefSuptRyan
toC.P、,l3Dec,1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5244Ron5366R)).Itisclearthatin
l869theStephenspartyfailedtoerodetheauthorityoftheSupreme
Council,whichhadstrengtheneditsfoundationsbyissuingtheconstitution
inAugust1869.AgentsforStephenswhoresidedi、France,continuedto
engageinorganisingFeniansundertheleadershipofStephensinspiteof
thefailureofthePeopleofIreland.(Stephensto-,6Apr、1870(Trinity
CollegeDublin(T、CD.),Davittpapers,9659./22)).
(51)ChiefSuptRyantoCP.,20Julyl870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6656Ron9088R);Chief
SuptRyantoC・P.,25Julyl870(C、S、0.,R・P,1870/14780);ChiefSuptRyanto
C・P.,lAu9.1870(C、S、0.,RP・’870/15176).
(52)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,22Julyl870(Cs、0.,R・P、1870/l4701onl870/20587).
ActingSuptMallontoCP.,80ct、1870(S.P.0.,R,P、1870/18727);Comerford,The
Feniansincontext,p・’84.
(53〕ActingSuptMallontoCP.,l0Sept、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6816R).
(54)ActingSuptMallontoCP.,22Sept・’870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6852R);Comerford,
TheFeniansincontext,p、187.
(55)T・CD.,Davittpapers,9659./265.
(56)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,7Dec,1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7019R).
(57)ChiefSuptRyantoC、P.,7Mar、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7233Ron7388R);Chief
SuptRyantoCP.,l6Mar、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7241Ron7304R).
(58)T・CD.,Davittpapers,9659./28;9659./30;9659./265.
(59)Ibid.,9659./266.InAugustl871Stephensdissolvedthecommitteeandtried
48 tocreateanewcommitteetoreorganisehispartyinlreland,Wehaveno
informationaboutStephens’sintentionindissolvingthecommittee,but
probablytheconlmitteedidnotworkproperly.ALthattimeStephenshad
threeagents,HanleyCarey,JohnBrady,andathirdofwhomwehaveno
details,Theybecamemembersofthenewco□mittee.(N、L、1.,Stephenspapers,
MS10492;ChiefSuptRyantoCP・’8Au9.1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7545Ron
7622R)).
(60)SuptRyantoC・P.,5Sept・’871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7626R).
(61)Cs、0.,R・P、1881/6856.Stephenscontinuedtomdkeeveryefforttoregain
hisauthorityinthel.R、B・inl872andsucceededindoingsoincertain
areas・Inearlyl872heestablishedanagencyofaFrenchwinefirmat
MerchantsOuaylnthecitywithGeorgeHopper,andStephens,ssupporters,
suchaspersonsof‘theoriginalFenianSchoolinthelrishPeopleOffice’
resortedtotheplace.(C・P、LaketoUS..,23Feb、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,
8039R)).InFebruaryl872ameetingwasheldbetweentheStephensparty
andtheSupremeCouncllparty;J・F.X,O'BrienandJohnNolanfropthe
SupremeCouncilmetJohnBradyfromtheStephensparty・Butthemeeting
didnotpromoteanyi、provementinrelationsbetweentheStephensandthe
SupremeCouncilparties.(C・P・LaketoUS.,.l4Feb、1872(S.P.0.,Fpapers,
8028R)).
(62)TheDublinorganisationshoweditsstrengthinthelatterhalfofl871・In
JulyThomasTalbot,ex-HeadConstableoftheRoyallrishConstabulary,who
hadbeennotoriousamongFeniansasaspy,wasshotdeadbyRobertKelly、
AfterthearrestofKelly,moneywascollectedforthepurposeofdefending
Kellyandrelievinghiswifeandfamily,andconsequentlytheDefence
Committeewasestablished・ThomasBracken,whobecameconspicuoustoWazds
theendofl869,tookaprominentpartincollectlngmoneyforKellyand
wastohavecollectedZ300.(SuptRyantoC、P.,l2Julyl871(C、S、0.,R・P、
1871/l3098o、1871/14460);SuptRyantoC・P.,21July1871(Cs、0.,R・P、
1871/l3731onl871/15406);ActingSuptMallontoC・P.,30ct、1871(S.P.0.,
49 Fpapers,7717Ron7747R);ActingSuptMallontoC・P.,160ct、1871(S.P.0.,
Fpapers,7747R〕).
