LEntered at the Post Office of Kew York. N. Y .. flti Second ChkSS Matter. \:upyri�ht. l!l(ll, by Munn &. Co.)

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. AnT. SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTltY, AND MANUFACTU BES.

Vol. LXXXIV.-NO.4.] r $3.00 A YEAR. ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, JANUARY 26, 1901. S CENTS A COPY.

TraDaverae SeotioD. through AUlilliary DriviBg Truok, showing Method ot AdJuatiog Auxiliary Driver&.

InteriOl' of Cab. LoDgitudinal SeotioD through Truck, showiDg Drivers Depressed,

GBlUlAJI BXPBB88 LOCO.OIIVB lUf.tll AUxU.IABY DlUVIlIG TAUCl[ AlID BBClPBOCATllIG COUlITB:&BALAlfCE.-lBee page 66.1

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 50 '(ieutifi( �mtti(au. JANUARY 26, 1901. limits the distliiles over which such a wire can trans­ are extended by means of steel ribs, rellembling the mit a message. The loss of energy is due to the spokes of a bicycle wheel. These would in themselves Jtittttific imperfect conductivity of the wire, and it is regulated act as parachutes and allow the car beneath to descend by the inducta Ice and capacity of the circuit. If gently. This car rests on runners like those of a sled ESTABLISHED�mtri(an. 1840 a conductor has a high inductance, a given quantity which would enable it to glide on ice, snow or glass, MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. of energy will be transmitted with less loss than over and it is arranged so that it can also rest on water. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT a conductor with a smaller amount of inductance-a The machine is to be raised and moved by two pro­ pellers similar to a ship's screws. These, while pro­ No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. fact that was well known to the English mathematical physicist Oliver Heaviside. It was known that the pelling the vessel. will make the wings or sails face the TERMS TO SUBS(,RIBERS introduction into the circuit of inductance coils should air. With these latter, or part of them, directed up­ copy, one year. for the L'niteu �tates. Canada. or Mexioo . _: . _ One . . ': $3.00 On� CUIJY. une year. to any foreign country. postage prepaid. £0 ltiS. Dd. U)O theoretically give improved results; but, although ward, a power will come into action which will first THE Sf'CENTIFIC dJIERICAN Pt:RLICATIONS. such coils had been used, for want of an underlyin� support the weight of the boat and then raise it in the Scientific American (�stablished .. . ' ...•..•....•••. y�ar. 1�4al ... : , f.�.OO a. air as it grows stronger. The screws are to be actu­ SCielltitic American Supplement (KstaiJhslJe�.... lS.tH.... . ',' ...... <>.� mathematical theory to govern the experiments, they . .. Scientitic American Buildillg E.d�tioll t Estal?hshed ��) •.. _ •... ated by a benzine motor of 20 horse power of great 8cielltitic American Export EdItIon" l�8tabh8hed, �.ao l�jo) ...... l.UO ended in failure. rl'he combined subscription rates and rates to foreign countries will lightness. The first experiments with the full-sized e s e Dr. Pupin set out to develop SUCll a mathematical b ��i� � �o�l�il��P.r1�;:��r:noneyorder. or draft or cbeck. airship will be made in the spring on the Lake of J by bank theory, and its main features were shown in a series MU.N.N & CO.,OOl Broadway. corner l"-ranklin Street. New York. of experiments in the vibrations of flexible cords, the Neusiedel, on the Hungarian frontier. NEW YORK. SATURDAY. JANUARY 26,1901. same elements 'being present in the transmission of •.e .• wave motion along a cord as in the transmission of THE INTERNATIONAl< CONVENTION FOR THE EFFECT OF FORCED DRAUGHT ON COAL CONSUMPTION. electrical waves. If one end of cord be fastened a PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY. Trials carried out last year of the system of in­ to one end of a tuning-fork, the other end to some The Convention for the Prot!)ction of Industrial duced draught which is installed on the steamship fixed object, and the fork vibrated a wave motion Property was drafted at a conference held in 188() .. Inchkeith" have shown that in this vessel the coal results, whose amplitude will decrease as the dis­ at Paris, France, and it was signed in the same consumption, per indicated horse power, per hour. tance from the tuning-fork (the source of vibl'ation) city, March 20, 1883, and the United States accepted has been reduced to 0.99 pound. Briefly described, increases, the energy being dissipate; by the f ictional r it in 1887. The Convention, to which every first-class the installation is as follows : The furnace gas on resistances in its progress as the wave advances ' power in Europe, except Russia and Turkey, has now leaving the smoke-box passes through air superheaters along the cord. This " attenuation" (to adopt th.) adhered or given notice of such intention, relates immediately over the tube sheet, and then to exhaust­ electrical term) is diminished d a string of greater on the one hand to patents for inventions, industrial ing fans which discharge directly int? the smokestack. density is employed, because a larger mass requires models, and designs, and on the other tc trade marks, The superheaters are heated by the gases on their a smaller velocity in order to store up a given amount trade names, and indications of origin. The Con­ way to the smokestack. With this method of draught, of kinetic energy, and a smaller velocity occasion� vention provided for periodical conferences for re­ it is possible to use the open stokehold; and in the a smaller frictional loss. Experiments with balls of VISlOn. The first conference was held in Rome in present instance the stokehold temperature during "'�x ttached to the string at certain regular, de­ 1886, and was without substantial effect" the proposi­ the trial was 74 degrees. The average temperature termined intervals, secured the desired result in pre­ tions not receiving unanimous ratification. The next of the air on entering the furnace was '284 degrees, venting attenuation. The mathematical heory an.l t conference was held in Madrid in 18!fO, where some and the temperature of the waste gases at the smoke­ ,law for the vibration of a cord under such 'conditions agreements relative to trade marks, to which the box and at the fan was, respectively, 650 degrees and is exactly the same as that governing the dfstribution United States is not a party, were ent,1red into. The 380 degrees. With a boiler pressure of 260 pounds of the electric current over a wave conductor und0r ' next conference was that of Brussels in 1897, and to the square inch. the water evaporated per pounl} the influence of similar forces. For kinetic or mass the meeting held in' December, 1900, was the adjourned of coal from and at 212 degrees J<'ah. was 12.94 reaction, tensional reaction, and resistancEl' reaction meeting. This last session will take rank with that pounds. The " Inchkeith " is a vessel of 5,700 tons ill the case o. the cord are paralleled by electrv­ which framed the Convention, if the Act (amendatory dead weight, and her engines develop ordinarily; when kinetic reaction, capacity reaction and ohmic re­ ' of the original article) which has just been signed llsing Pocahontas coal, about 1,300 indicated horse sistance reaction in the case of the wave conductor. by the delegates accredited to it, is finally ratified by power. This being so, it is easily understood th�t if inductanee those countries whose laws, like those of the United . ... ., coils are introduced along the wave conductor, at States, require ratification before t'hey take effect. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY SAILING VESSEL. periodically occurring intervals, the efficiency of the We have already referred to the orfginal Convention It was thought that the day of the sailing vessel transmission of electrical energy is increased. on several occasions, and the conference at Brussels was past, the development of the tramp steamer to The next step was from theory an experimental tc. has remedied several defects which were thought to its present economy of fuel and large cargo capacity investigation, in the course of which Dr. Pupin con­ exist· in the patent laws of many of the countries in having apparently rendered successful competition by structed three separate experimental cables before he the Convention. In brief, the following results were the sailing vessel impossible. During the past few br ught the results into agreement with the theory. � arrived at: FIrst: Concerning the independence of years, however, two types of ships have been built The first cable was 235 miles, the second 500 miles. the patents in the ditThrent countries; it is well known in increasing numbers which bid fair to equal, if not and the third and successful cable 250 miles in that the validity of patents has been endangered in exceed, the tramp steamer in cheapness of cost and length. In the last cable double coils, 6 inches in diam�­ there many cases by the fact that in some countries It operation, and at tb e dawn of the new century ter by 5 inches high, with 1,160turns, but having no iron are two vessels, one in each class, which are about patent lapses if, for any cause, the patent lapses in an­ cores, were used, and with this apparatus it was foun,! that are more di stinctive than other country, as, for example, for the non-payment to be constructed, that if these inductance coils were placed at inter­ anv that preceded them. One, the contract for which of fees. This is a hardship, and compels the owner of ' vals of about one-sixteenth of the wave length of 17 square-rigged sailing the patent, in more than one country, to look not only ha� just been signed, is a huge, miles, the non-uniform conductor was like a uniform 00, to keeping the patent in his own country alive, but ship, having five masts, and a tonnage of 8,5 conductor to within two-thirds of one per cent. It also those in other countries. Second: The Conven­ which is over 2,000 larger than that of any previous was found, indeed, that if the coils are properly tion has also extended the time of filing applications sailing vessel. The determination of the Germans placed, 2% per cent of the current generated at the from six or seven months to a uniforln period of one to build a vessel of this size may be taken as evi­ transmitting end reaches the receiving end of th� year, and the shorter period for four months for in­ dence that the preceding .. monster " sailing vessels cable; but if the coils are cut out, and the cable 'id dustrial designs, models, and trade marks. Third: owned by German firms have proved to be paying used in the ordinary way, then only one two-hundred­ The conference agreed that the Convention should be investments. The other type to which we refer is and,fifty-thousandth part of the current sent in at tha of , amended so that .American inventors who had taken the multi-masted sailing schooner. The success transmitting end reaches the receiving end. The in­ whi,�h out patents abroad need not work their inventions thtl six-masted schooner .. George W. Wells," sertion of the coils enables the cable to transmit six in those countries which are members of the Conven· is capable of carrying 5,000 tons of coal, has led the thousand times as much current. d by a tion for a period of three years afte:> the application builder to predict that she will be followe The work done by Dr. Pupin since the publication ca­ for the patent. This feature, if adopted, will enable seven-masted wooden schooner, with a carrying of the article above referred to consisted in an investi­ our inventors to develop their business in the Uniteri pacity of not less than 6,000 tons of coal. Such a gation of the qUestion of the best form of coil th over States before working their inventions ahroad, thus in vessel would be well on to 400 feet in leng for commercial purposes. The coils used on of coal many cases saving a considerable sum. all, and in ber the cost of carrying a ton the experimental cable, although they are effectiv<:l than in her predec essors. As to trade marks, there was a great deal of dis­ would be brought even lower for an air line, and have, indeed, been used on a Bell that as the century advances cussion on the amendment of Artide VI., which It is more than likely telephone air line of' 700 miles, are too large for sub­ and fore and-aft vessels ,requires the registration of marks good in the coun· we shall see square-rigged marilie or underground cables; and for the latter pur­ bulk wh ch try .of origin in all the other countries. This met designed for the carrying of cargoes in � pose Dr. Pupin has produced an intiuctance coil with the largest of the steamshIps with sllch opposition that the article was left un­ will rival in size all but an iron core whicH provides a larg� magnetic mass just closed. touched. The period of delay for trade marks simil!h' of the century which has and enables the size of each conductor to be reduced to chat of patents was made uniform, being four to the external dimensions of about 2 inches by 2 PUPI S LONG DIST ANCE TELEPHONY months, instead of three and four months, as at !l' inches by 3 inches. For submarine cables these view of the great interest which has been arouse'] present. This is of little interest to citizens of this In coils would be placed at intervals of an eighth of a in Dr. Pupin's system of long-distance telephony by country, as it refers to trade mark laws which are mile and for land cables at intervals of 2 miles. the a nouncement of the sale of his patents to the ' not Similar to our own, and under which it is expected 'u The introduction of the iron core In the inductance American Telephone and Telegraph Company, for the that trade marks should be registered before use in­ coils, by considerably reducing the bulk of the coils, sum of about $500,000, we republish in the current stead of after, as in this country. Th� provisions of has rendered their installation thoroughly amenable issue of the SUPPLEMENT the illustrated article, descrip­ the COllvention against false indications of origin are to the arbitrary constructional requirements for long tive of his system, which appeared in the SCIENTIFIC extEmded agricultural products, thus protecting our distance cables, particularly in submarine work ; for to AMERICAN of June 2, 1900. The article referred to frufta. new article was inserted granting the same the whole device can now readily be included within A describes the line of investigation follov.:ed by prot�ti()n unfair competition to citizens of the Dr� the sheathing of the cable. We are informed by Dr. against Pupin, which consisted, first, in formulating a math­ granted to citizens or subjects of Pupin that the extreme distance over which the pres­ Unjte,,atesas is ematical theory of the propagation of e�ectrical waves countries of the Convention. This ent system of telephony will be fully available is 3-,000 any O\�f:�r. ,.J.l the in long wire conductors, and, second, in the con­ 'l'ithin the Convention of protection to agri­ miles. inclusf:�1t1 struction of an experimental cable that should verify CIIU�sts and of the doctrine of unfllir competition ...... the theory and open the way for the construction of ..-.a:ibe regarded as a distinct advance . a cable suitable to commercial use. THE KRESS AIRSHIP. The personnel of the Convention was of the highest The history of this investigation, which has in­ Herr Wilhelm Kress has completed his model of al clHl,racter. The delegates, of whom forty-five were In volved five years of painstaking expE'riment, would airship, and he is now working on a large vessel. It.­ attendance at one time, were the ministers O'l the sev­ make interesting reading. It is the weakening of the brief his system consists in an aeroplane operated by � eral members of the Union, supported by the heads of electrical current in an ordinary wire conductor that light benzine engine. Great wings of silk or herurr. the offices of the different countries "hich are COli.-

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26. IQOt. 51 cerned with industrial property, professors of uni­ shown by the distance apart of the pairs of lines in SCIENCE NOTES. versities, members of legislative bodies and lawyers of the spectrum. A certain Mne in the spectr.m comes The late Prof. Marsh, of Yale, beque.tthed his houso recognized standing and authorities ot! the subjects from the presence of hydrogen, let us say, in the at­ and grounds for a botanical garden. They are to be discussed. The United States was represented by Mr. mosphere of one of the stars. It is always accompa­ made the home of the newly created School of Fores· Walter Chamberlain, Assistant Commissioner of Pat­ nitd by a comparison line due, in its turn, to hydrogen try. ents; Hon. Lawrence Townsend, United States Minister in the other star. If the distance apart of the two Prof. E. W. Scripture, head of psychological labora­ to Belgium ; and Mr. Francis Forbps, of New York. stars changes, the distance apart of the two hydrogen tory of Yale University, has been awarded a gold medal lines will change. The changes in the distance of the .at the Paris Exposition for his lantern for testing color ORBIT I! OF REVOLVING DOUBLE STARS. lines can be measured in millimeters ; and from them vision. BY DR. EDWARD S. HOLDEN, LATE DJRECTOR OF THE LICK OBSER. lhe motion of the two stars can be calculated in miles. YATORY. Prof. C. H. Eigenmann has discovccred a new type uf By methods like those which have been here sum­ Sir William Herschel observed toward the close of cave salamander, an active creature about four inch('.; marily described, and by other methods based on the the last century that many stars, seen as one body w long, with protruding eyes and a tail longer than itR measurement of the light of a star around which the unassisted eye, were double in the telescope ; and :J. body, speckled brown and yellow, and the peculiar for­ dark body is moving, so as to periodically obscure and his measures of the relative positions of the two ob­ mation of its feet enables it to climb vertical walls of occult some of its light, our present knowledge of the jects leu him to the important discovery that, in many glass and even move like a fly across the ceiling. universe of revolving double stars has been amassed. cases, one of the stars was revolving about the other Camille Flammarion, the French astronomer, It is far from complete, but it is now possible to form M. in an orbit, or, to speak more accurately, that each of does not place the slightest credence in the idea that some kind of a general view and to enumerate the dif­ the bouies was revolving about their common centl3r the inhab,itants of Mars are trying to signal to our ferent species. The minute study of particular stars of gravity. It was not until the first third of our own earth. He considers that the lights observed in the will be one of the researches of the coming century. century that the orbits of some of these revolving Icarium Mare were, in his opinion, simply the reflec· One class of revolving stars is typified by the varLl­ double stars were calculated, and the calculations tion of the rays of the setting sun on the clouds over ble star Algol, whose brightness varies periodically in showed that their revolutions were performed in obe­ that sea. such a way as to make it certain that the variations dience to the law of gravitation. in brilliancy are caused by the revolution of a "dark Chippendale's workshop adjoins No. 60 St. Martin's Newton's law of grayitation was thus demonstrated star" about the bright Algol. Algol is commonly a Lane, Charing Cross, London. It extended a ·�Ol!­ to extend to the stars; it was shown that gravitation star of the second magnitude. After remaining of siderable way to the rear, and was approached thrOl.gh was, in fact, universal. The universe was everywhere this brilliancy for ab 'lt two and a half days it falls a long entry. His rival, Cobb, in the making of ani�­ subject to one fundamental law. This was a gredt to fourth. magnitude (that is, it loses seventy per cent tic furniture, had workshops not far away, at the step forward because in ""ewton's time it had not been of its pristine light) in a short time�about four and corner of St. Martin's Lane, at what is now known as proved that gravitation extended further than to the a half hours. It remains of the fourth magnitude for Garrick Street. confines of the solar system. Saturn was then the about twenty minutes, and in about three and a half The London Lancet calls attention to the fact that outermost known planet (its distance from the sun is hours it regains all its light and remains at this bril­ canned tomatoes are now being extensively colored, in nine and a half times that of the earth) . In 1781 liancy for two and a half days, and so on. These order to make them look attractive and as if made Herschel discovered the planet Uranus (nineteen times changes have been observed since 1667. They are from ripe fruit. Among the colors so employed are the distance of the earth ), and in 1846 the planet Nep­ caused by the revolution of a dark satellite of large di­ coal-tar colors and cochineal. The subject of artificial tune was found (at a distance thirty times as great mensions about the principal star. The bright star is coloring and preservation of food is now receivin� as the earth's) . Both the new planets obeyed the law about a million miles in diameter, and the dark sat­ great attention in England. of gravitation in their motions round the sun. It was ellite about eight hundred thousand. Their distance indeed by minute departures of the observed positions A penny lunch room was recently opened in Chi­ apart is about three million miles. Each of these stars of Uranus from its calculated positions that the exist­ cago. The average amount received for each check is, then, about the size of our own sun, but the mass ence of an exterior planet-Neptune-was suspected, was 3% cents. Every article on the bill of fare is one of both of the!Tl combined is only two-thirds of the and subsequently verified. cent, and for three cents a man gets a good, whole­ sun's mass. Their density is thus much less than that The distance of the stars is almost infinitely greater some breakfast. The projectors intend to operate than t11<:-t of the earth. The nearest of them is some of water. They resemble spheri cal clouds, one bril­ twenty rooms, and expect to feed from 25 ,000 to 30,000 20,000,000,000,000 miles from the sun. It was a great liant, the other dark. Other systems of the sort have persons a day. The experimental lunch room hail step then to have brought such distant systems under lately been discovered by spectroscopic means. One of proved to be a great success. them, Mu Scorpii, has a period of thirty-five hours obedience to the same law that governs the fall of A national Physical Science Laboratory, in connec­ only. Mizar, one of the stars of the Great Bear, has a heavy bodies on the earth. tion with Kew Observatory, is to be established at period of fifty-two days. Others have periods of a year During the present century tens of thousands of new Bushey House, Bushey Park, which has been placed or more. double stars have been founn, as telescopes have been at the disposal of the Royal Society for this purpose Binary stars discovered by means of visual observ.t­ improved and as observers have become more assidu­ by Queen Victoria. In view of the controversy be­ tions with the telescope all revolve in much longer pe­ ous alid more skillfu l. Of these thousands many hun­ tween the observers at Kew and the London United riods. To be seen at all, it is necessary that the prin­ dreds are, in all likelihood, binary-that is, they form Tramways Company, it is also rumored that the ob­ cipal stars should both be bright, and that they should a physical system, and are not merely perspectively servatory will possibly be removed from its present be separated by large distances. Gamma Virginis, for projected on the background of the sky at the same location to Hampton Court. spot. Such perspective doubles have no special inter­ instance, has a period of one hundred and ninety-four The scarcity of agricultural labor in Yorkshire, Eng­ est. They are, as it were, the results of accident. The years, and its components are situated at a distance of land, has resulted in the widespread introduction of physical systems are, on the other hand, of the highest four seconds. Other systems of shorter period ar8 mechanical appliances in order to cope with the work. interest. Here are two suns (fm stars are suns) for­ known, but until very recently the binary star of the One of the most novel is a mechanical milking device, ever linked together by gravitation ; forever revolving shortest known period (excluding stars of the Algol but which, however, has not been employed with very about the same center. If they are accompanied by cla$s) was Kappa Pegasi, whose periodic time is over great success. The results of mechanical milking are planets (and who shall say that they are not?) the eleven years. far below those obtained by hand, which is principally conditions of life on such planets are strangely dif­ Prof. Hussey, at the Lick Observatory, has recently due to the fact that no two udders are alike, and also ferent from our own. Days and nights and times ann printed the results of his calculations on Delta Equu­ because the animals object to the tubes. seasons in sueh a system depend on complex configur:l­ lei, and his conclusions are that the components of tions not readily to be conceived. tnis star revolve in the remarkably short period of five The fourth Cloaca Maxima has been discovered in Not only have revolving double stars been detected and seven-tenths years. Otto Struve, among others. the Forum. Signor Boni has been very successful in long ago, suspected the short period of this star, but by the telescope, but the spectroscope has stepped in try exploring the great sewers of ancient Rome and in aid in such discoveries. A double star in the telescope the results of Prof. Hussey, although given out with preventing the flooding of the Forum whenever the appears as two. sQparate stars, often so exceedingly cautious reserve, seem to bear out the conclusion which Tiber rises, and also has been enabled to explore the close together as to appear single, except to the most is of especial interest, as it bridges the interval be­ Cloaca Maxima itself. This led to the discovery of searching vision under the most favorable circum­ tween stars of the Algol class with periods of a year three other cloaCal maximal, each older and larger than stances. There is a limit of nearness below which a or less, and telescopic binaries with periods of a dozen the one hitherto known. They have been found to given telescope cannot separate two stars into two im­ years up to several hundred years. It appears to show contain many fragments of Etruscan vases and other that revolving double stars exist having periods of all interesting relics. It is possible that the recent over­ ages, but at which it will present them as one. A telescope one inch in diamEter, for example, will show lengths from a day or so up to several centuries. A flow of the Tiber may result in more discoveries of two stars as one image, unless the angular distance priori this was to be expected. At the same time the value to the archalological world. actual discovery of a telescopic binary of very short apart of the two exceeus four and a half seconds of Further valuable discoveries of antiquities have period is a matter of uncommon interest. arc. A telescope thirty-six inches in aperture cannot been made in the course of the excavations in the separate two stars close t9gether unless their angular .'._. Forum between the Temples of Vesta and Castor, distance from each other exceeds one·tenth of a sec­ A PRIZE FOR BEER-COOLING MIXTURES. the most important of which is the unearthing of the ond of arc ; and so in other cases. If we were obliged A first prize of $375 and a second prize of $125 are fountain of Juturna and a shrine. The altar of the to depend upon the telescope alone, it is clear that offered by the German Brewers' Association for the latter has a bas-relief depicting the final meeting of there might be a whole universe of very close 'double best cooling mixtures for beer. The conditions speci­ Juturna with her brother Turnus, before the latter stars that wOelld forever remain sealed to our sight. fied are that the mixture shall not contain anything met his death in single combat with Eneas. In close The stars are so exceedingly distant that the distance that may be injurious to health, and it must not cost proximity to the shrine a suite of rooms lavish'ly ' between the two components of a binary, while large more than twelve cents for a cooling capacity equal decorated with mosaics was also discovered. Investi­ if expressed in miles, is yet very small when expressen to that of 100 pounds of ice. It must also be capable gations point to the fact that this was probably the in its angular dimensions as viewed from the earth. of maintaining the beer, when treated, at a tempera· Statio Aquarum, the headquarters of the administra­ When a single star is looked at through the spectro­ ture of 45 deg. to 47 deg. F. The formula must be sent tion for the water supply of Rome. In the outskirts of scope its light is spread out into a narrow brilliant to the pre8ident of the association, Herr Henrich, Pompeii a magnificent bronze statue about four feet Neue Zei, No. 68, Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany. band of prismatic colors-the spectrum-crossed by a in height has also been unearthed. Signor Orsi, of number of narrow dark, or, it may be, bright, lines­ • 1.' • the Archalological Museum, has examined the relic, the Fraunhofer lines, EO called. When a close d('luble 'VHILE plowing in Ii field upon a farm near Leighton which represents a nude male of Greek workman­ star is viewed, only one spectrum band of prismal ic Buzzard (England) , an old earthen vessel was turned ship, and has concluded that it dates from the fifth color is seen, but that band is crossed by two sets of up in a furrow. Upon examination, the vase "as found century before Christ. He also considers it to be jark lines. One set of dark lines belongs to each star. to contain sixty-three ancient British gold coins, each the most valnable discovery made since the excavation If the stars are revolving about each other we kll(,v meas)lring about 1% inches in diameter. It was in this of the famous bronze Faun in 1870. The figure is that their distance apart, as seen from the earth, wii! same district, a few years ago, that a rich haul of tn perfect condition, save for one arm, which, how· change ; but the unaided telescope can show nothing "Ine thousand two hundred gold pieces of the period of ever, was found close by. The statue is estimated of this motion. In the spectroscope, however, it is hing Cymbeline, B. C. 55, was discovered. to be worth $100,000.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901. an axle-spindle is placed within a bel!.ring bo x, A WONDERFUL PIECE OF ctOOXWOB.X. When o n the fertile tract which lies near Charleston, S. C. At the upper part of the Mareorama building, at the lock-nut remains on the spindle, so that the nut Some Connecticut capitalists have negotiated for the the Exposition, there was exhibited a wonderful piece will not be lost ; and, therefore, the end of each bear­ purchase of 4,000 acres of land near Charleston, where of clockwork in the form of a small house constructed ing-box section is enlarged. The inner end of the up­ 300,000 pounds of tea could be raised annually for the of copptr and bronze. It was the work of 1. M. Gold­ per bearing-box section is open; while the inner end of American market. The cultivation of this product in fadoff, a Russian clockmaker. The fa!)ade, which was the South is expected to yield rich returns. We pub­ 5 feet in length and 3 feet 6 inches in height, repr-3- lished an article upon the subject of the Pinehurst sented a Russian railway station, with its telegraph industry in the SCIENTIFIC AlI1ERICAN, August 19, 1899.

