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Geology and Economics of Platinum-Group Metals in Australia

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Geology and Economics of Platinum-Group Metals in Australia T DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES & ENERGY BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS RESOURCE REPORT 5 Geology and economics of platinum-group metals in Australia D. M. HOATsoNi & L. M. GLASER2 I. Division of Petrology & Geochemistry, BMR 2. Department of Geology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3052 AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING SERVICE CANBERRA 1989 DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES & ENERGY Minister for Resources: Senator The Hon. Peter Cook Secretary: G. L. Miller BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS Director: R. W. R. Rutland AO Published for the Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology & Geophysics by the Australian Government Publishing Service © Commonwealth of Australia 1989 This work is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for 'the purpose of study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process with.out written permission. Copyright is the responsibility of the Director, Publishing & Marketing, AGPS. Inquiries should be directed to the Manager, AGPS Press, Australian Government Publishing Service, GPO Box 84, Canberra ACT 2601. ISBN 0644 09285 8 ISSN 0818-6278 Edited by A. G. L. Paine. Line drawings by J. C. Johnson Typeset and printed in Australia by Canberra Publishing and Printing Co., Fyshwick, A.C.T. t'" CONTENTS Page Page ABSTRACT v SUMMARY LISTING OF AUSTRALIAN PLA TINUM-GROUP-METAL ECONOMICS OF PLATINUM-GROUP OCCURRENCES 39 METALS IN AUSTRALIA (D. M. Hoatson) (L. M. Glaser) Introduction 1 WESTERN AUSTRALIA 39 Historical perspective 1 Yilgarn Block (including Albany-Fraser Mobile Properties and applications 2 Zone) 39 Potential substitutes 2 (1) Darkan-Boddington South 39 Supply 3 (2) Camel Bore 39 Demand 4 (3) Carr Boyd 39 Prices, sales, marketing, and trading 5 (4) Fly Bore . 39 Possible effects of world supply disruptions 5 (5) Heron Well 39 Political-economic-strategic factors 6 (6) limberlana 39 Australian production, refining, sales, and trade 6 (7) Kalgoorlie region laterites 40 Future Australian production: economics 6 (8) Kambalda 40 (9) Kambalda and Leonora region 40 WORLDWIDE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF (10) Marshall Creek 40 PLATINUM-GROUP-METAL (11) Mount Thirsty 40 DEPOSITS 8 (12) Narndee 40 (D. M. Hoatson) (13) Netty 40 (14) Plumridge Lakes 41 INTRODUCTION 8 (15) Point Salvation 41 LARGE LAYERED INTRUSIONS OF (16) Polar Bear 41 CRATONIC TERRANES 8 (17) Ravens~horpe 41 OPHIOLITE AND ALPINE INTRUSIONS, AND (18) Round Hill 41 ASSOCIATED PLACERS 8 (19) Salt Creek 41 ALASKAN-TYPE INTRUSIONS AND (20}Windarra 41 ASSOCIATED PLACERS 9 (21) Wondiilong 42 HYDROTHERMAL-REMOBILISED DEPOSITS 10 (22) Yarawindah Brook-New Norcia 42 FOUR IMPORTANT DEPOSITS 11 (23) Yellowdine 42 Bushveld Complex 11 Pilbara Block 42 Stillwater Complex 17 (24) Andover, Balla, Mount Dove, Sherlock New Rambler 18 River-Mount Fraser 42 Coronation Hill 19 (25) Dead Bullock Well 42 (26) Karratha 43 GEOLOGY OF PLATINUM-GROUP (27) Lionel 43 METALS IN AUSTRALIA 23 (28) Mount Sholl 43 (D. M. Hoatson) (29) Munni Munni 43 (30) Munni Munni South 46 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 23 (31) Rudall River 46 GEOLOGICAL SETTING 24 (32) Toorare Pool 46 Alpine serpentinite intrusions and associated Halls Creek Mobile Zone 46 placer or laterite deposits 24 (33) Eastmans Bore-Louisa Downs 46 Ophiolite complexes 26 (34) Lamboo-Loadstone Hill 46 Concentrically zoned mafic-ultramafic (35) Panton 46 complexes 27 (36) Springvale 47 Layered mafic-ultramafic complexes 29 Canning Basin 48 Fe-Ni-Cu sulphide deposits associated with (37) McWhae Ridge 48 komatiitic volcanism 30 Other Western Australian occurrences: Remobilised platinum-group-metal Yilgarn and Pilbara Blocks 48 mineralisation (hydrothermal) 31 SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL OF PLATINUM-GROUP SOUTH AUSTRALIA 48 METALS IN AUSTRALIA 32 Broken Hill Block 48 RECOMMENDED EXPLORATION STRATEGY (38) Boolcoomata 48 FOR PLATINUM-GROUP METALS IN (39) Mingary 48 AUSTRALIA 33 Kanmantoo Fold Belt 48 Geological and geochemical processes and their (40) Nairne 48 relevance for PGM exploration 33 Other South Australian occurrences: Exploration techniques 35 Gawler Block 48 ~ ~ IV Page Page NORTHERN TERRITORY 48 APPENDIXES 61 Pine Creek Geosyncline 48 1. Compositions of platinum-group minerals (41) Coronation Hill 48 mentioned 61 (42) Coronation Hill region 49 2. Annual Australian production of platinum- (43) labiluka 49 group metals since first produced in 1894 62 Georgina Basin 49 3. Table of Australian layered Archaean and (44) Desert Syncline 49 Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic complexes Other Northern Territory occurrences: (numbered), with location map (Fig. 16) 65 Murphy Inlier 50 QUEENSLAND 50 New England Fold Belt 50 (45) Coolangatta 50 (46) Gympie and Wid gee Mountain 50 FIGURES (47) Wateranga 50 1. Monthly average PGM and Au prices in (48) Westwood 50 recent years 5 Hodgkinson Fold Belt and Laura Basin 50 2. Geology of the Bushveld Complex 12 (49) Russell and Laura Rivers 50 3. Stratigraphic column of the Rustenburg Other