DOCSLIB.ORG

1. Usually Sporefo Go% Time in Minu 2

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1. Usually Sporefo Go% Time in Minu 2 QP code:780401 I Examination F.Y.B.Sc. Biotechnology Semester Paper:BasicLifeSciences-||Microbia|Techniques Model Answers fifteen Q. 1. Do Y not 1. usuallY sPorefo gO% Time in minu 2. Decimal Reduction Time: e' or time in tinuitt tor the thermal dea population to doub|e in size 3. Generation time: The time taken for a 4'Exponentialpn,,"'Thephaseinwhichmicroorganismsgrowanddivideatmaxima| rate 5'Distortion:Anaberration/defectinmicroscopicimagewhichrendersasquare object as an image with curved sides' Acidic stain: Eosin/Acid fuschin/Nigrosine 6. acid/salts of Aluminium' iron' 7. Mordant: Gram's todine/ lodine solution/tannic coPPer,zinc,chromium 8. Detergent: 5"di,; lauryl sulfate/Catylpyridinium.chloride/soap 9.Anti-microbialA|dehyde:Formaldehyde/glutaraIdehyde 10. ChromoPhore 11. Chemotrophs factor 12. Vitamins/ growth plate/pour Hemocytometer count/spread 13. Microscopic methods- Breed's count/ plate/ Electronic coulter/ turbidostatic methods 14. NumericalaPerture 15. Nutrient agar/ 15. PhotograPhs 17. Incineration 18. lodoPhors 19. Death Phase 20. Abbe condenser (8 Marks) ., ,, Compound,, microscope and their app|ications Q2: a) Exp|ain : Simp|e,,and 4 marks each simple glass held usuallv in ff'$n:ilnstrument consisting of onty one lens or magnifving an adjustable frame oSimp|emicroscopesdonotgiveashighmagnificationasacompoundmicroscope. oApp|ication:tomakeanenlargedormagnifiedimageofminuteobjectsfor observations/ studY' Compound microscoPe: of lenses (1. Objective 2. EYePiece) . nn optical instrument consisting of Two sets and fine adjustment knobs, Stage, mounted in a holder/body tube' Coarse Condenser and Mirror . APPropriate diagram . Compound microscope gives much greater magnification of specimen due to product of magnification by objective (definite number of times) and further by the eyepiece . Application: for viewing minute objects such as bacteria/ tissue sections etc. by making a magnified image Q 2: b) Discuss " Different types of Biological stains" with two examples from any three classes ( 7 amrks) Any three classes from o Nitro stains : Picric acid, Martius yellow, Aurantia o Azo stains: Methyl orange, methyl red, Brilliant yellow,Congo red, evan's blue, Sudan stains, trypan blue, vital red etc. o Anthraguinine stains: alizarin, alizarin red S., purpurin o Thiazole stains:Thioflavin S, geranine G, primuline, yellow G etc. o Quinonimine stains (lndamines, indophenols, thiamines, oxanines, azines): neutral red, neutral violet etc. o Phenyl methane stains (di/tri phenyl methane, diamino/triamino phenyl methane/ hydroxy phenyl methane, diphenyl-methyl methane): Brilliant green, Fast green, Methyl blue, methyl green Crystal violet, basic fuchsin, acid fuchsin etc. o Xanthene stains (pyronine, rhodamine, fluorane, phenolphthalein, sulfopthalein, acridine): PyronineB/Y, Rhodamine B, Eosine, Erythrosine, fluorescein, bromophenols, bromocresols, phenolphthalein, phenol red, acridine yellow/orange etc. o Natural stains: Indigo, Indigo carmine, Cochineal, Carmine, Orcein, Orcinol, LitmusBazilin, Hematoxylin etc. Q 2: c) Describe the difference between " Light microscope" and "Dark field Microscope,, ( 8 marks) Minimum 4 correct four points Light Microscope Dark field microscope o Contrast between the object and the background is o The background of image in bright improved using a dark background /The specimens appears bright on a dark background o Abbe condenser o Dark-field stop in the condenser/ high aperture darkfield condenser (Abbe/paraboloid/cardiod) o Allows light to pass through the o Cone of light normally illuminating the object does object not enter the objective, only the light scattered or specimens reflected by the specimen seen by the objective o Used to view the objects visible in o Used to view the transparent/semitransparent a bright field (fixed/stained objects which are not readily visible in a bright field preparations) & State the functions of staining principle o{- "f r1m staining' Q 2: d) elaborate the th e orga ni sm s is ba sed o n a n d G ra m n e gative ;l :1ffi:'ltive lnm:,tmlu,:ru:i properties of the cell wall utt' differences in the physicochemicar !^Y.