office, Etation agent's office, ticket office, and even a •••••

buffet. Opposite the station there was a garden, with Injury by tbe X-Kays. fountains, trees and flowers, and, surrounding the The question as to whether the application of the garden, a railway, with gates, semaphores, lubricator's X-rays to the human body causes any pain to the pa­ box, w;tter tank, etc. tient undergoing the treatment has aroused widespread In thl) cupola that surmounted the station was discussion, but according to a recent case that hap­ housed the clockwork mechanism. This, in the first pened in England, it is evident severe suffering is place, controlled several dials that indicated the time occasionally inflicted by their application. A lady 68 at various points of the globe, years of age, while cycling, met the season, the month, the day, with an accident, which was sup­ and the phases of the moon, posed to have fractured her and, in the second, a system of thigh. Shortly afterward an pulleys and wheels that gav;) eruption broke out in her stom­ life to the station once a day, ach, and to diagnose the case the When noon sounded, a lever was Roentgen ray apparatus was set in operation and the teleg­ brought into use. The lady raphers, who were bustling eventually succumbed to the around their office, received the malady, and at the inquest which announcement of the arrival of followed, a letter was read in a train. A guard rang a bell, which she stated that she had a whistle was heard, and the suffered untold agonies by the train entered the station. It "cruel over-exposure of the X­ stopped at the tank to take on rays." The photographer stated water, while the red disk of that he made two exposures of the semaphore gave place to a thirty-five minutes and forty­ green one in order to protect five minutes respectively. The it. Thp station agent came out surgeon who was present at the . of his office, on the platform, exposures, and superintended the the lubricator examined the operations, stated that death axles of the car wheels, and the was due to the exhaustion from passengers, who had come out shock produced by the fracture of the waiting room, passed in A CURIOUS RUSSIAN CLOCK, of the thigh and the application front of the ticket office. The of the X-rays. Expert evidence guard rang the bell three times, and the train, an­ the lower section is provided with a square jaw for the upon the subject was given by Dr. Lewis Jones, the nounced at the following station by the telegraphers, reception of the rectangular portion of the axle. This medical officer in charge of the electrical department got ready to start again. The conductor of the train jaw prevents the runner from working detrimentally of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, who said he whistled, the locomotive responded, and the train left on the spindle; and the box-bearing effectually pre­ considered that the exposures had been normal. He the station. There were passengers in the cars who vents the runner from working off the axle ann had discovered in the course of his investigations seemed to be making their farewells from behind the protects the axle-spindle. The sections of the bearing­ that some people were sensitive to the rays while curtains. After the lubricator had re-entered his box box may be connected either by bolts or by a spring­ others experienced an immunity from their effects. the gates closed and a gendarme upon the platform catch such as that shown in Fig. 2. This was believed to be due to the condition of the

made a military salute to a portrait of the Czar, which .' ... skin at various times. There was always a risk of was unmasked by a dial ; while, at the same time, an THE BURTON PLASTIC PRESSURE TUBE EXPANDER. skin burn where the exposures were prolonged, but invisible orchestra. played the Russian national At the Thornycroft works a new tool for expanding he had never heard of death being attributable to the hymn. Finally, the station agent re-entered his office. boiler-tubes has been successfully used, which may X-ray burn. The jury, however, returned a verdict and all this little world relapsed into quiet. We are supersede the old taper mandrel and rollers. It is a that the woman died from shock and exhaustion, fol· indebted to La Nature for the engraving and descrip­ well-known principle that certain metals, such as lead, lowing an accident and the effects of the X-rays, up::m tion. can be made to flow when subjected to pressure ; and a weakened system. The photographer and surgeon . .. upon this principle the operation of the invention were exonerated from all responsibility. A RUNNER FOR VEHICLES. depends. The tool consists of a phosphor-bronze cyl­ .4. , . The accompanying engraving represent a vehicle­ inder containing a piston provided with three piston­ Large Gushlug Well in Texas. runner patented by Frank G. and George L. Scott, ot rods which pass through the cylinder-cover and are The great gushing well near Beaumont, Tex., is cre­ secured to a bearing-block. The rear end of the cyl­ ating considerable interest in the Soutnwest. Th,c inder is fitted with a valve. At the forward end of the well far eclipses any ever drilled in the United States, cylinder, in the center of the cover is a mandrel, en­ and the output is 7,00tl barrels daily greater than the larged at its forward end to fit the boiler-tube. largest gushing ,,"ell in Russia. It is estimated that The piston having been drawn back to the rear end this flow exceeds 25,000 barrels every twenty· four of the cylinder, a lead-bush is placed around the hours, and the flow is constantly increasing in volume. mandrel. After the mandrel has been forced as far This is due to the fact that when the oil was struck as possible into the tube, the bush will fill the space the iron casing was blown out of the hole, and the size between the tube and the mandrel. Water under (: the hole gradually increased. A solid six-inch high pressure, when admitted to the cylinders, will stream of oil shoots into the air to a height of 200 draw the mandrel back, whereby the lead-bush will feet. It is thought that the only way to save the oil first be wedged into the space between the tube and is by dirt reservoirs, and they are being constructed rs the mandrel and will then flow past the shoulder of the rapidly as possible, in order that none of the oil maj' mandrel. Simultaneously the tube will be expanded. be wasted. As is usual in such cases, almost fabulous Finally, when the mandrel-shoulder enters the tube­ prices are being paid for almost waste lands. The plate, the lead is thrust between the face of the bear­ well is attracting great attention, and is being visite(l ing-block and the end of the tube. The mandrel can by thousands of people. The new well has served to be easily taken out of the tube and the thin sheet of depress prices in the oil market. lead still remain- NEW VEHICLE RUNNER. ing scraped off. The amount of expansion can be Newport, R. 1. To the recessed front socket-sections of the runner the lower ends of braces are secured, regulated by va· the upper divergent ends of which are fastened to the rying the length lower, forward members of bifurcated connecting­ of the bush ing. blocks. To the rear, lower members of the connect­ Tubes c an be ing blocks the upper ends of rear braces are attached. readily expanded The lower, converging ends of the braces are received into flanges for by rear, recessed socket-sections on the runner. The steam - pipes and connecting-blocks are tied together by a cross-bar, into tube - plates. which is in turn united by a longitudinal brace with The tool is the the forward end of the runner. invention of Dr. Burto n, of In connection with each runner a box-bearing is C. V. employed. (Figs. 2 and 3.) This box-bearing co n­ Lo n don, Eng­ l sists of upper and lower sections hinged together, so and. that one can close upon the other to form a complete ••• box. 'l'he tapering portion of an axle-spindle is received . Two sy ndicates by the correspondingly-shaped central portion of the have been forllled inner chamber of each section. The spindle is provid­ to raise tea in tld with the usual collars where it joins the axle. large quantities A PLASl'IC'PRESSURE BOILER-TUBE EXPANDER.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901. j'citutific �lUtrica.c 53 IRRIGATION FARMING IN THE SOUTHWEST. failure was certain, but it was hastened by drought. twice that extent of laterals. The illustrations show BY D. ALLEN WILLEY. A succession of dry years followed. The creeks failed, one of the principal canals owned by W. W. Duson, In 1884 and 1885 a few farmers from the North­ and reservoirs were found to be expensive and un­ of Crowley, which might be called the Metropolis of western States settled on the great Southern prairie reliable. the Acadia district. A view of the pumping plant which extends along the coast from the parish of St. To provide a reliable supply of water, pumping whieh furnishes the main supply to this canal is Mary, in Louisiana, to the Texas line-a distance of plants for raiSing water from the streams were gradu­ also given. The same general plan is followed about 140 miles. Finding that rice, which had beel: ally put in. The elevation of the prairies above the throughout the district in canal construction. In grown for many years for home consumption, but streams varies from 6 to 38 feet, the larger portion nearly every township there are one or more ridges by Oriental methods, was well suited to the con­ being from 15 to ;::5 feet. At first farms along the slightly above the surrounding land. The sides of ditions of agriculture the canals are raised here, they commenced from 4 to 5 feet with immediately to adapt plows and scrapers or the agricultural ma­ with grading machin­ chinery to which they ery. Grading machines had been accustomed to work very well, as the the rice industry. soil is a loam or a clay Wherever prairies were free from stones. Side found sufficiently level, gates are inserted in with an intersecting the embankment as fre· creek which could be quently as necessary. used to flood them, they Laterals are run from were surrounded by a the main canal to ac­ small levee thrown up corn modate remote by a road-grader, or by farms. The pumping a plow with a strong plants are usually wing attached to the erected on the bank of moldboard, extending it the supply stream at by 4 or 5 feet. These the head of the surface levees were usually 12 Excavating Channel for a Lateral Cana!. canal. In several por­ to 24 inches high, and tions of Louisiana it is �he interior ditch was 12 to 18 inches deep, and 4 or 5 streams and lakes were irrigate<1; gradually large necessary to construct flumes to feed the canal owing feet wide. Very few interior ditches were made for surface canals were constructed. Irrigating canals to the uneven character of the ground and the fact drainage. The land was so level that fields of 40 and SO were started in a small way in Acadia Parish, La., in that the supplying stream or well is at some distance acres were common. The prai ries were practically free 1890. In 1894 a canal 40 feet wide was built for 15 from the irrigation ditch. The flumes are constructed from injurious grasses, and the creek or river water miles with 10 miles of laterals. This was followed of 2-inch plank, thoroughly seasoned and supported was soft and bore no damaging seed" to the fields. by the Crowley Canal, which is now 35 feet wide and on a trestle work of beams. The flumes are built of The rice fields were handled like the "bonanza" 8 miles in length, and has 10 miles of lateral lines. various sizes. depending, of course, upon the size of wheat farms of Dakota, and fortunes were made. Then followed the Riverside Canal, which now has the canal to be supplied. Few of those in the South­ Levees "ere cheaply constructed ; little attentior wa.; several miles in operation. These enterprises have west range over 10 feet in wi dth or 5 feet in depth. paid to drainage, more than to remove the surfac'" grown steadily until there are now 9 canals in Acadia The pumping stations are generally constructed of water; �hocking, stacking, and thrashing were done Parish, with an approximate length of 115 miles. wood. owing to the cheapness of this material. Many in a v·0ry careless manner, the main object being, There are about 25 irrigating canals in Acadia, Cal­ of them are built partly over the stream on pile sup­ appareGtly, to plant a large acreage and secure a cer­ casieu, Cameron, and Vermillion pari shes, with a ports in order that the piping system may be as short tain number of bushels, regardless of quality. Ultimate total length of over 400 miles of mains and probably as pos"ible. The plants recently erected are equipped

Pumping Station. Capacity 60000 Gallons Raised 28 Feet per Minute. Lateral Canal of Irrigation System Running Through a Rice Field.

Harvesting the Rioe Orop.