Queensland occurrences: Mount Isa Layered Suite, eastern Bushveld Complex 13 and Georgetown Blocks 50 4. Distribution of PGMs and Au in the NEW SOUTH WALES 51 Merensky Reef and UG 2 Chromitite Layer 14 Broken Hill Block 51 5. Geology of the Stillwater Complex 17 (50) Mulga Springs 51 6. Geological setting, New Rambler Mine 19 (51) Mulga Springs region 51 7. Geology and mine localities, Coronation Girilambone Anticlinorial Zone, Lachlan Hill region 20 Fold Belt 51 8. Geology of the Coronation Hill U-Au (52) Fifield 51 mine area 21 (53) Fifield-Bourke region 52 9. History of Australia's Pt, Os, and Pd Bogan Gate Synclinorial Zone, Lachlan. Fold production 24 Belt 52 10. Variation of PGM mineralisation styles (54) Coolac-Goobarragandra Belt 52 with time 27 Molong Anticlinorial Zone, Lachl;:tlil;Fold Belt 52 11. Distribution of PGM occurrences in Australia (55) Wellington 52 according to geological era 28 New England and Lachlan fold belts 52 12. Occurrences ofPGMs in Australia (map) 38 (56) New South Wales coast 52 13. Geology, Mount Sholl intrusion, W A 44 (57) Other New South Wales occurrences 52 14. Geology, Munni Munni intrusion, W A 45 VICTORIA 52 15. Geology, Panton Sill, WA 47 Lachlan Fold Belt 52 16. Distribution of layered Archaean and (58) Errinundra 52 Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic complexes in (59) Mount Leura 53 Australia (map) 64 (60) Thomson River 53 (61) Thomson River region 53 (62) Turtons Creek 53 (63) Waratah Bay 53 TABLES (64) Other Victorian occurrences 53 TASMANIA 53 1. Properties of the platinum-group metals Adamsfield and Dundas Troughs 53 2. World platinum and palladium supply and demand 3 (65) Adamsfield 53 (66) Heazlewood 54 3. Western world consumption pattern for (67) Serpentine Ridge-Wilson River 54 PGMs in 1987 4 Tasman Fold Belt 54 4. Recent Australian mine production of (68) Other Tasmanian occurrences 54 platinum and palladium, and trade in PGMs, alloys, and compounds 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 54 5. Classification of worldwide PGM deposits, with examples 9 6. Relative proportions, reserves, and grades ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 54 of PGMs in major world deposits 16 7. PGM mining· centres in Australia: production REFERENCES 55 history, etc. 23 8. Classification of Australian PGM INDEX 75 occurrences 26 1:artJ!, .. ABSTRACT Interest in the further discovery and exploitation of the platinum-group metals (PGMs) has intensified in recent years with increasing use of these metals in autocatalysts, fuel cells, petroleum refining, jewellery, coinage, etc., based on their rare or unique properties. Currently South Africa meets 80% of Western-world platinum demand, from the large deposits associated with the Bushveld Complex, the largest layered intrusion in the world. Australia's current production of PGMs, contained in nickel concentrates produced at Kambalda, is insignificant in world terms, and Australia is a net importer of these metals. Recent discoveries, notably at Munni Munni, WA, Rifield, NSW, and Coronation Hill, NT, have highlighted the geological potential of Australia for discovery of PGMs, although, because of difficulties associated with recovery techniques and economics it would be some ye·ars before economic production could commence. Although the Bushveld Complex is almost certainly uniquely large and richly mineralised, a number of layered Precambrian mafic-ultramafic intrusions in cratonic terranes in Western Australia have potential for geologically similar mineralisation. Potential also exists in eastern Australia for small surficial deposits related to Alaskan-type and ophiolite-alpine intrusions, where cost­ effective mining techniques can be quickly brought to bear during periods of favourable metal prices. The recent discovery at Coronation Hill, NT, of potentially economic grades and amounts of PGMs in host rocks not obviously associated with mafic-ultramafic magmas has led to the recognition of a 'hydrothermal-remobilised' class of deposit with a potential yet to be fully evaluated. It is recommended that an expanding database should be compiled covering PGM exploration, ore genesis, reserves, mining, processing/metallurgy, and marketing economics. This would be a major contribution to the discovery of economic PGM deposits in Australia. v T ECONOMICS OF PLATINUM-GROUP METALS IN AUSTRALIA (L. M. Glaser) Introduction operation in 1843. Russia remained the world's major supplier of Pt until the eventual depletion of these reserves, and the In any review of the economics of metal commodities, a large commencement of Ni-Cu mining in Canada in 1934, in which the number of variables must be examined and quantified. There is a PGMs are recovered as by-products. lack of definitive, quantitative information for the platinum-group In 1923, Pt was discovered in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in metals on factors such as ore grades and reserves, metal recovery, South Africa, and mining soon began. Since that time, Soviet production rates, mining costs, marketing practices, etc. production of PGMs has switched from Pt-dominant alluvials in However, enough information can be obtained from PGM the Urals, to Pd-dominant PGMs recovery as a byproduct of consumers and traders, and historical records, to formulate a broad hardrock Ni-Cu mining.
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