^ :::t::"' peptidog|ycan.,o,,tinrcngnetworkandlipidcontent.Cel|wallsofGramnegativeorgan|sms arethinner,have35%phospho|ipidsanaonty5-t5%peptidoglycanwithloosenetwork' Hence,crystalviolet-iodinecomplexformedau..ingthestainingisretainedbyGrampositive organismsandappearpurpleevenafterde-colourisationusingalcohol,whereasGram negativeorganismsaredeco|ourised.Counterstainingwitheosin/saffraninmakesGram pink' (3 marks) negative organisms appear Staining solutions: ( 4 marks) cells violet/purple Basic stain: Stains all the (CVl) o CrystalViolet; forming crysta| vio|et. iodine Mordant ti"", tt,'" stain by o Gram,s iodine solution: comPlex oAlcohol:deco|ouriser:Removesthestainse|ectivelyfromGramnegativece|ls( Gram negative ) cells which counterstain, ,,r,n, ii" l".otou'i'eo o Eosin/saffranin: purple colour' positive organisms retain the appear pink 'Gram Q.3a)Describeanyh^,omethodsbasedonUseofheatfordestructionofmicroorganisms ( 8 marks) ( 4 Marks each) Any two methods in detail: pressure: Autoclave o Moist heat/Stem under :Oven . Dry heat /hot air sterilization o lncineration inspissator e Tyndalization/fractional sterilization: o Pasteurization agent ( 7 marks) of an ideal ch-emical anti-microbial Q. 3b) Discuss properties any seven major properties from: Expected answer to explain 1' Antimicrobial activitY 2' SolubilitY 3. StabilitY other animals 4. Non-toxicity to human and 5. HomogeneitY organic material 6. Non-combination with extraneous at room or body temperature 7. Toxicity to microorganisms 8' CaPacitY to Penetrate 9. Non-corroding and non-staining 10. Deodorizing 11. Detergent caPacitY 12. AvailabilitY Q.3c)Fi|trationcanbeusedse|ective|yforcontro|ofmicroorganismsforvarious examples (8 marks) appti"aiions ' lllustrate with earth pad in Seitz fi|ter, diatomaceous fi|ters of different materials -Asbestos Bacterio|ogical and sintered glass disks in other chamberland-pasteur filter in Berkefeld filter, porcelain in filters. Membrane or molecular filter - biologically inert cellulose esters Applications: Air sterilization : HEPA filter in laminar air flow proof filters sterilization of heat sensitive media and biological fluids - Bacteria Water filters etc. with q. 3d) Explain applications of heavy metals and dyes as anti-microbial agents examples (7 Marks) ( 4 marks) Heavy metals and their compounds have detrimental effects on microorganisms Examples: (anY 2 examPles) Mercurv: mercury- Used in Inorganic compounds : Mercuric chloride, Mercuric oxide, Ammoniated ointments disadv: toxicity and corrosive action less irritant and less organic compounds: mercurochrome, metaphen, merthiolate,mecresin: mucosal surfaces toxic; used as antiseptic preparations for cutaneous and Silver : picrate- Used as antiseptic - colloidal silver compounds: silver nitrate, silver lactate, silver silver released from the combination Bacteriostatic/bacteriocidal effects depend on the free a gonococcal infection of eyes' Silver nitrate widely used to prevent opthalmia neonatorum, Copper: .-_^r :_ . than bacteria-used in swimming^...i_. copper sulfate- More effective against algae and molds to prevent certain plant pools and open water reservoirs; Bordeaux mixture - afungicide diseases Dyes anY two examples (3 marks) the culture media on the basis of composition and Q.4A) Define culture medium. classify state any one use of each (8 marks) preparation used to grow, transport or store Ans: The culture medium is a solid or liquid micro organisms. Classification of medium on the basis of composition: all the components are known is called 1) Synthetic or Defined medium: Medium in which Synthetic or Defined medium' It is use to Chemotrophs and heterotrophs' of unknown chemical 2) Complex medium: Medium which contains some ingredients medium may be sufficiently rich composition. such media are useful as a simple complex of many different micro organisms' and complete to meet the nutritional requirements To grow fastidious organisms' the organisms' S) Selective medium: Medium is used for selecting as it contains Na taurocholate' Mac conkey's agar selects the growth of enteric bacteria single organism from a group of organisms' 4) Differential medium: Medium differentiates and non hemolytic organisms' Blood agar is used to differentiate between hemolytic q'4 B) How would you cultivate microorganisms by chemostat and tubidostat (7 marks| chemostat: a chemostat contains sterile medium is fed into the culture vessel at the same rate as the media containing micro organisms is removed. The culture medium for the chemostat possesses an essential nutrients in the limiting quantities. Because of the presence of limiting nutrients, growth the rate is determined by the rate at which new medium is fed into the chamber and the final cell density depends on the concentration of the limiting nutrient. The rate of nutrient exchange is expressed as the dilution rate. lf teg dilution rate rises too high the organisms can actually be washed out of the culture vessel before reproducing because the dilution rate is greater. At very low dilution rate an increase in cell density and growth rate occurs. (4 marks) Turbidostat: lt has a photocell that measures the absorbance or turbidity of the culture in growth vessel. The flow rate of media through the vessel is automatically regulated to maintain pre a determined turbidity or cell density. lt provides a continuous supply of organisms in exponential