IRRIGATION FARMING IN THE 8OlJTHWEST.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 54 J cirntific �lIttican� JANUARY 26, 1901. with the most modern machinery for lifting water, ®orre9 on�ence. state, has; been found to be more transparent for the and nearly all are operated by steam power. p 1!Iltra-violet rays than for other rays. When this gas Of recent years the supply from the streams of i::; unGe,' great pressure, or in the liquid condition, it water has been sufficient to meet requirements eve,l Cause of Tran"l)aren('y for Heat and Actinic Rays. is dark colored or bluish, and no doubt if it could during the season of the greatest drought. In South­ To the Editor of the SCIE;>i;TIFIC A;\IERICAN : be obtained in an absolutely pure condition it would western Louisiana, however, are strata of gravel at 125 Is carbon in organic compounds the cause of their be black. A very small amount of gas mixecl with to 200 feet under the surface of the entire section, con­ transparency for heat rays ? oxygen or hydrogen affects its absorption of light and taining a generous supply of water, which will of its Nigrosine, a coal tar color used in dyeing (C3r.H"N3) , other rays. WILLIAM SCH{;SITER. own pressure rome so near the surface that it can and which is very rich in carbon, is dissolved in chloro­ Chicago, Ill. be readily pumped. Repeated tests have proved that form or alcohol by scientists and used as a ray filter ,\utvrnobile Neu's. there is a hed of gravel nearly 50 feet in thickness to cut off all rays except the heat rays, which it trans­ Her Imperial Majesty Augusta Victoria, Empress of underlying this section of Louisiana, which carries mits freely. Germany, has been added to the list of royal chaffeuses. a large amount of soft water with sufficient pressur,� All the other coal tar dyes have been found to be to bring it nearly to the surface. very transparent for the heat rays, but opaque for Chicago authorities have granted licenses to six ultra-violet rays, and almost opaque for light rays. women to operate automobiles. They were all for run­ A 6·inch well will furnish a constant stream from a 4 to 5-inch pump. A system of sueh wells may be (Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. 38, pages 77 to 83.) These dyes ning electrical vehicles. put down 30 to 40 feet apart, and each one will act all contain a rf)}atively large amount of carbon. It is probable that an automobile service will be Liquids which contain a high percentage of carbon established between Bologna and Modena. It is said independently and furnish as much water as it it are the most transparent for heat rays; for example, stood alone. Such a combination of wells may be that the cars will have a very large seating capacity. carbon bisulphate, benzine, iodide of methyl and ethyl, united just below water level, and all be run by one The race from Paris to Rouen, in which fifty·two ve­ chloroform, alcohol, naphtha, amylene, xylol, essence engine and pump. Water rises naturally in thes," hicles used alcohol, has resulted in a decided drop in of lavender, essence of turpentine, etc. wells to within 20 feet of the surface, and a number the price of gasoline; forty-one of the carriages suc­ Many of the lines of absorption in these compounds of flowing wells have been secured. The lift is not ceeded in finishing. in the infra-red region coincide and are due to hydro­ greater than from rivers, lakes, or bayous into canals. The Committee on Sport of th e Automobile Club of gen. Bisulphide of carbon and several other dia­ Eight 4·inch wells un ited at the top can be run by France has decided that the international club race thermanous substances, which dO not contain hydrogen, one 16·inch pump and a 50-horse power engine, and will take place in the first week of May, and it will be do not show these absorption lines, which are present will flood 1,000 acres of rice. The total cost of an run on the Paris-Bordeaux itinerary. The choice of when hydrogen is contained in the molecule. (Proc. irrigating plant sufficient for flooding 200 acres is the French team has not yet been made. Roy. Soc., vol. 31, Abney and Festing.) from $1,500 to $2,500. It requires about seventy days' Lampblack, which is almost pure carbon, when a The Central Passenger Association has decided that pumping for the rice season. thin coating is spread on a rock salt prism, cuts off all automobiles are not baggage and that they cannot be These canals where well constructed and operated the rays except heat rays (it transmits long heat checked. Some of the theatrical companies thought have proved entirely successful, and have made the rays) , and it has been discovered that this substance they were entitled to have them checked, but the Pas­ rice crop a practical C'ertainty over a large section does not absorb all rays, as stated in most text-books, senger Association ruled to the contrary. of country. They range in irrigating eapacity from but is somewhat transparent for heat rays. M. Lenoir died recently in Paris in poor circum­ 1,000 to 30,000 acres. The usual water rent chargeel. Substances containing a large amount of carbon stances. In 1860 he was granted a patent for an elec· the planter by the canal company is 324 pounds of are opaque to light rays, as is the case with some of trically ignited motor driven by an explosive mixture rough rice per acre watered. the coal tar dyes, lampblack, charcoal, diamonds (when of air and gas. It was not thought, however, that the The operations of harvesting and threshing the heated and converted into graphite) , graphite, etc., invention was of any value, but two years later his rice crop in Southwestern Louisiana are performed but when hydrogen is added to carbon, as in the hydro­ carriage made a number of short trips through Paris with th e self·bin!ler and the steam thresher. The carbons, such substances are transparent for light rays. streets. On many accounts he may be regarded as use of the former is favore!l by the size of the fields, When hydrogen is added to the colored elements the father of one type of automobile. and by the C'haracter of the soil. The use of the lat­ ehlorine and iodine, colorless gases result. On December 21 a severe snowstorm visited Atlantic ter, while it frequently involves the breakage of con­ When hydrogen is added to dyes, by reduction, what City, the fall being twelve inches. The result was siderable grain, is a cheap. rapid. and effective method is known as leuco compounds of the dyes are formed, that railroads, trolley cars and nearly all the public of separating the ri C'e from the straw. Without the which compounds are colorless. They are converted conveyances were unable to make trips; the electric use of such machines the large cultural operation" into the dyes by oxidation; i. e., elimination of hy­ automobiles, however, continued to operate with al­ of this feetion would be impossible. In fact, the em· drogen and substitution therefor of radicals, etc. All most the same degree of regularity as under normal ployment of machinery in the rice fields of the South­ of the dyes of the triphenyl-methane group (rosaniline, conditions. An automobile at Lakewood has also west similar to that used in the great wheat fields aurin, and eosin group ), indigo, methylene blue, safra­ proved to be highly successful in snowstorms. of California and the Dakotas is revolutionizing th e nine, and other dyes, are capable of yielding such leuco An interesting trial of electric ca�s for city use was methods of cultivation and greatly reducing the cost. compounds. (See " Organic Chemistry," by A. Bernth­ recently held at Vienna. 'lhe tests, which were of an The American rite grower, although employing highe�­ sen.) official character, were superintended by M. Peyron, priced labor than any other rice grower of the world, Water is highly transi. ,rent for light rays and Prefect of Police; Dr. Waas, M. Kienast, Councilor of will ultimately be able to market his crop at the least actinic rays, but absorbs I lOre heat than any other the Prefecture, and the Chief of the Fire Brigade, M. cost and the greatest profit. If, in addition, the same liquid (Tyndall) . The great absorption of heat by Muller. They started from the city hall in two elec· relative improvement can be secured in the rice itself. water is undoubtedly due to the fact that it contains tric cabs, and made the tour of the main streets in if varieties which yield from 80 to 90 per cent of no carbon . The transparency for light rays may be the center of the city, and then after a number of de­ head riee in the finished product can be successfully due to hydrogen, and transparency for chemical rays tours in the narrower side streets came back to the introduced, American rice growers will be able to com­ may be due to oxygen. starting point. These tests have given very satisfac­ mand the highest prices for their product in the Is oxygen the cause ot transparency tor chemical or tory results, and the vehicles made a good showing. markets of the world. actinic rays ! The evidence on this point is very conclusive, and The batteries will carry a sufficient charge for a 30· So extensive have become the interests engaged in m mile run. The judges were especially impressed with rice an,l other cultivation in Louisiana and Texas that yet in no book or agazine is this fact Etated. the ease with which the automobiles went through a number of companies have been organized with Quartz (SiO,) is used in the form of prisms when the ultra-violet or chemical rays a:-e to be examined, their evolutions, starting and stopping instantly. There ample capital, eaeh company controlling areas rangin!\, as these prisms transmit the ultra-violet region more is some talk of constructing one or more electric fire­ as high as 5,000 and 6,000 acres. The Duson Canal completely than those made of glass or any other pumps for the city. system is one of the largest in the Southwest ; and material. suppli'�s the necessary irrigation to a series of the This year will see a number of important automo­ Water is highly transparent for these rays. most extensive rice plantations in the world. The in­ (H.O) bile races in Europe, among which may be mentioned The normal alcohols and fatty acids, which all con­ dicatio:ls are that with the area recently placed under that of the Gordon Bennett cup, the Paris·Amsterdam tain oxygen, are more or less transparent for the cultivation in the Southwest the United States will and the Paris-Berlin and the Berlin-Vienna races. For ultra-violet rays. possibly in ti me supply more than the combined the Gordon Bennett cup at least three clubs will com­ The transparency for the ultra-violet rays is the countrie� of the world. Although the cultivation has pete, the Automobile clubs of Great Britain, Americ�l greatest in those acids which contain the most oxygen. already assumed large proportions in Louisiana an,l and Germany; the former club will hold a series of Citric acid, which contains seven atoms of oxygen, Texas, it is cl aimed that the outlook for the further preliminary races, and the winners alone will be al­ absorbs but a small portion of the ultra-violet spec­ extension of the industry is very promising. Accord­ lowed to compete for the cup. The German club in­ trum, while acetic acid, which contains two atoms ing to the best estimates there are about 10,000,000 tends to be represented by five vehicles, two Daimler, of oxygen only, absorbs nearly the whole of this acres of land in the five States bordering the Gulf one Benz and two Canello-Durkopp. It is probable spectrum. In the case of the sulphates, sulphites, and of :� exieo well suited to rice cultivation. The amount that America will be represented by the Winton ma­ hyposulphites, the former contain the most oxygen, chines. It is probable that Belgium will enter the race which can he sueessfully irri gated by present meth­ and are the most transparent for ultra-violet rays. with Bollee or German machines. As will be remem­ ods, usi ng the available surface and artesian flows, (See article by Dr. W. A. Miller, Jour. Chern. Soc., bered, the cup was won last year by Charron, repre­ does not exceed 3,000,000 acres. The balance of the 1864.) senting the Automobile Club of France, although ow· land could probably be brought into cultivation were Hydrocarbons, which do not contain oxygen, appear ing to various misunderstandings the race was unsat· it necessary, hut the ('ost WOUld, perhaps, be pro­ to be unable to allow these rays to pass through them. isfactory, owing to the fact that all the competi tors did hibitive at present prices. Th e best results require Thus benzine (C"H,,) , terpenes with the composition not run. Another interesting event will be the Paris­ rotation of crops; consequently only one-half of that CIOH,• and C",H,, ; anthracene, and naphthalene, and Berlin contest, which will be held in May. The Em­ amount, or 1,500,000 acres, would be in rice at any other hydrocarbons are almost opaque for the ultra­ peror William, whose interest in automobile matters one time. At an average yield of ] 0 barrels (of 162 violet rays. (See Landauer's "Spectrum Analysis " is well known, is to give a prize for this race. Shortl! pounds) per acre, 1,500,000 acres · of rice would pro­ and Jour. Chern. Soc., 1898.) after duce nearly 2,500,000,000 pounds of cleaned rice, near­ There is a difference of opinion among investigators will be held the Berlin-Vienna eontest, organizerl. ly six times the amount of our present consumption. as to whether open cliain hydrocarbons, such as the by the "Auto-Vela" in co·operation with the German As already stated various products are raised paraffines, absorb the ultra-violet rays, but Prof. W. and Austrian Automobile clubs. The distance from through means of irrigation, but, of course, a large N. Hartley, who is perhaps the best authority on such Berlin to Vienna is 350 miles, over a good road, and mileage of the canal system has been constructed questions, states in The Journal of the Chemkal So· the run may be made in less than one day. A number principally for rice culture. In the same section, ciety (1893) , that all open chain hydrocarbons exert of prizes of considerable value will be offered. If the however, sugar cane, cotton, and corn yield largely, continuous absorption in the ultra-violet region. competitors in the Paris-Berlin race continue to Vien· while the cultivation of garden vegetables has ail· Solutions of gelatine, starch, glycoses, and saccha­ na, they will have covered a total distance of 1,070 sumed quite large proportions, sufficient moisture be­ roses are transparent for these rays. (Landauer's miles, and if they make the return trip to PariR this ing a!forded by the irrigation system, which also fu;-­ .. Spectrum Analysis.") will make 2,140 miles; this will be a good opportunity nishes drainage to the lower lands when necessary. Oxygen gas itself, whether in the gaseous or liquid to observe the endurance of the machines,

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901. J citutific �mtricau. 55 GERMAN EXPRESS LOCOMOTIVE WITH AUXILIARY about 45 miles an hour is done without the slightest EDII:IDeeraD� Notell.

DRIVING AXLE. difficulty, and the wear and tear of the auxiliary gear We regret to note the death of Samuel '1'. Leake, BY FRANK C. PERKINS. is trifling. who made a fortune by the invention of It cotton baie It may be of interest to note some of the details of a The reasons why the builders prefer the described band. t"ecently constructed German expreo;;s locomotive which arrangement. to the use of six coupled wheels are two : Queen Victoria's new royal yacht, the "Victoria and lias been· on exhibit at the Paris Exposition and which the fact that the size of the main engine's cylinders Albert," is to be altered and completed under the direc­ has been ridiculed by some prominent engineers. It can be better proportioned to the requirements of high tion of Designer Watson. may, however, be wise to suspend judgment until care­ speed, and the possibility of a free disposition of the The Pennsylvania Steel Company has successfully ful examination is made of detail drawings and full boiler, especially the firebox and grate, granted by the completed the Gokteik Viaduct in the Shan Hills, India, data is studied. It is a foUl �oupled compound locomo­ absence of a third pair of big drivers. the highest railway bridge in tbe world, and it has tive for express work and has a small pair of carrying The main engine, which actuates the four coupled been formally handed over to the railway company. wheels behind, two pairs of large, coupled, driving wheels of 6 feet 1% inches diameter, has inside cylin­ wheels, and a four-wheeled auxiliary driver truck act­ ders, whose center line has an inclination of 7 per cent A thirty-story building is to be erected at the south­ ing like a "donkey" assistant. This leading pair of to clear the bogie ; while the valve faces and spindles eastern corner of Broadway and Thirty-third street. small drivers can be raised from the rails or pressed are placed horizontally outside and above the cylin­ The lot is 118 feet 6 inches wide on Broadway and 97 - upon them at will by means of a lever. It was built ders. The engine is compound, having a high pressure feet 7 �� inches deep on Thirty-third street. It will be the highest building in the city. by the Locomotivfabrik Krauss & Compo Actien-Ge­ cylinder of 17.3 inches and a low pressure one of 25.6 sellschaft of Munchen for the Bavarian State Railways. inches diameter, the common stroke being 26 inches Carrier pigeons will be used on the car ferries of The object of the designer of this engine, as stated by The valve gear is of the Heusinger-Walschaert type, the Pere Marquette Railway Company this winter. himself, is to provide a locomotive whi('h, in general, but as there is no room for eccentri cs, the motion of This plan of communication is to be used because "has the qualities of a four-coupled engine, but is able the expansion links is taken from the connecting rods. of the dangers of the winter navigation, boats having to increase any time it is needed, its cylinder power, as The reversing screw is arranged vertically on the been, in times past, caught in the ice, with no way of well as its adhesive weight, in proportion of 3 to 2, so plate form, directly above the reversing shaft, and sending for ' aid. that it can exert temporarily a tractive power corre­ handled from the foot plate by means of a horizontal An expert miner of Oakland, Cal., will soon start to sponding to .six coupled wheels." spindle and a pair of beveled pinions. The different Africa on a mission which is both romantic and emi­ It may be wise to consider the reasons given for this sets of valve gears are connected with each other in nently practical. He goes in quest of "King Solomon'S consideration before criticising the design too severely. such a way as to give for the forward motion the Mines," which were made famous by a well-known The engine runs under ordinary conditions on five following coincident cut-offs: • story of an English fiction writer. Mr. Farrell goes axles, viz., a four-wheeled truck in front, two coupled to Africa as an expert for a large London syndicate. axles and atrailing axle carried in a Bissel truck. Be­ si des that, it is fitted with an auxiliary driving axle, -�� ��I�� �� � The steamer "Sonoma," built for the Oceanic Steam­ shi p Company, has arrived in San Francisco, making which is placed between the two truck axles, though it High pres�ure ...... •.... . 30 40 50 60 78� Low )?ressure . .. • • .•....•. ... 72 87 the trip from Philadelphia in thirty-eight days nine does not form part of the truck, having its bearings . 5a� fi4� ,'S� A uxihary cylinders ...... v 16 77 . 23� � hours, making no stops. The best previous trip was guided by horn plates extending down from the main I 35X. I 1 frame plates outside the bogie frames. The center pin forty-three days six hours, made by a sister ship. The As an experiment, the alternating parts of the main ' new vessel will be used between Honolulu and Aus- of the bogie, fixed on the casting forming the main cyl­ engine are perfectly balanced by bob-weights, which tralia. inders, is placed just before the auxiliary axle. The are disposed in the prolongation of the inclined plane A French engineer, named Levavasseur, has devised latter takes its motion from two equal-sized outside of the cylinder centers, and are hidden by the casing a new screw propeller which performs the dual offices cylinders fixed on the main frames in front of the lead­ between the coupled trailing wheels. They consist of of a helix and a rudder contemporaneously. It is por­ ing wheels. The valve gear of the auxiliary engine is cast iron blocks guided like crossheads between slide table, and can be fitted to any kind of craft, readily a modification of Joy's arrangement. bars and driven by special connect:ng rods. and quickly, a feature whi ch recommends its adop­ As already remarked, the auxiliary engine is not al­ The boiler, with a deep firebox laterally extended tion for river and coast navigation. Experiments with ways in motion, but it is only used when starting and beyon,d the frames and wheels, is similar to those of the device have been carried out at Trieste with con­ accelerating heavy loads, or when climbing steep grad­ the Palatinate express engines built in 1898, which ' spicuous success. At full speed the propeller makes ients, in which cases the locomotive is able to exert the have given every satisfaction. But it is somewhat pull of a six-coupled engine. For by far the greater fifteen hundred revolutions per minute. It is actuated larger and has the "extended wagon top " form, the part of the run, therefore, the small engine is station­ by a motor driven by petroleum and benzine. hind ring of the shell, which bears the dome, having ary, its drivers being nGt in contact with the rails but the same diameter as the upper part of the firebox The Secretary of Agriculture has establi shed in the kept about 1.2 inches above them by the force of the casing. The tubes are supported by a tbird tube plate Division of Chemistry a laboratory for testing phy­ two large spiral springs located immediately below near the mid of their length. The chimney is pro­ sically and chemically all varieties of road materials. the running board. These act upon the axle by means longed into the smoke-box. The bIas': orifice of the The laboratory will be ready for operating about the of a horizontal- cross-shaft just behind the main cylin­ auxiliary cylinders is annular round the main blast first of December, and any person desiring to have ders and a vertical rod, which is attached· to two trans­ pipe. The spark arrester is of Sturm s patented Sy3- road materials tested in this laboratory is advised to ' verse plates connecting the axle-boxes. When the aux­ tem with an automatic flap, which is only shut when write to the Office of Public Road Inquiry or the De­ iliary engine is wanted to assist the main one, the ac­ steam is on. partment of ' Agriculture for instructions in regard tion of steam admitted to two cylinders of 7 inches di­ The length of the grate of this engine is 5 feet to the methods of selecting and shipping samples, and ameter, which can be seen directly above the leading :1. 18 inches, while its width is 5 feet 1 0.87 inches. Its they will be tested in the order in which they are bogie wheels, overcomes the tension of the springs and grate area is 31.3 square feet. and ftre·box has a received. presses the axle down against the rails, at the same front height of 6 feet 1.62 inches and a rear height of A curious discovery has been made during the dredg­ time, of course, discharging the two bogie-axles of a 5 feet 5.36 inches. ing operations at the mouths of Morlya and Shoal­ part of their ordinary load. As the bearing-springs of The boiler inside the largest ring has a diameter haven Rivers in New South 'V ales. These rivers run the three hind axles are connected by the compensating of 51,4 feet, and inside the smallest ring, 4 feet 8.14 through an auriferous district, and at the estuary sand levers, their charge cannot be altered in any way by inches. bars and alluvium are deposited. This obstruction has the depression of the pilot axle. It has 238 tubes, ranging in diameter from 1.8.5 to be constantly removed by dredgers in order to allow The diameter of the cylinders of the auxiliary engine inches to 2.05 inches. The tubes are 16 feet 8.79 the channels of the rivers to be kept open for naviga­ is 10.24 inches, while the stroke is 15.75 inches. The inches . long, and give a heating surface of 2,134.3 tion. This mud was then taken out to sea in hoppers wheel base of the bogie is about 3 % feet, while the square feet, while the total heating surface of the boil­ and discharged. A workman one day, impressed by total wheel base is nearly 30 feet. The engine has a er is 2,265.3 square feet" and the normal boiler pressure the curious nature of the soil, panned a little off, and total length over ::mffers of over 38 feet, and has a total used is 200 pounds per square inch. was surprised to find a small sediment of gold dust. weight of 68 tons. This weight is divided as follows: The engine is fitted with an automatic mechanical He communicated his discovery to the authorities, and Leading bogie wheel, 14 tons ; rear bogie wheels, 10.9 sander of the builder's system, wIth fD. r pipes, lead­ further investigations proved that the alluvium was tons ; main drivers, 14.1 tons ; coupled wheels, 14 1 ' .ii ing to the ' main as well as to the at xil ary drivers. freely charged with this metal. It was t erefore de­ tons, and trailing wheels, 14.1 tons. ' l i !i The .Westinghouse air-b,rake acts with four blocks on cided to extract this gold, and the mud is now run The diameter of the main cylinders is 17.3 inches ' the coupled wheel . he registering speed indicator, through an automatic gold-saver before being dumped and 25.6 inches respectively, the stroke 26 inches, and s . T.. ' of Hausshaelter's system, receive'l its motion from into the sea. It is anticipated that the quantity of gold the diameter of the coupled wheels 0 feet 1 % inches. the crank pin of the right-hand couplet: wheel. The recovered by this means will defray the total cost of The throttle valve of the main engine is situated in tender, containing 3,970 gallons of water. runs on two the dredging operations. the dome, that of the auxiliary one in the smoke-box trucks, and is similar to the Bavartun State Rail- in the main steam pipe ; as a result the small engine re­ Russia is suffering from a scarcity of coal, which ways standard type. ceives steam only when both regulators are open. To ••••• threatens to severely hamper several of her industries. prevent any mistakes on the part of the driver, the han­ TIle Carrara quarrl .. ,. ill "", ..ric ·all COlltr,,]. The demanrl for coal and fuel of all kinds consider­ dle of the auxiliary regulator and that commanding The entire l;arrara quarries of Jtaly, noted for thc ably exceed II the supply, and the scarcity has resulted the three-way cock (which admits a,.<1 releases the splendid quality of their statuary marble. have passed in a heavy rise in prices. The railway companies have steam to and from the charging cylinders and i s placed into American hands. Senator r'roctm, of Vermont. had furthel concessions granted to them, with a view on top of the smoke-box behInd the chimney ) are made now has a large portion of the marble output of the to overcoming the cri sis, and also to develop the native mutually interlocking in such a manner that steam world under his control. Now the Carrara quarries, supplies. They have had their term for importing cannot be given to the small engine unless the axle has instead of being owned by a number of people who foreign coal duty free extended for another twelve been lowered before, and that the axle cannot be raised were warring with each other, will reap great benefit months from last September. and it appears that the again until after the auxiliary regulator has been shut. by the consolidation. The cost of production will prob­ period will be further increased. It is estimated that In order to avoid excessive bulk and weight of the ably be largely reduced. and the modern American the output for the current year of European Russian auxiliary gear, the wheel diameter hat; been chosen methods which will be introduced wi II probably in­ coal will be over 1.600,000 tOl'lS short of the demand. as small as possible, viz., the same as th!.t of the carry­ crease the output. We have already illustrated the Russia during recent months has been a heavy pur­ ing wheels, 3 feet 31-3 inches. This size is quite suffi­ primitive methods used in the famous Italian quarries. chaser of English coal, but the heavy rise in price of cient, considering the fact that the assistance of the .·e • the English product has prevented the supply being small drivers is only wanted at relatively low speeds, of A CO:lIl\USSJOX has been appointed to examine into continued. A cargo of American coal has recently about forty miles an hour at most .. The tires have no the rapid death of the elm trees in New Haven, and it been delivered at Cronstadt, at a freight of about $4.25 flanges. is found the trees are dying from lack of plant food D;)r ton, and it is stated that inquiries have been The device has been in regular service on a 'single­ in the streets, mutilation by horses, poisoning by illu­ made regarding the cost of shipping American coal to driver express engine of the Bavarian State Railways minating gas and by insects and elm tree beetles. Odessa. ConSidering the vast quantities of petroleum since the year 1896, and has never given trouble. The Some time ago an attempt was made to attribute the to be found in Russia, it is surprising that more ex­ ' switching in and out of the small drivers at a speed of death of trees to stray electric currents. tensive use is not made of 'liquid fuel.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J Citutific �mtrica1l. JANUARY 26, 1901 AN EIGHT-lIILE HOUSE lIOVING. steadily together, the house was finally taken across was jacked up, the trucks drawn out, and the structure In the spring of 1900 it became known that the Chi­ and ultimately drawn to the new town site. The last allowed to settle down on its new foundations. Our cago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad would build an three miles were covered with the assistance of eight correspondent, Cornelius van der Boom, informs us extension of their road from Yankton, S. D., into more horses, making a total of seventy-two head. For that the new home of this much-traveled house is a Charles Mix County, and the announcement of this making the pull across the creek, it was necessary to thriving little city, where nine months ago was a quiet produced no little consternation in the three busy farm, thirty miles from the nearest railroad. little towns of Platte, Edgerton and Castalia, which •••• • were situated too far from the projected line to TRAIN LIGHTING FROll THE CAR AXLE. lay claim to all the prospective benefits suggested Tradition has it that the earliest instance of an by that magic term "railroad connection." The attempt at car lighting occurred in the year 1825 railroad surveyors had located on the short branch on the Stockton and Darlington Railway, England. line two town.s which were christened respectively The company boasted of a single coach, whose ac­ Geddes and Platte, the latter place being the ter­ commodation consisted of a row of seats along minus of the road. Immediately after they had each side and a long table in the center. To one been located and surveyed an auction of town lots Thomas Dixon, the driver of the "Experiment," was announced, to which the residents of the sur­ as the car was called, belongs the credit of being rounding hamlets fiocked. The bidding was keenly the pioneer in the important field of car lighting on competitive, and the very day after the sale the in­ the rail. On dark winter nights, out of pure good­ habitants of the above-named Platte, Edgerton and ness of heart, he would buy a penny candle, we are Castalia made preparations to move their homes told, light it, and place it among the passengers and business buildings bodily to the new town on the rough board which answered for a table. It sites. Following closely upon this determination is a far cry from the sputtering candle on the "Ex­ there was witnessed upon those Dakota plains such periment" to the brilliant illumination of a mod­ an exodus as surely the world had never seen be­ ern, first-class, vestibuled train ; and the history fore. Buildings of all shapes and sizes could be of car lighting would form by no means the least seen moving across the prairie, some in solitary interesting section of a history of the develop­ state, and others in groups of three and four. ment of railroad transportation. The longest journey undertaken by any one The candle, no doubt, soon gave way to the oil building was from the town of Castalia to the new HOUSE TEAll. lamp, whose undisputed possession of the field HAULED EIGHT lIILES BY A 84-HORSE city of Platte, a lasted so long distance of eight that it is not by miles, the trip any means the being complicat� oldest among us ed by the cross­ alone that can re­ ing of the Platte mcmber the ex­ Creek and some treme discomfort rather rough in­ of the old oil tervening coun­ lamp-nay, it is try_ possible even to­ The largest day, upon certain building to be roads that lead moved was the out of New York, Castalia House, a to wander into building forty cars which are feet long by 32 still lighted with feet wide and 18 the archaic kero· feet in height. sene lamp. The To prepare it for oil lamp in due its long journey course gave way it was stripped of to gas, and this furniture, the in its turn plaster was should, in the THE START. CROSSING THE CREEK. knocked from the natural order of walls, the doors events, give place and windows taken out, and the house was trussed by rearrange the teams. The twelve horses on each side to some form of electric lighting, the latter having means of planking, diagonally nailed on, and by iron of the house were brought up to the front and across certain manifest advantages in the way of efficiency, tie-rods. The building was transported on four heavy the creek, the chains being lengthened and attached to comfort, convenience, cleanliness and absence of risk, trucks placed one beneath each corner, the wheels the first transverse log as shown in the third engraving. which are so self-evident as to need no reiteration being 2% feet in diameter with a 2-foot face. As soon as the new site was reached, the building just here. Each pair of trucks was coupled to- Efforts in the direction of electrical gether by a 16-inch log which extended car lighting have been confined to two longitudinally beneath the sides of different systems, in one of which cur­ the building, and transversely across rent is furnished by a dynamo with these logs were placed three 14 by 14 a steam drive, located in the baggage timbers, on which the house rested. car, the other being of the combined The latter timbers extended on each dynamo and storage battery type, ill side beyond the house, and a four- which motive power is furnished di­ horse team was attached at the ends rectly from the axle of the car. The of each timber, there being thus first type is subjected to the mani­ twelve horses on each side of the fest disa�vantage that the separate house. In addition to this, forty cars can be electrically lighted only horses were hitched, in tandem, to the when the train is coupled up, and in front end of the building, making some of the installations made there thus sixty-four horses in all. At the has been the serious disadvantage of first pull many of the chains and severe vibration due to the steam whiffletrees parted. Stronger whif­ drive. fietrees were then cut out of stout The method known as the Consoli­ fence posts, and heavier chains were dated Axle Light system, which has used, with the result that at the next long passed the experimental stage, pull the house started on its journey. both in Europe and in this country, is The strange procession was accom· illustrated in the accompanying en­ panied by a wagon loaded with blocks, gravings, which represent the appa­ chains, jack screws, axle grease and ratus as applied by the Consolidated barrels of water. Both the grease and Railway Electric Lighting and Equip" the water were in frequent requisition, ment Company to the overland trains as the great friction frequently caused on the Sante Fe route between Chica­ the bearing surfaces to smoke. The go and California. Under this sys­ chief difficulty experienced iil the mov­ tem each car is provided with its own ing was the crossing of a creek, to dynamo and storage battery. The dy­ accomplish which it was necessary to namo is supported within the framing build two temporary bridges of heavy of the truck, by '.J.eans of stout U­ logs and loose dirt. One of our illus­ straps, and it is so hung that the dis­ trations shows these two bridges in tance between the centers of the driv­ place and the building descending the ing and driven pulleys respectively on slope leading to the creek. Here we the axle and on the armature of the see two teams of twenty horses each dynamo can be adjusted. The dyna­ at the front, with a dozen horses mo is suitably encased in a cast-iron hitched on each side of the building. box, which protects it from the dust Owing to the soft nature of the ground Shows Dynamo Supported in the Truck Frame, and" the Flexible-Gear Drive and fine gravel that are drawn along difficulty was experienced on either from Axle of Oar to Shaft of Armature. by the motion of the train. The drive side of the crossing; but as the horses consists of what is known as a fiexible this time been r gear-a elastic by had t ained to pull 'r:lAm LIGHTING FRO. THE CAR AXLE. heavy belt with V-

