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A WEEKLY JOURNAL of PRACTICAL INFORMATION. Ant LEntered at the Post Office of Kew York. N. Y .. flti Second ChkSS Matter. \:upyri�ht. l!l(ll, by Munn &. Co.) A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION. AnT. SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTltY, AND MANUFACTU BES. Vol. LXXXIV.-NO.4.] r $3.00 A YEAR. ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, JANUARY 26, 1901. S CENTS A COPY. TraDaverae SeotioD. through AUlilliary DriviBg Truok, showing Method ot AdJuatiog Auxiliary Driver&. InteriOl' of Cab. LoDgitudinal SeotioD through Truck, showiDg Drivers Depressed, GBlUlAJI BXPBB88 LOCO.OIIVB lUf.tll AUxU.IABY DlUVIlIG TAUCl[ AlID BBClPBOCATllIG COUlITB:&BALAlfCE.-lBee page 66.1 © 1901 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 50 '(ieutifi( �mtti(au. JANUARY 26, 1901. limits the distliiles over which such a wire can trans­ are extended by means of steel ribs, rellembling the mit a message. The loss of energy is due to the spokes of a bicycle wheel. These would in themselves Jtittttific imperfect conductivity of the wire, and it is regulated act as parachutes and allow the car beneath to descend by the inducta Ice and capacity of the circuit. If gently. This car rests on runners like those of a sled ESTABLISHED�mtri(an. 1840 a conductor has a high inductance, a given quantity which would enable it to glide on ice, snow or glass, MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. of energy will be transmitted with less loss than over and it is arranged so that it can also rest on water. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT a conductor with a smaller amount of inductance-a The machine is to be raised and moved by two pro­ pellers similar to a ship's screws. These, while pro­ No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. fact that was well known to the English mathematical physicist Oliver Heaviside. It was known that the pelling the vessel. will make the wings or sails face the TERMS TO SUBS(,RIBERS introduction into the circuit of inductance coils should air. With these latter, or part of them, directed up­ copy, one year. for the L'niteu �tates. Canada. or Mexioo . _: . _ One . ': $3.00 On� CUIJY. une year. to any foreign country. postage prepaid. £0 ltiS. Dd. U)O theoretically give improved results; but, although ward, a power will come into action which will first THE Sf'CENTIFIC dJIERICAN Pt:RLICATIONS. such coils had been used, for want of an underlyin� support the weight of the boat and then raise it in the Scientific American (�stablished .. ' ...•..•....•••. y�ar. 1�4al ... : , f.�.OO a. air as it grows stronger. The screws are to be actu­ SCielltitic American Supplement (KstaiJhslJe�.... lS.tH.... ',' ......... <>.� mathematical theory to govern the experiments, they . .. Scientitic American Buildillg E.d�tioll t Estal?hshed ��) •.. _ •... ated by a benzine motor of 20 horse power of great 8cielltitic American Export EdItIon" l�8tabh8hed, �.ao l�jo) .... .... .l.UO ended in failure. rl'he combined subscription rates and rates to foreign countries will lightness. The first experiments with the full-sized e s e Dr. Pupin set out to develop SUCll a mathematical b ��i� � �o�l�il��P.r1�;:��r:noneyorder. or draft or cbeck. airship will be made in the spring on the Lake of J by bank theory, and its main features were shown in a series MU.N.N & CO.,OOl Broadway. corner l"-ranklin Street. New York. of experiments in the vibrations of flexible cords, the Neusiedel, on the Hungarian frontier. NEW YORK. SATURDAY. JANUARY 26,1901. same elements 'being present in the transmission of •.e .• wave motion along a cord as in the transmission of THE INTERNATIONAl< CONVENTION FOR THE EFFECT OF FORCED DRAUGHT ON COAL CONSUMPTION. electrical waves. If one end of cord be fastened a PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY. Trials carried out last year of the system of in­ to one end of a tuning-fork, the other end to some The Convention for the Prot!)ction of Industrial duced draught which is installed on the steamship fixed object, and the fork vibrated a wave motion Property was drafted at a conference held in 188() .. Inchkeith" have shown that in this vessel the coal results, whose amplitude will decrease as the dis­ at Paris, France, and it was signed in the same consumption, per indicated horse power, per hour. tance from the tuning-fork (the source of vibl'ation) city, March 20, 1883, and the United States accepted has been reduced to 0.99 pound. Briefly described, increases, the energy being dissipate; by the f ictional r it in 1887. The Convention, to which every first-class the installation is as follows : The furnace gas on resistances in its progress as the wave advances ' power in Europe, except Russia and Turkey, has now leaving the smoke-box passes through air superheaters along the cord. This " attenuation" (to adopt th.) adhered or given notice of such intention, relates immediately over the tube sheet, and then to exhaust­ electrical