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Colourants with Ancient Concept and Probable Uses
    JOURNAL OF ADVANCED BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php Review Open Access Natural Colourants With Ancient Concept and Probable Uses Tabassum Khair1, Sujoy Bhusan2, Koushik Choudhury2, Ratna Choudhury3, Manabendra Debnath4 and Biplab De2* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India. 2 Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science And Technology, Abhoynagar, Agartala, Tripura, India. 3 Rajnagar H. S. School, Agartala, Tripura, India. 4 Department of Human Physiology, Swami Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Tripura, India. *Corresponding author: Biplab De, E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 20, 2017, Accepted: April 15, 2017, Published: April 15, 2017. ABSTRACT: The majority of natural colourants are of vegetable origin from plant sources –roots, berries, barks, leaves, wood and other organic sources such as fungi and lichens. In the medicinal and food products apart from active constituents there are several other ingredients present which are used for either ethical or technical reasons. Colouring agent is one of them, known as excipients. The discovery of man-made synthetic dye in the mid-19th century triggered a long decline in the large-scale market for natural dyes as practiced by the villagers and tribes. The continuous use of synthetic colours in textile and food industry has been found to be detrimental to human health, also leading to environmental degradation. Biocolours are extracted by the villagers and certain tribes from natural herbs, plants as leaves, fruits (rind or seeds), flowers (petals, stamens), bark or roots, minerals such as prussian blue, red ochre & ultramarine blue and are also of insect origin such as lac, cochineal and kermes.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Basic Period Pigments at Home
    Making Basic Period Pigments at Home KWHSS – July 2019 Barony of Coeur d’Ennui Kingdom of Calontir Mistress Aidan Cocrinn, O.L., Barony of Forgotten Sea, Kingdom of Calontir Mka Holly Cochran [email protected] Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Safety Rules: .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Basic References ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Other important references:..................................................................................................................... 6 Blacks ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Lamp black ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Vine black .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Bone Black ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Whites ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Orcein in Detecting Hepatitis B Antigen in Paraffin Sections of Liver
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.35.4.430 on 1 April 1982. Downloaded from J Clin Pathol 1982;35:430-433 Use of orcein in detecting hepatitis B antigen in paraffin sections of liver P KIRKPATRICK From the Department ofHistopathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxjord OX3 9DU SUMMARY This study has shown that different supplies/batches of orcein perform differently and may fail. The "natural" forms generally performed better although the most informative results were obtained with a "synthetic" product. Orcein dye solutions can be used soon after preparation and for up to 7 days without the need for differentiation. After 10 days or so the staining properties become much less selective. Non-specific staining severely reduces contrast and upon differentiation overall contrast is reduced and the staining of elastin is reduced. Copper-associated protein positivity gradually fails and after 14 days is lost. For demonstrating HBsAg in paraffin sections of liver, it is best to use orcein dye preparations that are no older than 7 days and to test each batch of orcein against a known positive control. Orcein dye solutions are now commonly used for the was evaluated. detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Eight samples of orcein were supplied by: Sigma copyright. and copper-associated protein in paraffin sections London Chemical ("natural" batch Nos 89C-0264 of liver.' It is generally believed that orcein dyes and 59C-0254 and "synthetic" batch Nos 31 F-0441); from a single source should be used. 2-6 Variable Raymond A Lamb ("natural" batch No 5094); results are obtained with different reagents perhaps Difco Laboratories ("natural" batch No 3220); because of different manufacturing procedures or BDH Chemicals ("synthetic" batch No 5575420A); significant batch variations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosomal Staining Comparison of Plant Cells with Black Glutinous Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) and Lac (Laccifer Lacca Kerr)