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 190 [. J Citutific �mtriCII. 57 shaped pieces of leather or rubber riveted upon it at modern Pullman coach. Apart from the first cost, the in this case so much spare space for carrying pack­ intervals, so as to adapt it for running in the grooved expense attached to this system is exceedingly light, ages) , are equipped with an air cooled Crest duplex pulleys, as shown in our engravings. the flexible gear, in spite of the extremely severe duty nominal five horse power gasoline motor, neatly ar­ Obviously the most important problem presented by imposed upon it, giving efficient wear for a period of ranged on the running gear. The running gear is tri­ this arrangement is the great variation in the speed six months, and the repairs to the electrical equip- angular in shape, and is made of a double frame of of the dynamo, and in the voltage gener- steel tubing horizontally pivoted to the ated. There is also the necessity of front axle at the apex of the triangle. lighting the car when it is not in motion. The Upton countershaft is used between Railway cars run at any speed between the motor and the rear axle. This device ten and sixty miles . an hour, and as the permits two speeds ahead of five and fif­ armature is driven directly from the teen miles per hour and one slow re­ axle, the speed of thfil latter will vary verse. A chain drive is employed directly as the speed of the train. For throughout. The steering arrangement reasons which are well understood, the of this vehicle is a newly patented de­ voltage generated increases with the vice. The handle shown beside the seat, speed of the armature, and hence it is in the same position as the throttle of evident that if the constant electric volt­ most steam carriages, is moved slightly age which is necessary at the lamps in back and forth to steer in either direc­ electric lighting is to be secured, some tion. The lever is pivoted on the under kind of regulation of voltage or pressure side of the carriage body and attached to must be provided. Moreover, as the car a rocker which shifts the stearing arm of may run in either direction, provision the wheel by means of a rod connection. has to be made for maintaining the cur­ The universal ball joint generally used rent in a constant direction. Further­ bEltween the steering arm of the wheel more, as there will be times when the and the lever on the carriage is dispensed dynamo is not running at all, but when with, and the arrangement of the han­ it will be necessary that the lamps shall dle, besides giving twice the leverage remain lighted, there is a necessity for generally to be had, is such that access storing up the surplus current generated to the seat is unimpeded. while the dynamo is in motion and yield­ The Loomis runabout we illustrate ing it when it is needed. Such an agen- THE LOOMIS GASOLINE RUNABOUT. was frequently seen running in the base­ cy is found in the ordinary storage bat- ment of the Garden, and it climbed the tery. Various means of regulating the voltage have ment, although the dynamo runs at a speed of over rather steep incline from the basement to the main been adopted. One method that has been attempted is 2,000 revolutions a minute, have proved to be very floor. It is equipped with mufflers of a new design to allow the belt to slip as the speed increases ; but the light. which effectually deaden the exhaust, and also with a impossibility of finding any means of automatically ad­ ,. .. I. novel carbureter, which we shall illustrate later_ justing this slippage has rendered such a device imprac­ RECENT GASOLINE AUTOMOBILES. Other gasoline vehicles noted at the show were the ticable. Another attempt at regulation is that known The automobiles on view at the Cycle and Automo­ "Trimoto" of the American Bicycle Company, the as the differential field winding, which is so arranged bile Show in Madison Square Garden, of this city, last "Warwick," and the "Rambler." We hope to illustrate week, although comparatively few in number, were that as the magnetism due to the shunt winding in­ these in a later issue. creases with the speed of the train, the demagnetism yet of considerable interest, and in but a few cases • • • caused by the reverse series winding comes into ac­ were they a repetition of exhibits of the previous THE ANNUAL BICYCLE SHOW AT MADISON SQUARE tion, the result being a nearly constant pressure. shows. GARDEN. The Consolidated Railway Electric Lighting and The Loomis Automobile Company, of Westfield, The first impression made upon a visitor to the bi­ Equipment Company has proceeded on the lines fol­ cycle exhibition at Madison Square Garden was that lowed by the great electric lighting companies in the the bicycle as such has unquestionably reached its matter of regulating the pressure. Constant pressure final type. There is less difference between the wheel is maintained by cutting out resistance in the field of 1901 and the wheel of 1900 than between those of windings, shunt-wound machines being employed. Thus, any other successive years in the history of the bicy­ if the current increases and the pressure falls, resist­ cle. But having said this, it must be admitted that ance is cut out of the field windings, necessitating a there is a marked improvement in the details and greater flow of current through the field, the effect of finish of many of the machines; and during a tour which is to increase field magnetism and, therefore, of the exhibits, we failed to find a single machine the pressure. On the other hand, if the pressure rises, that exhibited roughness and clumsiness of design or resi stance is cut into the field winding, and the field carelessness in finish. magnetism and therefore the current pressure is re­ The chainless bicycle is evidently gaining in favor, duced. This system of control is operated automat­ if we judge from the proportion of this type that are ically by means of a "Regulator" which contains a on exhibition. Both the outside and inside drive are motor operating in connection with a rheostat and a in evidence, the former being the type which was iden­ double pawl and gear movement. The result is an ab­ tified so largely with the Columbia bicycle, and the solute protection against the burning out of lamps or latter with the Spalding wheE:.. The pr,ce has come the overcharging of the battery. down, as was predicted, until it approaches that of the In any system of electric lighting from the axle the ordinary chain-driven machine. problem of a proper drive from axle of car to shaft The coaster brake has won its way in popular favor, of armature is necessarily a serious one. Attempts until now every company is prepared to furnish it, as have been made to overcome the many and obvious ob­ an extra, with new bicycles. Apart from its conven­ jections to a belt drive by substituting, first, a gear ience in coasting, it has the value of affording an drive, which was found to be unsuitable on account of absolutely reliable and extremely powerful emergency the extreme vibration set up, and then a friction drive brake, as well as one that may be applied with any de­ which, because of the vertical motion of the axle, led to sired amount of pressure. heavy pounding of the driving pulley against the driv­ Another invention designed for increasing the com­ en pulley and an ultimate fracture of the armature fort of riding is the well-known cushion frame, which shaft. In the gear which forms the subject of the il­ may be purchased in preference to the rigid frame from

lustration, the difficulty is overcome by combining the FRONT VIEW, SHOWING MOTOR, DRIVING BELT AND most of the leading makers. Perhaps the most no­ positive action of the gears with the flexibility of a PULLEY ON FRONT WHEEL. ticeable departure of the year, because of its con­ belt transmission. The flexible gear consists of a spicuous position on the machine, is the extension suitably armored belt with V-shaped segments arranged Mass., exhibited two runabouts which are a great im· handle bar, which owes its existence to the present on its inner side, so as to permit the use of a hollow provement over the one shown last year as far as pro­ tendency to narrow the wheel base of the bicycle. This pulley. With this belt, curves of a very short pelling power is concerned. These carriages, which shortening of the wheel base brings the seat so near to radius may ·ue rounded without the belt slipping off. are built with and without a box behind (the box being the head of the machine. that it is necessary to carry Storage batteries are provided for the the handle bars on an extension in order purposes of storing up the surplus cur to clear the knees of the rider. The rent and yielding it again when the dy­ change-it can scarcely be called an im­ namo is running below its whole out­ provement-was introduced by the rid­ put, or not running at all. Thus, in the ers in paced races, and it is not likely day time, the full output of the dynamo that it will find very much use among passes into the batteries, and is stored. the average road riders. Indeed, the This current is available when the train roadster machines, in which class is in­ is standing on a siding or at a station , cluded the vast majority, will still have or when the speed of the train is so small the old wheel baEe of 44 inches. as not to yield the current needed for Several designs of motor bicycles were the lamps and fans. shown at the exhibition, in most of The results obtained with the overland which the motor is carried within the train on the Sante Fe Railroad are stat­ frame and either belted to a pulley at­ ed to have been highly satisfactory, a tached to the side of the rear wheel, or decided gain being shown, especially fitted with an ordinary sprocket and whIm the superior nature of the illumin­ chain drive. Among these may be men· ation over that afforded by the ordinary tioned the Thomas Auto-Bi, in which the gas system is taken into account. The motor is carried parallel with the bottom weight of the installation on each car is bar of the frame, and belt transmission less than 2,000 pounds, a very insignifl­ MOTOR-CYCLE WITH MOTOR CARRIED ON FRONT is used, a half-round pulley being at· FOBXS AliD DBIVDiG cant percentage of the total weight of a the left·hand side of the rear li'BOlil WHEEL. tached to

