DOCSLIB.ORG

Clitoria Ternatea) to Stain Blood Caused Scientists to Concern About Using the Cells in Different Animal Peripheral Blood Natural Dyes Instead of Synthetic Dyes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Clitoria Ternatea) to Stain Blood Caused Scientists to Concern About Using the Cells in Different Animal Peripheral Blood Natural Dyes Instead of Synthetic Dyes บทความวิชาการ สัตวแพทยั มหานครสาร์์ JOURNAL OF MAHANAKORN VETERIINARY MEDIICIINE Available online: www.vet.mut.ac.th/journal_jmvm การใช้สสกี ัดจากพืชในการย้อมสีเนื้อเยื่อ 1,# 2 อารยา สืบขาเพชรํ และณฐกาญจนั ์ นายมอญ 1ภาควิชากายวิภาคศาสตร ์ คณะสัตวแพทยศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีมหานคร กรุงเทพฯ 10530 2ภาควิชาเทคนิคการสัตวแพทย์ คณะเทคนิคการสัตวแพทย์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ กรุงเทพฯ 10900 บทคัดย่อ: ปัจจุบันการศึกษาทางจุลกายวิภาคศาสตร์ได้มีการใช้สีย้อมมากมายหลายชนิดเพื่อย้อมเนื้อเยื่อต่างๆ ซึ่งขึ้นกับวัตถุประสงค์ในการศึกษา สีที่ใช้ย้อมเนื้อเยื่อโดยทั่วไปมีแหล่งที่มาทั้งจากแหล่งธรรมชาติและจากการ สังเคราะห์ ด้วยในปัจจุบันทั่วโลกให้ความสําคัญในการใช้สารต่างๆ ที่ไม่มีผลกระทบต่อสุขภาพของมนุษย์และ เป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อม การใช้สีธรรมชาติจากพืชในการย้อมเนื้อเยื่อจึงได้รับความสนใจมากขึ้น เนื่องจากส่วน ต่างๆ ของพืชนั้นมีส่วนประกอบของสีอยู่มากมาย อีกทั้งยังมีราคาถูกกว่าและสามารถใช้งานได้อย่างยั่งยืนกว่า สีที่ได้จากการสังเคราะห์ รายงานฉบับนี้ได้ทวนสรุปโดยย่อเกี่ยวกับการแบ่งชนิดของสีธรรมชาติจากพืชในแง่ ของโครงสร้างทางเคมีของสี วิธีการสกัด มอร์แดนท์ และได้ยกตัวอย่างงานวิจัยที่ศึกษาการใช้สีสกัดจากพืชใน การย้อมเนื้อเยื่อชนิดต่างๆ ซึ่งอาจนํามาใช้เป็นข้อมูลพื้นฐานและเป็นทางเลือกในการศึกษาและพัฒนาการย้อม สีเนื้อเยื่อจากสีที่สกัดจากพืช คําสําคัญ: สีย้อมจากพืช สีย้อมจากธรรมชาติ การย้อม เนื้อเยื่อสัตว์ #ผู้รับผิดชอบบทความ สัตวแพทย์มหานครสาร. 2557. 9(1): 63-78. E-mail address: [email protected] Araya Suebkhampet and Nattakarn Naimon / J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2014. 9(1): 63-78. Using Dye Plant Extract for Histological Staining 1,# 2 Araya Suebkhampet and Nattakarn Naimon 1Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, THAILAND 2Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, THAILAND Abstract: Nowadays, many and various kinds of dyes are used for histological staining due to the purpose of study. They are generally from both natural and synthetic origins. With the worldwide concern over the use of human health and eco-friendly materials, the use of natural dyes from plants has gain interested since most of them contain plenty of dye from their parts. They are also cheaper and more sustainable than the synthetic dyes. A brief review of plant dye classification based on their chemical structures of major dye pigments, methods of plant dye extraction, mordants and some of its application in diverse tissues are presented in this report. These would be helpful to further study and development of alternative tissue stains from plant natural dyes for tissue staining. Keywords: Plant dye, Natural dye, Staining, Animal histology #Corresponding author J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2014. 9(1): 63-78. E-mail address: [email protected] Introduction are obtained from natural sources such as Histology is the study of cells and plants, insects, animals, clays and minerals tissues by using a light microscope. The (Carleton et al., 1976). Plants and insects ability to visualize or identify histological known to be used in histological staining for structures is frequently enhanced through animal tissues are Haematoxylon the use of histological stains. They give campechianum (logwood), from which contrast to the tissue as well as highlighting haematoxylin stain is obtained and particular features of interest. There are two Dactylopius cacti, from which carmine stain types of dyes that classified by their origins, is obtained (Egbujo et al., 2008), synthetic and natural dyes. The natural dyes respectively. The majority of natural dyes 64 Araya Suebkhampet and Nattakarn Naimon / J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2014. 9(1): 63-78. are extracted from plant parts such as roots, Many dyes, techniques and procedures barks, leaves, berries and seeds and wood. are utilized to stain various types of animal The dyeing with natural dyes was one tissues. At present, haematoxylin and eosin of the oldest techniques practiced by the stain (H&E) is widely used as a light ancient people such as wall paintings in the microscopical stain in histology and caves or textile dyeing. The first use of dye histopathology. It is combination of natural in histology credited to Antonie van haematoxylin stain and the synthetic eosin Leeuwenhoek, the father of microbiology stain. Haematoxylin stains the cell nuclei who worked with saffron, a natural dye dark blue while eosin stains cell cytoplasm, extracted from saffron crocus. In the mid most connective tissue fibers and matrices in 1800s, amateur microscopists first used varying shades of pink and red. haematoxylin to stain cellular components Haematoxylin obtained from logwood tree (Titford M., 2005). Later scientists developed that is native to the Mexico and northern a wide range of haematoxylin staining Central America (Baker & Silverton, 1976), techniques. The systemically studied dye for but is now mainly cultivated in the West histology started in the second half of the Indies (Bancrot and Gamble, 2008). 