    © 2010 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 75(1): 89–97, 2010 Chromosomal Staining Comparison of Plant Cells with Black Glutinous Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Lac (Laccifer lacca Kerr) Praween Supanuam1, Alongkoad Tanomtong1,*, Sirilak Thiprautree1, Somret Sikhruadong2 and Bhuvadol Gomontean3 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2 Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Muang, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakam, 44150, Thailand Received October 10, 2009; accepted February 8, 2010 Summary The study on chromosomal staining comparison of plant cells with natural dyes was carried out to compromise the use of expensive dyes. Dyes from black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Lac (Laccifer lacca Kerr) were extracted using acetic acid, ethanol, butanol and hexane with the concentration levels of 30%, 45% and 60%, respectively. The pH was then adjusted from 1 to 7, the natural extracted dyes were used to stain the chromosomes of spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb.) root cells, which were ongoing mitotic cell division, using the squash technique. The results showed that the natural extract dyes were capable of chromosome staining and cell division observing. Natural dyes which showed well-stained chromosome included 45% acetic acid-extracted black glutinous rice dye (pH 1–3), 45% butanol-extracted black glutinous rice dye (pH 1–3) and 60% ethanol-extracted Lac dye (pH 1–3). We also concluded that all other extracts have no significant quality as chromosomal staining indication. Key words Natural dye, Chromosome staining, Black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.), Lac (Laccifer lacca Kerr), Spider lily (Hymenocallis littoralis Salisb).
    [Show full text]
  • Student Safety Sheets Dyes, Stains & Indicators
    Student safety sheets 70 Dyes, stains & indicators Substance Hazard Comment Solid dyes, stains & indicators including: DANGER: May include one or more of the following Acridine orange, Congo Red (Direct dye 28), Crystal violet statements: fatal/toxic if swallowed/in contact (methyl violet, Gentian Violet, Gram’s stain), Ethidium TOXIC HEALTH with skin/ if inhaled; causes severe skin burns & bromide, Malachite green (solvent green 1), Methyl eye damage/ serious eye damage; may cause orange, Nigrosin, Phenolphthalein, Rosaniline, Safranin allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing CORR. IRRIT. difficulties if inhaled; may cause genetic defects/ cancer/damage fertility or the unborn child; causes damages to organs/through prolonged or ENVIRONMENT repeated exposure. Solid dyes, stains & indicators including Alizarin (1,2- WARNING: May include one or more of the dihydroxyanthraquinone), Alizarin Red S, Aluminon (tri- following statements: harmful if swallowed/in ammonium aurine tricarboxylate), Aniline Blue (cotton / contact with skin/if inhaled; causes skin/serious spirit blue), Brilliant yellow, Cresol Red, DCPIP (2,6-dichl- eye irritation; may cause allergic skin reaction; orophenolindophenol, phenolindo-2,6-dichlorophenol, HEALTH suspected of causing genetic PIDCP), Direct Red 23, Disperse Yellow 7, Dithizone (di- defects/cancer/damaging fertility or the unborn phenylthiocarbazone), Eosin (Eosin Y), Eriochrome Black T child; may cause damage to organs/respiratory (Solochrome black), Fluorescein (& disodium salt), Haem- HARMFUL irritation/drowsiness or dizziness/damage to atoxylin, HHSNNA (Patton & Reeder’s indicator), Indigo, organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. Magenta (basic Fuchsin), May-Grunwald stain, Methyl- ene blue, Methyl green, Orcein, Phenol Red, Procion ENVIRON. dyes, Pyronin, Resazurin, Sudan I/II/IV dyes, Sudan black (Solvent Black 3), Thymol blue, Xylene cyanol FF Solid dyes, stains & indicators including Some dyes may contain hazardous impurities and Acid blue 40, Blue dextran, Bromocresol green, many have not been well researched.