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �mtritau. JANUARY .26, 1901. wheel. The tension of the belt is regulated by means was carried on at this city, and the authorities had serving to adjust the position of the slide relatively to of a vertically-adjustable idler, attached to the seat­ the advantage of expert advice. the burning candle so that the reflector will always post. This machine is manufactured by the E. R. The reel shown in our engraving can b. carried be located behind the flame. In connection with the Thomas Motor Company, of Buffalo, N. Y. The Auto­ either on the frame of the machine or the lJllck of the candle-holder a chimney support is employed which Bike built by the Holley Motor Company, Bradford, rider. Normally the wire was payed out directly on has a tubular base made to slip over the candle-holder Pa., is another rear-driven motor cycle, which differs the ground, but for more permanent use posts were and its supporting bar. The tubular base carries a materially from the one just mentioned in having a u�ed. mica chimney (Fig. 2) which is detachably held be­ very much longer wheel base. The motor is carried • r •• _ tween upper and lower clasp-rings connected by metal in the lower bifurcated half of the seat-post, and a A COMBINED MINER'S CANDLESTICK AND TOOL. straps. chain drive, located on the left hand side of the wheel, The invention which we illustrate in the three fig­ .,.. . is used, an ordinary chain gear actuated by the pedals ures presented herewith is a combined miner's candle­ A Pneu n. atlc Tube Service. being carried on the right hand side, as in the com­ stick and tool devised by Charles H. Cornell and Felix A complete and exhaustive . expert investigation has mon bicycle. been made into the cost, operation, etc., of the pneu­ We present illustrations of an interesting type made matic tube postal service, with a view to determine by the Fleming Manufacturing Company, of this city. whether the service should be owned, leased, extended, It differs from those already mentioned in the fact or discontinued by the government. The comL,ittee that the motor is carried upon a frame in front of the fully sustains the pneumatic method of mail trans­ steering head, and that the drive is direct to the portation as a valuable and mechanically successful front wheel, power being transmitted by a five-eighths system, and in the great cities can no more be dis­ half·round leather belt which ailows of much flexibil­ carded than the fast mail train. For New York the ity and large bearing surface. The belt is tightened joint committee discusses a proposition for the instal· by an adjustable ratchet lever, which allows the lation of eighteen miles of new line. The proposition wheel to be started with the belt somewhat loose, the involves the connection of twenty-one stations and the belt being tightened up after the wheel is in motion. main office. The annual rental proposed is $398,500. There is an advantage in this arrangement in the The present service of 5.18 miles cost $167,100. There fact that the momentum of the wheel and rider en­ will, of course, be a large reduction of wagon service, ables the motor to be started with ease without any elevated railwL.Y service and incidental savings, which extra exertion on the pedals. The connection with are reckoned at $101,052. It is proposed to reduce the the battery is made by means of the left·hand grip. charge for special delivery if the service is extended. After the machine is started, the belt can be slack­ For Brooklyn 13.5 miles of new tubes are proposed ened somewhat by taking off the extra friction on the with seven new connections at a cost of $172,097. All idler. The speed can be regulated by advancing or proposals included the continued operation of the ex­ retarding the timing device, which changes the time isting system. The House Committee on Post Offices of ignition in the cylinder. The speed can also be and Post Roads has completed its appropriation bill, regulated by throttling the mixture before it enters but there is no provision for the continuance of the e th cylinder. The gasoline tank holds two quarts, . pneumatic tube service. This will probably be added which is sufficient for a continuous journey of from 50 later in the discussion of the bill. to 60 miles. The tank is carried over the front wheel, ______�.H'�.�.H.�------but if desired an auxiliary tank is provided which is placed above the rear wheel of the machine and holds Helen Keller lUake8 a Speech at Radcliffe Collcge . one gallon of gasoline. The frame which carries the COMBINED TOOL AND MINER'S CANDLESTICK. Helen Keller, who was once deaf, dumb and blind, motor forms practically part of a specially construct­ can no longer claim the second infirmity. She re­ ed front fork, and it is so designed as to materially J. Troughton, of Victor, Colo. In the invention a fuse­ cently made a speech at the freshmen's luncheon at add to the strength of the latter. Not merely the cutter, cap-primer, knife, fuse-splitter, hatcshield, re­ Radcliffe College, Cambridge, in which she is a stu­ motor, but practically the whole of the motor equip­ flector, and candle-holder are incorporated. dent. Her words were heard clearly throughout the ment, is carried on the front forks, only the induction The candlestick comprises a shield, a drip-cup car­ hall, and her little speech was met with long and en­ coil and battery being hung from the top tube of the ried by the shield and a candle-holder mounted on a thusiastic applause. She is now taking, besides his· bicycle frame. It is claimed that theI:,e is convenience supporting bar, the upper hook end of which passes tory, French and German and an English course tha,t in this form of construction, ar,ising from the fact through an opening in the upper part of the shield. includes daily themes. In the last course her produc­ that a complete motor and front fork may be provided The supporting-bar is locked to the shield by a bent tions are most remar�:able. In the lectures Miss Sulli­ by the makers, which is capable of being attached to wire turning in suitable bearings. In an opening van translates to her what the lecturer says. This any good, strong bicycle frame, in any reputable re­ formed by the supporting-bar a tool is received (Fig. 3) is all that is necessary, for it is not needful for her pair shop, the only work necessary after assembling which is held in place by a coiled spring and which to take any notes. Her style shows great individuality. the front fork to the frame being to hang the coil and comprises a body-bar pointed at one end and provided battery case to the frame, for which purpose clips are with a looped handle adjacent to which are parallel ------�..-- . ------provided. The exhaust muffler is carried down in members. Each of these parallel members is pro· The Current SupplcDlent. front of the supply tank, so as to insure warm gaso­ vided with a recess designed to register with recesses The first page article in the current SUPPLEMENT, No. line at all times, and also insure that 1308, is devoted to "Recent Excavations the burnt gases will be discharged in the Roman Forum," and is illustrat­ below the forks, and as near the ed by engravings made from photo­ ground as possible. graphs obtaine� especially for the Sup· ••• l'LEME:,(T. "Archffiology in the Past ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS IN SOUTH Century" is by Prof. Flinders Petrie, AFRICA. and is the commencement of a most im­ The war in South Africa brought portant and interesting article by a electrical engineers into prominence great authority. "Saturn' s Rings" is by the role they playad in many in­ by Prof. Harold Jacoby, of Columbia teresting military operations. The University. "Meteorological Instru­ services of the electrical engineers ments" is by Prof. Hans Hartl, and is were freely tendered and accepted and accompanied by a number 0( engrav­ special equipment was gotten together ings. "Recent Science" is by Prince and shipped. Traction engines, dyna­ Kropotkin and is the second install­ mos, arc and search lights, twenty bi­ ment of this paper. "Anatomy and cycles provided with reels for paying Physiology of Insects" is a lecture de­ out telephone wire, were among the livered at the Academy of Natural Sci­ things shipped by a transport. The ences at Philadelphia by Dr. Henry first work after arrival was a tempo­ Skinner. "Prehistoric Ostriches" is a rary electric light installation on the curious article. "The Steam Turbine : Bethulie road bridge. Six arc lights Steam Engine of Maximum Simplicity were operated by current obtained and Highest Thermal Efficiency," by from a dynamo driven by a traction Prof. R. H. Thurston, is concluded in engine. The field telephone was first this issue, and is one of the most im­ put into use across this bridge. Field portant articles on mechanical engi­ telephones were also used to maintain neering which has appeared for a long communication with the flying col­ time. "Dr. Pupin's Improvements in umn, copper wire No. 22 B. W. G. be­ Long-Distance Telephony" is by Her- ing used. The freight yard and lo­ PAYING OUT TELEPHONE WIRE IN SOUTH AFRICA. bert T. Wade, and is referred to else­ comotive shops at Bloemfontein were where. "New Wind-Recording Appa­ lighted with arc and incandescent ratus" describes some new instru- lamps. The work of the electrical engineers was of in the cutting edge of a lever fulcrumed on the body ments. The usual consular and trade notes are given. this general class, arc and incandescent lights were in­ bar so as to enter the space between the parallel mem­ stalled at many places, the search lights were used for bers. The lever is provided with a clasp knife. The Content ... various purposes, telegraphic communication was re­ point of the body bar may be inserted in crevices, so ClllustrMtec1 A.rtt�lptl 'U'P markAct with R.n Rflt.ertllk.l Airship Kress ...... ro Locomotive with auxiliary driv- stored, and they also assisted in the work of repairing that the lamp can be supported from the looped han­ . . . . ing axle* ...... 49, 55 ...... '. ::".�: Notes and queries ...... , 5� bridges, relaying track, etc. The engineers were also dle. The cutting edge of the lever serves the purpose 1(lper �ig�g�U:8 ('ooling�::���� mixtures.�.� ::prize for .. �51 011 wel1. Texas ...... 52 •...... Canole�ti('k.mine r's ""...... 5R Patent conference ...... 50 in a number of engagements, in which they showed of splitting a fuse ; and the coacting recesses in . the Clockwork. wonderful*...... 52 Property. jnctu�trial. protection. of 50 Draft . forcet1...... • 50 Runner for vehicle�* ...... !)2 that though volunteers, and volunteers of a special lever and body-bar doubly crimp the miner's caps. The ElectricH I engineers in South Rnilint:!ves�eJ . twentieth. cent ury. fMl Afri('a* ...... � Science notf'S ...... :il class, they were good soldiers as well...... f'l, . .• uses of the knife are obvious. Enginf'prinl[note� . .. 55 Rtars. orhit of revolving double :it Heat rays, carbon respollRible for Supplement. currf'nt...... :is When Pretoria was reached, there was plenty of On vertical guide-rods secured to the shield a slide transnarency of...... 54 'I'elephollf'. loni! ctist ance ...... no work in fitting up electrical apparatus which had been Inventions 1'8('ently patentf'd. . _ .. 59 "'I'rade mllrkcon ference ...... 50 is mounted, carrying a reflector and a bent wire which Irrigation farming in the South- Tube expnncter* ...... 52 wrecked by the Boers. Elaborate construction work bears on and follows the candle as it burns away, thus WN� ...... • ...... M Tube. pnenmatic ...... •. ...' ... 58 Keller. Helen, makes speech ...... 58 X-rays, Injury by the ...... 52

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901. ',itutifi, !tUtti'Ju. 59

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. a mast mounted to turn on a base and with over and parallel to the bed, Its function Is to a boom carried by tbe mast. The Inventor has regulate the temperature of pyretic of febrile Agricultural Implements, devised a locking device eapable of boldlng the patients, as, for Instance, In cases of spinal Marine Iron Works. ChicaR"o. Catslolluefree. TEDDER ATTACIDIE�T FOR HARVEST- seoop In position to la rry a load and to en­ meningitis, pneumonIa, typboid fever, and all For mining en�ines. J. S. Mundy. Newark. N. J. EHS.-WILLIA)I H. �IcELHEE, Dunkirk. Sl'O: H. �an Luis Po· New York. Free on RDDlicatioll, main frame so tbat the harrow ('an be taken )]px, T s . CARHIAGF:-IRON.-FHED ,J. WA,;:n:n, Dal· tosi. hi dust-tIne for fUL'na('ps com­ t o and f rom t I Ie fi I'II ( WItI lOut I"lrlllglllg the .. las, Ore. '1'1lIS' fitt'lllg or ('orner'lron IS d e· prises ar(,hed bars ; hasp·walls in which tbe tepth Into aetion, The outer ends of tbe signed to join the parts of the hoross tlw ill onr columns will he fUrIli8hed with addrcsses sp rin�-d()g' is carrie tlH-- The l1' al. pI'ovides vp anel Sillll)lt' � or d hy ' nut. .1 01 ll a no l tah which ('all houses manufuctllri n, Of c:lnying thc same. spa('e lying between the hub and the intl?l' ior h,v novpl mealls. be Spe<'ial rltten on matters of . tlH'se ('an luhricatt:'(l with. he I'p movably attadH'd to tht· pagps of hooks 'V 1""01'", .. 00" o f tl- Ie ca!oHng. pen;onal rAth"I' than inter est cannot be out np('essitating the removal of the wheel 0 1' g('IH'Ja' in ol 'dpl' to indkatp at what portion of tIl{' cxppf'tHl \', ithont r('llluller 10 cellts each. � Y � E( 'K. O K :"TEH.-(' J[,\ H LI-:S W . �Ic. may be found, TIIP I<)('a t ion of the tahs ('an to PI . Ho.. rpferred to pr mpt y suppl ied receipt ralso. Ind. A ('hl" t ('ommnnl( atps WIth tile �" o l on DO" "L!>. (;allatin. �[o, Tlw pole" ' ing has an be read ily ('hangpd. prIce. of cylinder of the e�lgitH', �I,l inlet-valve ('on- : xa integra l arm, A platt:'-t-:pl' ing it-: SP('u l'pd by ill e m inat n should be distinctly ('() �Il'()�ITE I'HI:"TI:"!! - I'LATI'� O\{ 1:�::k'!�" :I�� ��r. IO ne('t� thl? ('hest with a nl lxmg-('hamher. (;as one end HO as to itt-: body thl'Ol1g-h tht> o I Pl'ujP('t ' ' BLO(' K.--Ll lln;"w II, ('LA H". Hed Bluff, or 011 are to th mixing ( ha ber by t: ('al. �l1PlJlie� : - ' I�l pole-ring and thut-: h adapted to ('onH' i n ( on ­ 1 ' �[r. Clark s whl're· a pump. hl'aclllating devI(,t's are prOVIded for ha devised " simple Hwans ta(' t with a vehiele-polt' un whieh the ring' is G. E. M. the inlet·val\·e and for the pump to limit tbe b.,· a prin ting'platp ean be detachably secured (8081) asks : 1. Would you pla('ed. This ne('k.yoke center affords lateral kindly advise me how to melt ruhber, and add opc.:-ning movement of the inlet-valve and the on a hase·bloek so as to enable the damp· and ve.rtieal movemt'nt to the neek-yoke for a the necessary ehemkalH which it requil'eH to stroke of t he vump. The graduating device ing furniture used in the lo('k·up of a fOI'm, limited distanee. che('kH the neek-yokp from '! A, when to mold it into a ('ertain shape or form The for the valve ('ollHists of a t-:lpeve turned by suitably adjllstt'd. draw the printing· rocking, and prevents rattling. I'ubber is not lllP itPU. bu t vlll<-anizable ruu­ the act ion of tliP governor and provided with plate forcibly on the lIase·hl()('k and hold the TIHE.-CHAHLES F. ALLE", IIuenemp, ('al. plate a her is pressed in lwated molds at a rpla· a spiral gL'OO\'e into whieh a fixed pin extends, fi rmly damppd on hase,block. The The invention provides an iIllproved ('onstru('­ tively low heat, whleh results in vukanizlng A ('ollar on tht' valve-stem ahutH againHt the devi<-e ('an be produced in lIat or ('uned form tlon of pneumatic tires for motor·earriages and it, or causing it to stay in a fixed position. 2. slepve. The graduatin;; device for the pump and ('an ue- llsed on rotary or other printing other conveyances. An outer metallic or non· In What is the best kind of a mold to be used (Is eonsits of a H(,l'ew-rod against whit'll the [lump­ })J'pst-:pt-:. run nt a high SIWpd. sen'it'e an in­ plaster ]larls sutlie ptllleturahle sectional tire engages the ground o(ltinih� number of impressions may be securpd, ient) for the said pu rpose ? plnnge r abuts, turned h�' the ad ion of the gOY' A. and serves as a guard or proteetor for the Plaster of paI'is molds answer for vulcaniz­ (' rnol', and a fi xed nnt in which the screw-roo fully f'ql1aling in appPul'ant'e the hpst work ing. 3. Should there be a speei pnpnrnatie seetion. rrhe device iH readily <, xe('u tt'd al Ingredient turns. The ('harge is rarefied aeeording to on form wher ein a type·set compo· used in the rublIer to make it soft and pliable ? applied, and may be as "oll \'pn iently removed. sitlon is hpld. the speed of the engine, from \\'h kh it follows A. �ul]lhur is the matPl'i&1 whi<-h Is thOl'oughly that the explosions take place regularly, lInt mixed with rubher to make it vuleanize. It Is with more or less force according to tbe speed. Ka ilwa)' ,\ l'l.liance .., Defd�IlM. first softpnp(] by steaming. then masticated in CAH·YE:"TILAT( IIL--.J,EWIS H. a ma('hine made for the purpose. The rubber W AT( 'II·(,IIAIUI A�1l ('I(iAIt·(TTTEH.- 11Ie.. ha ulcal Devl"" .., Walla Walla, Wash. The ventilator is In the comes rpady prepared for use. Artieles on tbe F. ItAWLIX(;S. Hloomfipld, Iowa, The form of a fan adaptpd hy its re tation to eool preparation and manipulation of India rnbber EXII I BIT( )]L-eIUHLES II. W HIGHT, Eu- to wat('h-dlarm and dgal'-('utter ('om}H'isps two arC' contained in H Cl'l'LE)IEX'l', 249, novel the atmosphere and drive tloating dust from Nos, 251, reka, (.'al. 'l' his invention IH'ovides a Hemi-hell shaped side mpmbel's of ('on('a \'('-('011- ng·fan and price 10 cents eaeh, by mall. exbibiting tbe ca l'. In connection with the ventilatl 2,,2 1204 ; means for goods. by which a single vex (' rOHS seetional forlll, ('OIllll-'('ted at their a motor is employed. whleh is operated by tbe (8032) E. S. B. writes : have been en­ artide is placed in view and held for uppeL' ends by a bridge-pie('e surmollnted by l. I current of wind produced lIy the motion of the collect some after it is deavoring to data l't'�a L'ding the a short time, \Vhit'h l'Pllloved and a an eye for attachment to the elU lln. car. properties of some elementary seeond artiele similarly displayed, this end gases at low WALL I'A l'EHf-.l.-�IlAHltY \\'>:AH"':, Hixbeim. TltAD, SW� ALIl'W API'A j{ A'l'I·�.-\\' I L' temperatures from files of your paper heing automati<-ally attainpd hy the me(,hanism and other Eight LIA)1 A. BE"JA)II" H. II. HARRIS, Green­ Alsace, Germany. design patents have SOU l'('es, but ti ud HO many vague and eontl'adit canying the artieies. Spedtieally. tbis mech· and '­ to �Ir. S. C. y is an improvement been granted Wearne for wall·papers, tory statements that I have decided to ask anism comprises a carrier having a step-by­ ville, 'l' his in ention you es for railway-trains employ­ all noteworthy for their artistic merit. One to give IIlP soll1P information. A, YOUI )er­ stE'P ro tary movement, and an elevator work­ in signaling devic ' I of the designs represpnts an Egyptian lotus Ing automatic all',hl:akes. In the present In­ ]llpxity is very natuml. A periodical sim]lly ing in ('onjundion with t be carrier to take tpl'. we signaling deviees are In rising from the wa Tlw s('('ond dpsign annOUll('es resultH, reports the news, with the the articles individually therefrom and move vention wbile It h�'adnths the train·plpe, they pieturps hundl of tied with rib· lIame of the authoI'ity who is responsilIle for them upward into exposed position, Tbe ele­ direct communication witb clN.;ig'Il a part of that pipe or of tbe bons, ]n a third trellis tig-u res are the reSU lt, and Ipan's the matter there. The vator exposes the article for a sbort time, tben do not form for tbe air, so tbat the volnme shown, combined with �talks of a running fa('ts ('hangp, or l'atilPl', the determinations of drops it out of view. and subsequently retums direct condu it it passes back and forth does rose, The fOlL rth d(lsigll represents a ('in'let various inYPstigators 'changp from time to time, with a second artit-Ie. of the air as of stems. foliagt'. and pinks, int'luding a bow. not pass through the signaling apparatus. This IH'esllIllably bp('orning more exact, Even then ('O�II'I·TI:\t;·�(,ALE.-J(JH" �':ARH, J. nay· all indosing a panel. The fifth dpsip;n has for is impOl'tant ; for the signaling apparatus is different inveHtigators readl dissimilar ('oneIu­ (;E(lw...a; FIHIIBI'H�. �yd" ton. ()]liu, and its lpuding fpatll rt's a lozpngp-shape(j panel not foulpd h.,· the (leJlosit of dirt and dust. In SiOllS. Any ('on<'illsion pnblished lnllst rest ' o t I t Y. Xt'w �()uth "'alps. The bj '('t of l1 [)on 'h is a bouquet. and a netwol'k sur­ I the sig-naling npIHlL'atus nH"'ans for trapping whi( upon tIlt' l 'Pptltatioll of the Illan whose name ae· is this inn'lltion to proriuee a ma('hine al t-:(,I'olls are UI' t he el llst and ail' an)' provided. By means of rounding the panpl. Flor ­ ('ompani('s it. It iH not thp fnllt'tion of a sei· 01' slip which will lIriot oll a ('ard of design to represent a I,Vl'e : ('utifie this invpntion sig-nals ("an he transmitted to rangpd in the sixth jOllrnal to dpdde what figures 01' fa('ts papPI' the computpd value and indi­ hetween the SCL'olis is a group of ust(lI'S, H(l\-i:o;e the pngiIwPI' hy slightly redueing the pr es­ and arp ('01' 1'('('t, "·e should you to ohtain ('a tp the weight simuitaneouS'"ly. 'l' ype is car­ passion flowers and rosE'S, and a sure in the train-pipe withont necessitating A garland of one 0 1' nil of tIlt' fo llowing hooks. and baHe your dl'tllll riNI on a revolving (' onnected \v ith a suspen(\pd by the garland are the use of a separate signal·llipe. hasket of ros(>s work upon theil' :-;tatpments, ('ol' rp('ting their wt'ig-hing-platform, )Ieans are provided for to he found in the seventh design . In tlIP fi�llr(lS from timp to time by the l)apers pub­ A ('al'l'y ing paper adjaeent to the type. print· ed (' ighth design s1tH'l'o-like, ('on('entri(', de(,OI'at i lislwd hy tlw m('n ('ngaged in these researches. ing·lever is employed to press the paper against lUI"cellaneous Inventions, all 8('1'011 bars are shown, mf'I'ging at tlLPir Harkf'I" t-: "PhYHit's." pri<-p *;{,;IO, or Uanot's the type ; and an impression·hammpr is ar· ..I' IIEA) ),GA'l'E.-IIolt.\('I-: W. I'� Lm:lt, Dawkins, ends in broad leaf scro lls ; while a mass "I'hy""'s." :t:G. \loth an' dpsirable if you would ranged to strike the printing--levp ', The goo o L \l� Col . The ohjeet of the invention is to pro­ flowers ('O\'er8 the space between the uPI"'I' lIa \'P t lw whole stol'Y. lIat'din's "Lic}lwfaetion are placed on the platfol·m. thereby ('au sing exte ds a" l'oss vide a new gate df'signpd for use in irrigating­ I t'uf s('rolls and n a medallion. of (;ases." *1,:)0 : �Ioalle's "Liquid Air," $:!,r;o ; the drnms to revolve, The level' eorl'espond- diteltf's to ('ontrol the water flowing upon the BELT�.-LnI'ls �A"nElt;;, Manhattan. N. Y. "�ew He�part'hes on Liquid Air," ])ewar, After Ing with the rate at which the goods ar to lpnt in· � land, and ananged to permit a conven Of the three d('sig-n patents issued to this these would follow the princ ipal scientific jour­ d('press�d. a I �e s( ld (� l'e wherebY reglliating- the forma­ � sertion in a ditch without requiring inventor, the fi rst ('''''PI', a lIe lt having down· nals, Xo one jonrnnl ('an (,hronide al1 that . , . , stop IS made to enteI bet\\ een t\\ O teeth un the I eomprlses a lIody tion of a dam. The head·gate wal'(lIY'('lI l'Yed, overla[l[ling front terminals at has been done In any particular field. Progress drnm, thus ensu l'ing that the type indieating y open a gate therefor. H ide . ba ing an ing and the intprsP('tion of whieh is an ornament. The­ is ('onstantly being madp. and one paper does I ! l P valu(' of the goods at tbe aseertamed movab the lIody, and are adapted wings are le on leading featul'e of tlw s�{'ond de�ign is found not alwa�'s Ipal'll the entire story. The data w('ight is held immovahly in tbe rigbt position of the ditch. Tbe to eut into tLe side walls in sl1l'fa('{' rl�('ol'ation in whil'h two lines �xt(lnd .vou seek are gin'n in the pages of the books h w ile the impr('ssion is being taken. on links pivoted on the body. wings are bUilg longitudinally. one above the other. the lowC'1' listed, so far as t1wy were known when tbose LOCK.-A u:x,\"PER L. llIFFE:I'DM'FElt, Can- FL'SE·IIOLIlEH.-WAltHE:I' It. ('OOK, I'itts· line �'onfol'ming with the (' ontoll r of the low(' r hooks were published, The figu res for hydrogen T S(,IE�TIFIC A)IEHICAX ton, ;\10. Uravit�··loeks usnally have a latch burg, I'a, be fuse·wire holder is partieularly ed,ge of the helt. and the tIpper line ('"nforming WPI'(l given in the for 7. 18m), 2. If portion ", hieh impingps against the keeper on adapted for use in eleetrically-operated street with the lowPI' line eX<'ept at the hack central Ik tober from I'rof. Dewar. the w of :1:. the door·jamh. ('onneded witb the weight by ('al·s. The holder contains a numh(' r of fuse­ portion of !lIP I lt, whPI'e it iH ar('hed, The ('ritil-a l tpmpet'ature hydro;;en is deg. C. ah:-;oltltp 1[) .. whieh it is aduatpil. In closing the door wirps. so that Hhonld one he hUl'IlPd out an­ belt shown in the third df'!,dgn has a trans· find its (' ritit'al pressure iH atmos ot hel' the lateh must ordinarily move a relatively may he quickly turned into pla('e to yerse plating on its outer fa('P. phpres. , with It a separate ported, between which separating plates ar� was a liquid \\,ill the Ipast subtradlon or latcb·bolt, feature Is a hody portion recessed to re(,elve the to ted hy the knob·shaft, so that the a rrangt'd. Contact devices are employed addition of heat ('ause it all to become liquid weight opPl'a pipes. 01' '! ..:\, The action of the in do,ing the door is give the necessat·y rotary motion to the carrier gaseous rf':lding of the I'Physics" Int<-h·\)olt IELD.-HoR"ER \y , Iloll'''': ", At· .i'lt. BROO:'I-SII independpnt of the wpig-lIt, night-latch in oreier to hl'jng a fll�p-wil'e into the circuit to which we have referred you will fully inform lanta, Ga, The sh i(-'1<1 tIlt' J) ll l'po�e of ...elU \Ye may be applied to lo('k ! lIP latch·bolt if it be when its predeeessor has been hu med. SPI'YPS .on this point. may answer tbe 'l ues· ody and handle. firmly conne('ting the broom,b tioll in thp n(lgatin'. Xo ga � ('an turn liquid so desired. �IEnj('AL Imn.-IlH, A nnLFo LI'RIA, 291 in:o;tnntanf'ol1sly : no ('an fI'Pf'z(l instantft.­ D��HItj('K AXn 1lT'�IPI:"( : IlEY[(,E.-WI:I'� \Y�st l ' i y isi,'1l �t rpet. ('h i('ago, III. The bed­ Non:.-('opieH of any of these patents will liqni(l & (10, pa dl. IlPollHly, Th(' cri th-al tpmppl'atlll'(l iH Htmply tht' FIELD 8. R Y �E.\nsox. Hoise, Inaho, The pur- stf'ad Sl1PPOl·ts a eooling-tank containing ice be fUl'nishf'c1 h�' for ten ('ents )111l1n a Hllbstan('e pl'm'i(lpo of tbe patentet'. titlp tplll pel'atl1 l'P he low whit'h must be pose of this in\,pntion is to improve the con· and ,Y ater. and with a downwardly­ Please state the name of can invention. and date of this papel'. ('ooled before any liquefaction It take structlon of derricks whlcb are provided with extending pipe, The tank is supported directly of tbe