(63)WehavenoinformationconcerningthenumbersintheStephensparty、The
partywassaid,however,tomakeprogressoutsideDublininMunster,
especiallyinCork・InFebruaryl872thestrongholdsoftheStephensparty
weresaidtobeDubli、,Cork,Limerick,Clare,Wexford,Galway,Nonaghan,Cavan,
BelfastandNewry・Butwehavenoinformationaboutthenumberofthe
Stephensparty.(C・P、LaketoUS.,l2Dec、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7908R);
C、P・LaketoU.S,,l6Dec、1871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7916R);C,P、LaketoUS.,23
Feb・’871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,8039R);C,P・LaketoUS.,,MalE、1872(S.P.0.,F
papersBO79Ron8118R)).
(64)ActingSuptJamesRyantoC・P.,7Junel869(S.P.0.,fpapers,4278R).
(65)SuptRyantoC.P、,27Apr、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4026Ron4170R).
(66)ChiefSuptRyantoC、P.,l7Nov、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6977Ron6995R);Chief
SuptRyantoC、P.,25Nov、1876(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6995R).
(67)ChiefSuptRyantoCP.,26Jan,1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5599R).
(68)C・P・LaketoUS.,21Dec・’871(S.P.0.,Fpapers,7931R).
(69)T、WMoody,Davittandlrishrevolutionl846-82(Oxford,1981),pp50,53,57.
(70)ChiefSuptRyantoCP.,31Dec、1869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5403R).
(71)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,lFeb、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5044Ron5833R);Chief
SuptRyantoC、P.,25Feb、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5833R).
(72)ChiefSuptRyantoCP.,24Jan、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5578Ron5694R).
(73)ChiefSuptRyantoC、P.,31Mar・'870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6090Ron6095R);Chief
SuptRyantoC、P.,lApr・’870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6095R).
(74)Moody,Davittandlrishrevolution,pp80-l.
(75)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,lOMayl870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6388R).SeeChiefSupt
RyantoCP.,2Mayl870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6344R).
(76)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,22Julyl870(OS、0.,R、P、1870/l4701onl870/20587〕.
(77〕ActingSuptMallonCP.,23Sept・’870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6848R);ChiefSuptRyan
toC、P.,220ct,1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6926R).
50 (78)MoodyandO,Broin(eds.),`ThelR.B・SupremeCouncil,,p,314.
(79)MoodyPavittandlrishrevolution,p・’23.
(80)K、T・Hoppen,Elections,politics,andsocietyinlrelandl832-1885
(Oxford,1984),p、31.
(81)Ibid.,pp40-l.
(82)MBourke,JohnO,Leary:astudyinlrishseparatlsm(Tralee,1967),p、93;
D・Thornley,IsaacButtandhomerule(London'1964),pp58-9.
(83)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,26Jan、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5599R〕.
(84〕Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,ppl78-9;Thornley,IsaacButt,pp72-3.
(85)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,26Jan、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5599R);ChiefSuptRyan
toC.P、,28Feb、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5859R).
(86)NoodyandO'Broin(eds.),‘TheLR.B・SupremeCouncil,,p、310.
(87)Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p、188.
(88〕Hoppen,Elections,politics,andsociety,p、51.
(89)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,26Jan、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5599R).
(90)ChiefSuptRyantoC.P、,lOAug、1870(C、S、0.,RP、1870/l5741onl870/16147);
ChiefSuptRyantoC,P.,llAug・’870(Cs,0.,R・P、1870/l5763onl870/16147);
ActmgSuptMallontoC・P.,l0Sept・’870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,6816R);Thornley,
IsaacButt,ppllO-l.
(91)ActingSuptMallontoC・P.,2Sept・’870(Cs、0.,R・P、1870/l6974on
l870/20587).
〔92)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,3Feb、1871(C、S、0.,R・P,1871/2365).
(93)C・P・LaketoUS.,150ct、1872(C,S、0.,R,P、1872/15619).
(94)Thornley,IsaacButt,Chapter4.
(95)Jbid.,ppl76,171,207.1,1872thesecretballotwasintroduced・InApril
l869F、Stokes,amagistrateinDublin,statedthattheCatho1icpriests influencedtheelectoratemvoting,andthat‘Mostofthevotingpapers Werecollectedatthechapel,andofcoursetheyweresignedthereunder
theinfluenceofthepriests’.(Reportfromtheselectcommitteeon
par1iamentaryandminicipal electioms,H、01868-9(352),viii,p,176).Sothe
51 secretballotmighthavepreventedtheCatholicpriestsfrominfluencing
votersinelections,butwedonotknowtheeffectofthesecretballot
uponsubsequentelections.
(96〕C・P、LaketoUS.,23July1874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,9032R).
(97〕SuptRyantoC・P.,gDec・’867(C、S、0.,R・P、1867/21364on5282R).See
Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,ppl48-50.
(98)SuptRyantoC、P.,8Dec・’867(Cs、0.,R、P,1867/21363on5282R).
(99〕Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,ppl53-4.