19th century by Weigert C, J Gerlach, P Haematoxylin can be prepared in numerous Ehrlich and H Gierke. By then coloring ways and applied to tissues from different materials were mostly still natural origin like sites. It has to be oxidized to haematein carmine, cochineal, haematoxylin and indigo. before using (Culling, 1974). Haematein can Gradually the use of the natural dyes has be produced from haematoxylin in two decreased due to the introduction of ways: natural oxidation and chemical synthetic dyes (aniline dye from extract of oxidation. For natural oxidation, coal tar) which first invention by William haematoxylin is exposed to light and air Henry Perkin in 1856. They widely applied in (Ehrlich’s and Delafield’s haematoxylin many fields as food, cosmetic and textile solution), and for chemical oxidation, industries (Prabhu and Bhute, 2012). They sodium iodate (e.g. Mayer’s haematoxylin) or are rapid stain with vast range of new colors, mercuric oxide (e.g. Harris’s haematoxylin) easy to use and commercially available. are used. Natural oxidation of haematoxylin From then, the synthetic dyes together with seems to retain its staining ability longer those for histological staining have than that of the chemical oxidation. developed. However, it takes much longer time for preparation. Haematoxylin has also been 65 Araya Suebkhampet and Nattakarn Naimon / J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2014. 9(1): 63-78. prepared synthetically (Morsingh and potential use in various purposes. It is Robinson, 1970) but the natural dye is interesting that over 2000 dyes are mostly used. Haematein is anionic charge, synthesized from various parts of plants, of having a poor affinity for tissues without the which only about 150 have been presence of mordant. A mordant is a commercially exploited (Gulrajani, 1992). substance used to set dyes on tissue They are used for applying to different sections. The common mordants for substrates such as textiles, paper, leather, haematoxylin are aluminium, iron and wood, hair etc. They are also widely used in tungsten. The dye-mordant complex cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical possesses a net positive charge and enables industries. A number of them own the to bind to anionic tissue regions including pharmaceutical properties and have been nuclear chromatin. Mordant is regularly used in traditional medicine. Curcumin, the included in the dyeing protocols when bright yellow dye of turmeric has been used natural dyes are used in order to fix or traditionally as a remedy for stomach and intensify the stains in cell or tissue staining. It liver ailments, as well as topically to heal is mainly a polyvalent metal ion that forms sores and revitalizes the skin (Chaturvedi, coordination complexes with certain dyes 2009). It has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, which then attaches to the tissues anti-cancer and anti-septic properties (Llewellyn, 2005). Different kinds of (Chengaiah et al., 2010). Many other mordants give a different hue and stability common natural dyes such as lycopene (red of the dye in the tissues. dye) in tomatoes or lawsone (varies in color The use of natural dyes which are from orange to reddish brown) in henna are cheaper, eco-friendly and biodegradable has reported as antimicrobial agents (Siva, 2007; become a matter of significant important Habbal et al., 2011). due to the increased environmental In last 10 years, natural dyes have awareness and in order to avoid some been studied for their potential use in hazardous synthetic dyes to humans and various fields including histological staining. animals (Eom, et al., 2001). Several synthetic The present report describes the basic dyes (e.g. dyes with azo bonds nitro- or information about of plant dye classification amino-groups) cause allergic-like symptoms based on their chemical structures, methods or are carcinogenic (Ratna and Padhi, 2012). of the dye extraction, mordants and some of Therefore, alternative natural dyes have its application for tissue staining. These been currently more interested for their would be useful information to the 66 Araya Suebkhampet and Nattakarn Naimon / J. Mahanakorn Vet. Med. 2014. 9(1): 63-78. researchers who are searching for the new temperature and pH which depend on the natural dyes for tissue staining. properties of particular dye components (Prabhu and Bhute, 2012). After extraction, Classification of natural dyes from plants the extracts are generally filtered through Natural dyes can be classified in various filters such as cheesecloth, cotton different ways such as based on their wool or paper filter. The filtrates may
