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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas

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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE NATIVE PEOPLES OF THE AMERICAS VOLUME II MESOAMERICA PART 1 Edited by Richard E.W. Adams Murdo J. MacLeod University of Texas University of Florida at San Antonio PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB22RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de AlarcoÂn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain q Cambridge University Press 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed in the United States of America t Typeface Adobe Garamond 11/13 pt. System DeskTopPro/UX [BV] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mesoamerica / edited by Richard E. W. Adams, Murdo J. Macleod p. cm. ± (Cambridge history of the Native peoples of the Americas) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 35165 0 1. Indians of Mesoamerica±History. I. Adams, Richard E. W. II. Macleod, Murdo J. III. Series. E77.N62 2000 970.004©97±dc20 95-46096 CIP Volume I: North America ISBN 0-521-34440-9 hardback complete set Volume I: North America, Part 1 ISBN 0-521-57392-0 Volume I: North America, Part 2 ISBN 0-521-57393-9 Volume II: Mesoamerica ISBN 0-521-65205-7 hardback complete set Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 1 ISBN 0-521-35165-0 Volume II: Mesoamerica, Part 2 ISBN 0-521-65204-9 Volume III: South America ISBN 0-521-33393-8 hardback complete set Volume III: South America, Part 1 ISBN 0-521-63075-4 Volume III: South America, Part 2 ISBN 0-521-63076-2 CONTENTS List of Illustrations page ix Part 1 1 Introduction to a Survey of the Native Prehistoric Cultures of Mesoamerica 1 RICHARD E. W. ADAMS 2 The Paleoindian and Archaic Cultures of Mesoamerica 45 ROBERT N. ZEITLIN AND JUDITH FRANCIS ZEITLIN 3 The Preclassic Societies of the Central Highlands of Mesoamerica 122 DAVID C. GROVE 4 The Precolumbian Cultures of the Gulf Coast 156 RICHARD A. DIEHL 5 The Maya Lowlands: Pioneer Farmers to Merchant Princes 197 NORMAN HAMMOND 6 The Central Mexican Highlands from the Rise of Teotihuacan to the Decline of Tula 250 GEORGE L. COWGILL 7 Western and Northwestern Mexico 318 SHIRLEY S. GORENSTEIN 8 Cultural Evolution in Oaxaca: The Origins of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations 358 JOYCE MARCUS AND KENT V. FLANNERY 9 The Southeast Frontiers of Mesoamerica 407 PAYSON D. SHEETS v vi Contents 10 The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Paci®c Coast 449 ROBERT J. SHARER 11 The Aztecs and Their Contemporaries: The Central and Eastern Mexican Highlands 500 THOMAS H. CHARLTON Index to Part 1 559 Part 2 12 Mesoamerica since the Spanish Invasion: An Overview 1 MURDO J. MACLEOD 13 Legacies of Resistance, Adaptation, and Tenacity: History of the Native Peoples of Northwest Mexico 44 SUSAN M. DEEDS 14 The Native Peoples of Northeastern Mexico 89 DAVID FRYE 15 The Indigenous Peoples of Western Mexico from the Spanish Invasion to the Present 136 ERIC VAN YOUNG 16 Native Peoples of Colonial Central Mexico 187 SARAH L. CLINE 17 Native Peoples of Central Mexico since Independence 223 FRANS J. SCHRYER 18 Native Peoples of the Gulf Coast from the Colonial Period to the Present 274 SUSAN DEANS-SMITH 19 The Indigenous Population of Oaxaca from the Sixteenth Century to the Present 302 MARIÂA DE LOS ANGELES ROMERO FRIZZI Contents vii 20 The Lowland Maya, from the Conquest to the Present 346 GRANT D. JONES 21 The Highland Maya 392 W. GEORGE LOVELL Index to Part 2 445 ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS TO PART 1 1.1 A general map of Mesoamerica, showing major ancient, colonial, and modern population centers page 8 2.1 North America, showing Bering land bridge, Late Pleistocene glacial zones, and probable migration routes into Mesoamerica 52 2.2 Mesoamerica, indicating location of Paleoindian sites 57 2.3 Archaeological sites of the Mesoamerican Archaic period 72 3.1 Preclassic sites in the central highlands 124 4.1 Archaeological sites of the Mexican Gulf Coast region 158 5.1 Important sites in the Maya Area: Preclassic through Postclassic period 198 5.2 Mayan language areas 199 5.3 Major environmental divisions 201 6.1 The central Mexican highlands 251 7.1 Sites in Guanajuato, Michoacan, Jalisco, Colima, and Nayarit 320 7.2 Sites in Zacatecas, Durango, and coastal western Mexico 329 7.3 Guerrero: The Balsas-Tepalcatepec Basin 335 7.4 Sites in northern Sinaloa and in Sonora 338 8.1 Archaeological sites and ethnic groups of Oaxaca 359 9.1 Archaeological sites and obsidian sources of ancient Mesoamerica 409 9.2 The southeastern Mesoamerican frontier in the Middle Formative period, 1000±500 B.C.E. 418 9.3 Mesoamerica, the Intermediate Area, and the frontier in the Late Formative period, 500 B.C.E.