(100)Stephens,‘Fenianismpastandpresent'(N、L、1.,Stephenspapers,MSlO492).
(101)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,28Jan・'870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5619R);ChiefSupt
RyantoCP.,l1Mar、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5973R〕.
(102)328i33Vict.,C、42;Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p・’64.
(103)ActingSuptJamesRyantoC、P.,29Julyl869(S.P.0.,Fpapers,4446Ron
4476R).
(104〕33&34Vict.,C,46;34&35V1ct.,C、25;SeeEp、Steele,lrishlandand
Britlshpolitics:tenant-rightandnationallty,1865-70(London,1974),
p、312.
(105)sees、AndersontoLarcom,l9Dec・’869(NL、1.,Larcompapers,NS7694).
(106)ChiefSuptRyantoC.P・'28Feb、1870(S.P.0.,Fpapers,5857R〕.
(107)Ibid.
(108)Johnson,JThefenianamnestymovement’'1980,pp465,469.
(109)Daly,Dublinthedeposedcity(Cork,1984),pp55-7.
(110)IrishTimes,5Dec,1872,quotedinDaly,Dublln,p、57.
(111)SeeL、MCullen,Easonandsonahistory(Dublin,1989),pp66,90.
(112)Censuslreland,1871,1881.
(113)F、D'ArcyandK,Hannigan(eds.),Workersinunion:documentsandcommentaries
onthehistoryoflrishlabour(Dublin,1988),p、97.Forlabouraristocracy,
TMatsumura,Thelabouraristocracyrevisited:theVictorianflintglass
makersl850-80(Manchester,1983),particularlyintroduction.
(114)』.W・Boyle,Thelrishlabourmovementinthenineteenthcentury(Washington,
52 1988),Chaptez3,5;D・Keogh,Theriseofthelrishworkingclass(Belfast,
1982),pp20-1.
(115)Irishman,l3Apr、1872.
(116)ChiefSuptRyantoC・P.,l4Julyl871(Cs、0.,R・P、1871/13306);ChiefSupt
RyantoC・P.,8Au9.1871(C、S、0.,R,P、1871/l4687onl871/14721).SeeM・Daly,
Dublinpp68-9.
(117)ActingSuptMallontoC・P.,90ct、1871(C、S、0.,R・P、1871/l7957on
l871/18361);ActingSuptMallontoC、P.,160ct、1871(C、S、0.,RP・'871/18361).
(118)Irlshman,7Sept・’872.
(119)Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,pp216-7;Johnson,‘Thefenianamnesty',
pp483-4.
(120)Irishman,lOMar・’877.
(121)StephenstoE・Walsh,l9Nov、1874(N、L、1.,Stephenspapers,MS10492).
(122)AssistantC・P・TalbottoUS.,l0Julyl874(S.P.0.,Fpapers,9026R).
(123〕MoodyandO,Broin(eds.〕,‘TheLRB、SupremeCouncil’,p、292.
〔124〕S.P.0.,F・P.R・’1864-80,A589;Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,pp205,218;
F、S・LLyons,CharlesStewartParnell(London,1977);McodyandO'Broin(eds.),
‘TheLR.B、SuprelneCouncil’,pp294-5.
(125)T、CD.,Davittpapers,9659./276;9659./315.
(126)Specialcomm・l888proc.,vol,4,pp505-11.
(127)Comerford,TheFeniansincontext,p、205
(128)T・CD.,Davittpapers,9659./286;9659./287.
(129〕CarrolltoDevoy,5Mar、1878,quotedinW、0,BrienandD・RYan(edsJDevoy's
postbag,1871-1928(2vols.,Dublin,l948andl953),vol.i,p、307;Carrollto
Devoy,l0NarJ878,quotedinDevoy,spostbag,vol.i,pp313-4;Comerford,
TheFeniansincontext,p、207.
(130)SuptMallontoC、P.,20Mayl878(S.P.0.,Afiles,A564).
(131)SuptMallontoC、P.,l8Dec・’878(S.P.0.,Afiles,A573).
(132)C・so..R,P、1877/6494;SuptMallontoC・P.,l3Feb・’879(S.P.0.,Afiles,
A561).
53 (133)SuptMallontoC・P.,Z0Mayl878(S.P.0.,Afiles,A564).
(134)Moody,Davittandlrishrevolution,pp249-53.
(135)Ibid.,pp278-81. -
(136)Devoy,Recollections,p、314.
(137)Moody,Davittandlrishrevolution,pp274-5.
(138)SuptMallontoC・P.,29Apr・'879(S.P.0.,Afiles,A590).
(139)SuptMallontoC・P.,l8Dec、1878(S.P.0.,Afiles,a573).
54