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Colourants with Ancient Concept and Probable Uses
    JOURNAL OF ADVANCED BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY Journal homepage: http://scienceq.org/Journals/JABZ.php Review Open Access Natural Colourants With Ancient Concept and Probable Uses Tabassum Khair1, Sujoy Bhusan2, Koushik Choudhury2, Ratna Choudhury3, Manabendra Debnath4 and Biplab De2* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India. 2 Regional Institute of Pharmaceutical Science And Technology, Abhoynagar, Agartala, Tripura, India. 3 Rajnagar H. S. School, Agartala, Tripura, India. 4 Department of Human Physiology, Swami Vivekananda Mahavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Tripura, India. *Corresponding author: Biplab De, E-mail: [email protected] Received: February 20, 2017, Accepted: April 15, 2017, Published: April 15, 2017. ABSTRACT: The majority of natural colourants are of vegetable origin from plant sources –roots, berries, barks, leaves, wood and other organic sources such as fungi and lichens. In the medicinal and food products apart from active constituents there are several other ingredients present which are used for either ethical or technical reasons. Colouring agent is one of them, known as excipients. The discovery of man-made synthetic dye in the mid-19th century triggered a long decline in the large-scale market for natural dyes as practiced by the villagers and tribes. The continuous use of synthetic colours in textile and food industry has been found to be detrimental to human health, also leading to environmental degradation. Biocolours are extracted by the villagers and certain tribes from natural herbs, plants as leaves, fruits (rind or seeds), flowers (petals, stamens), bark or roots, minerals such as prussian blue, red ochre & ultramarine blue and are also of insect origin such as lac, cochineal and kermes.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Basic Period Pigments at Home
    Making Basic Period Pigments at Home KWHSS – July 2019 Barony of Coeur d’Ennui Kingdom of Calontir Mistress Aidan Cocrinn, O.L., Barony of Forgotten Sea, Kingdom of Calontir Mka Holly Cochran [email protected] Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Safety Rules: .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Basic References ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Other important references:..................................................................................................................... 6 Blacks ............................................................................................................................................................ 8 Lamp black ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Vine black .................................................................................................................................................. 9 Bone Black ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Whites ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Reviewanthraquinones, the Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of the Food Pigment
    Food Research International 65 (2014) 132–136 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Research International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodres Review Anthraquinones, the Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde of the food pigment family Laurent Dufossé ⁎ Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Université de La Réunion, ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Parc Technologique, 2 rue Joseph Wetzell, F-97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Ile de La Réunion, France article info abstract Article history: Anthraquinones constitute the largest group of quinoid pigments with about 700 compounds described. Their Received 28 January 2014 role as food colorants is strongly discussed in the industry and among scientists, due to the 9,10-anthracenedione Received in revised form 9 September 2014 structure, which is a good candidate for DNA interaction, with subsequent positive and/or negative effect(s). Accepted 18 September 2014 Benefits (Dr Jekyll) and inconveniences (Mr Hyde) of three anthraquinones from a plant (madder color), an Available online 28 September 2014 insect (cochineal extract) and filamentous fungi (Arpink Red) are presented in this review. For example excellent Keywords: stability in food formulation and variety of hues are opposed to allergenicity and carcinogenicity. All the anthra- Anthraquinone quinone molecules are not biologically active and research effort is requested for this strange group of food Color pigments. Pigment © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Madder Carmine Filamentous fungi Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015 Textile Society of America