±C.E. 250 421 ix x Illustrations 9.4 Mesoamerica, the Intermediate Area, and the frontier in the Early Classic period, C.E. 250±600 424 9.5 Mesoamerica, the Intermediate Area, and the frontier in the Late Classic period, C.E. 600±900 427 9.6 Mesoamerica, the Intermediate Area, and the frontier in the Postclassic period 438 10.1 Archaeological sites of the Maya highlands and the adjacent Paci®c Coast 450 11.1 Central Mexican symbiotic region 501 11.2 Epi-TeotihuacaÂn period occupation 503 11.3 Early Aztec period occupation 504 11.4 Late Aztec occupation 505 FIGURES TO PART 1 2.1 Temporal framework for the Paleoindian and Archaic periods 48 2.2 Clovis-type ¯uted projectile point from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, and Ladyville, Belize 64 2.3 ªFishtailº point from Madden Lake, Panama 65 2.4 Projectile points from Santa Isabel Iztapan: (A) Scottsbluff; (B) Lerma; (C) Angostura 66 2.5 Tequixquiac carved camelid sacrum 70 2.6 Typical Archaic period mano and metate from TehuacaÂn 77 2.7 Corncob remains from excavations at TehuacaÂn 78 2.8 Guila Naquitz Cave, in its environmental setting 81 2.9 Naquitz-phase lithic artifacts: (A) notched ¯ake; (B) denticulate scraper; (C) crude blade 81 2.10 Net bag fragment from Guila Naquitz 82 2.11 Wild plant food remains from excavations at Guila Naquitz Cave 83 2.12 Late Archaic/Early Formative lithic artifacts from Belize 88 2.13 Experimentally grown teosinte from the Valley of Oaxaca 100 3.1 Typical Early Preclassic clay ®gurines 129 3.2 Crocodilian supernatural, Tlapacoya 135 3.3 Paw and wing motifs, Tlatilco 135 3.4 Sharklike supernaturals, La Bocas 137 3.5 Ritual scene, Monument 2, Chalcatzingo 143 Illustrations xi 3.6 Cliff carving, Monument 1, Chalcatzingo 145 3.7 Stela depicting a woman, Monument 21, Chalcatzingo 147 4.1 Olmec colossal head, San Lorenzo Monument 61 165 4.2 Olmec diopside-jadeite ®gurine 166 4.3 Tres Zapotes Stela C 170 4.4 La Mojarra Stela 1 171 4.5 Matacapan kiln 175 4.6 El Tajin Pyramid of the Niches 177 4.7 Carved panel, El Tajin South ballcourt 178 4.8 Stone yoke 180 4.9 Smiling face ®gurine, El Zapotal 181 4.10 Monumental hollow sculpture, clay, El Zapotal 183 4.11 Huastec stone sculpture at Castillo de Teayo 186 4.12 Castillo de Teayo pyramid 187 4.13 Mausoleums at Quiahuiztlan 189 4.14 HernaÂn CorteÂs and DonÄa Marina after landing on the beach at Quiahuiztlan 190 5.1 Structure 326 at Cuello, Belize, seen from above 207 5.2 Rio Azul, an Early Classic city 218 5.3 The popol na or council house at Copan after restoration 229 5.4 The palace at Palenque 230 5.5 Puuc-style palace at Sayil 239 5.6 The Castillo at ChicheÂn Itza 240 5.7 The Great Ballcourt at ChicheÂn ItzaÂ, the largest in Mesoamerica 241 5.8 The ®rst and second churches at Lamanai 246 6.1 An aerial view of TeotihuacaÂn 254 6.2 TeotihuacaÂn talud-tablero architecture 256 6.3 One of the ªKneeling Jaguarº murals from the Tetitla apartment compound 257 6.4 Archaeological map of TeotihuacaÂn 260 6.5 West facade of the Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Temple of Quetzalcoatl 266 6.6 One of the feathered serpent and headdress pairs on the Feathered Serpent Pyramid 266 6.7 A sacri®ce victim in military attire 270 6.8 Nose pendants worn by sacri®ced victims 271 6.9 Stone skulls from the Sun Plaza, TeotihuacaÂn 274 xii Illustrations 6.10 Some Miccaotli±Early Tlamimilolpa ceramics 276 6.11 Relief carving from Soyoltepec 278 6.12 TeotihuacaÂn candeleros, Xolalpan±Metepec phase 283 6.13 A TeotihuacaÂn composite censer, Xolalpan±Metepec phase 284 6.14 Principal buildings at Tula Grande 293 6.15 Plan of the archaeological site of Tula 294 8.1 Workmen building a protective wall around remains of Structure 6, San Jose Mogote 363 8.2 Vessels of 1150±850 B.C., showing stylized depictions of ªLightningº and ªEarthquakeº 365 8.3 Late Formative settlements in the YanhuitlaÂn±NochixtlaÂn Valley 367 8.4 Artist's reconstruction of a Middle Formative building at Huitzo 369 8.5 Villages and hamlets in the western Valley of Oaxaca, 700±500 B.C. 370 8.6 A public building from San Jose Mogote, dating to 700±500 B.C.
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