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewanthraquinones, the Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of the Food Pigment
    Food Research International 65 (2014) 132–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Research International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodres Review Anthraquinones, the Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of the food pigment family Laurent Dufossé ⁎ Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Université de La Réunion, ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Parc Technologique, 2 rue Joseph Wetzell, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France article info abstract Article history: Anthraquinones constitute the largest group of quinoid pigments with about 700 compounds described. Their Received 28 January 2014 role as food colorants is strongly discussed in the industry and among scientists, due to the 9,10-anthracenedione Received in revised form 9 September 2014 structure, which is a good candidate for DNA interaction, with subsequent positive and/or negative effect(s). Accepted 18 September 2014 Benefits (Dr Jekyll) and inconveniences (Mr Hyde) of three anthraquinones from a plant (madder color), an Available online 28 September 2014 insect (cochineal extract) and filamentous fungi (Arpink Red) are presented in this review. For example excellent Keywords: stability in food formulation and variety of hues are opposed to allergenicity and carcinogenicity. All the anthra- Anthraquinone quinone molecules are not biologically active and research effort is requested for this strange group of food Color pigments. Pigment © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Madder Carmine Filamentous fungi Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015 Textile Society of America
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Newsletters Textile Society of America Fall 2015 Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015 Textile Society of America Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsanews Part of the Art and Design Commons Textile Society of America, "Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015" (2015). Textile Society of America Newsletters. 71. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsanews/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Newsletters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. VOLUME 27. NUMBER 2. FALL, 2015 Cover Image: Collaborative work by Pat Hickman and David Bacharach, Luminaria, 2015, steel, animal membrane, 17” x 23” x 21”, photo by George Potanovic, Jr. page 27 Fall 2015 1 Newsletter Team BOARD OF DIRECTORS Roxane Shaughnessy Editor-in-Chief: Wendy Weiss (TSA Board Member/Director of External Relations) President Designer and Editor: Tali Weinberg (Executive Director) [email protected] Member News Editor: Ellyane Hutchinson (Website Coordinator) International Report: Dominique Cardon (International Advisor to the Board) Vita Plume Vice President/President Elect Editorial Assistance: Roxane Shaughnessy (TSA President) and Vita Plume (Vice President) [email protected] Elena Phipps Our Mission Past President [email protected] The Textile Society of America is a 501(c)3 nonprofit that provides an international forum for the exchange and dissemination of textile knowledge from artistic, cultural, economic, historic, Maleyne Syracuse political, social, and technical perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2012 The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Landeau, Tal, "The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap" (2012). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 706. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/706 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Michel Garcia’s workshop The Many Shades of Cochineal Red at the in Arlington Arts Center in Arlington, Virginia, was packed with multiple steaming pots, a couple of blown fuses and multiple vibrant hues of red, purples and oranges. Garcia demonstrated how the selection of mordanting processes used in conjunction with cochineal dye resulted in different nuances of the color red in the final dyed cloth and yarn. As a bonus and demonstration of other reds from natural dyes, Garcia also used madder to dye more fiber. The three mordanting methods outlined by Garcia were what he called the classical method, the forgotten method and the unknown method. The classical method uses the mineral salt alum (aluminum sulfate) and cream of tartar to mordant the fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Characterization of Red, Blue, and Purple Natural Dyes
    molecules Article A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Characterization of Red, Blue, and Purple Natural Dyes Katarzyna Lech 1,* and Emilia Fornal 2 1 Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Pascal Gerbaux Received: 21 June 2020; Accepted: 13 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Effective analytical approaches for the identification of natural dyes in historical textiles are mainly based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with spectrophotometric detection and tandem mass spectrometric detection with electrospray ionization (HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS). Due to the wide variety of dyes, the developed method should include an adequate number of reference color compounds, but not all of them are commercially available. Thus, the present study was focused on extending of the universal analytical HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS approach to commercially unavailable markers of red, purple, and blue dyes. In the present study, HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS was used to characterize the colorants in ten natural dyes (American cochineal, brazilwood, indigo, kermes, lac dye, logwood, madder, orchil, Polish cochineal, and sandalwood) and, hence, to extend the analytical method for the identification of natural dyes used in historical objects to new compounds. Dye markers were identified mostly on the basis of triple quadrupole MS/MS spectra. In consequence, the HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS method with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) was extended to the next 49 commercially unavailable colorants (anthraquinones and flavonoids) in negative ion mode and to 11 (indigoids and orceins) in positive ion mode.