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Newsletters Textile Society of America Fall 2015 Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015 Textile Society of America Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsanews Part of the Art and Design Commons Textile Society of America, "Textile Society of America Newsletter 27:2 — Fall 2015" (2015). Textile Society of America Newsletters. 71. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsanews/71 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Newsletters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. VOLUME 27. NUMBER 2. FALL, 2015 Cover Image: Collaborative work by Pat Hickman and David Bacharach, Luminaria, 2015, steel, animal membrane, 17” x 23” x 21”, photo by George Potanovic, Jr. page 27 Fall 2015 1 Newsletter Team BOARD OF DIRECTORS Roxane Shaughnessy Editor-in-Chief: Wendy Weiss (TSA Board Member/Director of External Relations) President Designer and Editor: Tali Weinberg (Executive Director) [email protected] Member News Editor: Ellyane Hutchinson (Website Coordinator) International Report: Dominique Cardon (International Advisor to the Board) Vita Plume Vice President/President Elect Editorial Assistance: Roxane Shaughnessy (TSA President) and Vita Plume (Vice President) [email protected] Elena Phipps Our Mission Past President [email protected] The Textile Society of America is a 501(c)3 nonprofit that provides an international forum for the exchange and dissemination of textile knowledge from artistic, cultural, economic, historic, Maleyne Syracuse political, social, and technical perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 9-2012 The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Landeau, Tal, "The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap" (2012). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 706. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/706 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Many Shades of Cochineal Red Workshop Review and Recap Tal Landeau Workshop Scholarship Recipient Michel Garcia’s workshop The Many Shades of Cochineal Red at the in Arlington Arts Center in Arlington, Virginia, was packed with multiple steaming pots, a couple of blown fuses and multiple vibrant hues of red, purples and oranges. Garcia demonstrated how the selection of mordanting processes used in conjunction with cochineal dye resulted in different nuances of the color red in the final dyed cloth and yarn. As a bonus and demonstration of other reds from natural dyes, Garcia also used madder to dye more fiber. The three mordanting methods outlined by Garcia were what he called the classical method, the forgotten method and the unknown method. The classical method uses the mineral salt alum (aluminum sulfate) and cream of tartar to mordant the fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Characterization of Red, Blue, and Purple Natural Dyes
    molecules Article A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach for Characterization of Red, Blue, and Purple Natural Dyes Katarzyna Lech 1,* and Emilia Fornal 2 1 Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Pascal Gerbaux Received: 21 June 2020; Accepted: 13 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Effective analytical approaches for the identification of natural dyes in historical textiles are mainly based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with spectrophotometric detection and tandem mass spectrometric detection with electrospray ionization (HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS). Due to the wide variety of dyes, the developed method should include an adequate number of reference color compounds, but not all of them are commercially available. Thus, the present study was focused on extending of the universal analytical HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS approach to commercially unavailable markers of red, purple, and blue dyes. In the present study, HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS was used to characterize the colorants in ten natural dyes (American cochineal, brazilwood, indigo, kermes, lac dye, logwood, madder, orchil, Polish cochineal, and sandalwood) and, hence, to extend the analytical method for the identification of natural dyes used in historical objects to new compounds. Dye markers were identified mostly on the basis of triple quadrupole MS/MS spectra. In consequence, the HPLC-UV-Vis-ESI MS/MS method with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring (dMRM) was extended to the next 49 commercially unavailable colorants (anthraquinones and flavonoids) in negative ion mode and to 11 (indigoids and orceins) in positive ion mode.