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 60 J citutiftc �mtti,all. JANUARY 26, 1<)01. place. Further removal of heat will cause as every intelligent and patriotic citizen ought to Brick or block, paving, H. W. Wanamaker. 666,078 Mail-pouch, J. N. Tabler. __ . . , ... , •...•.... 665,942 Bustle, Quigley ...... , ..... 666,066 A...... 666,030 much of the gas to liquefy as the heat removed be familiar. The idea is an admirable one, J. Match-box, J. Shimp ana Button, J. Campbell ...... 666, 128 Mathematical device, O. Schleicher ...... 666,070 . would cause to evaporate were that number of the amount of information which Is gIven Is Button, T. W. Ferguson ...... 666,005 Measuring-instrument indicating apparatus, ...... A. ("alories to be added to the liquid. The critical very considerable. Button, collar, 'Vhite & Burnham 665,985 Asch ...... 665,862 Cake-raCk, A. Muehlbeln ...... , ... 666,059 Measuring machine, cloth, C. H. young .... 666, 17a pressure is a pressu re which is assoc iated with CASSELL'S CYCLOPEDIA OF MECHANICS. Calculator, F. D . .IJ�ergusson...... 666,091 Metal-cleaning composition, J. L. Bach .... 665,864 the critical temperature as a minimum of pres­ Car-brake, D. Beemer ...... 665,866 Metal-working apparatus, electric, E. Thom- A. .. Edited by Paul M. Hasluck, London Car-brake, emergency street, G. Carter 665,875 son ...... 666, 161 sure for the temperature. As the gas is and New York : Cassell Company. Car-coupling, J. Hahn...... 665,964 Metal-working, transforming apparatus for cooled below the critical temperature, the nec­ & Cars, operating-gear for doors of bopper-bot- electric, E. Thomson ...... 666. 162 1900. Quarto. Pp, 384. Price $2.50. tom, J. Simonton ...... 666,160 Metallurgical furnace, A. Reynolds ...... 666, 155 essary pressure to bold it a liquid also di­ Carbonating-machine, Ii.... W. Zingsem (re- Molding-flask catch, G. W. Packer, ...... , 665,927 minishes, until we may come to a temperature This volume presents in a form convenIent issue) ...." ...... 11,884 Mole-trap, A. B. Simmons ...... , .., ...... , 666,212 Carbureter air-pump, E. C. Burgess ...... 665,992 at which the liquid will remain in a "static" for ready reference and every-day use receipts, Motion, apparatus for obtaining recipro- Carpet-renovator, J. S. Thurman ...... 665,983 cating, L. J. Le Pontols ...... 665,917 or fixed condition in the open air. This is, of processes and memoranda selected from the rich Caster, ball, M. C. HalL ...... 666,009 Mower, lawn, Rauber & Lentz ...... •..•... 666, 111 ....•....••. ("ourse, what is called its "boiling point." Its store of choice information contributed by a Casting tubular shells, mold for, H. R. Music-leaf turner, H. N. Maxey 666,018 Baker ...... •...... 665,865 Music-scale educational apparatus, R. L. staff of skillful and talented technicians, upon O. . vapor pressure is then equal to atmospheric Centrifugal trap, B. Tilden ...... 666, 118 Fraisher ...... 666,247 Cbair-spring, M. H. Naber .....•...... 666,062 pressure. 3. Has any gas under critieal condi­ whose practical experience and expert knowl­ Nickel or allied metals, electrolytic produc- Check-hook, H. D. McKinney ...... 666, 151 tion of, M. Kugel ...... 665.915 edge the Information is based. The matter in tions any latent heat '� A. Yes. The answer to Cigar-lighter, F. T. Dickinson ...... 666,000 Nut-lOCk, E. R. Oliver ..._ .." ...... 666,065 the last question implies this. The term "Ia­ the volume has been carefully digested, freely Clgar-ligbting and clipping device, combined, Officc-chair, H. H .Palne ...... ,.,.... 666, 110 A...... 665,921 A...... illustrated and made plain to those Inexperi­ C. Miller ...... Oil-can, 11\ J. Kindermann 665,914 tent heat" is disappearing f}"om our books. It Cigar-tip cutter, automatic, Tritsch & Leh- Oils, tbickening or solidifying mineral, Hel- is not necessary and conveys an erroneous im­ enced. It will prove useful to all amateurs_ mann ...... 666,074 bing & Passmore ...... 666,010 Clothes-line prop, W. �'. Briggs ...... 666,22� Ore-concentrating table, "T. G. Dodd ...... 666,002 pression, or rathel', it is based upon a former THE PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICS. An Clutcb, friction, C. B. Rumsey ...... 666,201) Packing, C. Restein ...... 66..�,979 ele- A...... theory which is false and abandoned. The Coat-collar spring" H. Sevigne 666,238 Packing, sheet, A. B. Pratt ...... 665,931 mentary Exposition for Students of Coin-controlled mechanism, W. H. Pum- Paper-board machine, Oeser ...... 666,207 heat of evaporation is the energy which is l�. Physics. By Fred. Slate. Part I. phrey ...... 665,977 Paper box, F. H. I1onghlanc1 ...... 665,910 used in changin� the condition of the sub­ New York : The Macmillan Company. Combustion-producing apparatus, L. D. West 665,947 Paper-fe-eding maC'hinc, "T. Bridgewater ... 665,951 Cooking apparatus, J. P. Caldwell ...... 665,952 ...... 665,868 stanee from the liquid to the gaseous form, and Paper-making machinp, E. C. Briggs 1900. 12mo. Pp. 299. Price $1.90_ Cooking utensil, G. T. Allen ...... 665,859 Paper·stuff pump, I. P. Dillon ...... 666,089 this energy is still ac tive in the gas maintain­ Coop, chicken, J. J5,86:l facts. Gas, making, F. L. Slocum ...... (166,0:l2 Sifter, ash, J. Glover ...... 665,961 Acceleration limiting and recording device, GlaSS-blowing machinery, J. A. Arnold .... 666, 125 Silk thrC'ads, composition of matter for ...... • 665,998 66G,OSO A...... PETROLEU:\f IN CALlFOR"IA. A Precise �-\. G. Davis Glass-tp('ming appartus, J. "T. Cruikshank .. manufa('turing artificial, Petit 665,975 Acoustic Rllllaratns, II. Kutll...... 666. 198 Gold and orp sizing macbine, W. Gray ...... 666.050 Siphon-fitting, Van Nimwpgl'n & Bruns .... 6G6, 214 . and Reliable History of the Oil In­ Adding-machine, I. U. Hall ...... 666,220 Gong-tripping llPchanism, F. M. Dunn ...... 6r.6. 1 R!! Smoothing-iron, R. E. Van Court ...... 666,224 ...... A. . dustry of the State. Compiled and Advertising devicp, A. A. Du Bois 666, 188 Governor, C. C. & E. RioUe ...... 666,237 Soldipr's field eqnipment, J. R. 1\1. Taylor .. 666, 117 Alarm-signal, J. J. Ross ...... 66H,067 Grass, grain, etc., machine for cutting, R. Solutions, nnparatus" for decomposing, Ha- published by Lieut. Redpath. Los W...... Animal-trap, C. Hooker 665,906, 665,H07 W. Ilussey ...... 666,055 thorn(' & Bohson ...... 666,221 Angeles, CaL 8vo. Pp. 134. Price Animal-trap, A. Lhull'mann...... 666,233 Grinder, sickle, J. W. Latimer ...... 665.916 Spe-ctacle or p'\'pglass case, G. W. Wells .... 666, 124 $1. Antracite briquets, manufacture of, P. R. D. Grinding-mill, G. M. Ditto ...... 666.001 Spindlp-1H'aring, E. H. Uyon ...... 666,251 D'Humy ...... ; ...... 666,229 Gun, automatic, A. Burgess ...... 666,084 Spinning-machine spindle-support, E. H. Nature has certainly been lavish with her Attacbing or detacbing device, J. Wbitting- Guns, shell-ejector for breakdown, E. E. RYOll ...... •..••..••••••.••.••••• 666,252 ton ...... 666,027 Stubbs ...... 665,941 ...... 665,873 gifts in Callforni'!. Its gold and fruIt have Spoke-blank, sheet me-tal, E. G. Budd Automatic switch, L. S. Safford...... 666,027 Hair-pins, etc., manufacturing, W. S. Bech- Sqnarp, If'vpling, F. Fontanella ...... 666, 190 been one of the wonders of the world, and Axle, Damon & Peets ...... 665,883 told ...... 665,989 Steam-boiler, R. Sehuir...... , ...... 666,071 ...... 665,897 A. .... 666,248 ...... the production of oil is the third great in­ Axle, J. }1-' ritz . . . Hammer shifting die, forge, J. Scott Steam, filtering. W. H. Barr 666,044 Axle-boxes, mauufacture of, H. Stuting .... 666,037 Harp, L. Lehman ...... 666,016 Step for cars, stairways, etc., H. J. Hamil- H. dustry. The pamphlet before us gives In con­ Badge, J. W. Rankin ...... 666.024 Harvpster and sbocker, corn, J. Hegwer. 666,140 ton ...... •.....•...... 665,900 venient form reliable information regardIng Bag-holder, E. B. Beeson ...... 666,045 Harvpster, corn, W. H. Roe ...... 665,934 Stiffening fabric, compound, C. H. Crowell. 665.996 A. A. ...•...• Baling-press, T. J. Mayberry ...... 666,203 Harvpsting-machin£>, C. Rand 665,933 Stirrup, J. W. & W. S. Davis." _.,_, ..... 665,884 almosL eV�" ything that the reader is deslrou� Ball-and-socket fastener, F. Scbollbach . . ... 665,938 Hat-holder, Shoettle & Meyer, ..• , •.. " ... 666,0�1 Stop, magnptic, F. P. Howe .•..•....••.... 666, 196 of knowing about the discovery, exploitation Barriers controlling openings, rpciprocating Hat-pin, G. W. Dover ...... 666, 132 Stopper, C. N. Brisco ...... 66.�,869 mechanism for opening or closing, A. L. Heat into mechanical energy, conversion of, ...... 666, 130 and pros peets of oil in Califoruia. Stove, heating, E. C. Cole Webster ...... 666, 170 H. Zoelly ...... 666,043 Stov�-top lid, J. L. Clark ...... , ...... 665.994 Battery platps, producing secondary, C. Hpater, H. Schwickhart ...... '.' 666. 113 Stovppipe-thimhle, H. Mohle ...... 666, 1 49 MODEn" PERSPECTI\'E, A Treatise Upon Pollak ...... 666, 153 Heel. cushion, J. F. B. Litchfield...... 666,201 Stud or butto1l, lacing, Newman & Rf'ctor. 666,063 the Species and Practice of Plane Bearing, cone, A. Nelson (reissu(» ...... 11,88a Hinge, H. F. Schwpnker ...... •.....•... 66.�,940 Superhea tpr, "\V. C. Borrowman, et al..... 666, 127 I. . Bearings, manufacturing sh'el balls for ball, Hog-guard gate, C. Walker ...... 666, 168 Superheater, Konig & Mager ...... 666, 015 and Cylindrical Perspective. By C. C. HIlI ...... 665,905 Hoist, fluid-pre-ssurp, N. A. Christensen ... . . 66.�,993 Sweeppr, J. Zpllwe-ger...... 666,250 William R. Ware. New York : The Belt roller mechanism, convpyer, J. & W. Hold]iack, M. D. Schaller ...... , ...... 665,9:16 Tap, Siphon-hottle, Van Nlmwegan & Bruns 66G, 21 fi Titus ...... 666, 164 Horspshoe-nail machine, B. J. Ahbott ...... 6H5,S!17 TargC't, E. W. I{nowlton ...... •...... 666, 102 Macmillan Company. 1900. 12mo_ Belt-supporting m('chanislll, carrier, J. & W. Horspshop, soft-tn'ad, Gallpy & Roudphush. 666,007 Tf'a or coffpp making apparatus, J. D. Grace 665,962 Pp. 336. Price $4. Titus ...... 666,165 Horse-shops, machinery for manufacturing, Teaching tOllch type-writing, instrument for, Bicycle driving and braking mpchanism, B. J. Vprnon ...... 66G,07!1 I. S. Bro'''n ...... 665,991 'r he present work was fi rst issued in 1882, Sarvela ...... 666,068 Huh, whl'pl, E. Rrnggemann ...•....•.•.... 66.�,R72 Telephone-pxC'hange circuit and appliance, and sinee that time it bas been recognized as Bicycle-frame, J. S. Dikeman ...... 666, 187 Hydrant. R. H. Mitchell ...... 66fi,20fl G. K. 'l'hompson ...... 666, 21 � Bicycle 'package-carrier, H. Deitz ...... 666,088 Hydranlic elpvator, stpam, E. B. Ridgway .. 6fi6, 156 Telephone toll-line apparatuR, A. Bullard . 665,874 one of the standard works on perspective. 'I'be ]\1. Bicycle-support, H. M. Wood ...... fl!l6,249 H;vdrocarhon-hurnpr, II. MerkeL ...... 66r..14R Tele-phone-transmitter gprmicide device, A. author bas taken advantage of the opportunity Bird-trap, E. F. Sylvis ...... r.66.1 16 II)'dro<:'arhon-huru{'r, E. G. Mummery ...... 666,020 B. 1..Iarse-n...... • 666,199 ...... •..... offered by the issue of a new edition to revise Boiler, E. Jolicard . . . . . nOfi,H12 Ignitpr for explOSive-motors, electric, C. E. Tplpphonic appliancp, F. R. McBprty 665,923 A...... Boilpr-furnace, H. Buck ... . 00r., l�n. (j(�O,18 1 LlIfbpt·y . . 666, 105 Thprmometer, clinical, .T. J. Hicks ...... 666,o!l4 the text and to add in an appendix some mat­ Bolt making and forging machitlP, J. 'VagllPl' nnn, 167 Insulated electric conductor, W. L. R. Em- Thrpshing-marhinp, J. Galland ...... 666,244 teI's of interest. The reputation of the Pro­ Bolts or rivpts, manufactul'e of, A. II. l��ox . n66,OD2 met ...... _ ...... 666,003 Tin', fl. E. Bradish ...... •.••..••... 666, 179 Boltwork, thermostatic appliance for, (L L. Insulating electric conductor, W. L. R. Em- Tin', J. K Ulsh ...... _ .... 666,166 fessor of Architecture in Columbia lTniversity Damon ...... 666, 1 85 met ...... , ...... 666.004 'l�ire-Ilpatpr, I. Harvpy ...... •.••. 666, 193 is so great that any book whleh bears his name Rook, chpck, C. S. l\1c}Iullin...... 666,021 Keylpss lOCk, M. L. Lawson .•.••....•..... 6R6,2�1 Tirf'-infiatpr, automatiC', P. Jj"'. Gillette ..... 66.1),899 A. .•...... Boring-machine, automatic multiph', l�. I��. Lacing-hook, Jj". Herrick 666, 011 Ttl'e-shrinkpr, W. Van GiHt...... ••.. 665,944 is sure to be an excellent production. Abbcy ...... 666,217 Ladd�r can-holding attacbment, H. Kepler. 666,Oml Tir(�, vphicle rubbpr, "\V. R. Giddf'on....•... 66.1),R!l8 Bottle-covpr, V. Flf'ckenstf'ill...... 605,894 Lap-robe, 1\1. Solomon ...... •...... 666,034 Towing apparatn�, hoat, H. W. Aldpn ...... 6M !)O OUR COUNTRY. ,!l What It Is and What Has Bottle filling apparatus. W. Volk('f ...... 666,120 Lamp, plf'ctric-arc, J. A. Dalz{'ll...... • 665,882 Toy, flying, J. Rodw ...... 6M,!lRO Made It What It Is. By W. C. Dodge. Bottle-filling machine, G. W. }1�ield.. 665,892, 665,89!l Lam]), formaldehyde, R. P. Kuhn ..... , .... 666, 103 Toy puzzlp, F. Armhrnstpr ...... 66G,P,61 Hottlp holder, nursing, A. J. Bradbury ...... 600,227 Lath�·H. shaft-supporting mpcbanism for Trollf'y-findpl', f'lpC'tl'ic-ral', ID. S. Booth ..... 666, 177 Washington : Government Printing Rottl('-wire cuttpr, Ii.... C. Loespr ...... GH!l,920 C'!·ank·pin-tnrning, Tindpl & Alhrpcht .... 606.040 Trollsprs, E. I��. IIptJ(1prson ...... 666,246 Office. 1900. Senate Document. 8vo. Bottling-tablp, W. 1\1. Phelan ...... HM, 976 Lpad Ilhw, tin-linpd, A. Barraclough ...... 666,241 TrllC'k swivpl for locomotivps, l(>ad, 1..1, Box-strapping mu('hillP, Levy & Littlp ...... G()H,2!l2 Lpmon-sqnppzer, A. Banmgnrtf'll.•..•••...•. 605,fiRS Crowell ...... , ...... 665, 997 Pp. 98. Boxps, machine for making Ipathpl'-hoHl'd 01' Lifp-saving huoy, J . .T. McGpp .....•...•.•.. 665,924 Tuhe. �pe Wpll-tllhp...... (;(; 6,142 Lightning-arrpsb'f, W. D. Wood .•••.•••.•• 66.''l,9S6 The object of the present pamphlet Is to cardboard, W. L. Jackson . . Tnl<. thill, C. B. �r.·Hd ...... 666,107 Brake, E. C. �'. & E. C. F. Otto, Jr ...... (11' -.971 Loom piC"'kpr c1pvi('p, .T. Hiebel. •...... ••..• 665,904 Typp-wrfting mHC'hhw. G. C. Blickens(]C'rfer. 66G. 17f1 present in a condensed and simple form those Brake-beam, Hoyle & Aglar ...... H(jjj,1!l7 Lnhri('utol', C. B. Richards .•.•...••...•... 666,02r. ITmhrplln, ('limPllsoll & "'"ingpr..... ••.•.... 66l'i, 87R facts relatiug to the growth, prosperIty Brakp-shof', W. D. �al'gPIlt. (rpls811e) ...... 11,RRrI l\IaC'hhlP-tool, C. W. Miles ..•...... •...... 665, 936 Urinal, B. O. Tilden ...... 666, 119 and Brpad, making, K. Zpininger ...... 666,2HI Mail catcblng and delivery frame, F. C. future prospects of our country with whIch Brick, manufacture of, J. H, Amles ••••• , •• 665,860 Kilby ...... " •••••••••• , 666,101 (Continued on page aJ)