term) is diminished d a string of greater on the one hand to patents for inventions, industrial ing fans which discharge directly int? the smokestack. density is employed, because a larger mass requires models, and designs, and on the other tc trade marks, The superheaters are heated by the gases on their a smaller velocity in order to store up a given amount trade names, and indications of origin. The Con­ way to the smokestack. With this method of draught, of kinetic energy, and a smaller velocity occasion� vention provided for periodical conferences for re­ it is possible to use the open stokehold; and in the a smaller frictional loss. Experiments with balls of VISlOn. The first conference was held in Rome in present instance the stokehold temperature during "'�x ttached to the string at certain regular, de­ 1886, and was without substantial effect" the proposi­ the trial was 74 degrees. The average temperature termined intervals, secured the desired result in pre­ tions not receiving unanimous ratification. The next of the air on entering the furnace was '284 degrees, venting attenuation. The mathematical heory an.l t conference was held in Madrid in 18!fO, where some and the temperature of the waste gases at the smoke­ ,law for the vibration of a cord under such 'conditions agreements relative to trade marks, to which the box and at the fan was, respectively, 650 degrees and is exactly the same as that governing the dfstribution United States is not a party, were ent,1red into. The 380 degrees. With a boiler pressure of 260 pounds of the electric current over a wave conductor und0r ' next conference was that of Brussels in 1897, and to the square inch. the water evaporated per pounl} the influence of similar forces. For kinetic or mass the meeting held in' December, 1900, was the adjourned of coal from and at 212 degrees J<'ah. was 12.94 reaction, tensional reaction, and resistancEl' reaction meeting. This last session will take rank with that pounds. The " Inchkeith " is a vessel of 5,700 tons ill the case o. the cord are paralleled by electrv­ which framed the Convention, if the Act (amendatory dead weight, and her engines develop ordinarily; when kinetic reaction, capacity reaction and ohmic re­ ' of the original article) which has just been signed llsing Pocahontas coal, about 1,300 indicated horse sistance reaction in the case of the wave conductor. by the delegates accredited to it, is finally ratified by power. This being so, it is easily understood th�t if inductanee those countries whose laws, like those of the United . ... ., coils are introduced along the wave conductor, at States, require ratification before t'hey take effect. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY SAILING VESSEL. periodically occurring intervals, the efficiency of the We have already referred to the orfginal Convention It was thought that the day of the sailing vessel transmission of electrical energy is increased. on several occasions, and the conference at Brussels was past, the development of the tramp steamer to The next step was from theory an experimental tc. has remedied several defects which were thought to its present economy of fuel and large cargo capacity investigation, in the course of which Dr. Pupin con­ exist· in the patent laws of many of the countries in having apparently rendered successful competition by structed three separate experimental cables before he the Convention. In brief, the following results were the sailing vessel impossible. During the past few br ught the results into agreement with the theory. � arrived at: FIrst: Concerning the independence of years, however, two types of ships have been built The first cable was 235 miles, the second 500 miles. the patents in the ditThrent countries; it is well known in increasing numbers which bid fair to equal, if not and the third and successful cable 250 miles in that the validity of patents has been endangered in exceed, the tramp steamer in cheapness of cost and length. In the last cable double coils, 6 inches in diam�­ there many cases by the fact that in some countries It operation, and at tb e dawn of the new century ter by 5 inches high, with 1,160turns, but having no iron are two vessels, one in each class, which are about patent lapses if, for any cause, the patent lapses in an­ cores, were used, and with this apparatus it was foun,! that are more di stinctive than other country, as, for example, for the non-payment to be constructed, that if these inductance coils were placed at inter­ anv that preceded them. One, the contract for which of fees. This is a hardship, and compels the owner of ' vals of about one-sixteenth of the wave length of 17 square-rigged sailing the patent, in more than one country, to look not only ha� just been signed, is a huge, miles, the non-uniform conductor was like a uniform 00, to keeping the patent in his own country alive, but ship, having five masts, and a tonnage of 8,5 conductor to within two-thirds of one per cent.
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