    [Show full text]
  • The Textile Museum Thesaurus
    The Textile Museum Thesaurus Edited by Cecilia Gunzburger TM logo The Textile Museum Washington, DC This publication and the work represented herein were made possible by the Cotsen Family Foundation. Indexed by Lydia Fraser Designed by Chaves Design Printed by McArdle Printing Company, Inc. Cover image: Copyright © 2005 The Textile Museum All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means -- electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise -- without the express written permission of The Textile Museum. ISBN 0-87405-028-6 The Textile Museum 2320 S Street NW Washington DC 20008 www.textilemuseum.org Table of Contents Acknowledgements....................................................................................... v Introduction ..................................................................................................vii How to Use this Document.........................................................................xiii Hierarchy Overview ....................................................................................... 1 Object Hierarchy............................................................................................ 3 Material Hierarchy ....................................................................................... 47 Structure Hierarchy ..................................................................................... 55 Technique Hierarchy ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue Staining
    Tissue Staining 322 Histological Techniques Learning Objectives Outline: Learning what is tissue staining? Knowing about the history of dyes and tissue staining Understand the method of staining of paraffin section Knowing about Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) Staining Other staining What is tissue staining? Staining is treating (tissue for the microscope) with a reagent or dye that makes certain cellular elements visible without affecting others Write down 3 things we use dyes on it from our daily life? History of Dyes Grew 1682 – stained plant tissue with cochineal Leeuwenkoek 1714 – stained muscle fibers with saffron History of Dyes con. William Perkin 1856 – synthesized dye aniline violet History of Dyes con. Waldeyer1863 – Hematoxylin used in Histology and Cytology Hematoxylin Natural day from logwood tree (Mexico) called Hematoxylon campechianum Linnaeus Hematoxylon is derived from Greek, haimatodec (blood like) and xylon (wood) Tissue –Dye Reactions Both chemical and physical reactions occur such as Simple absorption such as the Oil Red O stain for lipids. Adsorption such as in colloid dyes Electrostatic attraction as seen in acidic and basic dyes. Van der Waal Forces such as hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding and hydrophobic bonding may all be involved. e.g. Alum Hematoxylin staining the nuclei Factors influencing dye uptake Mordants Substance that causes certain staining reactions to take place by forming a link between the tissue and the stain. The link is referred as lake. Without it, dye is not capable of binding to and staining the tissue. e.g. Ammonium and Potassium alum for hematoxylin. pH of the dye e.g. Alcian Blue at different pH stain different mucins.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Cochineal Production: Scale, Welfare Concerns, and Potential Interventions
    1 Global cochineal production: scale, welfare concerns, and potential interventions Global cochineal production: scale, welfare concerns, and potential interventions Summary of conclusions Terms Introduction History of cochineal use Cochineal production figures Cochineal production details Welfare concerns Potential interventions More certain: reducing the number of farmed cochineal Less certain: advocating for specific dyes Less certain: advocating for greenhouse production Areas for further research Improving scale estimates Sentience research Research on kermes and Polish cochineals Research into scale insects used for biological control and shellac production Research into labeling and alternative dyes Acknowledgements Sources Summary of conclusions - Between 22B and 89B adult female cochineals are killed per year directly to produce carmine dye, of which between 17B and 71B are wild, and between 4B and 18B are farmed - The farming of cochineals directly causes 4.6T to 21T additional deaths, primarily of male and female cochineal nymphs, and adult male cochineals Global Cochineal Production: Scale, Welfare Concerns, and Potential Interventions | Abraham Rowe | 2020 2 - The deaths of nymphs are possibly the most painful caused by cochineal production - The vast majority of cochineal is produced in Peru, followed by Mexico and the Canary Islands - Reducing cochineal farming, which accounts for 15% to 25% of the market, would significantly reduce cochineal suffering - Reducing wild cochineal harvesting is unlikely to have any significant effect on cochineal suffering - Accordingly, insect advocates interested in reducing cochineal suffering ought to focus on eliminating cochineal farming specifically, and not necessarily all cochineal harvesting Terms Farmed cochineals - Female cochineals intentionally added to cacti to produce dye Wild cochineals - Cochineals that live independently of farming.