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901• 61

" Foot IUld Valve, H. G. Glnaca ...... 666,245 II Power Valve, J. Kennedy ...... 666, 145 ar Screw Cutting Valve mechanism, I. L. Fitz Hugb ...... 666, 134 Sf Valve, safety, J. }1J. Osmer .....•...... 666, 109 Valve, safety, P. 'Vbiting...... 666, 171 Valve, throttlp, C. B. Richards ...... 666,026 BRAKE. Vehicle, Franz ...... 666,09:1 Lathes Vehicle }'I,coupling nlld steering connection, :" .. FITS ANY CYCLE, 100,000 TIN EUSER 666,218 S Send for Catalogue B. J. E. & J. A. Ebersole ...... COA 665,9aO WAND SAFETY-ALL DEALERS SELL THEM. Vehicle draft device, J. \V. Porter ...... ADDS PLEASURE0 FALLS R1l 666,085 O SENE: ' MFa. co. Vehicle, motor, R. H. Clough ley ...... M Waler Streel, 6 695 Vehicle, motor, Ii'. E. & C. B. Gront...... 666, 13 RIDE SEND50 MIL FORES SDOI(LET.-PEDAL ONLY 35. ECLIPSE MANUFACTURING C?, Seoec« Falls, N. Y., S. A. Vehicle, motor, C. A. 'rileston ...... 666,239 EL��AXN.v. U. Vehicle propelling and steering mechanism, • BABBITT METALS.-SIX IMPORTANT W. H. Williams ...... 666,081 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Vehicle-wheel, J. H. Jackson ...... •.. 665,911 formulas. 1 J 23. Wagon for delivering fermented liquors, TO LAST TEN YEARS Pr; ce 10 cents. For sale by Munn & Co. and all news­ ...... •.•• 665,051 without repaIr:;. We -warrant our tank, J. Grun Cypher", Ineu dealers. Send for catalo,",ue...... ••.•• 666,014 butor8 to do that and Wagon-jack, A. M. Kauffman as 666,079 {Ilaranteethem fol lows-torequtre nosup. Wall, suspended crOSR, }1'. ,\\rehling ...... ! I ied moisture ; to b, self-ventilating and reg­ SHOP OUTFITS . . MACHINE. Washboard, A. R. Speer ...... 666,035, 666,O:{6 l.atiolC; 10 operate with less oil andexpeose; TOOLS ANO SUPPLlES,'i':t; "< Washing-machine, C. E. }1' rick ...... 665,896 'I be fireproof ; easiest tooperatej to produce tE NGINE.&.FOOTJ Watch-regulator, L. Erickson ...... 665.889 t.rollger chicks ; toout-hatch any other ma­ ATHEs. S[BAS1IAN lA1Hl co '��,m����,s6 'Vater-closet, F. H. Paradice ...... 660, 152 h in 'or money refunded. Circulars and prices 'Vater-glass shield, E. T. Reed ...... 666,154 fret:. 192 p:lge book, HProOtable Poultry ne t a s. "l"ax, production of sealing and bottle-clos- .4 wA (!�;��:;!��:s/��:�.c stamp ing, "T. Ellram ...... •...... 666,046 ::k���g�� 1lii1�_�i6C!phlll lneb. Co. , BOlton, Mill., Wayland, a "l"pldingapparatus, electric, A. F. Rietzel. .. 666, ]57 N, Y., Chic go, Ills. \Vell tube, tubular, G. C. Dimock ...... 665,886 Evorv Knownfor every Too tradel andin professiontho Wor Is COf­l� 'VheeI. See vehicle-wheel. Wind-wheel. rectly explained and described-with \Vhet'l wrench, sprocket, H. J. Cordle ...... 666,131 accurate illustratior.s-in the new and Whimetree-hook, 1. C. Hall ...... 666,192 improved 19)) edition of Whitening or finishingmachine, H. A. Axtell 666, 174 Wind-wheel, W. H. Aldrich ...... 66.�,858 For Loading Ships from Docks and Warehouses . . . M��aal': PorbaII E11.tri� �on,�yor MONTGOMERY &: CO.' S Windmill, �'. L. Fetty ...... 665,891 "TindmiIl, Harris & Carruth ...... 660,052 savinJl over 50 per cent in tiILeof loading. By means 100L CATALOGUE \Vinding apparatus, edgewisp, H. Geisen- t n o v n a I . . . ���'k��� ���:ci��Ka� !;���g�::clre� i� :�?i�g� J'a � �: ' which is printpd from new type, and honer ...... (]66.008 ��put aboard ship as fast as it can lie stowed and in an is full of practical Tool information "Tilldow anti rattler-protector, U. Cooke ..... tlG5.956 u o lJ t i 'Vindow or door, C. E. Reynolds ...... OGH, 112 from tbe flrst to the last of tbe 510 �; !.��I�� O� \�ns Electric Conveyor, flour, grain, Wire-drawing machine, T. M. �·ootc ...... 6611,048 sacked Jloods, etc .. can be delivered at the hatch at the I pages. Copious index. Pocket size. "Tire-fabric edging, H. J. Steffen...... tlH5,H82 . rate of 4,000 sacks per hour; and it does away with aU SOLD EVERYWHERE. � x 4� illcnes. Sent by mail for 25 cents. \V ire-stapllng machine, H. Wpber ...... 665,946 stalling and hoisting. . 2Sc. MONTGOMERY & CO 105 Fulton St., New York City. "rood chipper and -crusber, combined, II. G. e h r u e Williams' Shaving Stick, .. Shortt ...... 666, 21 1 in�Ofi��:���?i�rt� d,���� �go�: :�8 : f�ll�:;�ri��i�� Genuine Yankee Shaving Soap, fOe. "'"l'pneh, A. E. Abrahamson ...... 665,987 of the invention will be forwarded_ Luxury Shaving Tablet , 2Sc. 666,083 Address Capt. W. McCABE, Stevedore, Swiss Violet Shaving \"I'('nch, D. O. Brumwr ...... ; ...... TacomaL. or Seattle, Wasbington. Cream, SOc. Presses for ":'"re11ch, R. Meeks ...... 666, 10S Williams' Shaving Soap Warber.), 6 \y I't'nch, T. F. Moonf'Y...... 666, 150 Round Cakes, I 11."., 4OC. Exquisite also \Vrench, A. Shepard ...... 666,029 Tnalcake Sub=Press Work. PERFECT · PUMp · POWER. for toilet. for 2C. stamp. Five size... Sub-Presses and is attained only in the Tlu only firm z'n tlze 'lfJorld l1Ull.:ittC a Tools to Ol·der. DESIGNS. TABER ROTARY PUMPS sfixialty of SflA VliV G StJaps. WILLIAMS CO. , (jJasloobury, Send for Circulars. THE J. B. CI, ur Bal1gp, V. Lehllt'rd ...... •...... :J:l.[)On Si���! d� ;����Waj 1.0:'\DON P,\IHS J> kE-S1>Io;N SYDNEY Baa, Eppens, Smith & Wiemann Company .. . . CUYER'S PATENT Toilet powders, H. B. Hess ...... W}:SER GA!' '" GA!;OLINE HIGHEST EFFICIENCY TOil r tai d ]]14-8, Kanoa. Clty, Mo. attained In the ��ea��e� � n/�� . . � . .. .. 35,773 DESULPHURIZING FURNACE. �)� ..�.�� .. �: �: 35,78 ICE YACHT BUILDING.-COM I'LETE STOVER Latest, Cbeapest and Best. 1p � fJ:;: 0 details for tbe construction of Ice Yacbts, with many ��,�A��' p e o '���d 'i;; 'c',;u's"t; n;i:il;g; 'T�;: Takes tbe place of Heap h'-I'll Pump Company ...... ' ...... 35, 789 illustrations. arc contained in SUPPLhM.KNTNos 624. 11;J4, 110'- and 1233. Each numbergives plans of , GASOLINE or Winding-machines, Universal Winding COID- 10 each. }'or sale by Munn I Sta1l Roasting. puny ...... 35,788 a dUferentboat. Price cents E N N G I E Saves time and money. & Co. and by all newsuealers. I The best Is always cheap. est. Write for prices. Write for particulars. LABELS. Casilia LIMA, PERU, S. STOVER ENGINE WORKS, FREEPORT 5U A. "Alma Rosa," for cigars, American Litho- -G� A MO\iEON� graphic Company ...... 8,062 ONE OF OUR THE JOHNSON ROTARY WORKS LIKE A CHARM. "Breunig's Heal Skin, OJ for a ton�t prepara- W,T" ,_ �S i Simple of construction, p08itive Perfect satisfaction is experi­ tion, J. Breunig ...... 8,072 " �'''''r-''' - ..DHAR CH � f_6 n e 6 9 8,071 --;:"' enced usin� our No. 5, or "Cosmodont," for a dentifrice, C. G. Pease .. 'zoo.oo ��t���� E���rt!l?yq�� �tp\� 8Pt� n pumpin2; soap, 011. sugar. lard, "Doctor Pease's Perle Paste," for a denti- ".,0 ,"P n . r n o fricf:', C. G. Pease ...... 8,069 � SOl'- glucose. acids, starch. trlue, var­ �l:Wrratchet �m power.�J.� Gears:;�: d�ho� used'l< � "Dr. F. W. Lange's Lactated Tissue Food," for nish. cOin and water. malt. etc. �OR��:::� CA'TAI..OGUE ¥Ga TO 4S "[l15E POWER Large 8izes fIll'irl'hmtion. from dust. Chasers set by li!rad­ evaporatt.'d milk, �.... W. Lange ...... 8,065 ..II ,� 4 uation to any Bizet can be re­ _ hi :Ideas a hett or steam pump, or com­ from "Gf'orge- Rpck's Meat Sancf-'," for meat-sancf', nination. or operated hy eIedTic motor leased threadIng while in RAPIDS GAS-ENGIIiE&: YACHT CO GRAND RAPIDS MICH motion, opened to permit pipe G. Beck ...... 8,068 GAAHD or gasoline engine. \hnuf:l!'tureu by "George Beck's Oyster Cocktail Ketchup," DA VIS-JOliN SON Station A being cut, and instantly closed. CO.. V, C IC GO, ILl" SeM jor F'reeCatalogue for oyster-cocktail catchup, G. Beck ...... 8,006 lI TheOJ""" Merrell Manufactur_to "George Beck's Oysh�r-Sance," for oyster- inll' Co.. Curtiss Street, saucE', G. Beck ...... 8,067 301 "Hall's Magic Hair Dye," for. a hair-dye, Charlotte Drug Co ...... 8,On ?• ?• ?• • 'Headlight Overalls," for overalls, Larned, Carter & Company ...... 8.060 "Perledont," for a dentifrice, G. Pease .. 8,070 "The 'Chipftain' Mantle," for lllC.an tlps for in­ cand('scpnt gas-lamps, United Incalldes- ('ent Light Company ...... 8,059 .. 'The Harvard' Country Cluh. Hye," for. whis- kl'Y, O. R. Griffin...... 8,()(i4 can tell you where to buy anything you want. "Vista," for cigars, Schmidt Co ...... 8,06a We & What usDo the addressesYo of umanufacturers Want in Toline of business. Buy ? ""rar�el" s," for corsets, \Varner Bros. Com- Write for ANY pany ...... 8,061 Novelties, Special Tools, Machinery, Equipments, New Patent LABOR SAVING DEVICE�. SEND FOR THE PRINTS. "Motor Bicycle Playing Cards," for playing­ cards, United StateR Playing Card Com- Acetylene Gas Lighting pany ...... 293 Reduced to tbe most Stltntifit Jlmtrltan Emcient. Safest. Simple A printed of the s!,ecification and drawing of and Economical Use. any patent incopy the foregoing list, or any patent In We guarantee our machines per­ print issued since 1863, will be furnished from fectly automatic fromin action, to ex­ this office for ]0 cents. In ordering please stute tract all the gasno tbe carbide. th(� name and number of the patent deSired, and and absolutely over production remit to Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, New York. manufatturtrst Tndtx �[o�:���::: ' OfA}\��oTfgd����:r�� to Canadian patents may now be obtained by the In­ This Index Is Bent gratuitously to prospective purchasers. botb In tbis country Standard sizes 10 150 toligbts. Ex­ ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore- and abroad, who inquire for the addresses of dealers and manufacturers of tb clUsive territory �iven responsi · going list, provided they are Simple, at a cost of ? goods and machines classifled therein. It is also Hent. to reliable Export Mer­e ble agents. Correspond with . $45 eacb. It complicated the cost will be a little • chants In the United States and to the United States Consuls in aU forei�n • IAGARA FALLS ACETYLENE GAS MACHINE CO .. more. For full instructions address MUDn & Co., countries. . Address Inquiry Department. ? 361 Broadway, N.ew York. Otber foreign patents UNN Falls. 1 CO. , Publlshers of the SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN, 361 B�OADWAY, Niagara N. Y. and Canada. may also be obtRlDed, I M &: NEW YORK.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J tieutific !meritJu. JANUARY 26, 1901. ' . ' .' . ' . ' . ' ...... ' .' . ' .' . ' ...... ' ., . Orand Prix, Paris, 1900 • Every Hour o' the Jow Roomer Proof Day E a e u ) : c i b of e able!� explosi��!!ve mixture.���! Easy�! ig�nition!.�!� and The Pipe" th CentuNTry. t e i •••THE ••• DT " PATE iJ:e� ���y :r'���s gt·gllS(�Pne})�b �6q��!���: MALUN CKRO }�special1y adapted to automobile a1ld cycle NICOTINE AB ORBE of Snpenontg Every Day S NT AND VENTILATED SMOKING motors. OUI' eu to:IJers say it is the best PIPE THE PIP E FIT FOR A Carburettor in the m:lrl{et. 'Ve mak(' alBO IS ONLY the Uegister Valve lor controllinC" the GE T EMAN) o, the flow of g-asoJine or other tlui(ls. \Vrtte us Y a N L S USE. for s b ou msny appreciate the exquisite fiavoran <1 taste ,j:U� AV�R�I �OJ �N'�l� of a good oli:ingtj .bacco, but you can never have thflt WashinatoII!!O n �t •• Chica..s�O(?O. O'o, en o n h a rt , f<'ul-smellillg- pipe. tlioronuhlY I!o In. j yme t,.,t di y Year �_____30 \\'. saturated wid:; p()isonou� nicotine juicet-,so bitter and ACETYLENE GA8 AND CARBIDE g Cb¢ Smitb Prtmitr OF r�� �"ll�ili�I���;di'wt;iIe;�I�t�jci\�,��t�r�!ro ���;i!:fydlll,� You can ElOIbed before reaciJing the monto, and assl�ring a co�], Calcium.-AI about the new illuminalltits , its qualities. e n )� chemi.stry, preSSllreI of liql.lefaction,it. probable future, dean and h g ltby smyke. NOll�y ref�l.H led If � satls­ expertments perfOlllied with A most valuable series f�ctory, P}peB froll .)0 to ilL ell,Its ea<:h, accOldmg to count of Rrticles. giViIlIl in cOlllPlete form the particularsof SIze and fi.ms.h. Over I(JO,� sold.p,l 18H(1,al�me_ . Cyptwrittr this �llbject. Details of furn:-lces for making thp carbi(ie, Send fur lllu�trated CIl'cular H. A. WIth prICes. on gas generators. gasometers, burners. etc. Contained in T HE HARVEY WATTS CO has been adopted for the Official I T & · �����. mo,�'i>�R1I��N1 0n�pl'�'11 �� iilf6�' I���: 387 B adway, N . Station E, P iladel a. 1064, ro Y. h �h i Work of the lOa», Ina�, 10.'} ,. 10'1, 10' ::, lOS:':, I 10S3, Ins�. lOS!;, 10)0,6. 11414, 11·�4. 1I;"�, 10 This = this1 1 4! 1 and 1 I :;O. Price cents each. by mail. from DESK$19.30 office.lind all new8dealers. 50 Inches I"n�, 30 inches Steady Reliable Work qUlLI"ter sawed oak PAN =AMERICAN tbrouljhout,lett.er tileB, drawers, document fr om the pig:eon hole sion slides, letter and drops. Larll:", EXPOSITION plete, attractive and con· venient. Uesks 110 and up. Buffalo, 190 1 Can furnish y"ur 01100 or Home throu�h._ Th Smith Premier Typewriter Co. , out at FACTORY PRIf'EI!. e ReWYCKOFF,lJli SEAMANSng & BENEtonDICT Prices so low lW;ents can S. A. 327 New sell at good profits Broadway, York Catalog No. SYRACUSE, N. Y., U. I 153, Office ... . Furniture. fA '. fA fA . ���.��.,. Catalog No. 154, House � '. 1. 1 ______Fu:!"uitllre. l e s t:. II. Stafl"ord & Bro •• Stelnway Hal1.Chiesgo ��d al��:�ic:.l; �����d f�� ��;�l ------cemeteries,Cd����rf�;. school g-rounds. Looks best��� �i'and best METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS USED wben built with ollTsteelpo!'=ts.&C'. Illustratedcatalogis free. Cb¢ Cvp¢writ¢r1 B rExcc l y .•bang N EW YOR¢ · in Astronomy.-An illustrated descriptiGn of the tele­ J.2 HARTMAN M'F'u CO., BOX �8, ELLWOOD CITY, 6 124 Laa Sallea St •• CHIC G OK PA. scopes in the Lick and PariS Observatories. iJ]ustra ZEPHYR MAGNESIA 0 ••9 BROAUW A Y. lI EW YORK CITY. 1 l·lO. St A PLASTIC • tions. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 38 Bromfield St.. BOSTON COVERI NO Pric:)10 cents For sale by MUDD & Co. and all news­ 8 1 7 St .. a Wyandotte Unequaled as 11011-( onduetor uf beat for use on aU dealer�. Send for catalogue. KANSAS CITY, MO. �team alld fire heated �urfaees. 209 St. 411 North 9th Guaranteed to covel' sqll'lre feet, fiatsurface, 1 inch YEARS' fi(} 50 m �TSt�.O U IS, MO. thick, and wel�h� only pounds pel' bag. EXPERIENCE a g n e Moulded Sectional Covering, Wells. Di PITTon SBURGH. PA. 432 Ma si� Asbestos by Oil and Gas Wells drilled Baltimore St ,. Felted Cell ect o n l Covering, Cf'ntractto any depth from50 3 Asbestos Air S i a 3CKXJ West BALTIMORE. Fel S ect 1 C \' e r ng . to feet. We also manufac­ MD. Wool t io o i s ture and furnish everything re­ C e e n ",,. and a complete line of insulat- 5 6 Calilornia St.. · Asbe'los m t quired to drm and complete 3 S A N FRANCISCO. CAl. ing materials of all kinds, �' or prices address Bame. Portable Horse Power . 10 . THE CORK FLOOR AXD TlI.� CO .. and Mounted Steam Drilling 50% We willS emisave you tromio I o :�_ri�ers of ail makes. for Cata (1lu. I 9 Congress �treet, Boston, Mass. Macbines for 100 to 1200 feet. � �!� 13 Write us stating exactly wbat is required and send for illus­ THE BICYCLE : ITS INFLUENCE IN trated catalogue. Address Healtb and Disease.-By G. M. Hammond. ll.D. A val. THE EDISON EERING AND SUPPLY CO. ul).bleand interesting paper in which the subject is ex· NEW YOIlK, U. S. A. s e at t f ta d �t� ��� �� t��: c;�:b�n;,er� �n�):�0;��ft�. 21. ¥��1��� RUBBER STAMP MAKING. THIS e e I li Anyone sending a sketch and description may - ��;�������� �·o. (�?R�:�� ()J�c�c l���til; PHONOGRAPH quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an article describes a simple method of making rubber ���k'ro be ���t;Jhad at this officeand from all newsdealers. invention IS probably patentable. Communica­ stamps with inexpensive apparatus. A thortJughly TheAcme of Realism . tions strIctly confidential. Handbook OIl Patents practical article written by an amateur who has had ex­ sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. oerience in rubber stamp mak1ng. One iHustration. Patents takenwithout throug b )lunTl & Co. receive ContainedMunn in S PPL EM}; T 1 I I H. Price 10 cents. For special notice. charge. in the sale by &U Co. and all� newsdealers. DICKER.MAN'S A SC1handsomely¢nti illficustrated Jlm weekly.¢ri Largestcan. cir· culatlOn at any !'.('ientiflc.iournal. Terms, $3 a year ; four mOllths. $1. Sold by all newsdealers. DUR.ABLE DESKS Don't buy until you qet our catalogue- Br dw y. MUNN & CO.361 oa a New York 100 page� of money saving values. 625 . C. Brancb Office. F St . Washin!1U1NE � I smal1 space wlJen not in use. ���t��r�����;. smells°e�r o m���gets WITHOUT o thflong as or electrkity, It never St:nOh�S. � a Cdv..on.. TRADE MARK a klet, .. hat in tbe United St'ltes, Canada, and l\lexic . all:d t'xtlllgulshe, as ea"oIlI): !L'i � ��R W - • 7.00 out of order, is lil{htt'd � l �6��Y���f��t���'tir Ggo Scientific AmerJcan and Supplement! - ma,'" nd WIthout beIng P��g� §�; - 5.00 gas, be ti\l('ti while 11Khted a NATIONAL PHONOGRAPH CO., 136 Fifth Ave., New ScientificAm erican and Building EdItion, - moved and burns for elg. nteen ('euts p�'r month. York homes, stores, oth("Ic's, sales­ MECHANICAL FABRIC CO. , Scientiflc Ameri('an, ScientifiC American Supple ..- 9.00 Thousands are in use in demonstrate the ment. and Building Edition, rooms, faetories, ('hurehe,;, etc. at�tl under WOlldl'rfuL "aille and beauty of OIl whf'1l used PROVIDENCE, R. I. TERMS TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES, proper condItions. If you 'are iuter�sted in progres­ "hould send for our catalogu<: The sive illumination you yearly snbscriptionforeUln countries prices of Rcient ific American M.M. which !>ho�s'all styles from fr8�O up. Fret' on Telephones, publications to are as follows : u T OM PAN Y, u. S. English ! C rk :l�c ��!:l!.� Money, Mor.ey. i6 p; £ s. d. ScientiflcAm erican (weekly). - - $4.00 016 5 ScientifiCAmerican Supplement (weekly) 6.00 148 Building Edition of the SCientificAmer- ican (monthly), ---- 3.00 012 Export Edition of the Scientiflc Amer- Cincinna i O i . 3.00 012 t , h o ican (monthly) in Spanish and English COMBINED RATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES PUMPS AND ENGINES. ROT.ARY ScientificAmerican and Supplement, - 8.50 1 14 11 �::��sO�1�\� al e t n r r s SCientific American and Building di- Jo Orders Expected �d ��t0�i��i;�s u;;! o}��� ����:: �� rri� - . - - - - -E - 6.50 and engine from 1588 and illustrated with clear tion. draw. THE ELECTRIC HEATER. -A VALU- SCientiflc Amerif"an. Scientific American we ings showinj,! tbe construction of various forms of 11.00 2 during the holiday season, but have found it pumps tlnd engines. 38 i1lustration�. Contained in Supplement, and Building Edition, - good basi ness policy to advertisewe in all Sf'RSonS, HUPPLE).tENTS I t U9� 11 I (t, 1 1 11. Price 10 cents able paper, with working drawing� of variom� fDrms of Dr" Proportionate llates for Six Jfonths. for through our advertising tind investors who each. For sale by Munn & Co. and all newsdealers. t 1 S in r The above .fates include postage. which we pay. Re­ c1esit'e to secure the unusual proHtM realized by �\lZci�ic� ��SI t�aib�' �:��,ug�gg : 0f����at����� §ci;?;;2 mit 0-1' inv�stments in legitimate workill� mines, and by TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMI';NT 1112 . Price 10 cents. by postal ur express mon€:yorder, draft to order of MUNN CO., 1 Broadway, New York. continuous anvertisinr!thev findus. MORAN FLEXIBLE JOIN T qp.. :: For sale by Munn & Co. and all newsdealers. & 36 fo r Steam, Air or 1.iQuids. ---_ The New Year's Dividends Made in all s.izes to stand any desired - _ disbursed by our house as financiaJ a.llents for pressure. .� tbe several mining cOlllpanies we represent and a c'd , whose stock we have recomm �nded to our cus- Moran147 rl'hird Flexible Street, Ste LOITIm JoinHVIJt Co.,�I�E, In Ky. s r r a n ai ���orders,�r '1 ,tl50(iistria:ebutedp�;at. perspectivc� and floor plans of many houses of a wide range of your investnlents for the coming year. This is a perff'd work· ing- {'ngillf'. It is com- architecture and cost ; also a large number of cuts of handsomely DOUGLAS, LACEY &. CO., 1)lete in Hery detail and will de velo full power. fu rnished and decorated interiors, combine to make these vol­ M n ng Stock Exclusively. p Bankers & Brokers. i i "T ill run on gag or jZ"aso­ 66 Broadway-l" New St .. New York. line. We are algo mak­ umes of great value to those interested in the subject. The BRANCHES: ing a 1 H. P. pnjZ"ine. Can finishptlen­ furnish semi-annual volumes are $2.00 each : yearly volumes, $3 50 each. CLEVELAND :- Tbe Cuyahol