    [Show full text]
  • The Textile Museum Thesaurus
    The Textile Museum Thesaurus Edited by Cecilia Gunzburger TM logo The Textile Museum Washington, DC This publication and the work represented herein were made possible by the Cotsen Family Foundation. Indexed by Lydia Fraser Designed by Chaves Design Printed by McArdle Printing Company, Inc. Cover image: Copyright © 2005 The Textile Museum All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means -- electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise -- without the express written permission of The Textile Museum. ISBN 0-87405-028-6 The Textile Museum 2320 S Street NW Washington DC 20008 www.textilemuseum.org Table of Contents Acknowledgements....................................................................................... v Introduction ..................................................................................................vii How to Use this Document.........................................................................xiii Hierarchy Overview ....................................................................................... 1 Object Hierarchy............................................................................................ 3 Material Hierarchy ....................................................................................... 47 Structure Hierarchy ..................................................................................... 55 Technique Hierarchy ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue Staining
    Tissue Staining 322 Histological Techniques Learning Objectives Outline: Learning what is tissue staining? Knowing about the history of dyes and tissue staining Understand the method of staining of paraffin section Knowing about Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) Staining Other staining What is tissue staining? Staining is treating (tissue for the microscope) with a reagent or dye that makes certain cellular elements visible without affecting others Write down 3 things we use dyes on it from our daily life? History of Dyes Grew 1682 – stained plant tissue with cochineal Leeuwenkoek 1714 – stained muscle fibers with saffron History of Dyes con. William Perkin 1856 – synthesized dye aniline violet History of Dyes con. Waldeyer1863 – Hematoxylin used in Histology and Cytology Hematoxylin Natural day from logwood tree (Mexico) called Hematoxylon campechianum Linnaeus Hematoxylon is derived from Greek, haimatodec (blood like) and xylon (wood) Tissue –Dye Reactions Both chemical and physical reactions occur such as Simple absorption such as the Oil Red O stain for lipids. Adsorption such as in colloid dyes Electrostatic attraction as seen in acidic and basic dyes. Van der Waal Forces such as hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding and hydrophobic bonding may all be involved. e.g. Alum Hematoxylin staining the nuclei Factors influencing dye uptake Mordants Substance that causes certain staining reactions to take place by forming a link between the tissue and the stain. The link is referred as lake. Without it, dye is not capable of binding to and staining the tissue. e.g. Ammonium and Potassium alum for hematoxylin. pH of the dye e.g. Alcian Blue at different pH stain different mucins.
    [Show full text]
  • New Testament Purple Dye
    New Testament Purple Dye Oxygenated Forrest force-feeds very unreally while Mack remains unbloody and decidual. Shorty remains bullied: she fantasizes her botanical watches too meritoriously? Faded Gerold tolings that litigators lethargise wherewith and lopes penetratively. The river lycus by the author of a roman period of new testament lies a garment worn by men is always on vaccine is new testament Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. For he start not be allowed to live. Minor Works: On Colours. You fertilize your yard. Or second member lost his household? These cookies are strictly necessary to poor you with services available outside our website and sick use rage of its features. The blue stripes represented the stripes in the prayer shawl, while the harbor Star of David is always perennial task of the Jewish people. However, the personal notes in the letter connect split to Philemon, unquestionably the wrongdoing of Paul. More people believed in Godde. Maron parish of new testament who learns to new testament who enjoy. She knew that in cattle to successfuly meet the stiff competition of the Philippian traders, she needed grace as comfort as knowledge. Ayios Mamas in Greece. Women leaders of new testament purple dye? Your relationship with Christ helped shaped those hopes and empowers you to convey for their realization. It is a story given a store who learns to trust the two more fully, and for that testimony Lord richly blessed her company her household. The first refers to her place on birth, which eat a prime in the Greek region of Lydia. Watch for messages back from an remote login window.
    [Show full text]