    [Show full text]
  • English Edition, with the Addition of an Index, Was Prepared by ICCROM, Which Is Responsible for the Scientific Quality of the Translation
    ANCIENT BINDING MEDIA, VARNISHES AND ADHESIVES Liliane Masschelein-Kleiner Translated by Janet Bridgland Sue Walston A.E. Werner ICCROM Rome, 1995 Editor's note: The place names included in this volume are not necessarily a reflec- tion of current geopolitical reality, but are based on the historical trade names under which various products and substances have come to be known. This second edition of Ancient Binding Media, Varnishes and Adhesives is based on the third French edition of Liants, vernis et aditesifs anciens, published in 1992 by the Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique, Brussels — ISBN 20930054-01-8. The English edition, with the addition of an index, was prepared by ICCROM, which is responsible for the scientific quality of the translation. ISBN 92-9077-119-4 © 1995 ICCROM ICCROM — International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property Via di San Michele 13 1-00153 Rome RM, Italy Printed in Italy by A & J Servizi Grafici Editoriali Cover design: Studio PAGE Layout: Cynthia Rockwell Technical editing, indexing: Thorgeir Lawrence CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vii Chapter 1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FILM-FORMING MATERIALS I. LIQUID STATE 1 Definitions: solution, dispersion, emulsion 1 I. 1 Surface phenomena and wetting 2 I. 2 Stabilization of pigments 5 I. 3 Rheological properties 6 I. 4 Oil index and critical concentration 10 II. SOLID STATE 12 II. 1 Film formation 12 II. 1. 1 Film formation by physical change 12 II. 1. 2 Film formation by chemical reaction 15 II. 2 Optical properties 17 II. 2. 1 Gloss 17 II. 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Cochineal Scale on Prickly Pear Cactus Cochineal Scale Insects Are
    Cochineal Scale on Prickly Pear Cactus Cochineal scale insects are found on prickly pear cactus. These insects can be mistaken for fungus as they exude a cottony white covering to protect themselves. If you decide to take a closer look, under the cottony mass you will discover a small, oval insect that is wingless and has piercing- sucking mouthparts. Females are about 1/16 of an inch in length with males being around 1/32 of an inch long. Males look more like typical insects in that they have wings and legs (adult females do not). Males also have two filaments that extend from the tip of the abdomen. Cochineal insects feed exclusively on prickly pear cactus. The insects insert their mouthparts into the cactus pads and suck out plant juices. Feeding can cause yellowing of cactus pads and heavy infestations can lead to browning and possible death of the plant. As the female feeds, she produces eggs underneath the protective covering. Once the eggs hatch, first instar nymphs, called crawlers, emerge. Crawlers can move to different areas before they settle down to feed. They may stay near their mother, move to nearby cactus pads or be dispersed by wind to new plants. Once crawlers are settled in their new location, they begin to spin the waxy filament that creates their protective covering. Since cochineal insects are only mobile in the first instar, control can be as simple as removing infested pads from the plant and disposing of them. Another non-chemical option would be to use a high pressure water spray to dislodge insects from the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Cochineal Through the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2010 Tracing Cochineal Through the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum Elena Phipps Metropolitan Museum of Art, [email protected] Nobuko Shibayama Metropolitan Museum of Art, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Phipps, Elena and Shibayama, Nobuko, "Tracing Cochineal Through the Collection of the Metropolitan Museum" (2010). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 44. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/44 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. TRACING COCHINEAL THROUGH THE COLLECTION OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM1 ELENA PHIPPS2 AND NOBUKO SHIBAYAMA3 [email protected] and [email protected] Cochineal—Dactylopius coccus-- is a small insect that lives on cactus and yields one of the most brilliant red colors that can be used as a dye. (Fig. 1) Originating in the Americas—both Central and South —it was used in Pre-Columbian times in the making of textiles that were part of ritual and ceremonial contexts, and after about 100 B.C., was the primary red dye source of the region. Cochineal, along with gold and silver, was considered by the Spanish, after their arrival in the 16th century to the Americas, as one of the great treasures of the New World.
    [Show full text]