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. vV ANTED.-DRAFTSMEN. AN EXAMINATION of applicants will be beld at the Navy Yard, Bos· tOD, Mass., January 29. 1901, for three architectural � dJaftswen at $5.U4 per �iem, one structural steel work drafttjIDan at $5.04 per diem, Buston Yard; ODe 2d cla�s Ualuabl� Books ! In the Pay marine engine aud builer draftsman at $4.00 per ..diem ij"ij"ij" Weymouth, Mas.s.;one 2d-class marine enJ;!ine andbo ileJ� draft�ma:r;t at ��.OO per diem, :south Boston Mass. '1'oe EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE. Envelope examInatlOll Will be open to all comers wbo caD give our evidence uf experience in the kind of work tor which By GEORG E M. HOPKINS. Th at's where education they seek. employment, and who are citizens of the Uniteu State.. Applications will he addressed to the '1'HlS is a book full of affects you. Commandant. Navy rard, Boston MasS., aDd must interest and value for We teach mechanics the t1w�ry be dellv�re� to nim ,on or before Monday. January 28. �heir work; help ntisplaced peo­ No applIcatIOn 'reachers, Students, 01 ac or Family by mai l post·paid. received afterwiU that date will Lte con­ and others who desire p,le to change their work; enable e F t y to s .dered. Each appl!callt state in his applicatioll peo .Ie to support themselves n e biB name, age, reSidence, citizenship, to impart or obtain a young ov t :��t��;�� Eio�i�:��dMR �i�� present ocell­ while leu10ning a prujession. ��rdeer :r �s ,� �� �a aud f�� � i patif?Il. �Dd pr:evious employment or work done. 'rhe practical knowledge of gloves unlin ed silk 1 ned $1. 50 to $2.lI0 · y applIcatIOns wul ,be Meehanleal, d man aCCuwlJuniedby evidence of citizen­ Physics. 1 his splendid 250,000 students and graduatE'Sin n ��Ji�����.�r I\U �'�I� ��' ship. and by certificates, preferably from previous em­ work gives Eleetrieal, Steam nnd Chll J:o:ngineerlug, Arehitedure, �\ru�<;� 1'�1:Job��kl�� P.lg l���es ployers, :lB to character, habits of industry and young and legraphy, Stenography, Booli·k(!l"plng, ele. �tr��Black l�aJf",kil1, nnd otiler fur coats; �obriety old snmething worthy Te Write for f�allo'o e hidvR.V, TJtxirlermyand and skill and experience in work of ti e kind required. Galloway wh l e rnhps. Helld Mount­ JOHN D. I_ONG, l circular and mention subject in which interested. hides 01' Secretary of tbe Navy. of thought. It has iu­ ing ine booklet ' 'lHoth-Proor.l1 Do you wa.nt skins fluenced thousands of INTERNlTIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCIIOOLS. tann d for ru�s or robes ? get our ' 'Custom Tan Folder." A men in tbe" Established 1891. Capital $1 .500,000. We also buy rll\v furs. "'t C F choice of a Box 942 Scranton, Pa. I.���a-;-n��a�i����� �I?C� g wi� �! career. It will give any­ THE cnmmv FRISIAN FUR (JOllIPANY, W .• t..:?l� Y�e 116 Mill Street, Rochester. N. Y. . Navy )'ard, Norfolk, Va Tanuary 31, 1911 for sub-in­ one, young or old, in­ spector of building. at $5.04 per uiem. The examina· fonnution that will en­ tlOn ,,!ill be opellto ull comers who cal! give evidence of able him to compre­ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING experIence In. the kllld. of work f(lr wlncb they seek em· hend the great im- ,I!r;-...:..I"'\'� pJoyment, and who are citizens of the United �tates provements of the d.ay...... TAUGHT BY MAIL. Application!:). wil) lJe addressed 1:0 the commandant; It furnishes sugges­ $1,000 A YEAR FOR LIFE. Navy Yard, _\ orfoll{, Va ..and must be delivered to bim Write for our Free IlJustrated Book. SIX PER CENT. GUARANTEED. on or befol'f� \Vednesday, January SO. No applicatio. tions for bours of in. CA N BECOM E AN EL received ufL�r that date will be considered. Each structive recreation. o. I EC­ applicant willCitizenship, �tate in his application bis name age 20th edition. Hevi.ed and enlar�ed. 914 pages. 8:10 TRICAL ENGINEER ?" A thorough investigation will convince you that $12.50 residen( e, present occupation and reVious '\Te h·aeh E ectri 'al f:1l llIt't'riZlg, e n i � t O l t iee, by mall, post- l l � EII't·tnt: LightinO'. �� � $�; g� Elec�ric a l w y�. EIlg-ille"riIl�,Stealll EngI. �� � ;l�� :��a���t:1 :�c��e ��Ji�'i�:fe� �y ��i�t?��e ��i1P�t� $�I.'if�� Ma& M��o o o R l a ;\iedl:mie:1i �1�n�Itti� }� :g� �'$l��� � ,fh��: i� prestidigitatenrs them· National Convention, Pbiladelpbia. O�tober. 18!M, �how­ hardly invC;'ntion or an improvement made during the cen ... selves. Conjurinlo!'. large ing the advantage to be derived from the llse of bal1 tury of which notice of some sort is not made." ano pneumatic tires in rORd vebicles. COII­ uTHE to be stage iJ1usions, flre-rat- bearings SC T };STIF]C A ERIC SUPPI.;KMENT, BROOKLYN EAULl

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JANUARY 26, 1901.

WALTHAM WATCHES Cigars are manufacture,� under the most favorable climatic conditions and Before 1854 there were no from the mildest blends of Havana to­ ! bacco.These If we had to pay the imported Waltham Watches nor any cigar tax our brands would cost double the money. Send for booklet and particulars. American Watches. To-day the CORTEZ CIIAR CO., lEY WEST. tradition that one must go abroad for The New England Watch CO. A�TISTIC SPECIALTIES a good watch has been exploded for tbe Season are sbown , Our Blue die the American Waltham Watch In Book for La s' by In Our �ed Book for Men's Company. Watches. Eitber or botb sent on application.

37 Malden Lane. 149 State Street, Th e Perfedeel American Wa tch ", an illustrateel New York, N. Y. Chicago, III. U book Spreckels Building, San Francisco, Cal. of interesting Information about watches, will be sent free upon request. STEELT HB\�Er American Wa ltham Wa tch Co mpany, JESSFOROP .'TOSOLS . SAWS E:TC. W'!! .JESSOP '" L:� 91 JOHN ST. NEVI' Wa ltham, Mass. SONS YOflK' varIetles&t I WetU.prIces. Hest Railroad AU n O e Iy:�klt&l �B��O�rt?�,e��Oi�CJ�arJ 8 �a���� Sewing Machines, Bicycle�, Tools. �c. 8aVt1 Lists Free. Co., Money.Scalos CHICAGO

(VIE W OF TRAIN BEA RING FOUR TEEN GRIFFIN MIL LS TO lOLA CEMENT CO.) No Noise, No Odor, " You,-N caunot makeo Vi bration.� MOST SATISFACTORY AND ECONOMICAL." automobile too good.an lOLA PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY. If you want a carriage DETROIT. MICH., Ocl. 16, I<}OO. CO . • Boston , ass �ge�:S:'Vo�llCW�� BRADLEY PULVERIZER M . Gentl�m�n :-Your inquiry as to the satisfaction the Griffin Mills are giving us duly received. We have forty-two 30 in. Griffin �le Mills in our plant. The writer has had a large experience with most kinds of grinding machinery, and is prepared to say that for grind. 1:���:f;::�IO�m . ing Portland cement clinker the Griffin Mill is the most satisfactory and economical grinding machine on the market. 't!:��:��ll�lonlltrips ��= over Each of the above mills has at times run over ten barrels per hour, and on long Tuns has averaged nine and � half barrels each countfor ry roads. per bour. Yours truly. lOLA PORTLAND CEMENT CO'l... Write for cata­ (Sgd.J Per JOHN T. HOLMES, Ma naging DirectOl'. logue describing our jZ8soline sys­ tem, aDd_ one, We invite everyone interested in reducing refractory substances to an even degree of fineness to write for descriptive two aud tbree catalogue of this remarkable mill. It will surely interest you and may save you money. seated carriages. THE BRADLEY PULVERIZER CO., BOSTON. Ii- •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• CHARTER ENGINE ::YA:iAbE,.E FOR AN DistillatePURPOSE USEDFu "L-Gasollne. Gas,Y Stationaries. Portables, Engines and ., Pumps, Holsters .;:; . or State Your Power Needs CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO •• STERLING, that ten•• na bout MRClc Lan- Box 148, ILL. 260 PACE ::e� �·t��::e�:���llli:;:O�� Bristol's Patent Steel Belt Lacing. -bow men with .mall capital can les 800 K make mon�)' wilA th�m. S n fr ••• :f:J' ::J!f : �e8� .'r. Optl ..... 411e t lII .... a St.. lII. Y. Fastening Fo rrl all kinds McALLISTER FREE b n Sam- �res 8�� f,:",. The Bristol Co. Waterbury Conn.

WATERPROOwhicb is s�r1ctJ;F GLUE American Art A NEW GLUE WATER. FOR AME�ICAN HOM ES PROOF. Information andprices supplied by tbe . Many of ourin American Artists are to-day the equal of those of any country the world. Per­ CASEIN COMPANY AMERICA, haps you do not know this and are not aware of the proud position ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE.o - DIREC­ OF occupied in art by the young-cst country in the world, ranklllg ���&· :� t� o�a��oilli�;�f!� �:e n second only to France at the last Paris Exposition. i �� �e�� lu ����:��� 74 JOHN ST., NEW YORK, N. Y. No. 1 1 9�. Tbe motor and battery .... e also treated of In detail. Price 10 cents. For sale by Munn & Co. and Know the Art of Your Own Country I al1 newsdealers. so, Carbide Feed In order that you may do we have made a collectionartists. of the View of Pipe Open and Closed. Masterpieces of twenty-five of America's greatest These ACETYLENE subjects are all copyrighted, and we own and controlbe the copy­ right, so they can never become common, as they can purchased TheTWO OpenHALVES MAKE Pipe A WHOLE GENERATORS and of theseno one but ourselves.by We employed most skillful engravers are endorsed by tbe U. S. craftsmen to reproduce paintingselements the photog-ravurc process. Their delicate Government, by the and painstaking work has preserved all the this of tone and texture. The photogravure is the nearest approach to tbe painting, and collection represents an expenditure of State of Pennsylvania, _ 5<>c. many thousands of dollars. and by all otber disin­ subject is by of terested autborltles. Each accompanied a fine portrait and biographicai sketch the artist. Tbey e m bod y tbe TWO WAT.ER�COLOR PAINTINGS-Each collection contains two genuine water-color copies of the original oil paintings. These have been done hy thorou�hl� competent artists, each latest and most approved �: ���� �c�� :1g �1��d �� ��e �!7 J;�°lt�inted the origina . hese two paintings alone principles of construc­ s tion, and are guaranteed r a c t t s by · tbe largest concern DELIVERED FREE ON APPROVAL. engaged in tbe business us your and address (a will we tv be of perfect work­ Simply send ul informationname postal card do) and will forward at once IIlsDshlp. circulars and f l concerning this magnificent collectioncomplete; then.portfolio if you absolutely wish to exawithoutmine the reproductions.to you. we shall be pleased to send the to us, Made from tbe best expense If you do tonot like them return them and will thempay express material by expert me­ charges both ways. If you decide add them to your home, you can pay tor in cash chanics. or on easy monthly payments. SPECIAL The only clean pipe on earth. Always 8weet, _ pure *ltd,'ctean, free ECONOMICAL AND SAFE. EASY OF OPERATION. OUR PROPOSITION. from poisonous nicotmt;. A pipe that opens in the ceDtfl.r,s():ftiat every part can bf' thoroughly cleaned. The howl is msde hi two 8ections, In order same time place which are united togetner with an interior screw lock. When 'the pipe COLT Dept. S. a tofew introduce of the readers and advE>r of tise the collection. and at thewe organizing Americ.nit wit.hin the is closed it is absolutely airti�bt, and looks like the ordinary�tuiar. but J. B. CO., reachClub "A."of will by THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,first are one hun­Art n o h r i 408 East 32d Street, New York. andsets ofsend express, prepaid, to the One Hundred Subscribers �::�:� �i��e i� ;� et. :��I� th :t�r��:;x::�'ti:tS�::e ; �it�U� OF ne""er tRlltellbad. Made of t.he finest genuine briar. "lith curved !'treet, Boston. dred complete Be MASTERPIECES AMERICAN ART for examination at just one-half . 146 Franklin the regular price. sure and mention Club "A." or straight stem. beautifully finished. Send us tifty cents in 2c. stamps or money order,for a sample. If it Salle Street, Chkago. . III not just what you want and more than satisfaeto�; yOllt'mOll .!:>:bac k 189 La American Art Publishing Co., East 21st Street, .New York, without a word Agents wanted at once Street, Philadelphia • 36 . BrFF ALO' BRIAR 421 Chestnut ...... ,....,...... ,...... � PIPE (lO•• .... ��...... ,...... I 448 Waohln.toD Street, Bull'.lo, N. Y.

© 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.